{"query": "To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?", "answer": "Saint Bernadette Soubirous", "gold_docs": ["The Song of Bernadette (novel) The Song of Bernadette (German: \"Das Lied von Bernadette\") is a 1941 novel that tells the story of Saint Bernadette Soubirous, who, from February to July 1858 reported eighteen visions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lourdes, France. The novel was written by Franz Werfel and translated into English by Lewis Lewisohn in 1942. It was extremely popular, spending more than a year on the \"New York Times\" Best Seller list and 13 weeks in first place. The novel was adapted into the 1943 film \"The Song of Bernadette\" starring Jennifer Jones. Franz Werfel was"]}
{"query": "The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?", "answer": "the Main Building", "gold_docs": ["most distinguishable feature. Close to the Main Building stands Washington Hall, a theater that was built in 1881 and has since then been used for theatrical and musical representation. Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass"]}
{"query": "When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?", "answer": "September 1876", "gold_docs": ["former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto. As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the \"Scholastic\" magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, \"The Juggler\", is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The \"Dome\" yearbook is published annually. The newspapers"]}
{"query": "How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?", "answer": "twice", "gold_docs": ["former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto. As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the \"Scholastic\" magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, \"The Juggler\", is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The \"Dome\" yearbook is published annually. The newspapers"]}
{"query": "What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?", "answer": "The Observer", "gold_docs": ["have varying publication interests, with \"The Observer\" published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike \"Scholastic\" and \"The Dome\", \"The Observer\" is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that \"The Observer\" began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, \"Common Sense\" was published. \"Common Sense\" is no longer published. In 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the \"Irish Rover\" went into production."]}
{"query": "How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto. As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the \"Scholastic\" magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, \"The Juggler\", is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The \"Dome\" yearbook is published annually. The newspapers"]}
{"query": "Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?", "answer": "Rome", "gold_docs": ["needs of the community. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus. There are also the Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a"]}
{"query": "What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?", "answer": "Moreau Seminary", "gold_docs": ["needs of the community. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus. There are also the Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a"]}
{"query": "What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Old College", "gold_docs": ["needs of the community. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus. There are also the Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a"]}
{"query": "What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Retired priests and brothers", "gold_docs": ["needs of the community. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus. There are also the Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a"]}
{"query": "How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["tournament with 61. Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the Helms Athletic Foundation as national champions twice. The team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending UCLA's record 88-game winning streak in 1974. The team has beaten an additional eight number-one teams, and those nine wins rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team. The team plays in newly renovated Purcell Pavilion (within the Edmund P. Joyce Center), which reopened for the beginning of the 2009\u20132010 season. The"]}
{"query": "In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?", "answer": "1920", "gold_docs": ["Athol Murray College of Notre Dame Athol Murray College of Notre Dame is a private, independent, co-educational boarding high school rooted in the Catholic tradition and open to students of all faith backgrounds. Athol Murray College of Notre Dame is committed to developing young men and women to become purposeful leaders with virtuous character. Athol Murray College of Notre Dame is located in Wilcox, Saskatchewan, Canada. It was founded by the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis in 1920 as St. Augustine school when they established Notre Dame of the Prairies Convent. The school was later renamed to honour the"]}
{"query": "Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?", "answer": "the College of Science", "gold_docs": ["and innovation among first year students. It includes programs such as FY advising, the Dean's A list, the Renaissance circle, NDignite, the First year Urban challenge and more. Each admissions cycle, the Office of Undergraduate Admissions selects a small number of students for the Glynn Family Honors Program, which grants top students within the College of Arts and Letters and the College of Science access to smaller class sizes taught by distinguished faculty, endowed funding for independent research, and dedicated advising faculty and staff. The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in"]}
{"query": "How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["in particular for its undergraduate education. Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges, Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business, Architecture and Global Affairs. The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. The university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of"]}
{"query": "What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Learning Resource Center", "gold_docs": ["Year of Studies program\". The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. This program has been recognized previously, by \"U.S. News & World Report\", as outstanding. The program is designed to encourage intellectual and academic achievement"]}
{"query": "How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["investment. For the 2007 fiscal year, the endowment had grown to approximately $6.5 billion, putting the university in the top-15 largest endowments in the country. In October 2018, the University listed its endowment at National Association of College and University Business Officers published Notre Dame's endowment at $13.1 billion. As of fall 2014, Notre Dame had 12,292 students and employed 1,126 full-time faculty members and another 190 part-time members to give a student/faculty ratio of 8:1. All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the \"First"]}
{"query": "What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?", "answer": "The First Year of Studies program", "gold_docs": ["Year of Studies program\". The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. This program has been recognized previously, by \"U.S. News & World Report\", as outstanding. The program is designed to encourage intellectual and academic achievement"]}
{"query": "Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame \"outstanding?\"", "answer": "U.S. News & World Report", "gold_docs": ["Year of Studies program\". The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. This program has been recognized previously, by \"U.S. News & World Report\", as outstanding. The program is designed to encourage intellectual and academic achievement"]}
{"query": "The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1924", "gold_docs": ["the 1854\u20131855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. In 2014, Notre Dame announced plans to establish the \"Donald R. Keough School of Global Affairs\", a professional school focused on the study of global government, human rights, and other areas of global social and political policy. The creation of the school is"]}
{"query": "What type of degree is an M.Div.?", "answer": "Master of Divinity", "gold_docs": ["by the Holy Synod of the Metropolia in 1942. In 1967, the Seminary was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A formal transfer agreement with Marywood College (now Marywood University), in nearby Scranton, was articulated and signed in 1975. In 1988, the Seminary was authorized by the Pennsylvania Department of Education to award the Master of Divinity (M. Div.) degree to its graduates. The first M. Div. degrees were conferred on the graduating class of 1989. In June 2004, the Seminary was granted accreditation by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. In March 2010 the"]}
{"query": "Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?", "answer": "Alliance for Catholic Education", "gold_docs": ["Teacher Education (AILACTE). The PACE (Pacific Alliance for Catholic Education) program allows 15-25 teachers to earn a graduate degree during summer school, while gaining in-classroom teaching experience during the academic year at a Catholic school over a three-year period. PACE students live in community with other PACE students in Draper, Ogden, and Salt Lake City, Utah; Seattle, and Tri-Cities, Washington; Redding and Red Bluff, and Sacramento, California; Fairbanks, Alaska; and Portland, Oregon. At the graduate level, the school of education offers a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) degree, a Master of Arts, a Master of Arts in Teaching, a Master of"]}
{"query": "What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?", "answer": "Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies", "gold_docs": ["Jesus\" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown. The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry and Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in"]}
{"query": "What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?", "answer": "President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame", "gold_docs": ["appointed Board of Trustees adopts rules, regulations, and policies governing the CSU. In March 2012, Reed was awarded the prestigious TIAA-CREF Hesburgh Award for Leadership Excellence, which is named in honor of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C., president emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. In deciding the award, the judges cited Reed\u2019s commitment to students as chancellor of the CSU, where he has successfully steered the system\u2019s 23 campuses through state budget cuts while simultaneously meeting the complex demands of increasing enrollment. In addition, they highlighted Reed's efforts to build collaborative partnerships and award-winning outreach programs \u2013 particularly"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?", "answer": "1986", "gold_docs": ["Ann Mische Ann Mische (born March 21, 1965) is an American sociologist and Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Notre Dame and a Professor of Peace Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. She is particularly known for her contributions to political sociology, relational sociology, social networks, and contentious politics. Mische graduated from Yale University with a BA in philosophy 1986 and received her MA in 1992 and PhD in 1998 from The New School for Social Research both in sociology. From 1998 to 1999 she was the coordinator of the Workgroup on Networks, Culture and"]}
{"query": "To whom was John B. Kroc married?", "answer": "Ray Kroc", "gold_docs": ["music at the MacPhail School of Music in Minneapolis and started teaching at age 15. In 1945, she married Rawland F. \"Rollie\" Smith, a Navy veteran who would become a McDonald's franchisee, eventually owning three stores in Rapid City, South Dakota. The couple's only child, a daughter named Linda, was born the following year. Joan met McDonald's Corp. founder Ray Kroc while playing organ at the Criterion Restaurant in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1957. Kroc said in his autobiography that he \"was stunned by her blonde beauty\". However, they were both married. They met again at a McDonald's conference in"]}
{"query": "What company did Ray Kroc own?", "answer": "McDonald's", "gold_docs": ["Ray Kroc Raymond Albert \"Ray\" Kroc (October 5, 1902 \u2013 January 14, 1984) was an American businessman. He joined the California company McDonald's in 1954, just a few months after the McDonald brothers had branched out from their original 1940 operation in San Bernardino, with Kroc turning the chain into a nationwide and eventually global franchise, making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world. Controversially, Kroc would present himself as the founder of McDonald's during his later life. Kroc was included in \"\", and amassed a fortune during his lifetime. He owned the San Diego Padres baseball"]}
{"query": "How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?", "answer": "14", "gold_docs": ["of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 31 residence halls. All residence halls are single-sex, with 16 male dorms, 14 female dorms, and one small house of formation for male college students discerning entrance into the Congregation of Holy Cross. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Every hall is led by"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Theodore M. Hesburgh Library", "gold_docs": ["funded by a $50 million gift from Donald Keough and Marilyn Keough and will be housed in Jenkins Hall on Debartolo Quad. The school is scheduled to open in August 2017. The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as \"Touchdown"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished?", "answer": "1963", "gold_docs": ["funded by a $50 million gift from Donald Keough and Marilyn Keough and will be housed in Jenkins Hall on Debartolo Quad. The school is scheduled to open in August 2017. The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as \"Touchdown"]}
{"query": "Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library?", "answer": "Millard Sheets", "gold_docs": ["funded by a $50 million gift from Donald Keough and Marilyn Keough and will be housed in Jenkins Hall on Debartolo Quad. The school is scheduled to open in August 2017. The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as \"Touchdown"]}
{"query": "What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Touchdown Jesus", "gold_docs": ["University of Notre Dame The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame or ND) is a private, non-profit Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana. The main campus covers in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), the Notre Dame Stadium, and the Basilica. The school was founded on November 26, 1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, who was also its first president. Notre Dame is consistently recognized as one of the top universities in the United States,"]}
{"query": "How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?", "answer": "3,577", "gold_docs": ["of their high school, and 94% were in the top 10%. The median SAT score was 1510 and the median ACT score was 34. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin"]}
{"query": "Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?", "answer": "the top 10 to 15 in the nation", "gold_docs": ["a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country. Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2018 admitting 3,610 from a pool of 20,371 (17.7% acceptance rate in 2018). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. Of the most recent class, the Class of 2020, 48% were in the top 1%"]}
{"query": "What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?", "answer": "39.1%", "gold_docs": ["of their high school, and 94% were in the top 10%. The median SAT score was 1510 and the median ACT score was 34. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin"]}
{"query": "How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?", "answer": "more than 750 miles", "gold_docs": ["of their high school, and 94% were in the top 10%. The median SAT score was 1510 and the median ACT score was 34. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin"]}
{"query": "Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?", "answer": "8th", "gold_docs": ["in the College of the First Year of Studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture. In 2016\u20132017, Notre Dame ranked 7th for undergraduate teaching and 15th overall among \"national universities\" in the United States in \"U.S. News & World Report\"s \"Best Colleges 2016\". In 2014, \"USA Today\" ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities. \"Forbes\"'s \"America's Top Colleges\" ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2016, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the"]}
{"query": "The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?", "answer": "1st overall", "gold_docs": ["Midwest. \"U.S. News & World Report\" also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. \"BusinessWeek\" ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while \"Architect\" Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to PayScale, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making"]}
{"query": "In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?", "answer": "USA Today", "gold_docs": ["in the College of the First Year of Studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture. In 2016\u20132017, Notre Dame ranked 7th for undergraduate teaching and 15th overall among \"national universities\" in the United States in \"U.S. News & World Report\"s \"Best Colleges 2016\". In 2014, \"USA Today\" ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities. \"Forbes\"'s \"America's Top Colleges\" ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2016, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?", "answer": "57.6%", "gold_docs": ["Midwest. \"U.S. News & World Report\" also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. \"BusinessWeek\" ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while \"Architect\" Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to PayScale, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making"]}
{"query": "What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?", "answer": "Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C.", "gold_docs": ["it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group. In a corporate study carried out by \"The New York Times\", Notre Dame's graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world, Named by \"Newsweek\" as one of the \"25 New Ivies,\" it is also an Oak Ridge Associated University. Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for"]}
{"query": "What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?", "answer": "1851\u20131921", "gold_docs": ["shortly after his death it was renamed in his honor. Father John Zahm (1851\u20131921) became the Holy Cross Provincial for the United States (1896\u20131906), with overall supervision of the university, He tried to transform Notre Dame into a great university, erecting buildings and added to the campus art gallery and library, and amassing what became a famous Dante collection. His term was not renewed because of fears he had expanded Notre Dame too quickly and had run the Holy Cross order into serious debt. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years adding more colleges, programs, and even sports teams."]}
{"query": "What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?", "answer": "the Science Department", "gold_docs": ["progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book \"Evolution and Dogma\" (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish"]}
{"query": "In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1882", "gold_docs": ["American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through"]}
{"query": "Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?", "answer": "Professor Jerome Green", "gold_docs": ["American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through"]}
{"query": "In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?", "answer": "Around 1899", "gold_docs": ["American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through"]}
{"query": "Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?", "answer": "Father Julius Nieuwland", "gold_docs": ["American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through"]}
{"query": "What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?", "answer": "an early wind tunnel", "gold_docs": ["American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through"]}
{"query": "Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?", "answer": "The Lobund Institute", "gold_docs": ["a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics. The Lobund Institute (Laboratory Of Biology University of Notre Dame) grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Although others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce"]}
{"query": "Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?", "answer": "the 1940s", "gold_docs": ["the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was"]}
{"query": "In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?", "answer": "1950", "gold_docs": ["the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was"]}
{"query": "The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?", "answer": "1958", "gold_docs": ["the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was"]}
{"query": "When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1928", "gold_docs": ["a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics. The Lobund Institute (Laboratory Of Biology University of Notre Dame) grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Although others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce"]}
{"query": "Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?", "answer": "The Review of Politics", "gold_docs": ["generations of undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset, Paul Claudel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. \"The Review of Politics\" was founded in 1939 by Waldemar Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the \"Review\" was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from"]}
{"query": "What was the Review of Politics inspired by?", "answer": "German Catholic journals", "gold_docs": ["generations of undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset, Paul Claudel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. \"The Review of Politics\" was founded in 1939 by Waldemar Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the \"Review\" was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from"]}
{"query": "Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?", "answer": "44", "gold_docs": ["generations of undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset, Paul Claudel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. \"The Review of Politics\" was founded in 1939 by Waldemar Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the \"Review\" was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from"]}
{"query": "Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?", "answer": "Review of Politics", "gold_docs": ["generations of undergraduates to Gabriel Marcel, Graham Greene, Evelyn Waugh, Sigrid Undset, Paul Claudel, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. \"The Review of Politics\" was founded in 1939 by Waldemar Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the \"Review\" was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from"]}
{"query": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012?", "answer": "John Jenkins", "gold_docs": ["ideology and were particularly accessible to his students. He came to ND in 1955, and was a frequent contributor to the \"National Review\" and other conservative magazines. In 1960, then President Theodore M. Hesburgh, at the urging of Niemeyer and political science department head, Fr. Stanley Parry, C.S.C., invited Eric Voegelin (1901-1985), who had escaped Nazi-occupied Austria, to guest lecture at Notre Dame, which he did until his retirement in 1968. research continued in many fields. The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become \"one of the pre\u2013eminent research institutions in the world\" in his"]}
{"query": "The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university?", "answer": "Notre Dame", "gold_docs": ["inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, supramolecular chemistry, and marketing trends on the Internet. , the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change"]}
{"query": "What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on?", "answer": "International Peace studies", "gold_docs": ["inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, supramolecular chemistry, and marketing trends on the Internet. , the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change"]}
{"query": "In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a"]}
{"query": "What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study?", "answer": "climate change", "gold_docs": ["inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, supramolecular chemistry, and marketing trends on the Internet. , the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change"]}
{"query": "How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014?", "answer": "8,448", "gold_docs": ["and how prepared they are to adapt. In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, MEd) students. Around 21\u201324% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. 32% of students are U.S. students of color or international citizens. \"The Princeton Review\" ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. The \"Princeton Review\" ranked Notre Dame as the ninth"]}
{"query": "How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament?", "answer": "over 700", "gold_docs": ["as the top school where \"Everyone Plays Intramural Sports.\" The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh. In the fall, the Notre Dame Women's Boxing Club hosts an annual Baraka Bouts tournament that raises money for the Congregation of the Holy Cross Missions in Uganda. Many of the most popular student events held on campus are organized by the 30 Residential Halls, which are"]}
{"query": "How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014?", "answer": "12,179", "gold_docs": ["and how prepared they are to adapt. In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, MEd) students. Around 21\u201324% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. 32% of students are U.S. students of color or international citizens. \"The Princeton Review\" ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. The \"Princeton Review\" ranked Notre Dame as the ninth"]}
{"query": "What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?", "answer": "80%", "gold_docs": ["intramural American football. At the end of the interhall football season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium. The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: \"Congregatio a Sancta Cruce\", abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. There are 47 chapels on campus, including one in every residence hall. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith"]}
{"query": "How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 31 residence halls. All residence halls are single-sex, with 16 male dorms, 14 female dorms, and one small house of formation for male college students discerning entrance into the Congregation of Holy Cross. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Every hall is led by"]}
{"query": "How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?", "answer": "15", "gold_docs": ["additions to the campus. Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15, 1844. Under the charter the school is officially named the University of Notre Dame du Lac (University of Our Lady of the Lake). Because the university was originally only for male students, the female-only Saint Mary's College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students"]}
{"query": "There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?", "answer": "14", "gold_docs": ["of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 31 residence halls. All residence halls are single-sex, with 16 male dorms, 14 female dorms, and one small house of formation for male college students discerning entrance into the Congregation of Holy Cross. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Every hall is led by"]}
{"query": "What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?", "answer": "Congregatio a Sancta Cruce", "gold_docs": ["intramural American football. At the end of the interhall football season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium. The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: \"Congregatio a Sancta Cruce\", abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. There are 47 chapels on campus, including one in every residence hall. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?", "answer": "more than 93%", "gold_docs": ["intramural American football. At the end of the interhall football season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium. The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: \"Congregatio a Sancta Cruce\", abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. There are 47 chapels on campus, including one in every residence hall. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith"]}
{"query": "How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?", "answer": "over 100 times", "gold_docs": ["intramural American football. At the end of the interhall football season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium. The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: \"Congregatio a Sancta Cruce\", abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. There are 47 chapels on campus, including one in every residence hall. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith"]}
{"query": "How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?", "answer": "Fifty-seven", "gold_docs": ["needs of the community. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus. There are also the Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a"]}
{"query": "What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?", "answer": "over 80%", "gold_docs": ["intramural American football. At the end of the interhall football season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium. The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: \"Congregatio a Sancta Cruce\", abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. There are 47 chapels on campus, including one in every residence hall. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith"]}
{"query": "What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?", "answer": "Washington Hall", "gold_docs": ["of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. By 1890, individual residence halls were built to house the increasing number of students. William J. Hoynes was"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?", "answer": "1879", "gold_docs": ["of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. By 1890, individual residence halls were built to house the increasing number of students. William J. Hoynes was"]}
{"query": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?", "answer": "Rev. William Corby", "gold_docs": ["library collection was started by Fr. Auguste Lemonnier, housed in the Main Building, and by 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes. This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879; school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin, and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on May 17, and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester"]}
{"query": "What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?", "answer": "scholastic and classical", "gold_docs": ["moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives; for this reason, their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president."]}
{"query": "Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?", "answer": "College of Commerce", "gold_docs": ["moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives; for this reason, their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president."]}
{"query": "Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?", "answer": "three years", "gold_docs": ["and had run the Holy Cross order into serious debt. The movement towards a research university was subsequently championed by Fr. John W. Cavanaugh, who modernized the educational standards and attracted many scholars to campus. In 1917, Notre Dame awarded its first degree to a woman, and its first bachelor in 1922. However, female undergraduates did not become common until 1972. In 1919 Father James A. Burns became president of Notre Dame; following in the footsteps of Cavanaugh, in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and"]}
{"query": "The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?", "answer": "Knute Rockne", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?", "answer": "105", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?", "answer": "1925", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?", "answer": "13", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?", "answer": "the Protestant establishment", "gold_docs": ["I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7\u20132\u20132 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930, when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City. The success of Notre Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied around the team and listened to the games on the radio, especially when it defeated teams from schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America\u2014Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Its role as a high-profile flagship institution of"]}
{"query": "Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?", "answer": "the Ku Klux Klan", "gold_docs": ["Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was a clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist and anti-catholic movement, in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on May 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in"]}
{"query": "Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?", "answer": "Fr. Matthew Walsh", "gold_docs": ["the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. Frs. Charles L. O'Donnell (1928-1934) and John Francis O'Hara"]}
{"query": "What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?", "answer": "a week-long Klavern", "gold_docs": ["Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was a clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist and anti-catholic movement, in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on May 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in"]}
{"query": "Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?", "answer": "Laetare Medal", "gold_docs": ["(1934-1939) fueled both material and academic expansion. During their tenures at Notre Dame, they brought numerous refugee and intellectuals to campus; such as W. B. Yeats, Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara also concentrated on expanding the graduate school. New construction included Notre Dame Stadium, the law school building, Rockne Memorial, numerous residential halls, Cushing Hall of Engineering, a new heating plant, and more. This rapid expansion, which cost the University more than $2,800,000, was made possible in large part through football revenues. O'Hara strongly believed"]}
{"query": "Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1883", "gold_docs": ["(1934-1939) fueled both material and academic expansion. During their tenures at Notre Dame, they brought numerous refugee and intellectuals to campus; such as W. B. Yeats, Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara also concentrated on expanding the graduate school. New construction included Notre Dame Stadium, the law school building, Rockne Memorial, numerous residential halls, Cushing Hall of Engineering, a new heating plant, and more. This rapid expansion, which cost the University more than $2,800,000, was made possible in large part through football revenues. O'Hara strongly believed"]}
{"query": "For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?", "answer": "God", "gold_docs": ["that the Fighting Irish football team could be an effective means to \"acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate\" Notre Dame. He wrote, \"Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother. When St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all for the glory of God,' he included football.\" The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping"]}
{"query": "Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase?", "answer": "more than half", "gold_docs": ["the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest"]}
{"query": "Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Lobund Institute for Animal Studies", "gold_docs": ["the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest"]}
{"query": "What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?", "answer": "Hall of Liberal Arts", "gold_docs": ["the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest"]}
{"query": "What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?", "answer": "$9 million", "gold_docs": ["ever made to an American Catholic university. He also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today. The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh served as president for 35 years (1952\u201387) of what Andrew Greeley calls a \"dramatic transformation.\" In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950,"]}
{"query": "How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?", "answer": "950", "gold_docs": ["ever made to an American Catholic university. He also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today. The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh served as president for 35 years (1952\u201387) of what Andrew Greeley calls a \"dramatic transformation.\" In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950,"]}
{"query": "What type of educational institute is Hesburgh given credit for creating at Notre Dame?", "answer": "coeducational", "gold_docs": ["and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500. Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. Women had graduated from Notre Dame every year since 1917, but it was mostly religious sisters and generally limited to graduate programs. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was"]}
{"query": "Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Dean of Arts and Letters", "gold_docs": ["rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. \"In American college education,\" explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, \"certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism.\" Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation \"opened up a whole other pool of very bright students.\" Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students"]}
{"query": "What title did Thomas Blantz have at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Vice President of Student Affairs", "gold_docs": ["rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. \"In American college education,\" explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, \"certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism.\" Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation \"opened up a whole other pool of very bright students.\" Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students"]}
{"query": "In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female?", "answer": "1971", "gold_docs": ["that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972, Angela Sienko, who earned a bachelor's degree in marketing, became the first woman to graduate from the university. In 1978, a historic district comprising 21 contributing buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In the 18 years under the presidency of Fr. Edward Malloy, (1987\u20132005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors;"]}
{"query": "With what institute did Notre Dame agree to an exchange program in the 1960s?", "answer": "Saint Mary's College", "gold_docs": ["and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500. Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. Women had graduated from Notre Dame every year since 1917, but it was mostly religious sisters and generally limited to graduate programs. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was"]}
{"query": "During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?", "answer": "1987\u20132005", "gold_docs": ["that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972, Angela Sienko, who earned a bachelor's degree in marketing, became the first woman to graduate from the university. In 1978, a historic district comprising 21 contributing buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In the 18 years under the presidency of Fr. Edward Malloy, (1987\u20132005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors;"]}
{"query": "What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?", "answer": "1240", "gold_docs": ["the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1460; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent (2014) capital campaign raised $2.014 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education and was the largest of any University"]}
{"query": "When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?", "answer": "$350 million", "gold_docs": ["the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1460; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent (2014) capital campaign raised $2.014 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education and was the largest of any University"]}
{"query": "When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?", "answer": "more than $70 million", "gold_docs": ["the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1460; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent (2014) capital campaign raised $2.014 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education and was the largest of any University"]}
{"query": "The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?", "answer": "500", "gold_docs": ["that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972, Angela Sienko, who earned a bachelor's degree in marketing, became the first woman to graduate from the university. In 1978, a historic district comprising 21 contributing buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In the 18 years under the presidency of Fr. Edward Malloy, (1987\u20132005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors;"]}
{"query": "When did John Jenkins become the president of Notre Dame?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["without a medical school at the time. Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by Fr. John I. Jenkins, the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a"]}
{"query": "Who was the Notre Dame president that preceded John Jenkins?", "answer": "Malloy", "gold_docs": ["without a medical school at the time. Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by Fr. John I. Jenkins, the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a"]}
{"query": "Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Compton Family Ice Arena", "gold_docs": ["without a medical school at the time. Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by Fr. John I. Jenkins, the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a"]}
{"query": "Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Congregation of Holy Cross", "gold_docs": ["most distinguishable feature. Close to the Main Building stands Washington Hall, a theater that was built in 1881 and has since then been used for theatrical and musical representation. Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass"]}
{"query": "What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Basilica of the Sacred Heart", "gold_docs": ["most distinguishable feature. Close to the Main Building stands Washington Hall, a theater that was built in 1881 and has since then been used for theatrical and musical representation. Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass"]}
{"query": "In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?", "answer": "French Revival", "gold_docs": ["most distinguishable feature. Close to the Main Building stands Washington Hall, a theater that was built in 1881 and has since then been used for theatrical and musical representation. Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass"]}
{"query": "Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Luigi Gregori", "gold_docs": ["windows imported directly from France. The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter invited by Fr. Sorin to be artist in residence. The Basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church there are also sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. It is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation, and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus. A Science Hall was built in 1883 under"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed?", "answer": "1896", "gold_docs": ["windows imported directly from France. The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter invited by Fr. Sorin to be artist in residence. The Basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church there are also sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. It is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation, and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus. A Science Hall was built in 1883 under"]}
{"query": "Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?", "answer": "Fr. Zahm", "gold_docs": ["the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Student Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as \"LaFortune\" or \"LaFun,\" it is a 4-story building of that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant"]}
{"query": "In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?", "answer": "1950", "gold_docs": ["the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Student Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as \"LaFortune\" or \"LaFun,\" it is a 4-story building of that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant"]}
{"query": "After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?", "answer": "Joseph LaFortune", "gold_docs": ["the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Student Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as \"LaFortune\" or \"LaFun,\" it is a 4-story building of that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant"]}
{"query": "How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?", "answer": "83,000 square feet", "gold_docs": ["LaFortune Student Center The LaFortune Student Center serves as the main student center at the University of Notre Dame. Built as Science Hall in 1883 under the direction of Fr. John Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as \"LaFortune\" or \"LaFun,\" it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and"]}
{"query": "How many halls are at Notre Dame that house students?", "answer": "29", "gold_docs": ["two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball. McCourtney Hall, an interdisciplinary research facility, opened its doors for the Fall 2016 semester, and ground has broken on a 60,000-square-foot architecture building on the South end of campus near the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center. Walsh Family Hall of Architecture will open in late 2018. Announced on January 29, 2014 as an integration of \" the academy, student life and athletics,\" construction on the 750,000 square foot Campus Crossroads project began around Notre Dame Stadium on November 19, 2014. The construction project"]}
{"query": "How many books are housed at the Theodore Hesburgh Library?", "answer": "almost 4 million", "gold_docs": ["Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Dunne Hall, began accepting residents for the Fall 2016 semester. Flaherty Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in Fall 2016 as well. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in"]}
{"query": "Construction for which hall started on March 8th 2007 at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Duncan Hall", "gold_docs": ["McGlinn) in 1996/1997. It fills the space of former volleyball courts west of McGlinn Hall, filling the quad out to its western limit at Holy Cross Drive. Duncan Hall is named for its benefactor Raymond T. Duncan, Notre Dame class of 1952, a personal friend of Joe O'Neill, benefactor of O'Neill Hall (also on West Quad). The Duncan family has strong family ties to the University, including Duncan's father Walter (class of 1912), two of his brothers and two of his sons. The dorm broke ground in March 2007 and was completed in 17 months, on schedule, to be opened"]}
{"query": "Which baseball stadium is found at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Frank Eck Stadium", "gold_docs": ["two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball. McCourtney Hall, an interdisciplinary research facility, opened its doors for the Fall 2016 semester, and ground has broken on a 60,000-square-foot architecture building on the South end of campus near the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center. Walsh Family Hall of Architecture will open in late 2018. Announced on January 29, 2014 as an integration of \" the academy, student life and athletics,\" construction on the 750,000 square foot Campus Crossroads project began around Notre Dame Stadium on November 19, 2014. The construction project"]}
{"query": "In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["Notre Dame Stadium. The former Alumni Senior Club opened its doors the first weekend in September 2003 after a $3.5 million renovation and transformed into the all-ages student hang-out that currently exists. Legends is made up of two parts: The Restaurant and Alehouse and the nightclub. The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission. The Office of Sustainability was created in the fall of 2007 at the recommendation of a Sustainability Strategy Working Group and appointed the first director in April 2008. The pursuit of sustainability is directly related to the"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?", "answer": "40%", "gold_docs": ["name=\"About the Office//Office of Sustainability//University of Notre Dame\"></ref> , twelve buildings have achieved LEED-Certified status with nine of them achieving LEED Gold status.<ref name=\"Green Design//Office of Sustainability//University of Notre Dame\"></ref> Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options.<ref name=\"Design & Construction//Office of Sustainability//University of Notre Dame\"></ref> The university also houses the Kellog Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member. The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research,"]}
{"query": "Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?", "answer": "Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies", "gold_docs": ["Jesus\" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown. The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry and Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in"]}
{"query": "In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?", "answer": "1968", "gold_docs": ["ideology and were particularly accessible to his students. He came to ND in 1955, and was a frequent contributor to the \"National Review\" and other conservative magazines. In 1960, then President Theodore M. Hesburgh, at the urging of Niemeyer and political science department head, Fr. Stanley Parry, C.S.C., invited Eric Voegelin (1901-1985), who had escaped Nazi-occupied Austria, to guest lecture at Notre Dame, which he did until his retirement in 1968. research continued in many fields. The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become \"one of the pre\u2013eminent research institutions in the world\" in his"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?", "answer": "1998", "gold_docs": ["by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell. According to \"College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology\" published in 1998, the \"Notre Dame Victory March\" ranks as the greatest fight song of all time. According to some analysts without direct connection to the university or its athletic department, Notre Dame promotes Muscular Christianity through its athletic programs. The Notre Dame football team's history began when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought the game of football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. Since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claims"]}
{"query": "What was Notre Dame's first college?", "answer": "The College of Arts and Letters", "gold_docs": ["and innovation among first year students. It includes programs such as FY advising, the Dean's A list, the Renaissance circle, NDignite, the First year Urban challenge and more. Each admissions cycle, the Office of Undergraduate Admissions selects a small number of students for the Glynn Family Honors Program, which grants top students within the College of Arts and Letters and the College of Science access to smaller class sizes taught by distinguished faculty, endowed funding for independent research, and dedicated advising faculty and staff. The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in"]}
{"query": "In what year was the The College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame created?", "answer": "1842", "gold_docs": ["the largest endowments of any U.S. university, at $13.1 billion. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Notre Dame College of Science formed?", "answer": "1865", "gold_docs": ["and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Fr. Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger \"Main Building\" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Under Fr. William Corby's first administration, enrollment at Notre Dame increased to more than 500 students. In 1869 he opened the law school, which offered a two-year course of study, and in 1871 he began construction of Sacred Heart Church, today the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Notre Dame. Beginning in 1873, a"]}
{"query": "How many years long was a scientific course under Patrick Dillon at Notre Dame?", "answer": "six years", "gold_docs": ["it would be after I had taken a look at the field.\" After playing four games between 1898 and 1902, Michigan and Notre Dame did not schedule games over the next five seasons. For the first time in six years, Michigan and Notre Dame met in October 1908, with Michigan winning, 12\u20136, at Ann Arbor's Ferry Field. Dave Allerdice scored all 12 of Michigan's points on three field goals \u2013 two in the first half and one in the last minute of the game. Notre Dame fullback Vaughan scored the only touchdown of the game on a long run from"]}
{"query": "Which hall at Notre Dame contains the current College of Science?", "answer": "Jordan Hall of Science", "gold_docs": ["Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Dunne Hall, began accepting residents for the Fall 2016 semester. Flaherty Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in Fall 2016 as well. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in"]}
{"query": "In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college?", "answer": "School of Architecture", "gold_docs": ["in particular for its undergraduate education. Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges, Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business, Architecture and Global Affairs. The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. The university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of"]}
{"query": "In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Bond Hall", "gold_docs": ["day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The entire band will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across the campus to the game. As of the 2014\u20132015 season, the men's basketball team has over 1,898 wins; only 8 other schools have more wins, and Fighting Irish teams have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the"]}
{"query": "In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year?", "answer": "Rome", "gold_docs": ["American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon. In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through"]}
{"query": "Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?", "answer": "Driehaus Architecture Prize", "gold_docs": ["in particular for its undergraduate education. Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges, Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business, Architecture and Global Affairs. The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. The university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of"]}
{"query": "In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["Jesus\" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown. The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry and Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in"]}
{"query": "Where is the theology library at Notre Dame?", "answer": "the first floor of Stanford Hall", "gold_docs": ["Jesus\" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown. The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry and Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in"]}
{"query": "How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries?", "answer": "over three million volumes", "gold_docs": ["a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country. Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2018 admitting 3,610 from a pool of 20,371 (17.7% acceptance rate in 2018). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. Of the most recent class, the Class of 2020, 48% were in the top 1%"]}
{"query": "Currently where does Notre Dame's library rank in the nation?", "answer": "one of the 100 largest", "gold_docs": ["a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country. Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2018 admitting 3,610 from a pool of 20,371 (17.7% acceptance rate in 2018). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. Of the most recent class, the Class of 2020, 48% were in the top 1%"]}
{"query": "What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s?", "answer": "The rise of Hitler and other dictators", "gold_docs": ["a Catholic and scholastic tradition. Kenneth Sayre has explored the history of the Philosophy department. He stresses the abandonment of official Thomism to the philosophical pluralism of the 1970s, with attention to the issue of being Catholic. He pays special attention to the charismatic personalities of Ernan McMullin and Ralph McInerny, key leaders of the department in the 1960s and 1970s. The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907\u20131982) in classics and law, and Waldemar Gurian a"]}
{"query": "From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame?", "answer": "Germany", "gold_docs": ["a Catholic and scholastic tradition. Kenneth Sayre has explored the history of the Philosophy department. He stresses the abandonment of official Thomism to the philosophical pluralism of the 1970s, with attention to the issue of being Catholic. He pays special attention to the charismatic personalities of Ernan McMullin and Ralph McInerny, key leaders of the department in the 1960s and 1970s. The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907\u20131982) in classics and law, and Waldemar Gurian a"]}
{"query": "What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in?", "answer": "classics and law", "gold_docs": ["a Catholic and scholastic tradition. Kenneth Sayre has explored the history of the Philosophy department. He stresses the abandonment of official Thomism to the philosophical pluralism of the 1970s, with attention to the issue of being Catholic. He pays special attention to the charismatic personalities of Ernan McMullin and Ralph McInerny, key leaders of the department in the 1960s and 1970s. The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907\u20131982) in classics and law, and Waldemar Gurian a"]}
{"query": "Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate?", "answer": "Max Scheler", "gold_docs": ["German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent. Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler. Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 (1883\u20131962), a renowned sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus, 1955\u201362. Yves Simon (1903\u201361), brought to ND in the 1940s the insights of French studies in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy; his own teacher Jacques Maritain (1882\u20131973) was a frequent visitor to campus. The exiles developed a distinctive emphasis on the evils of totalitarianism. For example, the political science courses of Gerhart Niemeyer (1907\u201397) discussed communist"]}
{"query": "What was Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 known for being?", "answer": "a renowned sculptor", "gold_docs": ["German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent. Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler. Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 (1883\u20131962), a renowned sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus, 1955\u201362. Yves Simon (1903\u201361), brought to ND in the 1940s the insights of French studies in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy; his own teacher Jacques Maritain (1882\u20131973) was a frequent visitor to campus. The exiles developed a distinctive emphasis on the evils of totalitarianism. For example, the political science courses of Gerhart Niemeyer (1907\u201397) discussed communist"]}
{"query": "The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?", "answer": "University of Notre Dame du", "gold_docs": ["University of Notre Dame The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame or ND) is a private, non-profit Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana. The main campus covers in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), the Notre Dame Stadium, and the Basilica. The school was founded on November 26, 1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, who was also its first president. Notre Dame is consistently recognized as one of the top universities in the United States,"]}
{"query": "What type of institution is the Notre Dame?", "answer": "Catholic research university", "gold_docs": ["University of Notre Dame The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame or ND) is a private, non-profit Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana. The main campus covers in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), the Notre Dame Stadium, and the Basilica. The school was founded on November 26, 1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, who was also its first president. Notre Dame is consistently recognized as one of the top universities in the United States,"]}
{"query": "The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English?", "answer": "Our Lady of the Lake", "gold_docs": ["additions to the campus. Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15, 1844. Under the charter the school is officially named the University of Notre Dame du Lac (University of Our Lady of the Lake). Because the university was originally only for male students, the female-only Saint Mary's College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students"]}
{"query": "Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?", "answer": "the Virgin Mary", "gold_docs": ["residence, and the former Msgr. Prevost High School. The parish also includes Notre Dame Cemetery, located in the city's south end. In March 2012, the diocese announced that Notre Dame de Lourdes parish would be merging with nearby Immaculate Conception parish, with the new combined parish renamed Saint Bernadette Parish. This name gives a connection to both parishes as it was Saint Bernadette who was reported to have witnessed the apparition of the Immaculate Conception (the Virgin Mary) at Lourdes, France. Notre Dame de Lourdes parish was created in July, 1874 and named after the 1858 apparitions of the Blessed"]}
{"query": "How large is Notre Dame in acres?", "answer": "1,250", "gold_docs": ["Campus of the University of Notre Dame The Campus of the University of Notre Dame is located in Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, spans 1,250 acres, and comprises around 170 buildings. Notre Dame's campus is consistently ranked among the most beautiful campuses in the country. The center of campus is Main Quad, often called God Quad, which hosts the Main Building and the Basilica, and other important buildings and residence halls. The North-West area of campus is mainly dedicated to residential buildings, the Central-East portion of campus is dedicated to academic spaces, while the South-East is dedicated to athletics. A part"]}
{"query": "Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?", "answer": "Knute Rockne", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?", "answer": "NCAA Division I", "gold_docs": ["Medicine. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. The majority of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 134,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. Notre Dame is known for its football team, which contributed to its rise to prominence on"]}
{"query": "How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["the national stage in the early 20th century; the team an Independent with no conference affiliation, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame, and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Other ND sport teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 17 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as one of the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight songs. Started as a small all-male institution in 1842 and chartered in 1844, Notre Dame reached international fame at the beginning of"]}
{"query": "How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 31 residence halls. All residence halls are single-sex, with 16 male dorms, 14 female dorms, and one small house of formation for male college students discerning entrance into the Congregation of Holy Cross. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Every hall is led by"]}
{"query": "Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?", "answer": "Driehaus Architecture Prize", "gold_docs": ["in particular for its undergraduate education. Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges, Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business, Architecture and Global Affairs. The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. The university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of"]}
{"query": "How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?", "answer": "more than 50", "gold_docs": ["in particular for its undergraduate education. Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges, Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business, Architecture and Global Affairs. The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. The university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of"]}
{"query": "Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?", "answer": "Snite Museum of Art", "gold_docs": ["Medicine. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. The majority of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 134,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. Notre Dame is known for its football team, which contributed to its rise to prominence on"]}
{"query": "In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?", "answer": "1842", "gold_docs": ["the largest endowments of any U.S. university, at $13.1 billion. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building"]}
{"query": "Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?", "answer": "C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re", "gold_docs": ["the largest endowments of any U.S. university, at $13.1 billion. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building"]}
{"query": "Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?", "answer": "the Congregation of the Holy Cross", "gold_docs": ["as the top school where \"Everyone Plays Intramural Sports.\" The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh. In the fall, the Notre Dame Women's Boxing Club hosts an annual Baraka Bouts tournament that raises money for the Congregation of the Holy Cross Missions in Uganda. Many of the most popular student events held on campus are organized by the 30 Residential Halls, which are"]}
{"query": "On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?", "answer": "November 26, 1842", "gold_docs": ["the largest endowments of any U.S. university, at $13.1 billion. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building"]}
{"query": "Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?", "answer": "Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel", "gold_docs": ["the largest endowments of any U.S. university, at $13.1 billion. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building"]}
{"query": "In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1849", "gold_docs": ["additions to the campus. Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15, 1844. Under the charter the school is officially named the University of Notre Dame du Lac (University of Our Lady of the Lake). Because the university was originally only for male students, the female-only Saint Mary's College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students"]}
{"query": "In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?", "answer": "1865", "gold_docs": ["and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Fr. Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger \"Main Building\" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Under Fr. William Corby's first administration, enrollment at Notre Dame increased to more than 500 students. In 1869 he opened the law school, which offered a two-year course of study, and in 1871 he began construction of Sacred Heart Church, today the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Notre Dame. Beginning in 1873, a"]}
{"query": "In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?", "answer": "1879", "gold_docs": ["library collection was started by Fr. Auguste Lemonnier, housed in the Main Building, and by 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes. This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879; school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin, and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on May 17, and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester"]}
{"query": "In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?", "answer": "1873", "gold_docs": ["and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Fr. Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger \"Main Building\" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Under Fr. William Corby's first administration, enrollment at Notre Dame increased to more than 500 students. In 1869 he opened the law school, which offered a two-year course of study, and in 1871 he began construction of Sacred Heart Church, today the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Notre Dame. Beginning in 1873, a"]}
{"query": "Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame?", "answer": "NDtv", "gold_docs": ["The \"Irish Rover\" is a fully independent non-profit paper that is published twice a month and features regular columns from alumni and faculty in addition to coverage of campus matters. \"The Observer\" and the \"Irish Rover\" are both distributed to all students\". \"Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, \"Beyond Politics\", made its debut.\" The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006. WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering students a chance to become involved in"]}
{"query": "How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002?", "answer": "one show", "gold_docs": ["The \"Irish Rover\" is a fully independent non-profit paper that is published twice a month and features regular columns from alumni and faculty in addition to coverage of campus matters. \"The Observer\" and the \"Irish Rover\" are both distributed to all students\". \"Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, \"Beyond Politics\", made its debut.\" The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006. WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering students a chance to become involved in"]}
{"query": "Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM?", "answer": "WSND-FM", "gold_docs": ["The \"Irish Rover\" is a fully independent non-profit paper that is published twice a month and features regular columns from alumni and faculty in addition to coverage of campus matters. \"The Observer\" and the \"Irish Rover\" are both distributed to all students\". \"Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, \"Beyond Politics\", made its debut.\" The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006. WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering students a chance to become involved in"]}
{"query": "When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame?", "answer": "June 3, 2008", "gold_docs": ["conferences abroad, and alumni support. In addition to the five Global Getaways, the University also holds a presence in Chicago where it owns the Santa Fe Building. The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The second phase, a 90 million dollar project, broke"]}
{"query": "Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons?", "answer": "the City of South Bend", "gold_docs": ["conferences abroad, and alumni support. In addition to the five Global Getaways, the University also holds a presence in Chicago where it owns the Santa Fe Building. The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The second phase, a 90 million dollar project, broke"]}
{"query": "There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons, they came due tot he hiring of whom?", "answer": "non-union workers", "gold_docs": ["conferences abroad, and alumni support. In addition to the five Global Getaways, the University also holds a presence in Chicago where it owns the Santa Fe Building. The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The second phase, a 90 million dollar project, broke"]}
{"query": "What does the acronym NCAA stand for?", "answer": "National Collegiate Athletic Association", "gold_docs": ["bringing classical music, fine arts and educational programming, and alternative rock to the airwaves. Another radio station, WVFI, began as a partner of WSND-FM. More recently, however, WVFI has been airing independently and is streamed on the Internet. Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013\u201314 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982 to 1983 to 1985\u201386, and again from 1987 to 1988 to 1994\u201395,"]}
{"query": "What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in?", "answer": "Midwest Fencing Conference", "gold_docs": ["and then in the Big East Conference through 2012\u201313. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. The football team competes as a Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in the Big Ten Conference Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except"]}
{"query": "There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in, what is it?", "answer": "Hockey East", "gold_docs": ["hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012\u201313 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014\u201315 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his \"New York Daily News\" columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are navy blue and gold,"]}
{"query": "In what conference did the Fighting Irish take part in in 2012?", "answer": "Big East Conference", "gold_docs": ["and then in the Big East Conference through 2012\u201313. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. The football team competes as a Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in the Big Ten Conference Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except"]}
{"query": "To what conference did the Fighting Irish go after the Big East?", "answer": "the ACC", "gold_docs": ["hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012\u201313 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014\u201315 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his \"New York Daily News\" columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are navy blue and gold,"]}
{"query": "How many teams in each season do the Fighting Irish commit to play against ACC opponents?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation changed in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013\u201314 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former"]}
{"query": "What type of mascot do the Notre Dame sport teams have?", "answer": "Leprechaun", "gold_docs": ["which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of \"Time\" in November 1964 and gained national exposure. On July 1, 2014, the University of Notre Dame and Under Armour reached an agreement in which Under Armour provides uniforms, apparel, equipment, and monetary compensation"]}
{"query": "Who currently provides uniforms to Notre Dame sport teams?", "answer": "Under Armour", "gold_docs": ["which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of \"Time\" in November 1964 and gained national exposure. On July 1, 2014, the University of Notre Dame and Under Armour reached an agreement in which Under Armour provides uniforms, apparel, equipment, and monetary compensation"]}
{"query": "What is the value of the contract between Under Armour and Notre Dame?", "answer": "almost $100 million", "gold_docs": ["to Notre Dame for 10 years. This contract, worth almost $100 million, is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA. The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a \"Landmark of American Music\" during the United States Bicentennial. The band regularly plays the school's fight song the \"Notre Dame Victory March\", which was named as the most played and most famous fight song"]}
{"query": "When did the Notre Dame marching band form?", "answer": "1846", "gold_docs": ["to Notre Dame for 10 years. This contract, worth almost $100 million, is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA. The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a \"Landmark of American Music\" during the United States Bicentennial. The band regularly plays the school's fight song the \"Notre Dame Victory March\", which was named as the most played and most famous fight song"]}
{"query": "What is notable about the Notre Dame marching band?", "answer": "oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States", "gold_docs": ["to Notre Dame for 10 years. This contract, worth almost $100 million, is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA. The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a \"Landmark of American Music\" during the United States Bicentennial. The band regularly plays the school's fight song the \"Notre Dame Victory March\", which was named as the most played and most famous fight song"]}
{"query": "What is the Notre Dame fight song?", "answer": "Notre Dame Victory March", "gold_docs": ["to Notre Dame for 10 years. This contract, worth almost $100 million, is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA. The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a \"Landmark of American Music\" during the United States Bicentennial. The band regularly plays the school's fight song the \"Notre Dame Victory March\", which was named as the most played and most famous fight song"]}
{"query": "Which team did Notre Dame's football team find inspiration from?", "answer": "Michigan Wolverines football team", "gold_docs": ["by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell. According to \"College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology\" published in 1998, the \"Notre Dame Victory March\" ranks as the greatest fight song of all time. According to some analysts without direct connection to the university or its athletic department, Notre Dame promotes Muscular Christianity through its athletic programs. The Notre Dame football team's history began when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought the game of football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. Since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claims"]}
{"query": "In what year did Notre Dame football begin?", "answer": "1887", "gold_docs": ["by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell. According to \"College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology\" published in 1998, the \"Notre Dame Victory March\" ranks as the greatest fight song of all time. According to some analysts without direct connection to the university or its athletic department, Notre Dame promotes Muscular Christianity through its athletic programs. The Notre Dame football team's history began when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought the game of football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. Since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claims"]}
{"query": "What university is Notre Dame tied with in terms of most Heisman Trophy winners?", "answer": "Ohio State University", "gold_docs": ["11), along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source. Additionally, the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame, is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history. With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals, and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country. George Gipp"]}
{"query": "Against which team does Notre Dame compete for the Jeweled Shillelagh?", "answer": "USC", "gold_docs": ["11), along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source. Additionally, the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame, is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history. With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals, and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country. George Gipp"]}
{"query": "In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?", "answer": "the most", "gold_docs": ["11), along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source. Additionally, the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame, is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history. With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals, and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country. George Gipp"]}
{"query": "What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920?", "answer": "George Gipp", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to \"win one for the Gipper?\"", "answer": "the Army team", "gold_docs": ["was the school's legendary football player during 1916\u201320. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and \"win one for the Gipper.\" The 1940 film, \"Knute Rockne, All American\", starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. The team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current"]}
{"query": "Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's \"Knute Rockne?\"", "answer": "Gipp", "gold_docs": ["was the school's legendary football player during 1916\u201320. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and \"win one for the Gipper.\" The 1940 film, \"Knute Rockne, All American\", starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. The team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current"]}
{"query": "What is displayed at Zahm House for football home games at Notre Dame?", "answer": "two-story banner", "gold_docs": ["$22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. \"Forbes\" named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007. Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g., Zahm Hall's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that"]}
{"query": "What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame?", "answer": "the Drummers' Circle", "gold_docs": ["$22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. \"Forbes\" named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007. Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g., Zahm Hall's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that"]}
{"query": "From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games?", "answer": "the steps of Bond Hall", "gold_docs": ["day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The entire band will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across the campus to the game. As of the 2014\u20132015 season, the men's basketball team has over 1,898 wins; only 8 other schools have more wins, and Fighting Irish teams have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the"]}
{"query": "What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games?", "answer": "the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater", "gold_docs": ["day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The entire band will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across the campus to the game. As of the 2014\u20132015 season, the men's basketball team has over 1,898 wins; only 8 other schools have more wins, and Fighting Irish teams have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the"]}
{"query": "On what day do Notre Dame home football games occur?", "answer": "Saturday", "gold_docs": ["$22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. \"Forbes\" named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007. Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g., Zahm Hall's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that"]}
{"query": "How many schools have a similar men's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins?", "answer": "12", "gold_docs": ["By 1925 enrollment had increased to 2,500 students, of which 1,471 lived on campus. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division"]}
{"query": "How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men's basketball team take part in?", "answer": "28", "gold_docs": ["day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The entire band will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across the campus to the game. As of the 2014\u20132015 season, the men's basketball team has over 1,898 wins; only 8 other schools have more wins, and Fighting Irish teams have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the"]}
{"query": "Which Notre Dame men's basketball player has the record for more points in one game?", "answer": "Austin Carr", "gold_docs": ["day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The entire band will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across the campus to the game. As of the 2014\u20132015 season, the men's basketball team has over 1,898 wins; only 8 other schools have more wins, and Fighting Irish teams have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the"]}
{"query": "Who was the Notre Dame men's basketball coach in 2014?", "answer": "Mike Brey", "gold_docs": ["team is coached by Mike Brey, who, as of the 2015\u201316 season, his fifteenth at Notre Dame, has achieved a 356\u2013177 record. In 2009 they were invited to the NIT, where they advanced to the semi-finals but were beaten by Penn State who went on and beat Baylor in the championship. The 2010\u201311 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country, with a record of 25\u20135, Brey's fifth straight 20-win season, and a second-place finish in the Big East. During the 2014\u201315 season, the team went 32\u20136 and won the ACC conference tournament, later advancing to the"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?", "answer": "John F. Shea", "gold_docs": ["was founded by Steven \"Cookie\" Warner in 1980. The \"Notre Dame Victory March\" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, \"Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send"]}
{"query": "In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?", "answer": "1904", "gold_docs": ["was founded by Steven \"Cookie\" Warner in 1980. The \"Notre Dame Victory March\" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, \"Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send"]}
{"query": "Who is responsible for writing the music for \"Notre Dame Victory March?\"", "answer": "Rev. Michael J. Shea", "gold_docs": ["was founded by Steven \"Cookie\" Warner in 1980. The \"Notre Dame Victory March\" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, \"Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send"]}
{"query": "In what year did \"Notre Dame Victory March\" get copyrighted?", "answer": "1928", "gold_docs": ["was founded by Steven \"Cookie\" Warner in 1980. The \"Notre Dame Victory March\" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, \"Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send"]}
{"query": "To where are the loyal sons in \"Notre Dame Fight Song\" marching?", "answer": "onward to victory", "gold_docs": ["a volley cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory!\" The chorus of the song is one of the most recognizable collegiate fight songs in the United States, and was ranked first among fight songs by Northern Illinois University Professor William Studwell, who remarked it was \"more borrowed, more famous and, frankly, you just hear it more\". In the film \"Knute Rockne, All American\", Knute Rockne (played by Pat O'Brien) delivers the famous \"Win"]}
{"query": "Ronald Reagan had a nickname, what was it?", "answer": "The Gipper", "gold_docs": ["one for the Gipper\" speech, at which point the background music swells with the \"Notre Dame Victory March\". George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname \"The Gipper\" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie \"Airplane!\" with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie \"Rudy\", with Sean Astin as Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles. Notre Dame alumni number near 120,000, and are members of"]}
{"query": "In what film did a parody of the \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech appear?", "answer": "Airplane!", "gold_docs": ["one for the Gipper\" speech, at which point the background music swells with the \"Notre Dame Victory March\". George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname \"The Gipper\" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie \"Airplane!\" with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie \"Rudy\", with Sean Astin as Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles. Notre Dame alumni number near 120,000, and are members of"]}
{"query": "Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy?", "answer": "Sean Astin", "gold_docs": ["one for the Gipper\" speech, at which point the background music swells with the \"Notre Dame Victory March\". George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname \"The Gipper\" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie \"Airplane!\" with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie \"Rudy\", with Sean Astin as Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles. Notre Dame alumni number near 120,000, and are members of"]}
{"query": "Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane!?", "answer": "George Zipp", "gold_docs": ["one for the Gipper\" speech, at which point the background music swells with the \"Notre Dame Victory March\". George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname \"The Gipper\" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie \"Airplane!\" with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie \"Rudy\", with Sean Astin as Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles. Notre Dame alumni number near 120,000, and are members of"]}
{"query": "Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne?", "answer": "Knute Rockne", "gold_docs": ["a volley cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory!\" The chorus of the song is one of the most recognizable collegiate fight songs in the United States, and was ranked first among fight songs by Northern Illinois University Professor William Studwell, who remarked it was \"more borrowed, more famous and, frankly, you just hear it more\". In the film \"Knute Rockne, All American\", Knute Rockne (played by Pat O'Brien) delivers the famous \"Win"]}
{"query": "Which Notre Dame alum from the College of Science won a Nobel Prize?", "answer": "Eric F. Wieschaus", "gold_docs": ["275 alumni clubs around the world. Many alumni give yearly monetary support to the university, with a school-record 53.2% giving some donation in 2006. Many buildings on campus are named for those whose donations allowed their building, including residence halls, classroom buildings, and the performing arts center. Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Notable alumni from the College of Science are Eric F. Wieschaus, winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize in medicine, and Philip Majerus, discoverer"]}
{"query": "Which notable astronaut is known to have attended Notre Dame?", "answer": "Jim Wetherbee", "gold_docs": ["Lebda, Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis, professional boxer Mike Lee, former football coaches such as Charlie Weis, Frank Leahy and Knute Rockne, and Basketball Hall of Famers Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley. Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee. The University of Notre Dame is the setting for numerous works of fiction, as well of the alma mater of many fictional characters. In mid-20th century America it became \"perhaps the most popular symbol of Catholicism,\" as noted by \"The Routledge Companion to Religion and Popular Culture\": Dealing with the era before coeducation, James"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce start becoming popular?", "answer": "in the late 1990s", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?", "answer": "singing and dancing", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? ", "answer": "Houston, Texas", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "In which decade did Beyonce become famous?", "answer": "late 1990s", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "In what R&B group was she the lead singer?", "answer": "Destiny's Child", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "What album made her a worldwide known artist?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "Who managed the Destiny's Child group?", "answer": "Mathew Knowles", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "In what city did Beyonce grow up?", "answer": "Houston", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Beyonce's first solo album?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "On what date was Beyonce born?", "answer": "September 4, 1981", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 rise to fame?", "answer": "late 1990s", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "What was the first album Beyonc\u00e9 released as a solo artist?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Dangerously in Love?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "How many Grammy awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win for her first solo album?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\". Following the break-up of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, \"B'Day\" (2006), which contained her fourth number one single, \"Irreplaceable\", as well as the top ten singles \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also continued her acting career, with starring roles in \"The Pink Panther\" (2006), \"Dreamgirls\" (2006), and \"Obsessed\" (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and portrayal of Etta James in"]}
{"query": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's role in Destiny's Child?", "answer": "lead singer", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first solo album?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the best-selling girl groups in history. Their hiatus saw Beyonc\u00e9's theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\" (2002) and the release of her first solo album, \"Dangerously in Love\" (2003). The album established her as"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?", "answer": "June 24, 2003", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "After her second solo album, what other entertainment venture did Beyonce explore?", "answer": "acting", "gold_docs": ["a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\". Following the break-up of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, \"B'Day\" (2006), which contained her fourth number one single, \"Irreplaceable\", as well as the top ten singles \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also continued her acting career, with starring roles in \"The Pink Panther\" (2006), \"Dreamgirls\" (2006), and \"Obsessed\" (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and portrayal of Etta James in"]}
{"query": "To set the record for Grammys, how many did Beyonce win?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["\"Cadillac Records\" (2008) influenced her third album, \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" (2008), which saw the introduction of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". Beyonc\u00e9 took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career; her fourth album \"4\" (2011) was subsequently mellower in tone, exploring 1970s funk, 1980s pop, and 1990s soul. Her critically acclaimed eponymous album, released in 2013 with no prior announcement, was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration"]}
{"query": "For what movie did Beyonce receive  her first Golden Globe nomination?", "answer": "Dreamgirls", "gold_docs": ["a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\". Following the break-up of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, \"B'Day\" (2006), which contained her fourth number one single, \"Irreplaceable\", as well as the top ten singles \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also continued her acting career, with starring roles in \"The Pink Panther\" (2006), \"Dreamgirls\" (2006), and \"Obsessed\" (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and portrayal of Etta James in"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce take a hiatus in her career and take control of her management?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["\"Cadillac Records\" (2008) influenced her third album, \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" (2008), which saw the introduction of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". Beyonc\u00e9 took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career; her fourth album \"4\" (2011) was subsequently mellower in tone, exploring 1970s funk, 1980s pop, and 1990s soul. Her critically acclaimed eponymous album, released in 2013 with no prior announcement, was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration"]}
{"query": "After what movie portraying Etta James, did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce?", "answer": "Cadillac Records", "gold_docs": ["\"Cadillac Records\" (2008) influenced her third album, \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" (2008), which saw the introduction of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". Beyonc\u00e9 took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career; her fourth album \"4\" (2011) was subsequently mellower in tone, exploring 1970s funk, 1980s pop, and 1990s soul. Her critically acclaimed eponymous album, released in 2013 with no prior announcement, was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album?", "answer": "B'Day", "gold_docs": ["a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\". Following the break-up of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, \"B'Day\" (2006), which contained her fourth number one single, \"Irreplaceable\", as well as the top ten singles \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also continued her acting career, with starring roles in \"The Pink Panther\" (2006), \"Dreamgirls\" (2006), and \"Obsessed\" (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and portrayal of Etta James in"]}
{"query": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first acting job, in 2006?", "answer": "Dreamgirls", "gold_docs": ["a solo artist worldwide, debuting at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart and earning five Grammy Awards, and featured the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\". Following the break-up of Destiny's Child in 2006, she released her second solo album, \"B'Day\" (2006), which contained her fourth number one single, \"Irreplaceable\", as well as the top ten singles \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also continued her acting career, with starring roles in \"The Pink Panther\" (2006), \"Dreamgirls\" (2006), and \"Obsessed\" (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay-Z and portrayal of Etta James in"]}
{"query": "Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century?", "answer": "influential", "gold_docs": ["with 24 wins, including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the Top Certified Artist in America, during the 2000s decade. In 2009, \"Billboard\" named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s decade, and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011. In 2014, she became the highest-paid black musician in history and was listed among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row. \"Forbes\" ranked her as the most powerful female in entertainment on their 2015"]}
{"query": "Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician?", "answer": "Forbes", "gold_docs": ["with 24 wins, including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the Top Certified Artist in America, during the 2000s decade. In 2009, \"Billboard\" named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s decade, and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011. In 2014, she became the highest-paid black musician in history and was listed among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row. \"Forbes\" ranked her as the most powerful female in entertainment on their 2015"]}
{"query": "In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist?", "answer": "2000s", "gold_docs": ["with 24 wins, including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the Top Certified Artist in America, during the 2000s decade. In 2009, \"Billboard\" named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s decade, and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011. In 2014, she became the highest-paid black musician in history and was listed among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row. \"Forbes\" ranked her as the most powerful female in entertainment on their 2015"]}
{"query": "What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015?", "answer": "Forbes", "gold_docs": ["with 24 wins, including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the Top Certified Artist in America, during the 2000s decade. In 2009, \"Billboard\" named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s decade, and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011. In 2014, she became the highest-paid black musician in history and was listed among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row. \"Forbes\" ranked her as the most powerful female in entertainment on their 2015"]}
{"query": "How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist?", "answer": "modern-day feminist", "gold_docs": ["Election Day. In this performance, Beyonc\u00e9 and her entourage of backup dancers wore pantsuits; a clear allusion to Clinton's frequent dress-of-choice. The backup dancers also wore \"I'm with her\" tee shirts, the campaign slogan for Clinton. In a brief speech at this performance Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"I want my daughter to grow up seeing a woman lead our country and knowing that her possibilities are limitless.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 stated in an interview with \"Vogue\" that she considered herself to be \"a modern-day feminist\". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a"]}
{"query": "How many records did Beyonc\u00e9 sell as part of Destiny's Child?", "answer": "60 million", "gold_docs": ["construction in Australia. The City of Minneapolis, Minnesota declared May 23 Beyonc\u00e9 Day in the city in 2016. In 2018, the City of Columbia, South Carolina declared August 21 Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter Day in the city after presenting her with the keys to Columbia. Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 17 million albums in the US, and over 100 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified"]}
{"query": "How many Grammy awards has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["with nine song-writing credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for \"4\".) In May 2011, \"Billboard\" magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift. Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose. When she"]}
{"query": "What magazine named Beyonc\u00e9 as the most powerful female musician for 2015?", "answer": "Forbes", "gold_docs": ["with 24 wins, including the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the Top Certified Artist in America, during the 2000s decade. In 2009, \"Billboard\" named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s decade, and awarded her their Millennium Award in 2011. In 2014, she became the highest-paid black musician in history and was listed among \"Time\"s 100 most influential people in the world for a second year in a row. \"Forbes\" ranked her as the most powerful female in entertainment on their 2015"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's younger sibling also sang with her in what band?", "answer": "Destiny's Child", "gold_docs": ["and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. With the release of \"Lemonade\", Beyonc\u00e9 became the first and only musical act in \"Billboard\" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonce get her name from?", "answer": "her mother's maiden name", "gold_docs": ["and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. With the release of \"Lemonade\", Beyonc\u00e9 became the first and only musical act in \"Billboard\" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"]}
{"query": "What race was Beyonce's father?", "answer": "African-American", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's childhood home believed in what religion?", "answer": "Methodist", "gold_docs": ["15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years. When Beyonc\u00e9 was eight, she and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company?", "answer": "Xerox", "gold_docs": ["and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. With the release of \"Lemonade\", Beyonc\u00e9 became the first and only musical act in \"Billboard\" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's mother worked in what industry?", "answer": "hairdresser and salon owner", "gold_docs": ["and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. With the release of \"Lemonade\", Beyonc\u00e9 became the first and only musical act in \"Billboard\" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"]}
{"query": "What younger sister of Beyonce also appeared in Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Solange", "gold_docs": ["and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. With the release of \"Lemonade\", Beyonc\u00e9 became the first and only musical act in \"Billboard\" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"]}
{"query": "Beyonce is a descendent of what Arcadian leader?", "answer": "Joseph Broussard", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9's father work for when she was a child?", "answer": "Xerox", "gold_docs": ["and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. With the release of \"Lemonade\", Beyonc\u00e9 became the first and only musical act in \"Billboard\" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonc\u00e9's mother own when Beyonc\u00e9 was a child?", "answer": "salon", "gold_docs": ["and 2017 lists, and in 2016, she occupied the sixth place for \"Time\"'s Person of the Year. With the release of \"Lemonade\", Beyonc\u00e9 became the first and only musical act in \"Billboard\" chart history to debut at number one with their first six solo studio albums. Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former backup dancer for Destiny's Child. Solange and"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of which Acadian leader?", "answer": "Joseph Broussard.", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 was raised in what religion?", "answer": "Methodist", "gold_docs": ["15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years. When Beyonc\u00e9 was eight, she and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person to notice Beyonce's singing ability?", "answer": "Darlette Johnson", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "Beyonce moved to which town after she left her first elementary school?", "answer": "Houston", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "Which of her teachers discovered Beyonce's musical talent?", "answer": "dance instructor Darlette Johnson", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "I which church was Beyonce  a member and soloist  in the choir?", "answer": "St. John's United Methodist Church", "gold_docs": ["15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years. When Beyonc\u00e9 was eight, she and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped"]}
{"query": "What type of school was Parker Elementary School?", "answer": "music magnet school", "gold_docs": ["15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years. When Beyonc\u00e9 was eight, she and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped"]}
{"query": "Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7?", "answer": "Imagine", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first dance instructor?", "answer": "Darlette Johnson", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she won a school talent show?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 are the first sisters to have both had No. 1 albums. Mathew is African American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (African, Native American, and French). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Montessori School in Houston, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat"]}
{"query": "What choir did Beyonc\u00e9 sing in for two years?", "answer": "St. John's United Methodist Church", "gold_docs": ["15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years. When Beyonc\u00e9 was eight, she and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped"]}
{"query": "Who decided to place Beyonce's group in Star Search the talent show?", "answer": "Arne Frager", "gold_docs": ["and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in \"Star Search\", the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an"]}
{"query": "In 1995, who decided to manage the girls singing group?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9's father", "gold_docs": ["and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in \"Star Search\", the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an"]}
{"query": "Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal?", "answer": "Elektra Records", "gold_docs": ["opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyonc\u00e9's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records. The group changed their name to Destiny's Child"]}
{"query": "Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search?", "answer": "Arne Frager", "gold_docs": ["and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in \"Star Search\", the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an"]}
{"query": "What large record company recorded Beyonce's group's first album?", "answer": "Sony Music", "gold_docs": ["opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyonc\u00e9's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records. The group changed their name to Destiny's Child"]}
{"query": "What record company first signed Beyonce's group and later cut them?", "answer": "Elektra Records", "gold_docs": ["opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyonc\u00e9's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records. The group changed their name to Destiny's Child"]}
{"query": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she met LaTavia Roberson?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years. When Beyonc\u00e9 was eight, she and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while at an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group called Girl's Tyme with three other girls, and rapped"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first group Beyonc\u00e9 was a part of?", "answer": "Girl's Tyme", "gold_docs": ["and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in \"Star Search\", the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an"]}
{"query": "Who placed Girl's Tyme in Star Search?", "answer": "Arne Frager", "gold_docs": ["and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in \"Star Search\", the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 begin to manage the girl group?", "answer": "1995", "gold_docs": ["and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in \"Star Search\", the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an"]}
{"query": "Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?", "answer": "Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment", "gold_docs": ["opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyonc\u00e9's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records. The group changed their name to Destiny's Child"]}
{"query": "Which film featured Destiny's Child's first major single?", "answer": "Men in Black", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, \"Men in Black\". The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The"]}
{"query": "For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?", "answer": "\"Say My Name\"", "gold_docs": ["group released their Multi-Platinum second album \"The Writing's on the Wall\" in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. \"The Writing's on the Wall\" sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonce record with for the movie \"The Best Man?\"", "answer": "Marc Nelson", "gold_docs": ["a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, \"The Best Man\". LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's group changed their name to Destiny's Child in what year?", "answer": "1996", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, \"Men in Black\". The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The"]}
{"query": "The name Destiny's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible?", "answer": "Book of Isaiah", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, \"Men in Black\". The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The"]}
{"query": "Debut song, \"Killing Time\" was featured on what movie's sound track?", "answer": "Men in Black", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, \"Men in Black\". The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The"]}
{"query": "What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Say My Name", "gold_docs": ["group released their Multi-Platinum second album \"The Writing's on the Wall\" in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. \"The Writing's on the Wall\" sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded"]}
{"query": "What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie, ''The Best Man\"?", "answer": "Marc Nelson", "gold_docs": ["a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, \"The Best Man\". LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally"]}
{"query": "Where did Destiny's Child get their name from?", "answer": "Book of Isaiah.", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, \"Men in Black\". The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The"]}
{"query": "What was Destiny's Child's first major song hit?", "answer": "No, No, No", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, \"Men in Black\". The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The"]}
{"query": "When did Destiny's Child release their second album?", "answer": "1999", "gold_docs": ["group released their Multi-Platinum second album \"The Writing's on the Wall\" in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. \"The Writing's on the Wall\" sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded"]}
{"query": "What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?", "answer": "depression", "gold_docs": ["a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, \"The Best Man\". LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally"]}
{"query": "What event occured after she was publicly criticized?", "answer": "boyfriend left her", "gold_docs": ["a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, \"The Best Man\". LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally"]}
{"query": "Who supported Beyonce through her depression?", "answer": "her mother", "gold_docs": ["kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award, and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyonc\u00e9 would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was then dismissed, leaving just Beyonc\u00e9, Rowland, and Williams. The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film \"Charlie's Angels\". It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for eleven"]}
{"query": "Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.", "gold_docs": ["a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, \"The Best Man\". LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally"]}
{"query": "Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, \"The Best Man\". LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally"]}
{"query": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?", "answer": "her mother", "gold_docs": ["kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award, and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyonc\u00e9 would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was then dismissed, leaving just Beyonc\u00e9, Rowland, and Williams. The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film \"Charlie's Angels\". It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for eleven"]}
{"query": "Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Farrah Franklin", "gold_docs": ["a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, \"The Best Man\". LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally"]}
{"query": "\"Charlie's Angels\" featured which single from the band members?", "answer": "Independent Women Part I", "gold_docs": ["kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award, and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyonc\u00e9 would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was then dismissed, leaving just Beyonc\u00e9, Rowland, and Williams. The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film \"Charlie's Angels\". It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for eleven"]}
{"query": "How many weeks did their single \"Independent Women Part I\" stay on top?", "answer": "eleven", "gold_docs": ["kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award, and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyonc\u00e9 would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was then dismissed, leaving just Beyonc\u00e9, Rowland, and Williams. The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film \"Charlie's Angels\". It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for eleven"]}
{"query": "For what network, did Beyonce land a major movie role in?", "answer": "MTV", "gold_docs": ["consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, \"\", starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera \"Carmen\" by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album \"Survivor\" was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the"]}
{"query": "Their third album, Survivor, sold how many during its first week?", "answer": "663,000 copies", "gold_docs": ["consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, \"\", starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera \"Carmen\" by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album \"Survivor\" was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the"]}
{"query": "What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?", "answer": "Georges Bizet", "gold_docs": ["consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, \"\", starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera \"Carmen\" by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album \"Survivor\" was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the"]}
{"query": "What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001?", "answer": "Survivor", "gold_docs": ["consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, \"\", starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera \"Carmen\" by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album \"Survivor\" was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the"]}
{"query": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer?", "answer": "Carmen: A Hip Hopera", "gold_docs": ["Carmen: A Hip Hopera Carmen: A Hip Hopera is a 2001 American musical romantic drama television film produced for television by MTV and directed by Robert Townsend. The film stars Beyonc\u00e9 in her debut acting role (predating her theatrical film debut in \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"), Mos Def, Rah Digga, Wyclef Jean, Mekhi Phifer, Da Brat, Joy Bryant, Reagan Gomez-Preston, Jermaine Dupri and Lil' Bow Wow. It is based upon the 1875 opera \"Carmen\" by Georges Bizet, Ludovic Hal\u00e9vy and Henri Meilhac. The film is set in Philadelphia and Los Angeles in modern times and features a mostly original hip-hop/R&B"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Destiny Child's third album?", "answer": "Survivor", "gold_docs": ["consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, \"\", starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th-century opera \"Carmen\" by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album \"Survivor\" was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonce star with in the movie, \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"?", "answer": "Mike Myers", "gold_docs": ["title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album \"8 Days of Christmas\" in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\", which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten"]}
{"query": "Which three countries did Beyonce's song \"Work It Out\" achieve top ten status?", "answer": "UK, Norway, and Belgium", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film?", "answer": "The Fighting Temptations", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie \"The Fighting Temptations\"?", "answer": "Missy Elliott", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts?", "answer": "Summertime", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers?", "answer": "Austin Powers in Goldmember", "gold_docs": ["title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album \"8 Days of Christmas\" in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\", which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten"]}
{"query": "What large amount did the movie \"Goldmember\" gross?", "answer": "73 million", "gold_docs": ["title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album \"8 Days of Christmas\" in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\", which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten"]}
{"query": "What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding, Jr?", "answer": "musical comedy", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "What song was the lead single from the film's sound track?", "answer": "Fighting Temptations", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "How did the critics view the movie, ''The Fighting Temptations''?", "answer": "mixed reviews", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "What film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Mike Myers in 2002?", "answer": "Austin Powers in Goldmember", "gold_docs": ["title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album \"8 Days of Christmas\" in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\", which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten"]}
{"query": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember?", "answer": "Foxxy Cleopatra", "gold_docs": ["title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album \"8 Days of Christmas\" in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\", which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten"]}
{"query": "Which song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember's soundtrack?", "answer": "Work It Out", "gold_docs": ["title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album \"8 Days of Christmas\" in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers. In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\", which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten"]}
{"query": "What musical comedy did Beyonc\u00e9 star in along with Cuba Gooding, Jr. in 2003?", "answer": "The Fighting Temptations", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?", "answer": "Fighting Temptations", "gold_docs": ["in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy \"The Fighting Temptations\" as Lilly, a single mother with whom Gooding's character falls in love. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts. Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay-Z's \"'03 Bonnie"]}
{"query": "What was the highest Beyonce's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100?", "answer": "number four", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "Beyonce's first album by herself was called what?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "How many has \"Dangerously in Love\" sould worldwide since its debut?", "answer": "11 million", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "Beyonce's first number one song was which song?", "answer": "Crazy in Love", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "How many top five singles came from her first album?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": " The album, Dangerously in Love  achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart?", "answer": "number four", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?", "answer": "June 24, 2003", "gold_docs": ["& Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album \"Dangerously in Love\" was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\""]}
{"query": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Luther Vandross.", "gold_docs": ["and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross. During the ceremony, she performed with Prince. In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon"]}
{"query": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 46th Grammy's Awards?", "answer": "five.", "gold_docs": ["and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross. During the ceremony, she performed with Prince. In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon"]}
{"query": "Destiny's Child's final album was named what?", "answer": "Destiny Fulfilled", "gold_docs": ["Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", Beyonc\u00e9 had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording \"Destiny Fulfilled\", the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, \"Destiny Fulfilled\" included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top"]}
{"query": "Destiny's Child got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album \"Number 1's\" on October 25, 2005, in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006. The group has sold 60 million records worldwide. Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" was released on September 4, 2006, in the"]}
{"query": "In what year did Beyonce embark on her Dangerously in Love tour of Europe?", "answer": "November 2003", "gold_docs": ["and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross. During the ceremony, she performed with Prince. In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the final album of Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Destiny Fulfilled", "gold_docs": ["Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", Beyonc\u00e9 had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording \"Destiny Fulfilled\", the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, \"Destiny Fulfilled\" included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top"]}
{"query": "When did Destiny's Child get their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?", "answer": "March 2006", "gold_docs": ["five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album \"Number 1's\" on October 25, 2005, in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006. The group has sold 60 million records worldwide. Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" was released on September 4, 2006, in the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's European start that started in November 2003?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love Tour", "gold_docs": ["and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross. During the ceremony, she performed with Prince. In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tour with for the Verizon Lades First Tour?", "answer": "Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys", "gold_docs": ["and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross. During the ceremony, she performed with Prince. In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon"]}
{"query": "What major event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at on February 1, 2004?", "answer": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", "gold_docs": ["Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", Beyonc\u00e9 had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording \"Destiny Fulfilled\", the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, \"Destiny Fulfilled\" included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top"]}
{"query": "How many albums did Beyonce sell in the first week when she released her second album?", "answer": "541,000", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "The lead single from the album was which song?", "answer": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "How many countries did her song \"Irreplaceable\" get number one status in?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "How many singles did her second album produce?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "What birthday did Beyonce's album B'Day celebrate?", "answer": "twenty-fifth birthday", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart?", "answer": "top five", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release?", "answer": "541,000", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K.?", "answer": "Green Light", "gold_docs": ["US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay-Z, reached the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. \"B'Day\" also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only). Her first acting role of 2006 was"]}
{"query": "What movie did Beyonce act in 2006?", "answer": "The Pink Panther", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "Her second movie Beyonce did was what film?", "answer": "Dreamgirls", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "The single, \"Listen\" was featured in which movie?", "answer": "Dreamgirls", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's first world tour was when?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "How many millions of dollars did ''The Pink Panther'' gross world-wide?", "answer": "158.8 million", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonce call her first concert tour?", "answer": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "Who was Beyonce's duet with in ''Beautiful Liar''?", "answer": "Shakira", "gold_docs": ["million. Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, \"B'Day\" was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\". On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay-Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" was released on November 18, 2008, in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha"]}
{"query": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star with Steve Martin in?", "answer": "The Pink Panther", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack?", "answer": "Listen", "gold_docs": ["in the comedy film \"The Pink Panther\" starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film \"Dreamgirls,\" the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the . In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24"]}
{"query": "What pop singer did a duet with Beyonc\u00e9 on Beautiful Liar?", "answer": "Shakira", "gold_docs": ["million. Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, \"B'Day\" was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\". On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay-Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" was released on November 18, 2008, in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha"]}
{"query": "Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?", "answer": "Jay Z", "gold_docs": ["has hinted that the incident may have been faked for attention, saying: \"So you sometimes have to ignite that tour. It's called a Jedi mind trick. The Jedi mind trick fools you a lot...all I know is the Jedi mind trick. Everyone's talking about it. Ticket sales went up. Solange's album sales went up 200%!\" The cause is rumored to be Jay Z's infidelity, which Beyonce speaks about in her album \"Lemonade\" and Jay Z speaks about in his album \"\". On November 16, 2014, Knowles married music video director Alan Ferguson in New Orleans, Louisiana. Headlining Supporting At the"]}
{"query": "Her third album, \"I am...Sasha Fierce\" was released when?", "answer": "November 18, 2008", "gold_docs": ["million. Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, \"B'Day\" was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\". On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay-Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" was released on November 18, 2008, in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha"]}
{"query": "For which decade, did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman?", "answer": "2000s", "gold_docs": ["during the 2000s. It also included the successful \"Sweet Dreams\", and singles \"Diva\", \"Ego\", \"Broken-Hearted Girl\" and \"Video Phone\". The music video for \"Single Ladies\" has been parodied and imitated around the world, spawning the \"first major dance craze\" of the Internet age according to the \"Toronto Star\". The video has won several awards, including Best Video at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards, the 2009 Scottish MOBO Awards, and the 2009 BET Awards. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was nominated for nine awards, ultimately winning three including Video of the Year. Its failure to win"]}
{"query": "Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance?", "answer": "Taylor Swift", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?", "answer": "119.5 million", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "How did she reveal the marriage?", "answer": "in a video montage", "gold_docs": ["million. Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, \"B'Day\" was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\". On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay-Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" was released on November 18, 2008, in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?", "answer": "March 2009", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?", "answer": "Taylor Swift", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "How much did the second world tour make in dollars?", "answer": "119.5 million", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 get married?", "answer": "April 4, 2008", "gold_docs": ["million. Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, \"B'Day\" was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\". On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay-Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" was released on November 18, 2008, in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha"]}
{"query": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce", "gold_docs": ["million. Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, \"B'Day\" was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\". On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay-Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" was released on November 18, 2008, in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha"]}
{"query": "The video for what song won Beyonc\u00e9 the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award?", "answer": "Single Ladies", "gold_docs": ["Fierce, conceived during the making of her 2003 single \"Crazy in Love\". It was met with generally mediocre reviews from critics, but sold 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the \"Billboard\" 200, and giving Beyonc\u00e9 her third consecutive number-one album in the US. The album featured the number-one song \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" and the top-five songs \"If I Were a Boy\" and \"Halo\". Achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career, \"Halo\"'s success in the US helped Beyonc\u00e9 attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman"]}
{"query": "Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyonc\u00e9 instead of Taylor Swift?", "answer": "Kanye West", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records?", "answer": "Etta James", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization?", "answer": "Phoenix House", "gold_docs": ["including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, \"Obsessed\". She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well"]}
{"query": "Which song did Beyonce sing at the first couple's inaugural ball? ", "answer": "At Last", "gold_docs": ["including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, \"Obsessed\". She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well"]}
{"query": "What genre of film was the movie, Obsessed, in which Beyonce starred in?", "answer": "thriller", "gold_docs": ["including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, \"Obsessed\". She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonce donate her salary from the movie Cadillac Records?", "answer": "Phoenix House", "gold_docs": ["including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, \"Obsessed\". She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well"]}
{"query": "What thriller film did Beyonce star in?", "answer": "Obsessed", "gold_docs": ["including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, \"Obsessed\". She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the woman she played in Obsessed?", "answer": "Sharon Charles", "gold_docs": ["including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, \"Obsessed\". She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well"]}
{"query": "How much more that the buget did the film gross?", "answer": "60 million", "gold_docs": ["construction in Australia. The City of Minneapolis, Minnesota declared May 23 Beyonc\u00e9 Day in the city in 2016. In 2018, the City of Columbia, South Carolina declared August 21 Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter Day in the city after presenting her with the keys to Columbia. Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 17 million albums in the US, and over 100 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified"]}
{"query": "Which singer did Beyonc\u00e9 portray in Cadillac Records?", "answer": "Etta James", "gold_docs": ["the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million. Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic \"Cadillac Records\". Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James,"]}
{"query": "Which organization received Beyonc\u00e9's entire Cadillac Records salary?", "answer": "Phoenix House", "gold_docs": ["including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at First Couple Barack and Michelle Obama's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, \"Obsessed\". She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife whose family is threatened by her husband's stalker. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well"]}
{"query": "How many awards was Beyonce nominated for at the 52nd Grammy Awards?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than \"Cadillac Records\"\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\", Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist."]}
{"query": "Beyonce tied with which artist for most nominations by a female artist?", "answer": "Lauryn Hill", "gold_docs": ["at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than \"Cadillac Records\"\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\", Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist."]}
{"query": "How many number one singles did Beyonce now have after the song \"Telephone\"?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus"]}
{"query": "Beyonce tied who for most number one singles by a female?", "answer": "Mariah Carey", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus"]}
{"query": "Beyonce received how many nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards?", "answer": "ten nominations", "gold_docs": ["at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than \"Cadillac Records\"\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\", Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist."]}
{"query": "What song was the sixth first place song for Beyonce?", "answer": "Telephone", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus"]}
{"query": "Who else appeared with Beyonce in Telephone?", "answer": "Lady Gaga", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus"]}
{"query": "Who did they tie with for six top songs?", "answer": "Mariah Carey", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonce tie with for the most nominations in a year?", "answer": "Lauryn Hill", "gold_docs": ["at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than \"Cadillac Records\"\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\", Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist."]}
{"query": "How many nominations did Beyonc\u00e9 receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than \"Cadillac Records\"\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\", Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist."]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tie with for the most Grammy nominations for female artists?", "answer": "Lauryn Hill", "gold_docs": ["at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than \"Cadillac Records\"\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\", Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist."]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 was a featured artist on which singer's hit, Telephone?", "answer": "Lady Gaga", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Lady Gaga tie with for the most number one hits since 1992?", "answer": "Mariah Carey", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 went on to win six of those nominations, breaking a record she previously tied in 2004 for the most Grammy awards won in a single night by a female artist with six. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and appeared in its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus"]}
{"query": "Beyonce would take a break from music in which year?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Which famous landmark did Beyonce see in China?", "answer": "the Great Wall of China", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "In what year did Beyonce have her hiatus?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "When did she stop using her father as a manager?", "answer": "During the break", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "How long did the hiatus last?", "answer": "nine months", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Who suggested the hiatus for Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "her mother", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 part ways with during her hiatus?", "answer": "her father", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "In which year was reports about Beyonce performing for Muammar Gaddafi surface?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage?", "answer": "the 2011 Glastonbury Festival", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what?", "answer": "minute", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "When did this leak happen?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonce perform in 2011?", "answer": "Glastonbury Festival", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Who released the information about Beyonc\u00e9's performance for the Libyan ruler?", "answer": "WikiLeaks", "gold_docs": ["over from the \"Loose\" sessions, \"Stars\". The album's first single, \"Night Is Young\", was released on October 12, 2010. Furtado had previously sung two of the new songs: \"Girlfriend in the City\" and \"Night Is Young\" at her concert in Warsaw, Poland. Furtado came under fire after 2011 reports from the \"New York Times\" and a WikiLeaks document revealed she had accepted payment of one million dollars to perform for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi. Only after the story broke did she promise to donate to charity the CDN$1 million she received for a 2007 concert, which ended"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female singer to headline what at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival?", "answer": "Pyramid stage", "gold_docs": ["from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances. On June 26, 2011, she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years. Her fourth studio album \"4\" was released two days later in"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's fourth album debuted in what year?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for \"Essence\" that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the \"4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9\" concerts saw the performance of her \"4\" album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US."]}
{"query": "Which single had the most success from that album?", "answer": "Love on Top", "gold_docs": ["the US. \"4\" sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\". The fourth single \"Love on Top\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. \"4\" also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover"]}
{"query": "Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011?", "answer": "writing", "gold_docs": ["story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for \"Essence\" that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the \"4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9\" concerts saw the performance of her \"4\" album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US."]}
{"query": "How many copies did the album sell in its first week?", "answer": "310,000 copies", "gold_docs": ["the US. \"4\" sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\". The fourth single \"Love on Top\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. \"4\" also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover"]}
{"query": "Who awarded Beyonce and award for writing?", "answer": "New York Association of Black Journalists", "gold_docs": ["story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for \"Essence\" that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the \"4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9\" concerts saw the performance of her \"4\" album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US."]}
{"query": "When did she perform at the Roseland ballroom?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for \"Essence\" that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the \"4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9\" concerts saw the performance of her \"4\" album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US."]}
{"query": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's fourth studio album?", "answer": "4", "gold_docs": ["the US. \"4\" sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\". The fourth single \"Love on Top\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. \"4\" also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover"]}
{"query": "How many copies of 4 sold in the first week?", "answer": "310,000", "gold_docs": ["the US. \"4\" sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\". The fourth single \"Love on Top\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. \"4\" also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover"]}
{"query": "What magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 write a story for about her earlier hiatus?", "answer": "Essence", "gold_docs": ["story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for \"Essence\" that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the \"4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9\" concerts saw the performance of her \"4\" album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US."]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011?", "answer": "New York's Roseland Ballroom", "gold_docs": ["story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for \"Essence\" that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the \"4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9\" concerts saw the performance of her \"4\" album to a standing room only. On August 1, 2011, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having shipped 1 million copies to retail stores. By December 2015, it reached sales of 1.5 million copies in the US."]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "answer": "January 7, 2012", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonce give birth to her first child?", "answer": "Lenox Hill Hospital", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's first child is named what?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where?", "answer": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "answer": "January 7, 2012", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "What was the child's name?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again?", "answer": "Five months", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 name her daughter?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Where was Blue Ivy born?", "answer": "Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Where was Beyonc\u00e9's first public performance after giving birth?", "answer": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Destiny's Child released a compilation album about which topic?", "answer": "romance", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's documentary movie was called what?", "answer": "Life Is But a Dream", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "When did Destiny's Child release its album \"Love Songs\"?", "answer": "January 2013", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "What was the title of the added track in Love Songs?", "answer": "Nuclear", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "How many Tweets per minute did the half time show get?", "answer": "268,000 tweets per minute", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "When did Destiny's Child release Love Songs?", "answer": "January 2013", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "What was the new track for Love Songs?", "answer": "Nuclear", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at President Obama's second inauguration?", "answer": "the American national anthem", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "What event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at one month after Obama's inauguration? ", "answer": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's documentary film?", "answer": "Life Is But a Dream", "gold_docs": ["track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself."]}
{"query": "How many dates did Beyonce's \"The Mrs. Carter Show\" entail?", "answer": "132", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "One of Beyonce's most successful tours yet was which one?", "answer": "The Mrs. Carter Show", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "Beyonce wrote which song for the movie \"Epic\"?", "answer": "Rise Up", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "Beyonce voiced a character in which animated film?", "answer": "Epic", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "When did the tour begin?", "answer": "April 15", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "What part did she voice for the movie Epic?", "answer": "Queen Tara", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonce record for the film Epic?", "answer": "Rise Up", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's tour that she started on April 15?", "answer": "The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "How many dates did the Mrs. Carter Show World Tour have?", "answer": "132", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "Which Amy Winehouse song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover and release in May 2014?", "answer": "Back to Black", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "Queen Tara", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on \"The Great Gatsby\" soundtrack was released. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, \"Epic\", released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia. On December 13,"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?", "answer": "the iTunes Store", "gold_docs": ["2013, Beyonc\u00e9 unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. \"Beyonc\u00e9\" received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and"]}
{"query": "Where was the album released? ", "answer": "the iTunes Store", "gold_docs": ["2013, Beyonc\u00e9 unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. \"Beyonc\u00e9\" received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and"]}
{"query": "Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour?", "answer": "Jay Z", "gold_docs": ["the final game of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Rose Bowl stadium was the home ground for the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer from the team's inception in 1996 until in 2003, it moved into the soccer-specific Home Depot Center (now the StubHub Center) in Carson, California. The venue additionally hosted the 1998 MLS Cup. Many concerts and other events have been held in the stadium, such as Beyonce and Jay Z's \"On the Run Tour\" on August 2, 2014. The Rose Bowl Aquatics Center sits next to the Rose Bowl Stadium. The pool hosted the"]}
{"query": "Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music?", "answer": "Forbes", "gold_docs": ["motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 also won home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, \"Forbes\" reported that Beyonc\u00e9 was the top-earning"]}
{"query": "How much more were her earnings that the year before?", "answer": "more than double her earnings", "gold_docs": ["woman in music for the second year in a row\u2014earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. \"Beyonc\u00e9\" was reissued with new material in three forms: as an extended play, a box set, as well as a full platinum edition. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), in the last 19 days of 2013, the album sold 2.3 million units worldwide, becoming the tenth best-selling album of 2013. The album also went on to become the twentieth best-selling album of 2014. , \"Beyonc\u00e9\" has sold over 5 million copies worldwide and has"]}
{"query": "How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyonc\u00e9 sell in six days?", "answer": "one million", "gold_docs": ["2013, Beyonc\u00e9 unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. \"Beyonc\u00e9\" received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and"]}
{"query": "What song on Beyonc\u00e9's fifth studio album featured her husband?", "answer": "Drunk in Love", "gold_docs": ["motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 also won home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, \"Forbes\" reported that Beyonc\u00e9 was the top-earning"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z?", "answer": "On the Run Tour.", "gold_docs": ["motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay-Z, peaked at number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 also won home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, \"Forbes\" reported that Beyonc\u00e9 was the top-earning"]}
{"query": "How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year?", "answer": "Beck", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015, how many was she nominated for?", "answer": "six awards", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "On what magazine was she the cover model?", "answer": "Vogue", "gold_docs": ["who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to \"Vogue\" requested that only \"natural pictures be used\". Beyonc\u00e9 has been very vocal for the Black Lives Matter movement. Her song \"Formation\", which she sang at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show, gained criticism from some politicians and police. Some police tried to get The Formation World Tour boycotted by other"]}
{"query": "Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50?", "answer": "Coldplay", "gold_docs": ["surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show. Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3, 2015, one day before the release of their seventh studio album \"A Head Full of Dreams\". It was confirmed that Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests. Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay; however, Mars declined the offer. Nevertheless, the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working. There, Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to"]}
{"query": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 57th Annual Grammys?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer?", "answer": "Beck", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "Which magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?", "answer": "Vogue", "gold_docs": ["who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to \"Vogue\" requested that only \"natural pictures be used\". Beyonc\u00e9 has been very vocal for the Black Lives Matter movement. Her song \"Formation\", which she sang at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show, gained criticism from some politicians and police. Some police tried to get The Formation World Tour boycotted by other"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50?", "answer": "Coldplay", "gold_docs": ["Super Bowl 50 halftime show The Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show took place on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California as part of Super Bowl 50. It was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars, who previously had headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. Coldplay, Rihanna, and Katy Perry were considered as potential acts for the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show in 2015. Perry was soon confirmed as the headliner of the halftime show in October 2014. In late November, 2015, reports"]}
{"query": "Beyonce released the song \"Formation\" on which online music service?", "answer": "Tidal", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's new single released before the super bowl was called what?", "answer": "Formation", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "What day did Beyonce release her single, Formation?", "answer": "February 6, 2016", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "How was the single released?", "answer": "exclusively", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the streaming service?", "answer": "Tidal", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "What kind of platform was the song released?", "answer": "music streaming", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Formation?", "answer": "February 6, 2016", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 exclusively release her single, Formation?", "answer": "Tidal", "gold_docs": ["generated over 1 billion streams, . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for \"Beyonc\u00e9\". She was nominated for Album of the Year, but the award went to Beck for his album \"Morning Phase\". On February 6, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Formation\" and its accompanying music video exclusively on the music streaming platform Tidal; the song was made available to download for free. She performed \"Formation\" live for the first time during the NFL"]}
{"query": "As of April 2014, how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together?", "answer": "300 million", "gold_docs": ["members. Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she is against police brutality but isn't anti-police. Beyonc\u00e9 started a relationship with Jay-Z after their collaboration on \" '03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album \"\" (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fuelling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z married without publicity. , the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonce become pregnant?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "Beyonce described what as the \"hardest thing she had to endure\"?", "answer": "miscarriage", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "When were Beyonce and Jay Z married?", "answer": "April 4, 2008", "gold_docs": ["members. Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she is against police brutality but isn't anti-police. Beyonc\u00e9 started a relationship with Jay-Z after their collaboration on \" '03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album \"\" (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fuelling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z married without publicity. , the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their"]}
{"query": "Together how records have they sold ?", "answer": "300 million", "gold_docs": ["members. Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she is against police brutality but isn't anti-police. Beyonc\u00e9 started a relationship with Jay-Z after their collaboration on \" '03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album \"\" (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fuelling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z married without publicity. , the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their"]}
{"query": "How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child?", "answer": "wrote music", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "In which music video did Beyonc\u00e9 star as Jay Z's girlfriend, creating speculation about their relationship?", "answer": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", "gold_docs": ["members. Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she is against police brutality but isn't anti-police. Beyonc\u00e9 started a relationship with Jay-Z after their collaboration on \" '03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album \"\" (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fuelling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z married without publicity. , the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their"]}
{"query": "When were Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z married?", "answer": "April 4, 2008", "gold_docs": ["members. Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she is against police brutality but isn't anti-police. Beyonc\u00e9 started a relationship with Jay-Z after their collaboration on \" '03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album \"\" (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fuelling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z married without publicity. , the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their"]}
{"query": "How many records combined have Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z sold?", "answer": "300 million", "gold_docs": ["members. Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she is against police brutality but isn't anti-police. Beyonc\u00e9 started a relationship with Jay-Z after their collaboration on \" '03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album \"\" (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay-Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, fuelling speculation about their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z married without publicity. , the couple had sold a combined 300 million records together. They are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Both have acknowledged difficulty that arose in their"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the saddest thing in her life?", "answer": "miscarriage", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 get pregnant?", "answer": "Paris.", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "Jay Z and Beyonce attended which event together in August of 2011?", "answer": "MTV Video Music Awards", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs?", "answer": "her pregnancy", "gold_docs": ["that Beyonc\u00e9 would headline the Coachella Music and Arts Festival. This would make Beyonc\u00e9 only the second female headliner of the festival since it was founded in 1999. It was later announced on February 23, 2017 that Beyonc\u00e9 would no longer be able to perform at the festival due to doctor's concerns regarding her pregnancy. The festival owners announced that she will instead headline the 2018 festival. Upon the announcement of Beyonc\u00e9's departure from the festival lineup, ticket prices dropped by 12%. At the 59th Grammy Awards in February 2017, \"Lemonade\" led the nominations with nine, including Album, Record, and"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards?", "answer": "12.4 million", "gold_docs": ["the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in \"Guinness World Records\" for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. On February 1, 2017 she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins. Her announcement gained over 6.3 million \"likes\" within eight hours, breaking the world record"]}
{"query": "Where did she announce her pregnancy?", "answer": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "Why was the broadcast the most-watched in history?", "answer": "Her appearance", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records?", "answer": "most tweets per second", "gold_docs": ["the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in \"Guinness World Records\" for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. On February 1, 2017 she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins. Her announcement gained over 6.3 million \"likes\" within eight hours, breaking the world record"]}
{"query": "What was the most searched term in week of Aug 29, 2011?", "answer": "Beyonce pregnant", "gold_docs": ["the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in \"Guinness World Records\" for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. On February 1, 2017 she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins. Her announcement gained over 6.3 million \"likes\" within eight hours, breaking the world record"]}
{"query": "What song did she perform at the MTV Awards?", "answer": "Love on Top", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 announce her pregnancy?", "answer": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing prior to announcing her pregnancy?", "answer": "Love on Top", "gold_docs": ["marriage after Jay-Z had an affair. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage around 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for \"4\", and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris. In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and ended the performance by revealing she was pregnant. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards?", "answer": "12.4 million", "gold_docs": ["the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in \"Guinness World Records\" for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. On February 1, 2017 she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins. Her announcement gained over 6.3 million \"likes\" within eight hours, breaking the world record"]}
{"query": "What was the most searched term on Google for the week of August 29, 2011?", "answer": "Beyonce pregnant", "gold_docs": ["the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in \"Guinness World Records\" for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. On February 1, 2017 she revealed on her Instagram account that she was expecting twins. Her announcement gained over 6.3 million \"likes\" within eight hours, breaking the world record"]}
{"query": "Jay Z has a website called what?", "answer": "Lifeandtimes.com", "gold_docs": ["Glory (Jay-Z song) \"Glory\" is a song by American rapper Jay-Z featuring his daughter Blue Ivy Carter (credited as B.I.C.) and background vocals from Pharrell Williams. Produced by The Neptunes, it premiered on Jay-Z's official website LifeandTimes.com on January 9, 2012, two days after his wife Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles gave birth to the couple's first child Blue. \"Glory\" impacted US urban contemporary radio stations on January 17, 2012. The melodic hip hop is an emotional homage to Jay-Z's baby girl and wife. Lyrically, \"Glory\" is about the experience and the happiness of becoming a father for the first time. It also"]}
{"query": "Which song by Jay Z talked about the pregnancy struggles?", "answer": "Glory", "gold_docs": ["commented that the concept of the song revolves around the glory of fatherhood. \"Glory\" opens with Blue's heartbeat, followed by a rap verse: \"The most amazing feeling I feel, words can't describe what I'm feeling for real / Baby, I paint the sky blue, my greatest creation was you\". As the song progresses, Jay-Z reveals that the baby girl was conceived in Paris, a day before Knowles shot the cover artwork for her fourth studio album \"4\" (2011). It also details Jay-Z's and Knowles' pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Knowles suffered previously, shown in the lines: \"False alarms and false"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Beyonce's daughter?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "At what hospital was the baby delivered?", "answer": "Lenox Hill Hospital", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "What was the named of the song  dedicated to the child?", "answer": "Glory", "gold_docs": ["At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 revealed that she was pregnant with their first child and on January 7, 2012, she gave birth to their daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. On January 9, 2012, Jay-Z released \"Glory\", a song dedicated to their child, on his social website LifeandTimes.com. The song detailed the couple's pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Beyonc\u00e9 suffered before becoming pregnant with their daughter. Because Blue's cries were included at the end of the song and she was officially credited on the song as \"B.I.C\", at two days old she"]}
{"query": "What does B.I.C. stand for?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to her daughter?", "answer": "January 7, 2012", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z name their daughter?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "What song did Jay Z release two days after Blue Ivy was born?", "answer": "Glory", "gold_docs": ["Glory (Jay-Z song) \"Glory\" is a song by American rapper Jay-Z featuring his daughter Blue Ivy Carter (credited as B.I.C.) and background vocals from Pharrell Williams. Produced by The Neptunes, it premiered on Jay-Z's official website LifeandTimes.com on January 9, 2012, two days after his wife Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles gave birth to the couple's first child Blue. \"Glory\" impacted US urban contemporary radio stations on January 17, 2012. The melodic hip hop is an emotional homage to Jay-Z's baby girl and wife. Lyrically, \"Glory\" is about the experience and the happiness of becoming a father for the first time. It also"]}
{"query": "How was Blue Ivy credited on Glory?", "answer": "B.I.C.", "gold_docs": ["is officially credited on the song, she became the youngest person in the history to have a charted song on a \"Billboard\" chart ever. It also debuted at number 23 on the Rap Songs chart in the US for the chart issue dated January 28, 2012. The official music video for \"Glory\" was released on April 16, 2015. Glory (Jay-Z song) \"Glory\" is a song by American rapper Jay-Z featuring his daughter Blue Ivy Carter (credited as B.I.C.) and background vocals from Pharrell Williams. Produced by The Neptunes, it premiered on Jay-Z's official website LifeandTimes.com on January 9, 2012, two"]}
{"query": "Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?", "answer": "George Zimmerman", "gold_docs": ["Proposition 8. Beyonc\u00e9 spoke against North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, a bill passed (and later repealed) that discriminated against the LGBT community in public places in a statement during her concert in Raleigh as part of the Formation World Tour in 2016. She has also condemned police brutality against black Americans. Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z attended a rally in 2013 in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin. The film for her sixth album \"Lemonade\" included the mothers of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown and Eric Garner, holding pictures of their sons in"]}
{"query": "Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration?", "answer": "America the Beautiful", "gold_docs": ["\"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. They held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. In the 2012 Presidential election, Beyonc\u00e9 voted for Obama. She performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration in January 2013. \"The Washington Post\" reported in May 2015, that Beyonc\u00e9 attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. She also headlined for Hillary Clinton in a 2016 concert held the weekend before"]}
{"query": "How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?", "answer": "4 million", "gold_docs": ["\"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. They held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. In the 2012 Presidential election, Beyonc\u00e9 voted for Obama. She performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration in January 2013. \"The Washington Post\" reported in May 2015, that Beyonc\u00e9 attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. She also headlined for Hillary Clinton in a 2016 concert held the weekend before"]}
{"query": "What did she endorse on March 26, 2013?", "answer": "same sex marriage", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "What did they attend in July 2013?", "answer": "a rally", "gold_docs": ["Proposition 8. Beyonc\u00e9 spoke against North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act, a bill passed (and later repealed) that discriminated against the LGBT community in public places in a statement during her concert in Raleigh as part of the Formation World Tour in 2016. She has also condemned police brutality against black Americans. Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z attended a rally in 2013 in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin. The film for her sixth album \"Lemonade\" included the mothers of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown and Eric Garner, holding pictures of their sons in"]}
{"query": "What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration?", "answer": "America the Beautiful", "gold_docs": ["\"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. They held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. In the 2012 Presidential election, Beyonc\u00e9 voted for Obama. She performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration in January 2013. \"The Washington Post\" reported in May 2015, that Beyonc\u00e9 attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. She also headlined for Hillary Clinton in a 2016 concert held the weekend before"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama?", "answer": "America the Beautiful", "gold_docs": ["\"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. They held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. In the 2012 Presidential election, Beyonc\u00e9 voted for Obama. She performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration in January 2013. \"The Washington Post\" reported in May 2015, that Beyonc\u00e9 attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. She also headlined for Hillary Clinton in a 2016 concert held the weekend before"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas.", "answer": "At Last", "gold_docs": ["\"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. They held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. In the 2012 Presidential election, Beyonc\u00e9 voted for Obama. She performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration in January 2013. \"The Washington Post\" reported in May 2015, that Beyonc\u00e9 attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. She also headlined for Hillary Clinton in a 2016 concert held the weekend before"]}
{"query": "What social media platform did Beyonc\u00e9 upload a picture of her paper ballot on?", "answer": "Tumblr", "gold_docs": ["and upload photos/videos of. Based on a user's Impact score and supplied demographic information, they can be invited to Influenster campaigns. Influenster runs a variety of different types of campaigns, but they generally involve sending invited users a complimentary product or service to sample and discuss on social media. After sampling, the user is asked to complete a final market-research survey. Influenster offers coupons and offers from partner retailers and brands that users can access through their product discovery experience on the platform. It uses Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Tumblr, Foursquare, Google+, a multi-platform blog widget, and friend referrals to"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 endorse on March 26, 2013?", "answer": "same sex marriage", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism?", "answer": "Vogue", "gold_docs": ["Election Day. In this performance, Beyonc\u00e9 and her entourage of backup dancers wore pantsuits; a clear allusion to Clinton's frequent dress-of-choice. The backup dancers also wore \"I'm with her\" tee shirts, the campaign slogan for Clinton. In a brief speech at this performance Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"I want my daughter to grow up seeing a woman lead our country and knowing that her possibilities are limitless.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 stated in an interview with \"Vogue\" that she considered herself to be \"a modern-day feminist\". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a"]}
{"query": "Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls?", "answer": "Ban Bossy campaign", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist?", "answer": "Vogue", "gold_docs": ["Election Day. In this performance, Beyonc\u00e9 and her entourage of backup dancers wore pantsuits; a clear allusion to Clinton's frequent dress-of-choice. The backup dancers also wore \"I'm with her\" tee shirts, the campaign slogan for Clinton. In a brief speech at this performance Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"I want my daughter to grow up seeing a woman lead our country and knowing that her possibilities are limitless.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 stated in an interview with \"Vogue\" that she considered herself to be \"a modern-day feminist\". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a"]}
{"query": "When did she say the she is a feminist?", "answer": "April 2013", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "What campaign did she contribute to?", "answer": "Ban Bossy", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech?", "answer": "Flawless", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "What does Ban Bossy encourage?", "answer": "leadership in girls", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 used words from which Nigerian author in her song, Flawless?", "answer": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "Which campaign does Beyonc\u00e9 contribute to that encourages leadership in females?", "answer": "Ban Bossy", "gold_docs": ["speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDx talk in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. In 2014 she performed live at the MTV Video Awards in front a giant backdrop reading \"FEMINIST.\" She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls. Following Beyonc\u00e9's public identification as a feminist, the sexualized nature of her performances and the fact that she championed her marriage was questioned. Beyonc\u00e9 publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's"]}
{"query": "The letter Beyonce signed focused on what issue?", "answer": "women", "gold_docs": ["was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for \"Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture\". According to Fuse in 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 is the second most award-winning artist of all time, after Michael Jackson. She was named on the 2016 BBC Radio 4 \"Woman's Hour\" Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women's"]}
{"query": "What had to be set in developing funding?", "answer": "priorities", "gold_docs": ["will illustrate budget allocations and strategic priorities. With this kids will receive the proper funds for educational experiences and ensure that money will trickle where it should be. Also, this will build trust within our school districts. Lastly, holding the board accountable by fixing what's wrong so kids can get what they deserve. By implementing these proposals, the foundations of better academic performance in low-income areas can be set. Public school funding Public schools in the United States of America provide basic education from kindergarten until the twelfth grade. This is provided free of charge for the students and parents,"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce sign a letter for ONE Campaign?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["\"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. They held a fundraiser at Jay-Z's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. In the 2012 Presidential election, Beyonc\u00e9 voted for Obama. She performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration in January 2013. \"The Washington Post\" reported in May 2015, that Beyonc\u00e9 attended a major celebrity fundraiser for 2016 presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. She also headlined for Hillary Clinton in a 2016 concert held the weekend before"]}
{"query": "What was Angela Merkel serving as in relation to the letter?", "answer": "the head of the G7 in Germany", "gold_docs": ["In 2015 Furtw\u00e4ngler signed an open letter, which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Chancellor Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.[1] Also in 2015, she interviewed Merkel on development policy issues for the Chancellor\u2019s weekly podcast. In November 2013, Furtw\u00e4ngler met Eve Ensler in Berlin and got inspired by her to get more involved in ending violence against women and girls also in Germany. She is particularly interested in the"]}
{"query": "What did the letter want the two recipients to focus on?", "answer": "women", "gold_docs": ["was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for \"Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture\". According to Fuse in 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 is the second most award-winning artist of all time, after Michael Jackson. She was named on the 2016 BBC Radio 4 \"Woman's Hour\" Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women's"]}
{"query": "Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008?", "answer": "Madonna and Celine Dion", "gold_docs": ["status quo of US civil rights through opposition to the Vietnam War, by refusing to serve in the military. 40 years later, Kaepernick had already lost one professional year due to taking a much quieter and legal stand \"for people that are oppressed.\" \"Forbes\" magazine began reporting on Beyonc\u00e9's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion. They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth"]}
{"query": "Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year?", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["million. The couple made it into the previous year's \"Guinness World Records\" as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the \"Forbes\" rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; this became"]}
{"query": "Between 2008 and 2009, which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings?", "answer": "Madonna and Celine Dion", "gold_docs": ["status quo of US civil rights through opposition to the Vietnam War, by refusing to serve in the military. 40 years later, Kaepernick had already lost one professional year due to taking a much quieter and legal stand \"for people that are oppressed.\" \"Forbes\" magazine began reporting on Beyonc\u00e9's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion. They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth"]}
{"query": "In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List?", "answer": "Forbes", "gold_docs": ["million. The couple made it into the previous year's \"Guinness World Records\" as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the \"Forbes\" rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; this became"]}
{"query": "When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["million. The couple made it into the previous year's \"Guinness World Records\" as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the \"Forbes\" rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; this became"]}
{"query": "How much did she earn in 2014?", "answer": "115 million", "gold_docs": ["the case in April 2014. In June 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 ranked at number one on the \"Forbes\" Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 \u2013 June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date. In 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 ranked at number 34 on the Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $54 million. Herself and Jay-Z also topped the highest paid celebrity couple list, with combined earnings of $107.5 million. , \"Forbes\" calculated her net worth to be $355 million, and in"]}
{"query": "Who began reporting Beyonc\u00e9's annual earnings, starting in 2008?", "answer": "Forbes", "gold_docs": ["million. The couple made it into the previous year's \"Guinness World Records\" as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the \"Forbes\" rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; this became"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 become the highest paid black musician, ever?", "answer": "April 2014.", "gold_docs": ["the case in April 2014. In June 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 ranked at number one on the \"Forbes\" Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 \u2013 June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date. In 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 ranked at number 34 on the Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $54 million. Herself and Jay-Z also topped the highest paid celebrity couple list, with combined earnings of $107.5 million. , \"Forbes\" calculated her net worth to be $355 million, and in"]}
{"query": "Who predicted that Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest paid black entertainer?", "answer": "MTV", "gold_docs": ["million. The couple made it into the previous year's \"Guinness World Records\" as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the \"Forbes\" rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; this became"]}
{"query": "When did Jay Z and Beyonc\u00e9 become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["million. The couple made it into the previous year's \"Guinness World Records\" as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay-Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the \"Forbes\" rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; this became"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's range in singing is how many octaves?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["the US. \"4\" sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\". The fourth single \"Love on Top\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. \"4\" also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover"]}
{"query": "who talked about Beyonce's tone and timbre as distinctive?", "answer": "Jody Rosen", "gold_docs": ["album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyonc\u00e9 will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced"]}
{"query": "What does Rosen claim influenced Beyonce's style?", "answer": "hip hop", "gold_docs": ["album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyonc\u00e9 will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced"]}
{"query": "How many octaves does Beyonc\u00e9's voice span?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["the US. \"4\" sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\". The fourth single \"Love on Top\" spent seven consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while peaking at number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the highest peak from the album. \"4\" also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover"]}
{"query": "Why is Beyonc\u00e9 known as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Her vocal abilities", "gold_docs": ["album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyonc\u00e9 will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced"]}
{"query": "New York Times' Jon Pareles calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice velvety yet what?", "answer": "tart", "gold_docs": ["album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyonc\u00e9 will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced"]}
{"query": "What does Jody Rosen say influenced Beyonc\u00e9's vocal style?", "answer": "the hip hop era", "gold_docs": ["album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyonc\u00e9 will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced"]}
{"query": "Music from Beyonce is generally categorized as what genre?", "answer": "R&B", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of \"The Washington Post\" saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\" Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B and pop, but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. \"4\" demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for \"Irreemplazable\""]}
{"query": "Beyonce mostly releases English songs, but what other language did she release songs?", "answer": "Spanish", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of \"The Washington Post\" saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\" Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B and pop, but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. \"4\" demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for \"Irreemplazable\""]}
{"query": "Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American?", "answer": "Rudy Perez", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "What kind of music does Beyonce do?", "answer": "R&B", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of \"The Washington Post\" saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\" Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B and pop, but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. \"4\" demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for \"Irreemplazable\""]}
{"query": "What language does she mainly sing?", "answer": "English", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of \"The Washington Post\" saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\" Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B and pop, but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. \"4\" demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for \"Irreemplazable\""]}
{"query": "What other language has she sung?", "answer": "Spanish", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of \"The Washington Post\" saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\" Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B and pop, but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. \"4\" demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for \"Irreemplazable\""]}
{"query": "What album did she re-release in Spanish?", "answer": "B'Day", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "What style of music does Beyonc\u00e9 usually perform?", "answer": "R&B", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of \"The Washington Post\" saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\" Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B and pop, but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. \"4\" demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for \"Irreemplazable\""]}
{"query": "What language did Beyonc\u00e9 release several songs in?", "answer": "Spanish", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9's unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of \"The Washington Post\" saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\" Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B and pop, but she also incorporates soul and funk into her songs. \"4\" demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 1990s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for \"Irreemplazable\""]}
{"query": "Who coached Beyonc\u00e9 for her Spanish recordings?", "answer": "Rudy Perez.", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?", "answer": "beats", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what?", "answer": "Cater 2 U", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "What theme was Beyonce's early music?", "answer": "female-empowerment", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "With Jay Z what were her new themes?", "answer": "man-tending anthems", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "What does she get credits for in her music?", "answer": "co-producing credits", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "What part of production does she do?", "answer": "melodies", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9's early recordings empowered who?", "answer": "Women", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "In addition to co-writing credits, Beyonc\u00e9 also got what credits for most of her albums?", "answer": "co-producing", "gold_docs": ["(re-recordings of songs from \"B'Day\" for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of \"B'Day\". To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez. She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay-Z, she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her"]}
{"query": "Rather than beats, what two things does Beyonc\u00e9 usually come up with for producers?", "answer": "melodies and ideas", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["with nine song-writing credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for \"4\".) In May 2011, \"Billboard\" magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift. Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose. When she"]}
{"query": "Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?", "answer": "American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?", "answer": "Diane Warren", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?", "answer": "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters", "gold_docs": ["with nine song-writing credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for \"4\".) In May 2011, \"Billboard\" magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift. Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose. When she"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?", "answer": "third woman", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?", "answer": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "Who gave Beyonc\u00e9 the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?", "answer": "the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.", "gold_docs": ["solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers. In 2001, she became the first black woman and second female lyricist to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American lyricist Diane Warren at third"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\" list.", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["with nine song-writing credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for \"4\".) In May 2011, \"Billboard\" magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift. Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose. When she"]}
{"query": "What number was Beyonc\u00e9 on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?", "answer": "17", "gold_docs": ["with nine song-writing credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for \"4\".) In May 2011, \"Billboard\" magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift. Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose. When she"]}
{"query": "How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["with nine song-writing credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for \"4\".) In May 2011, \"Billboard\" magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list, along with Alicia Keys and Taylor Swift. Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realized her purpose. When she"]}
{"query": "Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006?", "answer": "Michael Jackson", "gold_docs": ["presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\".Beyonce was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, who she said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\". and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other"]}
{"query": "Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?", "answer": "vocal runs", "gold_docs": ["presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\".Beyonce was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, who she said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\". and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other"]}
{"query": "Who influenced Beyonce?", "answer": "Michael Jackson", "gold_docs": ["presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\".Beyonce was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, who she said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\". and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other"]}
{"query": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's biggest musical influence?", "answer": "Michael Jackson", "gold_docs": ["presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\".Beyonce was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, who she said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\". and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other"]}
{"query": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first concert?", "answer": "Michael Jackson", "gold_docs": ["presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\".Beyonce was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, who she said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\". and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other"]}
{"query": "Who does she credit for the inspiration to \"get up there and do what she did\"?", "answer": "Whitney Houston", "gold_docs": ["presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\".Beyonce was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, who she said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\". and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other"]}
{"query": "What song caused Beyonc\u00e9 to practice runs as a child?", "answer": "Vision of Love", "gold_docs": ["presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\".Beyonce was heavily influenced by Tina Turner, who she said \"Tina Turner is someone that I admire, because she made her strength feminine and sexy\". and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other"]}
{"query": "What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?", "answer": "feminism and female empowerment", "gold_docs": ["musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" were inspired by her role in \"Dreamgirls\" and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth"]}
{"query": "Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song \"Deja Vu\"?", "answer": "Josephine Baker", "gold_docs": ["musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" were inspired by her role in \"Dreamgirls\" and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth"]}
{"query": "Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music?", "answer": "Etta James", "gold_docs": ["musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" were inspired by her role in \"Dreamgirls\" and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth"]}
{"query": "What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes? ", "answer": "Dreamgirls", "gold_docs": ["musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" were inspired by her role in \"Dreamgirls\" and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth"]}
{"query": "Where did she perform wearing Baker's hula skirt?", "answer": "2006 Fashion Rocks concert", "gold_docs": ["musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" were inspired by her role in \"Dreamgirls\" and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth"]}
{"query": "What singer inspired Beyonc\u00e9's B'Day album?", "answer": "Josephine Baker.", "gold_docs": ["musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" were inspired by her role in \"Dreamgirls\" and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker?", "answer": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu", "gold_docs": ["musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album \"B'Day\" were inspired by her role in \"Dreamgirls\" and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" was inspired by Jay-Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth"]}
{"query": "Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying \"She proves you can do it all\"?", "answer": "Michelle Obama", "gold_docs": ["solo album, \"4\", was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince. Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has"]}
{"query": "Which month and year did Beyonce credit Madonna for inspiring her to take control of her career?", "answer": "February 2013", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "Beyonce has said that who embodies the \"definition of inspiration and a strong woman\"?", "answer": "Oprah Winfrey", "gold_docs": ["solo album, \"4\", was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince. Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has"]}
{"query": "Who personally influences Beyonce?", "answer": "Michelle Obama", "gold_docs": ["solo album, \"4\", was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince. Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has"]}
{"query": "Hoe does she describe Oprah Winfrey?", "answer": "a strong woman", "gold_docs": ["solo album, \"4\", was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince. Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has"]}
{"query": "How does she describe Jean- Michel Basquiat?", "answer": "lyrical and raw", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "How does Madonna influence her?", "answer": "to take control of her own career", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "How does she describe Jay Z?", "answer": "continuing inspiration", "gold_docs": ["solo album, \"4\", was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince. Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has"]}
{"query": "Who inspires Beyonc\u00e9 because \"she does it all?\"", "answer": "First Lady Michelle Obama", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following"]}
{"query": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the definition of inspiration?", "answer": "Oprah Winfrey", "gold_docs": ["solo album, \"4\", was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie, The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince. Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by Michelle Obama (the 44th First Lady of the United States), saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay-Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has"]}
{"query": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as lyrical and raw?", "answer": "Jean-Michel Basquiat", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what?", "answer": "Suga Mama", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?", "answer": "The Mamas", "gold_docs": ["the name of a song in \"B'Day\") which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am ... World Tour, 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour. Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice"]}
{"query": "The Mamas first appearance was when?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["the name of a song in \"B'Day\") which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am ... World Tour, 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour. Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice"]}
{"query": "What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006?", "answer": "Suga Mama", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?", "answer": "Suga Mama", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?", "answer": "2006 BET Awards", "gold_docs": ["the name of a song in \"B'Day\") which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am ... World Tour, 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour. Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice"]}
{"query": "What band supports Beyonce in her tours?", "answer": "Suga Mama", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's female tour band?", "answer": "Suga Mama", "gold_docs": ["overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music ... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented, \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\". In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also"]}
{"query": "Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyonc\u00e9 album?", "answer": "B'Day", "gold_docs": ["the name of a song in \"B'Day\") which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am ... World Tour, 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour. Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice"]}
{"query": "What are Beyonc\u00e9's backup singers called?", "answer": "The Mamas", "gold_docs": ["the name of a song in \"B'Day\") which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am ... World Tour, 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour. Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice"]}
{"query": "When did The Mamas make their debut?", "answer": "the 2006 BET Awards", "gold_docs": ["the name of a song in \"B'Day\") which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am ... World Tour, 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour. Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice"]}
{"query": "What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for?", "answer": "stage presence and voice", "gold_docs": ["the name of a song in \"B'Day\") which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am ... World Tour, 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and 2016 The Formation World Tour. Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice"]}
{"query": "Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive?", "answer": "L.A. Reid", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "For what does Beyonce receive praise?", "answer": "stage presence", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers/ Dancers?", "answer": "Jarett Wieselman", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "How has L.A. Reid described her?", "answer": "greatest entertainer alive", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "How does Alice Jones describe her?", "answer": "she's almost too good", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "Who has Beyonc\u00e9 at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers?", "answer": "Jarett Wieselman", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "Who has said that Beyonc\u00e9 is the best entertainer alive?", "answer": "L.A. Reid", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "Beyonce self proclaimed alter ego is named what?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce", "gold_docs": ["again and really want.\" Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\". In February 2010, she announced in an interview with \"Allure\" magazine that"]}
{"query": "Her alter ego was born when according to Beyonce?", "answer": "making of \"Crazy in Love\"", "gold_docs": ["again and really want.\" Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\". In February 2010, she announced in an interview with \"Allure\" magazine that"]}
{"query": "What year did Beyonce do away with Sasha Fierce?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["again and really want.\" Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\". In February 2010, she announced in an interview with \"Allure\" magazine that"]}
{"query": "How does she describe Sasha?", "answer": "too aggressive, too strong", "gold_docs": ["again and really want.\" Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\". In February 2010, she announced in an interview with \"Allure\" magazine that"]}
{"query": "Later what did she say about Sasha?", "answer": "she would bring her back", "gold_docs": ["she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her \"Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live\" shows later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s (decade), the media often used the term"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce.", "gold_docs": ["she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her \"Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live\" shows later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s (decade), the media often used the term"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce Sasha Fierce?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["again and really want.\" Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\". In February 2010, she announced in an interview with \"Allure\" magazine that"]}
{"query": "Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song?", "answer": "Crazy in Love", "gold_docs": ["again and really want.\" Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\". In February 2010, she announced in an interview with \"Allure\" magazine that"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's sex appeal is characterized as what?", "answer": "wide-ranging", "gold_docs": ["she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her \"Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live\" shows later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s (decade), the media often used the term"]}
{"query": "Which music journalist described Beyonce as a \"crossover sex symbol?\"", "answer": "Tour\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her \"Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live\" shows later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s (decade), the media often used the term"]}
{"query": "Which word spawned from a term used to describe Beyonce in 2006?", "answer": "Bootylicious", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with?", "answer": "Destiny's Child", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce?", "answer": "Bootylicious", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "What word is often used to describe Beyonce/", "answer": "Bootylicious", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "When was the term added to the dictionary?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "What journalist wrote that Beyonc\u00e9 was a \"sex symbol\"?", "answer": "Tour\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her \"Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live\" shows later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s (decade), the media often used the term"]}
{"query": "Because of Beyonc\u00e9's physical shape, what slang term has been used to describe her?", "answer": "Bootylicious", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "In what year was the slang term from a title of a Destiny's Child song that is also used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 put in the dictionary?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "How does Beyonc\u00e9 say she likes to dress off-stage?", "answer": "sexily", "gold_docs": ["she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her \"Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live\" shows later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s (decade), the media often used the term"]}
{"query": "in September 2010, what career area did Beyonce start exploring?", "answer": "modelling", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's first modelling event was at where?", "answer": "Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "\"World's Most Beautiful woman\" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?", "answer": "People", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "Which month and year did GQ feature Beyonce on its cover?", "answer": "January 2013", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "What TV network listed Beyonce as number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "answer": "VH1", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "Who called Beyonce the World's most Beautiful Woman?", "answer": "People", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "When did she appear on the cover of GQ?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "VH1 listed her at what number on their 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "answer": "number 1", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 first model for Tom Ford?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\"?", "answer": "People", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "What title did Complex award Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "Hottest Female Singer of All Time", "gold_docs": ["\"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\". In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by \"People\" and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by \"Complex\" in 2012. In January 2013, \"GQ\" placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100"]}
{"query": "What museum has made several models of Beyonc\u00e9 in wax?", "answer": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museums", "gold_docs": ["Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyonc\u00e9 are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood and Sydney. According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyonc\u00e9 uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled \"Destiny's Style\" an account of how fashion affected the trio's success. The \"B'Day Anthology Video Album\" showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit"]}
{"query": "Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?", "answer": "Her mother", "gold_docs": ["Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyonc\u00e9 are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood and Sydney. According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyonc\u00e9 uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled \"Destiny's Style\" an account of how fashion affected the trio's success. The \"B'Day Anthology Video Album\" showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit"]}
{"query": "Which African-American woman before Beyonce had posed for SI Swimsuit issue?", "answer": "Tyra Banks", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "What was the title of Beyonce's mother's book?", "answer": "Destiny's Style", "gold_docs": ["Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyonc\u00e9 are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood and Sydney. According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyonc\u00e9 uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled \"Destiny's Style\" an account of how fashion affected the trio's success. The \"B'Day Anthology Video Album\" showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit"]}
{"query": "When was she on the Sports Illustrated cover?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyonc\u00e9 are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood and Sydney. According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyonc\u00e9 uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled \"Destiny's Style\" an account of how fashion affected the trio's success. The \"B'Day Anthology Video Album\" showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit"]}
{"query": "Who was she the second  African American on the cover after?", "answer": "Tyra Banks", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the second African American woman featured as a swimsuit cover on the magazine, who was first?", "answer": "Tyra Banks", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"best-dressed celebrity\"?", "answer": "People", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "Before the Bey Hive, fans of Beyonce were called what?", "answer": "The Beyontourage", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "Which social media company proclaimed Beyonce fans are know as the Bey Hive?", "answer": "Twitter", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "What is Beyonce's fan base called?", "answer": "Bey Hive", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "What did the fans used to be called?", "answer": "Beyontourage", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "What is the latest term used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 fans?", "answer": "Bey Hive", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "What word does \"Bey Hive\" derive from?", "answer": "beehive", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "Beyonce has a clothing line known as what?", "answer": "House of Der\u00e9on", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "Beyonce was seen wearing what on the french magazine that caused controversy?", "answer": "blackface and tribal makeup", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "Which year did PETA spark controversy with Beyonce?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["Issue\", becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and \"People\" magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity. The \"BeyHive\" is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions. In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her"]}
{"query": "What French Magazine cover did the media criticize?", "answer": "L'Officiel", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "How was she dressed on the cover of L'Officiel?", "answer": "in blackface and tribal makeup", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "What French magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 appear in wearing blackface and tribal makeup?", "answer": "L'Officiel", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "What clothing line of Beyonc\u00e9 drew PETA criticism?", "answer": "House of Der\u00e9on.", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "What type of magazine is L'Officiel?", "answer": "French fashion magazine", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "Which racial community gave criticism to Beyonce?", "answer": "African-American", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?", "answer": "Emmett Price", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "Which company was accused of coloring Beyonce's hair?", "answer": "L'Or\u00e9al", "gold_docs": ["who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to \"Vogue\" requested that only \"natural pictures be used\". Beyonc\u00e9 has been very vocal for the Black Lives Matter movement. Her song \"Formation\", which she sang at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show, gained criticism from some politicians and police. Some police tried to get The Formation World Tour boycotted by other"]}
{"query": "What did Vogue request?", "answer": "natural pictures be used", "gold_docs": ["who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to \"Vogue\" requested that only \"natural pictures be used\". Beyonc\u00e9 has been very vocal for the Black Lives Matter movement. Her song \"Formation\", which she sang at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show, gained criticism from some politicians and police. Some police tried to get The Formation World Tour boycotted by other"]}
{"query": "How did L'Oreal respond to accusations of changing pictures?", "answer": "it is categorically untrue", "gold_docs": ["who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to \"Vogue\" requested that only \"natural pictures be used\". Beyonc\u00e9 has been very vocal for the Black Lives Matter movement. Her song \"Formation\", which she sang at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show, gained criticism from some politicians and police. Some police tried to get The Formation World Tour boycotted by other"]}
{"query": "In addition to her light skin color, what else has made part of the African American community criticize Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "costuming", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "In 2007, which music professor said he believes this criticism does involve race as well?", "answer": "Emmett Price", "gold_docs": ["clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine \"L'Officiel\", in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\". Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities"]}
{"query": "Who was accused of lightening Beyonc\u00e9's skin for an advertisement?", "answer": "L'Or\u00e9al", "gold_docs": ["who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to \"Vogue\" requested that only \"natural pictures be used\". Beyonc\u00e9 has been very vocal for the Black Lives Matter movement. Her song \"Formation\", which she sang at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show, gained criticism from some politicians and police. Some police tried to get The Formation World Tour boycotted by other"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in 2013 to only use natural pictures of her rather than retouched images?", "answer": "H&M", "gold_docs": ["who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to \"Vogue\" requested that only \"natural pictures be used\". Beyonc\u00e9 has been very vocal for the Black Lives Matter movement. Her song \"Formation\", which she sang at the 2016 Super Bowl halftime show, gained criticism from some politicians and police. Some police tried to get The Formation World Tour boycotted by other"]}
{"query": "Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine?", "answer": "The Guardian", "gold_docs": ["during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the \"New York Post\" placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of \"The Guardian\" Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the \"Daily News\" and Stephanie Classen of \"The StarPhoenix\" both praised her strong voice and her stage presence. Beyonc\u00e9's stage outfits have been"]}
{"query": "Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When \"The Observer\" named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote: Why Beyonc\u00e9? ... Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with 'Crazy in Love' and 'Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)', not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. ... [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the \"Time\""]}
{"query": "What did the Guardian name her?", "answer": "Artist of the Decade", "gold_docs": ["result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When \"The Observer\" named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote: Why Beyonc\u00e9? ... Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with 'Crazy in Love' and 'Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)', not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. ... [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the \"Time\""]}
{"query": "When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover?", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["100 list, with Baz Luhrmann writing: No one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2013 the reigning national voice. In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the \"Time\" 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Britney Spears, Adele, Bebe Rexha, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga,"]}
{"query": "Who said that she is the reigning national voice?", "answer": "Baz Luhrmann", "gold_docs": ["100 list, with Baz Luhrmann writing: No one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2013 the reigning national voice. In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the \"Time\" 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Britney Spears, Adele, Bebe Rexha, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga,"]}
{"query": "Who stated that Beyonc\u00e9 is the most important musician of the 21st century?", "answer": "Jody Rosen", "gold_docs": ["June of the same year, ranked her as the 35th highest earning celebrity with annual earnings of $60 million. This tied Beyonc\u00e9 with Madonna as the only two female artists to earn more than $100 million within a single year twice. As a couple with Jay-Z, they have a combined net worth of $1.16 billion. In July 2017, \"Billboard\" announced that Beyonc\u00e9 was the highest paid musician of 2016, with an estimated total of $62.1 million. In \"The New Yorker\", music critic Jody Rosen described Beyonc\u00e9 as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century ... the"]}
{"query": "Who said Beyonc\u00e9 is the heir-apparent diva of the United States?", "answer": "Baz Luhrmann", "gold_docs": ["100 list, with Baz Luhrmann writing: No one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2013 the reigning national voice. In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the \"Time\" 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Britney Spears, Adele, Bebe Rexha, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga,"]}
{"query": "What year was Beyonc\u00e9 featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["100 list, with Baz Luhrmann writing: No one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2013 the reigning national voice. In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the \"Time\" 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Britney Spears, Adele, Bebe Rexha, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga,"]}
{"query": "Which rock band cited Beyonce on their third album?", "answer": "White Rabbits", "gold_docs": ["Ellie Goulding, Rihanna, Iggy Azalea, Demi Lovato, Tinashe, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Nicole Scherzinger, Jessica Sanchez, Cheryl, JoJo, Meghan Trainor, Grimes, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Alexis Jordan, Bridgit Mendler, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album \"Milk Famous\" (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film \"Country Strong\". Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip-hop assisted style, writing: Her hip-hop fluency gave her an advantage in"]}
{"query": "Which friend learned from Beyonce while preparing for the film, \"Country Strong?\"", "answer": "Gwyneth Paltrow", "gold_docs": ["Ellie Goulding, Rihanna, Iggy Azalea, Demi Lovato, Tinashe, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Nicole Scherzinger, Jessica Sanchez, Cheryl, JoJo, Meghan Trainor, Grimes, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Alexis Jordan, Bridgit Mendler, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album \"Milk Famous\" (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film \"Country Strong\". Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip-hop assisted style, writing: Her hip-hop fluency gave her an advantage in"]}
{"query": "Nicky Minaj became a spokesperson for which brand of soda after seeing Beyonce involved with it?", "answer": "Pepsi", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "Which band listed Beyonce as an inspiration on their latest album?", "answer": "White Rabbits", "gold_docs": ["Ellie Goulding, Rihanna, Iggy Azalea, Demi Lovato, Tinashe, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Nicole Scherzinger, Jessica Sanchez, Cheryl, JoJo, Meghan Trainor, Grimes, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Alexis Jordan, Bridgit Mendler, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album \"Milk Famous\" (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film \"Country Strong\". Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip-hop assisted style, writing: Her hip-hop fluency gave her an advantage in"]}
{"query": "What about Beyonce has influenced many entertainers?", "answer": "work", "gold_docs": ["100 list, with Baz Luhrmann writing: No one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does ... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2013 the reigning national voice. In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the \"Time\" 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Britney Spears, Adele, Bebe Rexha, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga,"]}
{"query": "For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?", "answer": "Country Strong", "gold_docs": ["Ellie Goulding, Rihanna, Iggy Azalea, Demi Lovato, Tinashe, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Nicole Scherzinger, Jessica Sanchez, Cheryl, JoJo, Meghan Trainor, Grimes, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Alexis Jordan, Bridgit Mendler, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album \"Milk Famous\" (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film \"Country Strong\". Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip-hop assisted style, writing: Her hip-hop fluency gave her an advantage in"]}
{"query": "Which Indie band said Beyonc\u00e9 was an inspiration for one of hteir albums?", "answer": "White Rabbits", "gold_docs": ["Ellie Goulding, Rihanna, Iggy Azalea, Demi Lovato, Tinashe, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Nicole Scherzinger, Jessica Sanchez, Cheryl, JoJo, Meghan Trainor, Grimes, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Alexis Jordan, Bridgit Mendler, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album \"Milk Famous\" (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film \"Country Strong\". Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip-hop assisted style, writing: Her hip-hop fluency gave her an advantage in"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the White Rabbits' album?", "answer": "Milk Famous", "gold_docs": ["Ellie Goulding, Rihanna, Iggy Azalea, Demi Lovato, Tinashe, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Nicole Scherzinger, Jessica Sanchez, Cheryl, JoJo, Meghan Trainor, Grimes, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Alexis Jordan, Bridgit Mendler, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album \"Milk Famous\" (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film \"Country Strong\". Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip-hop assisted style, writing: Her hip-hop fluency gave her an advantage in"]}
{"query": "Who studied Beyonc\u00e9 during live concerts for research for a film's music role?", "answer": "Gwyneth Paltrow", "gold_docs": ["Ellie Goulding, Rihanna, Iggy Azalea, Demi Lovato, Tinashe, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Nicole Scherzinger, Jessica Sanchez, Cheryl, JoJo, Meghan Trainor, Grimes, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Alexis Jordan, Bridgit Mendler, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album \"Milk Famous\" (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film \"Country Strong\". Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" noticed her contribution in changing the sound of pop music radio with her hip-hop assisted style, writing: Her hip-hop fluency gave her an advantage in"]}
{"query": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial inspired which star to join Pepsi's global campaign in 2012?", "answer": "Nicki Minaj", "gold_docs": ["its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18. In March 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 became a co-owner, with other artists, of the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned"]}
{"query": "VH1 declared what song the \"Greatest song of the 2000s?\"", "answer": "Crazy in Love", "gold_docs": ["the pop-star arms race, helping her to become the presiding voice in an increasingly rap-dominated musical landscape. Her evolution, from rap-adjacent R&B star (appearing as early as 1998 in a Geto Boys video) to reluctant hip-hop shareholder to full-blown rapper, played a role in slowly shifting the sound of pop radio. Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", \"NME\"s \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by \"Rolling Stone\" to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of"]}
{"query": "How many Grammy awards did \"Crazy in Love\" win?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["the pop-star arms race, helping her to become the presiding voice in an increasingly rap-dominated musical landscape. Her evolution, from rap-adjacent R&B star (appearing as early as 1998 in a Geto Boys video) to reluctant hip-hop shareholder to full-blown rapper, played a role in slowly shifting the sound of pop radio. Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", \"NME\"s \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by \"Rolling Stone\" to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of"]}
{"query": "How many did Crazy in Love sell to become one of the greatest selling singles in history?", "answer": "8 million", "gold_docs": ["the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies. The music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands, was credited by the \"Toronto Star\" as having started the \"first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet\", triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube. In 2013, Drake released a single titled \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\", which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child's \"Say My Name\" and discussed his relationship with women."]}
{"query": "What type of organism was named after Beyonce in 2012?", "answer": "fly", "gold_docs": ["In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named \"Scaptia beyonceae\", a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyonc\u00e9 due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen. In July 2014, a Beyonc\u00e9 exhibit was introduced into the \"Legends of Rock\" section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The black leotard from the \"Single Ladies\" video and her outfit from the Super Bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum. Architects credit Beyonc\u00e9's look in her \"Ghost\" music video as the inspiration of the design of the Premier Tower under"]}
{"query": "A place for Beyonce in the Rock and Roll Hall of fame was awarded when?", "answer": "July 2014", "gold_docs": ["In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named \"Scaptia beyonceae\", a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyonc\u00e9 due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen. In July 2014, a Beyonc\u00e9 exhibit was introduced into the \"Legends of Rock\" section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The black leotard from the \"Single Ladies\" video and her outfit from the Super Bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum. Architects credit Beyonc\u00e9's look in her \"Ghost\" music video as the inspiration of the design of the Premier Tower under"]}
{"query": "Which of Beyonce's songs was called Greatest Song of the 2000s?", "answer": "Crazy in Love", "gold_docs": ["the pop-star arms race, helping her to become the presiding voice in an increasingly rap-dominated musical landscape. Her evolution, from rap-adjacent R&B star (appearing as early as 1998 in a Geto Boys video) to reluctant hip-hop shareholder to full-blown rapper, played a role in slowly shifting the sound of pop radio. Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", \"NME\"s \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by \"Rolling Stone\" to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of"]}
{"query": "How many Grammy awards did Crazy in Love get?", "answer": "earned two Grammy Awards", "gold_docs": ["the pop-star arms race, helping her to become the presiding voice in an increasingly rap-dominated musical landscape. Her evolution, from rap-adjacent R&B star (appearing as early as 1998 in a Geto Boys video) to reluctant hip-hop shareholder to full-blown rapper, played a role in slowly shifting the sound of pop radio. Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", \"NME\"s \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by \"Rolling Stone\" to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of"]}
{"query": "How many copies did Crazy in Love sell?", "answer": "around 8 million copies", "gold_docs": ["the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies. The music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands, was credited by the \"Toronto Star\" as having started the \"first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet\", triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube. In 2013, Drake released a single titled \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\", which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child's \"Say My Name\" and discussed his relationship with women."]}
{"query": "Who released the single Girls Love Beyonce?", "answer": "Drake", "gold_docs": ["the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies. The music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands, was credited by the \"Toronto Star\" as having started the \"first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet\", triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube. In 2013, Drake released a single titled \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\", which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child's \"Say My Name\" and discussed his relationship with women."]}
{"query": "Which publication considers Crazy in Love to be one of the top 500 songs of all time?", "answer": "Rolling Stone", "gold_docs": ["the pop-star arms race, helping her to become the presiding voice in an increasingly rap-dominated musical landscape. Her evolution, from rap-adjacent R&B star (appearing as early as 1998 in a Geto Boys video) to reluctant hip-hop shareholder to full-blown rapper, played a role in slowly shifting the sound of pop radio. Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", \"NME\"s \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by \"Rolling Stone\" to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of"]}
{"query": "Who sang \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\" in 2013?", "answer": "Drake", "gold_docs": ["the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies. The music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands, was credited by the \"Toronto Star\" as having started the \"first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet\", triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube. In 2013, Drake released a single titled \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\", which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child's \"Say My Name\" and discussed his relationship with women."]}
{"query": "What did Bryan Lessard name after Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "a species of horse fly", "gold_docs": ["In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named \"Scaptia beyonceae\", a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyonc\u00e9 due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen. In July 2014, a Beyonc\u00e9 exhibit was introduced into the \"Legends of Rock\" section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The black leotard from the \"Single Ladies\" video and her outfit from the Super Bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum. Architects credit Beyonc\u00e9's look in her \"Ghost\" music video as the inspiration of the design of the Premier Tower under"]}
{"query": "How many certifications was Beyonce awarded by the RIAA?", "answer": "64", "gold_docs": ["artist of the 2000s decade, with a total of 64 certifications. Her songs \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Halo\", and \"Irreplaceable\" are some of the best-selling singles of all time worldwide. In 2009, \"The Observer\" named her the Artist of the Decade and \"Billboard\" named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, \"Billboard\" named her in their \"Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years\" list at number 15. In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\", behind Mariah Carey and"]}
{"query": "When Beyonce was with Destiny's Child, how many albums did she manage to sell?", "answer": "60 million", "gold_docs": ["construction in Australia. The City of Minneapolis, Minnesota declared May 23 Beyonc\u00e9 Day in the city in 2016. In 2018, the City of Columbia, South Carolina declared August 21 Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter Day in the city after presenting her with the keys to Columbia. Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 17 million albums in the US, and over 100 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified"]}
{"query": "Who was the first female to achieve the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["construction in Australia. The City of Minneapolis, Minnesota declared May 23 Beyonc\u00e9 Day in the city in 2016. In 2018, the City of Columbia, South Carolina declared August 21 Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter Day in the city after presenting her with the keys to Columbia. Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 17 million albums in the US, and over 100 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified"]}
{"query": "How many albums has Beyonce as a solo artist sold in the U.S?", "answer": "15 million", "gold_docs": ["album, \"The Naked Truth\", was released to positive reviews from critics. She returned to the public eye in 2009 with an appearance on \"Dancing with the Stars\". Throughout her career, Lil' Kim has sold more than 15 million albums and 30 million singles worldwide. Her songs \"No Time\", \"Big Momma Thang\", and \"Ladies Night\" were listed on \"Complex Magazine\"'s list of the 50 Best Rap Songs By Women. In 2012, Lil' Kim was listed on VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music list at number 45, the second highest position for a solo female hip-hop artist. Lil' Kim has been called"]}
{"query": "How many records has she sold with Destiny's Child?", "answer": "60 million", "gold_docs": ["construction in Australia. The City of Minneapolis, Minnesota declared May 23 Beyonc\u00e9 Day in the city in 2016. In 2018, the City of Columbia, South Carolina declared August 21 Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter Day in the city after presenting her with the keys to Columbia. Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 17 million albums in the US, and over 100 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified"]}
{"query": "When did she receive the Legend Award?", "answer": "2008 World Music Awards", "gold_docs": ["Madonna. Beyonc\u00e9 was honored with the International Artist Award at the 2007 American Music Awards. She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards, the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards, the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, and the Fashion Icon Award at the 2016 CFDA Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 has won 22 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history"]}
{"query": "How many music certifications has she received in the 2000s?", "answer": "64 certifications", "gold_docs": ["artist of the 2000s decade, with a total of 64 certifications. Her songs \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Halo\", and \"Irreplaceable\" are some of the best-selling singles of all time worldwide. In 2009, \"The Observer\" named her the Artist of the Decade and \"Billboard\" named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, \"Billboard\" named her in their \"Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years\" list at number 15. In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\", behind Mariah Carey and"]}
{"query": "Who cited Beyonc\u00e9 as being the top certified artist of the 2000s?", "answer": "The Recording Industry Association of America", "gold_docs": ["construction in Australia. The City of Minneapolis, Minnesota declared May 23 Beyonc\u00e9 Day in the city in 2016. In 2018, the City of Columbia, South Carolina declared August 21 Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter Day in the city after presenting her with the keys to Columbia. Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 17 million albums in the US, and over 100 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified"]}
{"query": "How many certifications did RIAA give Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "64", "gold_docs": ["artist of the 2000s decade, with a total of 64 certifications. Her songs \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Halo\", and \"Irreplaceable\" are some of the best-selling singles of all time worldwide. In 2009, \"The Observer\" named her the Artist of the Decade and \"Billboard\" named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, \"Billboard\" named her in their \"Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years\" list at number 15. In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\", behind Mariah Carey and"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 receive the Legend Award?", "answer": "the 2008 World Music Awards", "gold_docs": ["Madonna. Beyonc\u00e9 was honored with the International Artist Award at the 2007 American Music Awards. She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards, the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards, the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, and the Fashion Icon Award at the 2016 CFDA Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 has won 22 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history"]}
{"query": "Who is the only other woman with more Grammy awards than Beyonce?", "answer": "Alison Krauss", "gold_docs": ["with a total of 62 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\", \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. \"Dangerously in Love\", \"B'Day\" and \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while \"Lemonade\" has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyonc\u00e9 set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and"]}
{"query": "Beyonce holds the record for how many wins in one night by a female?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["with a total of 62 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\", \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. \"Dangerously in Love\", \"B'Day\" and \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while \"Lemonade\" has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyonc\u00e9 set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and"]}
{"query": "How many awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2006 did Beyonce bring home?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for \"Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture\". According to Fuse in 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 is the second most award-winning artist of all time, after Michael Jackson. She was named on the 2016 BBC Radio 4 \"Woman's Hour\" Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women's"]}
{"query": "Who tied her record for most Grammies won in one night in 2012?", "answer": "Adele", "gold_docs": ["Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012. Beyonc\u00e9 has also won 24 MTV Video Music Awards, making her the most-awarded artist in Video Music Award history. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" and \"Formation\" won Video of the Year in 2009 and 2016 respectively. Beyonc\u00e9 tied the record set by Lady Gaga in 2010 for the most VMAs won in one night for a female artist with eight in 2016. She is also the most awarded and nominated artist in BET Award history, winning 29 awards from a total of 60 nominations. Following her role in \"Dreamgirls\", Beyonc\u00e9"]}
{"query": "How many Grammys has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than \"Cadillac Records\"\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\", Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist."]}
{"query": "What Beyonc\u00e9 song was song of the year on 2010?", "answer": "\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\"", "gold_docs": ["with a total of 62 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\", \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Drunk in Love\" have each won Best R&B Song. \"Dangerously in Love\", \"B'Day\" and \"I Am ... Sasha Fierce\" have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album, while \"Lemonade\" has won Best Urban Contemporary Album. Beyonc\u00e9 set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and"]}
{"query": "What movie had Beyonc\u00e9 nominated as Best Actress for Golden Globe Awards?", "answer": "Dreamgirls", "gold_docs": ["was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for \"Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture\". According to Fuse in 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 is the second most award-winning artist of all time, after Michael Jackson. She was named on the 2016 BBC Radio 4 \"Woman's Hour\" Power List as one of seven women judged to have had the biggest impact on women's"]}
{"query": "Which soda company has Beyonce partnered with since 2002?", "answer": "Pepsi", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "Pepsi paid Beyonce how much in 2012 for her endorsement?", "answer": "50 million", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "Which organization wrote a letter to Beyonce after her Pepsi endorsement deal?", "answer": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "What percentage of people were positive about Beyonce's endorsement of Pepsi?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "What did she agree to do for 50 million dollars in 2012?", "answer": "endorse Pepsi", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "Who sent her a letter asking that she reconsider the Pepsi deal?", "answer": "Center for Science in the Public Interest", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "What soft drink company has Beyonc\u00e9 worked with since 2002?", "answer": "Pepsi", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "How much did Beyonc\u00e9 get for a deal with a soft drink company in 2012?", "answer": "$50 million", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product?", "answer": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyonc\u00e9 did for the soft drink company were 70% positive?", "answer": "NetBase", "gold_docs": ["lives over the past 70 years, alongside Margaret Thatcher, Barbara Castle, Helen Brook, Germaine Greer, Jayaben Desai and Bridget Jones. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about"]}
{"query": "Beyonce worked with who on her perfumes, True Star and True Star Gold?", "answer": "Tommy Hilfiger", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "The world's best selling celebrity perfume line belongs to whom?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's first fragrance had what name?", "answer": "Heat", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition was released in what year?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "How much money did The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition fragrance make?", "answer": "400 million", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "What was Beyonce's 2010  perfume called?", "answer": "Heat", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "When was her second perfume, Heat Rush, released?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "What was Beyonce's third perfume named?", "answer": "Pulse", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "Which Emporio Armani fragrance did Beyonc\u00e9 promote in 2007?", "answer": "Diamonds", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce her first fragrance?", "answer": "2010.", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first fragrance called?", "answer": "Heat", "gold_docs": ["endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 percent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads. Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat, in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance,"]}
{"query": "How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?", "answer": "18", "gold_docs": ["its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18. In March 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 became a co-owner, with other artists, of the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?", "answer": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?", "answer": "70 staff", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "How was the suit settled?", "answer": "out of court", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the video game?", "answer": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "What video game did Beyonc\u00e9 back out of?", "answer": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "What company was producing the video game?", "answer": "GateFive", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "How many people lost their jobs over Beyonc\u00e9 backing out of the deal?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million. The release of a video-game \"Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9\" was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost"]}
{"query": "Who did Bayonce's management go into business with in 2014?", "answer": "fashion retailer Topshop", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What type of clothing does Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd produce?", "answer": "activewear", "gold_docs": ["her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses. In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonce partner with in London?", "answer": "Topshop", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Parkwood Entertainment partner with in October 2014?", "answer": "Topshop", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "Where is Topshop located?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on"]}
{"query": "When was it discovered Beyonce was a co-owner of the music service, Tidal?", "answer": "March 30, 2015", "gold_docs": ["projects. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Sixteen artist stakeholders in Jay-Z, Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and"]}
{"query": "The parent company of Tidal became under the ownership of whom in 2015?", "answer": "Jay Z", "gold_docs": ["commercial. In September 2008 Usher released the fragrances, \"UR for Men\" and \"UR for Women\". Usher fifth fragrance, \"VIP\" was launched in 2009. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Usher is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music video with curated editorial. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. The slogan \"Turn the tide\" and the hashtag \"#TIDALforAll\" was used by various artists on social media during the buildup to the press conference relaunching"]}
{"query": "When was it announced that Beyonce was  a co-owner in Tidal?", "answer": "March 30, 2015", "gold_docs": ["projects. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Sixteen artist stakeholders in Jay-Z, Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and"]}
{"query": "What kind of service is Tidal?", "answer": "music streaming service", "gold_docs": ["its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18. In March 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 became a co-owner, with other artists, of the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned"]}
{"query": "What music streaming system is Beyonc\u00e9 part owner of?", "answer": "Tidal.", "gold_docs": ["its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18. In March 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 became a co-owner, with other artists, of the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned"]}
{"query": "What is the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "answer": "Aspiro", "gold_docs": ["its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18. In March 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 became a co-owner, with other artists, of the music streaming service Tidal. The service specializes in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned"]}
{"query": "Who acquired the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "answer": "Jay Z", "gold_docs": ["Harris was announced as a co-owner, along with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Rapper Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z, 16 artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin and Nicki Minaj) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having a completely artist-owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music"]}
{"query": "What music service is accused of providing low royalty amounts?", "answer": "Spotify", "gold_docs": ["The album reached one billion Spotify streams on February 5, 2018, making Beyonc\u00e9 the first female artist to have three of their albums surpass one billion streams on the platform. On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy. In January 2013, Destiny's Child released \"Love Songs\", a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded"]}
{"query": "Beyonce's family's company name is what?", "answer": "Beyond Productions", "gold_docs": ["streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, with the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its"]}
{"query": "What types of garments are sold by Beyonce's clothing line?", "answer": "sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "Which two countries can you purchase Beyonce's clothing line?", "answer": "US and Canada", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "Who partnered with Beyonce to start the clothing line, Dereon?", "answer": "her mother", "gold_docs": ["streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, with the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its"]}
{"query": "When did Beyonce and her mother start Dereon?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, with the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its"]}
{"query": "Who was the business named for in Beyonce's family?", "answer": "grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on", "gold_docs": ["streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, with the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its"]}
{"query": "Where were items from the clothing line displayed?", "answer": "in Destiny's Child's shows and tours", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "Who shares in the House of Der\u00e9on fashion line introduction with Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "her mother", "gold_docs": ["streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, with the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its"]}
{"query": "What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005?", "answer": "shoe", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce's clothing line?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonce's Fashion Diva  feature?", "answer": "House of Der\u00e9on collection", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on", "gold_docs": ["her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses. In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British"]}
{"query": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions?", "answer": "House of Brands", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyonc\u00e9 fashions?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva", "gold_docs": ["junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their \"Destiny Fulfilled\" era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada. In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil?", "answer": "C&A", "gold_docs": ["her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses. In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British"]}
{"query": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on fashions were sold at stores that included Macy's and what other store?", "answer": "Dillard's", "gold_docs": ["her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses. In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British"]}
{"query": "Beyonce, during October 2014, partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing?", "answer": "Topshop", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?", "answer": "50", "gold_docs": ["Super Bowl 50 halftime show. The appearance was considered controversial as it appeared to reference the 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party and the NFL forbids political statements in its performances. Immediately following the performance, Beyonc\u00e9 announced The Formation World Tour, which highlighted stops in both North America, and Europe. It ended on October 7, with Beyonc\u00e9 bringing out her husband Jay-Z, Kendrick Lamar, and Serena Williams for the last show. The tour went on to win \"Tour of the Year\" at the 44th American Music Awards. On April 16, 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 released a teaser clip for a project"]}
{"query": "When will the full line appear?", "answer": "April 2016", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 contract with to sell clothing in England?", "answer": "Topshop", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyonc\u00e9 sell?", "answer": "activewear", "gold_docs": ["her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses. In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British"]}
{"query": "What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?", "answer": "Hurricane Katrina", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?", "answer": "250,000", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?", "answer": "Ike", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?", "answer": "the Survivor Foundation", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?", "answer": "$250,000", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "How has this foundation changed in recent years?", "answer": "expanded to work with other charities", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What foundation did Beyonc\u00e9 start after Hurricane Katrina?", "answer": "Survivor Foundation", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "How much money did Beyonc\u00e9 contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?", "answer": "$250,000.", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "What other hurricane did Beyonc\u00e9's foundation help with?", "answer": "Hurricane Ike", "gold_docs": ["fashion retailer Topshop. The 50\u201350 venture is called Ivy Park and was launched in April 2016. The brand's name is a nod to Beyonc\u00e9's daughter Blue Ivy and her favourite number four (IV in roman numerals), and also references the park where she used to run in Texas. After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later."]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?", "answer": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following"]}
{"query": "Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?", "answer": "Brooklyn Phoenix House", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following"]}
{"query": "How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make? ", "answer": "$1 million", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following"]}
{"query": "What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5, 2010?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following"]}
{"query": "What charity benefited from  the release of the song, God Bless the USA?", "answer": "New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund", "gold_docs": ["the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund. In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian"]}
{"query": "Which two stars did Beyonc\u00e9 help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?", "answer": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following"]}
{"query": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center", "gold_docs": ["Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following"]}
{"query": "What Lee Greenwood song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover after Osama bin Laden was killed?", "answer": "God Bless the USA", "gold_docs": ["the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund. In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian"]}
{"query": "Which national event caused Beyonce to produce \"Demand a Plan?\"", "answer": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting", "gold_docs": ["the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund. In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?", "answer": "I Was Here", "gold_docs": ["Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on"]}
{"query": "Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?", "answer": "Miss a Meal", "gold_docs": ["\"Miss a Meal\", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S. In December 2016, Beyonc\u00e9 was named the Most Charitable Celebrity of the year. Beyonc\u00e9 Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and dancer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Beyonc\u00e9 performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of the R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became"]}
{"query": "On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for \"a Chime for Change\"?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on"]}
{"query": "Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\"?", "answer": "her mother", "gold_docs": ["May 15, 2013, where she, along with Cameron Diaz, John Legend and Kylie Minogue, described inspiration from their mothers, while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women, leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert. Beyonc\u00e9 said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\" With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyonc\u00e9 is also taking part in"]}
{"query": "The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?", "answer": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.", "gold_docs": ["the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund. In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian"]}
{"query": "What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?", "answer": "spread female empowerment", "gold_docs": ["Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the campaign that Beyonc\u00e9 and others are involved in that deals with gun control?", "answer": "Demand A Plan", "gold_docs": ["the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund. In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian"]}
{"query": "What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?", "answer": "Sandy Hook Elementary School", "gold_docs": ["the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund. In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian"]}
{"query": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?", "answer": "I Was Here", "gold_docs": ["Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on"]}
{"query": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?", "answer": "Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini", "gold_docs": ["Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on"]}
{"query": "How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?", "answer": "77", "gold_docs": ["Montana Montana () is a state in the Northwestern United States. Montana has several nicknames, although none are official, including \"Big Sky Country\" and \"The Treasure State\", and slogans that include \"Land of the Shining Mountains\" and more recently \"The Last Best Place\". Montana is the 4th largest in area, the 8th least populous, and the 3rd least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains. The eastern half of Montana is characterized"]}
{"query": "What year was the state tree selected?", "answer": "1908", "gold_docs": ["song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a \"state ballad\", \"Montana Melody\", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby. Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a"]}
{"query": "What is the state animal of Montana?", "answer": "grizzly bear", "gold_docs": ["state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2\u20131 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the"]}
{"query": "What is the state fossil", "answer": "Maiasaura", "gold_docs": ["\"Maiasaura\" as the state fossil in 1985. Various community civic groups also played a role in selecting the state grass and the state gemstones. When broadcaster Norma Ashby discovered there was no state fish, she initiated a drive via her television show, \"Today in Montana\", and an informal citizen's election to select a state fish resulted in a win for the blackspotted cutthroat trout after hot competition from the Arctic grayling. The legislature in turn adopted this recommendation by a wide margin. Montana Montana () is a state in the Northwestern United States. Montana has several nicknames, although none are"]}
{"query": "When was the state song composed?", "answer": "1910", "gold_docs": ["troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the \"Butte Miner\" newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new"]}
{"query": "What does Montana's motto mean?", "answer": "\"Gold and Silver\"", "gold_docs": ["percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs. Montana's motto, \"Oro y Plata\", Spanish for \"Gold and Silver\", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864\u201365. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state"]}
{"query": "When was the motto adopted?", "answer": "1865", "gold_docs": ["percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs. Montana's motto, \"Oro y Plata\", Spanish for \"Gold and Silver\", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864\u201365. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state"]}
{"query": "WHen was the state flower adopted?", "answer": "1895", "gold_docs": ["and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the Bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, \"Montana Lullaby\", adopted in 2007. The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical"]}
{"query": "What is the state flower for Montana?", "answer": "bitterroot", "gold_docs": ["and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the Bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, \"Montana Lullaby\", adopted in 2007. The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical"]}
{"query": "How much of the states population does the \"Big 7\" have?", "answer": "35 percent", "gold_docs": ["Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the \"big 7\" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th or lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62"]}
{"query": "How many counties does Montana have?", "answer": "56", "gold_docs": ["average during the 2000s, but it failed to regain its second seat in 2010. Like all other states, Montana has two senators. Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 \"places\", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical"]}
{"query": "What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?", "answer": "Billings", "gold_docs": ["average during the 2000s, but it failed to regain its second seat in 2010. Like all other states, Montana has two senators. Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 \"places\", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical"]}
{"query": "What two cities have a population over 50,000?", "answer": "Missoula and Great Falls", "gold_docs": ["average during the 2000s, but it failed to regain its second seat in 2010. Like all other states, Montana has two senators. Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 \"places\", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical"]}
{"query": "Where does the state's name mean?", "answer": "\"mountain\"", "gold_docs": ["Flathead Lake, Big Sky Resort, and other attractions. The name Montana comes from the Spanish word \"Monta\u00f1a,\" which in turn comes from the Latin word \"Montanea\", meaning \"mountain\", or more broadly, \"mountainous country\". \"Monta\u00f1a del Norte\" was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F."]}
{"query": "What did the Spanish call this region?", "answer": "Monta\u00f1a del Norte", "gold_docs": ["Flathead Lake, Big Sky Resort, and other attractions. The name Montana comes from the Spanish word \"Monta\u00f1a,\" which in turn comes from the Latin word \"Montanea\", meaning \"mountain\", or more broadly, \"mountainous country\". \"Monta\u00f1a del Norte\" was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F."]}
{"query": "What state does Montana border to the south?", "answer": "Wyoming", "gold_docs": ["the original name of Montana was adopted. Montana is one of the nine Mountain States, located in the north of the region known as the Western United States. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east. Wyoming is to the south, Idaho is to the west and southwest, and three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, are to the north. With an area of , Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; it is the largest landlocked U.S. state. The state's topography is"]}
{"query": "What state does it border to the west?", "answer": "Idaho", "gold_docs": ["the original name of Montana was adopted. Montana is one of the nine Mountain States, located in the north of the region known as the Western United States. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east. Wyoming is to the south, Idaho is to the west and southwest, and three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, are to the north. With an area of , Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; it is the largest landlocked U.S. state. The state's topography is"]}
{"query": "How much of the state is prarie?", "answer": "About 60 percent", "gold_docs": ["roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the state's western half, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the state's south-central part are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the state's north-central portion, and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of"]}
{"query": "Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?", "answer": "north", "gold_docs": ["Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay. East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the state's southern part, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains"]}
{"query": "Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?", "answer": "Hudson Bay.", "gold_docs": ["Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay. East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the state's southern part, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains"]}
{"query": "What is thie highest point in the state?", "answer": "Granite Peak", "gold_docs": ["and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over high in the continental United States. It contains the state's highest point, Granite Peak, high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains. Between many mountain ranges are rich river valleys. The Big Hole Valley, Bitterroot Valley, Gallatin Valley, Flathead Valley, and Paradise Valley have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation. East and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated Northern"]}
{"query": "How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["albeit by a narrow margin of two percent. At the state level, the pattern of split-ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as one of the five statewide offices (Governor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2017,"]}
{"query": "What is the split in the State House of Representatives?", "answer": "59 to 41.", "gold_docs": ["controlled by the Republicans 32 to 18, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41. Historically, Republicans are strongest in the east, while Democrats are strongest in the west. Montana currently has only one representative in the U.S. House, having lost its second district in the 1990 census reapportionment. Montana's single congressional district holds the largest population of any district in the country, which means its one member in the House of Representatives represents more people than any other member of the U.S. House (see List of U.S. states by population). Montana's population grew at about the national"]}
{"query": "In elections, what is Montana considered?", "answer": "a swing state", "gold_docs": ["until the 2004 reapportionment produced more swing districts and a brief period of Democratic legislative majorities in the mid-2000s. In more recent presidential elections, Montana has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Republican presidents 40 percent of the time. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain,"]}
{"query": "What year was the last Democrat for president supported?", "answer": "1992", "gold_docs": ["until the 2004 reapportionment produced more swing districts and a brief period of Democratic legislative majorities in the mid-2000s. In more recent presidential elections, Montana has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Republican presidents 40 percent of the time. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain,"]}
{"query": "How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?", "answer": "40 percent", "gold_docs": ["until the 2004 reapportionment produced more swing districts and a brief period of Democratic legislative majorities in the mid-2000s. In more recent presidential elections, Montana has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Republican presidents 40 percent of the time. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain,"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?", "answer": "Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport", "gold_docs": ["Park, Browning, Cut Bank, Shelby, Havre, Malta, Glasgow, and Wolf Point. Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program. Historically, U.S. Route 10 was the primary east-west highway route across Montana, connecting the major cities in the southern half of the"]}
{"query": "When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["Park, Browning, Cut Bank, Shelby, Havre, Malta, Glasgow, and Wolf Point. Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program. Historically, U.S. Route 10 was the primary east-west highway route across Montana, connecting the major cities in the southern half of the"]}
{"query": "What is the states largest railway?", "answer": "BNSF Railway", "gold_docs": ["\"Missoulian\" (25,439). Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana. In addition, Amtrak's \"Empire Builder\" train runs through the north of the state, stopping in Libby, Whitefish, West Glacier, Essex, East Glacier"]}
{"query": "How long have railroads been important since in Montana", "answer": "1880s", "gold_docs": ["\"Missoulian\" (25,439). Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana. In addition, Amtrak's \"Empire Builder\" train runs through the north of the state, stopping in Libby, Whitefish, West Glacier, Essex, East Glacier"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?", "answer": "Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation", "gold_docs": ["in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state. Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and"]}
{"query": "What season is black bear hunting allowed?", "answer": "spring", "gold_docs": ["in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state. Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and"]}
{"query": "Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?", "answer": "1930s", "gold_docs": ["C\"\u2014high schools to utilize six-man football teams, dramatized in the independent 2002 film, \"The Slaughter Rule\". There are junior ice hockey teams in Montana, four of which are affiliated with the North American 3 Hockey League: the Bozeman Icedogs, Great Falls Americans, Helena Bighorns, and Missoula Jr. Bruins. Montanans have been a part of several major sporting achievements: Montana provides year-round outdoor recreation opportunities for residents and visitors. Hiking, fishing, hunting, watercraft recreation, camping, golf, cycling, horseback riding, and skiing are popular activities. Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several"]}
{"query": "What fishing organization has its home here?", "answer": "Federation of Fly Fishers", "gold_docs": ["species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, \"A River Runs Through It\", was filmed"]}
{"query": "What type of fisheries does the state have?", "answer": "trout and kokanee salmon fisheries", "gold_docs": ["species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, \"A River Runs Through It\", was filmed"]}
{"query": "What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?", "answer": "A River Runs Through It", "gold_docs": ["species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, \"A River Runs Through It\", was filmed"]}
{"query": "When was the Montana Territory formed?", "answer": "April 26, 1864", "gold_docs": ["amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions\u2014city and county government, school districts and others. As of June 2015, the state's unemployment rate is 3.9 percent. The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area."]}
{"query": "When was the first formal school on record?", "answer": "1862", "gold_docs": ["The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to"]}
{"query": "How much were students charged per week?", "answer": "$1.75", "gold_docs": ["The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to"]}
{"query": "When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?", "answer": "1886", "gold_docs": ["levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified"]}
{"query": "What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?", "answer": "Hudson Bay", "gold_docs": ["rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park. West of the divide, the Clark Fork of the Columbia (not to be confused with the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River) rises near Butte and flows northwest to Missoula, where it is joined by the Blackfoot River and Bitterroot River. Farther downstream, it is joined by the Flathead River before entering Idaho near Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River forms the outflow of Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River joined the Columbia River, which"]}
{"query": "Where do the watersheds divide at?", "answer": "Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.", "gold_docs": ["rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park. West of the divide, the Clark Fork of the Columbia (not to be confused with the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River) rises near Butte and flows northwest to Missoula, where it is joined by the Blackfoot River and Bitterroot River. Farther downstream, it is joined by the Flathead River before entering Idaho near Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River forms the outflow of Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River joined the Columbia River, which"]}
{"query": "Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?", "answer": "Three Forks", "gold_docs": ["flows to the Pacific Ocean\u2014making the long Clark Fork/Pend Oreille (considered a single river system) the longest river in the Rocky Mountains. The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state. The Kootenai River in northwest Montana is another major tributary of the Columbia. East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and"]}
{"query": "Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?", "answer": "North Dakota", "gold_docs": ["through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (). Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the Smith, Milk, Marias, Judith, and Musselshell Rivers. Montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world's shortest river, the Roe River, just outside Great Falls. Through the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?", "answer": "Flathead Lake", "gold_docs": ["Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico. Major tributaries of the Yellowstone include the Boulder, Stillwater, Clarks Fork, Bighorn, Tongue, and Powder Rivers. The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak, causing the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay. There are some 3,000 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?", "answer": "Fort Peck Reservoir", "gold_docs": ["Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River. Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch,"]}
{"query": "How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?", "answer": "90", "gold_docs": ["spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state. Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana"]}
{"query": "How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?", "answer": "at least 17", "gold_docs": ["has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species\u2013black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep. Montana contains Glacier"]}
{"query": "How many tax brackets does Montana have?", "answer": "7", "gold_docs": ["States in \"Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana\", 453 U.S. 609 (1981). Tourism is also important to the economy with over ten million visitors a year to Glacier National Park, Flathead Lake, the Missouri River headwaters, the site of the Battle of Little Bighorn and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park. Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The"]}
{"query": "What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?", "answer": "6.9 percent", "gold_docs": ["States in \"Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana\", 453 U.S. 609 (1981). Tourism is also important to the economy with over ten million visitors a year to Glacier National Park, Flathead Lake, the Missouri River headwaters, the site of the Battle of Little Bighorn and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park. Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The"]}
{"query": "Does Montana have a sales tax?", "answer": "no", "gold_docs": ["States in \"Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana\", 453 U.S. 609 (1981). Tourism is also important to the economy with over ten million visitors a year to Glacier National Park, Flathead Lake, the Missouri River headwaters, the site of the Battle of Little Bighorn and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park. Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The"]}
{"query": "About how many Native Americans live in Montana?", "answer": "Approximately 66,000", "gold_docs": ["LDS (Mormon) 5%, Jehovah's Witness 2%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Hindu 0.5% and Non-Religious at 20%. The largest denominations in Montana as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 127,612 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 46,484 adherents, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 38,665 adherents, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 27,370 adherents. Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven federally recognized tribal"]}
{"query": "When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?", "answer": "1851", "gold_docs": ["nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a \"landless\" people headquartered in Great Falls; it is recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1868) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine"]}
{"query": "What year was the Dawes act passed?", "answer": "1887", "gold_docs": ["LDS (Mormon) 5%, Jehovah's Witness 2%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Hindu 0.5% and Non-Religious at 20%. The largest denominations in Montana as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 127,612 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 46,484 adherents, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 38,665 adherents, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 27,370 adherents. Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven federally recognized tribal"]}
{"query": "Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?", "answer": "Great Falls", "gold_docs": ["and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities, with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small M\u00e9tis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana. Montana's Constitution specifically reads that \"the state recognizes the distinct and unique cultural heritage of the American Indians and is committed in its educational goals to"]}
{"query": "What was Helena originally founded as?", "answer": "a mining camp", "gold_docs": ["Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent. The Hutterites, an Anabaptist sect originally from Switzerland, settled here, and today Montana is second only to South Dakota in U.S. Hutterite population with several colonies spread across the state. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the state also saw"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?", "answer": "6.5 percent", "gold_docs": ["percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent). Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority:"]}
{"query": "What three counties are Native Americans a majority?", "answer": "Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt", "gold_docs": ["Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings"]}
{"query": "Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%", "answer": "1980 and 1990", "gold_docs": ["Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings"]}
{"query": "In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles, but these are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done"]}
{"query": "What month was the hottest ever recorded?", "answer": "July", "gold_docs": ["to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles, but these are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done"]}
{"query": "What problem has substantially increased in its severity?", "answer": "forest fires", "gold_docs": ["to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles, but these are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done"]}
{"query": "What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?", "answer": "1855", "gold_docs": ["Society, founded on February 2, 1865, in Virginia City is the oldest such institution west of the Mississippi (excluding Louisiana). In 1869 and 1870 respectively, the Cook\u2013Folsom\u2013Peterson and the Washburn\u2013Langford\u2013Doane Expeditions were launched from Helena into the Upper Yellowstone region and directly led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872. As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people"]}
{"query": "Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?", "answer": "Isaac Stevens", "gold_docs": ["Society, founded on February 2, 1865, in Virginia City is the oldest such institution west of the Mississippi (excluding Louisiana). In 1869 and 1870 respectively, the Cook\u2013Folsom\u2013Peterson and the Washburn\u2013Langford\u2013Doane Expeditions were launched from Helena into the Upper Yellowstone region and directly led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872. As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people"]}
{"query": "What year was the treaty ratified?", "answer": "1859", "gold_docs": ["of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891. The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were"]}
{"query": "What did the treaty establish?", "answer": "Flathead Indian Reservation", "gold_docs": ["of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891. The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first US Army post?", "answer": "Camp Cooke", "gold_docs": ["of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891. The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were"]}
{"query": "Where was Camp Cooke situated?", "answer": "on the Missouri River", "gold_docs": ["of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891. The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were"]}
{"query": "What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?", "answer": "1877", "gold_docs": ["established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in"]}
{"query": "What is the official language of Montana?", "answer": "English", "gold_docs": ["and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent). According to the Pew Forum, the religious affiliations of the people of Montana are as follows: Protestant 47%, Catholic 23%,"]}
{"query": "What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?", "answer": "Spanish", "gold_docs": ["and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent). According to the Pew Forum, the religious affiliations of the people of Montana are as follows: Protestant 47%, Catholic 23%,"]}
{"query": "How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?", "answer": "13,040", "gold_docs": ["were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota,"]}
{"query": "What percent of the state is White?", "answer": "89.4 percent", "gold_docs": ["of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million population mark sometime between November and December 2011. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,005,141 on July 1, 2012, a 1.6 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census. According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5"]}
{"query": "What percent of the state is Native American Indian?", "answer": "6.3 percent", "gold_docs": ["of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million population mark sometime between November and December 2011. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,005,141 on July 1, 2012, a 1.6 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census. According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5"]}
{"query": "Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?", "answer": "2.9", "gold_docs": ["of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million population mark sometime between November and December 2011. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,005,141 on July 1, 2012, a 1.6 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census. According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5"]}
{"query": "What was the population of the state in 2015?", "answer": "1,032,949", "gold_docs": ["In late 1962 missiles assigned to the 341st Strategic Missile Wing would play a major role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. When the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba, President John F. Kennedy said the Soviets backed down because they knew he had an \"ace in the hole,\" referring directly to the Minuteman missiles in Montana. Montana eventually became home to the largest ICBM field in the U.S. covering . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 Census put"]}
{"query": "How much did the population increase since 2010?", "answer": "4.40%", "gold_docs": ["In late 1962 missiles assigned to the 341st Strategic Missile Wing would play a major role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. When the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba, President John F. Kennedy said the Soviets backed down because they knew he had an \"ace in the hole,\" referring directly to the Minuteman missiles in Montana. Montana eventually became home to the largest ICBM field in the U.S. covering . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 Census put"]}
{"query": "What county saw the largest growth?", "answer": "Gallatin County", "gold_docs": ["Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000\u20132010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000\u20132010. On January 3, 2012, the Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC) at the Montana Department"]}
{"query": "What city saw the largest growth?", "answer": "Kalispell", "gold_docs": ["Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000\u20132010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000\u20132010. On January 3, 2012, the Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC) at the Montana Department"]}
{"query": "What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?", "answer": "1917", "gold_docs": ["Congress. In 1941, as she had in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Hers was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, Rankin required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from \"peace churches\" who generally opposed war. Many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the U.S. were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties. During World War II, the planned battleship USS \"Montana\" was named in honor"]}
{"query": "When did she vote a second time against war?", "answer": "1941", "gold_docs": ["Congress. In 1941, as she had in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Hers was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, Rankin required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from \"peace churches\" who generally opposed war. Many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the U.S. were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties. During World War II, the planned battleship USS \"Montana\" was named in honor"]}
{"query": "About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?", "answer": "over 13 million", "gold_docs": ["the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations. Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained"]}
{"query": "In 1884 about how many bison remained?", "answer": "about 325", "gold_docs": ["the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations. Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained"]}
{"query": "Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?", "answer": "General Philip Sheridan", "gold_docs": ["the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations. Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained"]}
{"query": "What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?", "answer": "1875", "gold_docs": ["the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations. Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained"]}
{"query": "When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?", "answer": "1882", "gold_docs": ["Operated by the National Park Service, it is a working ranch. Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873, a financial crisis that delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874,"]}
{"query": "What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?", "answer": "1871, 1872 and 1873", "gold_docs": ["Operated by the National Park Service, it is a working ranch. Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873, a financial crisis that delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874,"]}
{"query": "What year was the Great White Sioux War?", "answer": "1876", "gold_docs": ["1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek. Tracks of the Great Northern Railroad (GNR) reached eastern Montana in 1887 and when they reached the northern Rocky Mountains in 1890, the GNR became a significant promoter of tourism to Glacier National Park region. The transcontinental GNR was completed on January 6, 1893, at Scenic, Washington. In 1881, the Utah and Northern Railway a branch line of the Union Pacific completed a narrow gauge line from northern Utah to Butte. A number of smaller spur lines"]}
{"query": "When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?", "answer": "1866", "gold_docs": ["operated in Montana from 1881 into the 20th century including the Oregon Short Line, Montana Railroad and Milwaukee Road. Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions"]}
{"query": "Why was this constitutional convention held?", "answer": "bid for statehood", "gold_docs": ["operated in Montana from 1881 into the 20th century including the Oregon Short Line, Montana Railroad and Milwaukee Road. Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions"]}
{"query": "When was the second constitutional convention held?", "answer": "1884", "gold_docs": ["operated in Montana from 1881 into the 20th century including the Oregon Short Line, Montana Railroad and Milwaukee Road. Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions"]}
{"query": "What year was Montana's statehood approved?", "answer": "1889", "gold_docs": ["were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city. The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and \"prove-up\" of federal land in the Midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from"]}
{"query": "What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?", "answer": "1862", "gold_docs": ["were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city. The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and \"prove-up\" of federal land in the Midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from"]}
{"query": "How much land did the Homestead Act allow?", "answer": "160 acres", "gold_docs": ["this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains. The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted to settlers"]}
{"query": "What year was the first homestead claim claimed?", "answer": "1868", "gold_docs": ["this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains. The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted to settlers"]}
{"query": "When was the Desert Land Act passed?", "answer": "1877", "gold_docs": ["this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains. The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted to settlers"]}
{"query": "How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?", "answer": "640 acres", "gold_docs": ["early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and"]}
{"query": "How much was the charge per acre at first?", "answer": "$.25", "gold_docs": ["for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers. In the"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?", "answer": "1902", "gold_docs": ["early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and"]}
{"query": "What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?", "answer": "1909", "gold_docs": ["early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and"]}
{"query": "How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?", "answer": "320 acres", "gold_docs": ["amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from 160 to 320 acres. Another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved, this time to 640 acres. Land-grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern Republicans before the Civil War, but had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by southern Democrats who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave-owners. The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress, but it was vetoed by President James"]}
{"query": "When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?", "answer": "1917", "gold_docs": ["post in the US. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased. In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and"]}
{"query": "When was the Sedition Act passed?", "answer": "1918", "gold_docs": ["post in the US. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased. In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and"]}
{"query": "What were these acts make do to laws?", "answer": "criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means", "gold_docs": ["post in the US. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased. In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and"]}
{"query": "How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?", "answer": "200", "gold_docs": ["post in the US. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased. In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and"]}
{"query": "How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?", "answer": "78", "gold_docs": ["the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act. The Montanans who opposed U.S. entry into the war included certain immigrant groups of German and Irish heritage as well as pacifist Anabaptist people such as the Hutterites and Mennonites, many of whom were also of Germanic heritage. In turn, pro-War groups formed, such as the Montana Council of Defense, created by Governor Samuel V. Stewart as well as local \"loyalty committees.\" War sentiment"]}
{"query": "How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?", "answer": "40,000-plus", "gold_docs": ["many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the"]}
{"query": "How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?", "answer": "over 57,000", "gold_docs": ["many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the"]}
{"query": "About how many Montanans  died in the war?", "answer": "At least 1500", "gold_docs": ["many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the"]}
{"query": "Where were air bases built in Montana?", "answer": "Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow", "gold_docs": ["training ground for the First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\" a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese Fu-Go balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them. In 1940, Jeannette Rankin was again elected to"]}
{"query": "In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?", "answer": "entire human groups", "gold_docs": ["I \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)\" that Genocide had been committed. In \"Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Appeals Chamber \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)\" paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of \"in part\" and found that \"the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole.\" The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other"]}
{"query": "In addressing the issue of \"in part,\" the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?", "answer": "that group", "gold_docs": ["I \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)\" that Genocide had been committed. In \"Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Appeals Chamber \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)\" paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of \"in part\" and found that \"the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole.\" The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other"]}
{"query": "Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?", "answer": "\"in whole or in part\"", "gold_docs": ["municipal laws, and that \"There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide.\" In the case of \"Onesphore Rwabukombe\", the German Supreme Court adhered to its previous judgement, and did not follow the narrow interpretation of the ICTY and the ICJ. The phrase \"in whole or in part\" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in \"Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Trial Chamber"]}
{"query": "What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?", "answer": "Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic", "gold_docs": ["I \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)\" that Genocide had been committed. In \"Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Appeals Chamber \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)\" paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of \"in part\" and found that \"the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole.\" The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other"]}
{"query": "Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?", "answer": "opinions of respected commentators", "gold_docs": ["cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion. The judges continue in paragraph 12, \"The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition"]}
{"query": "Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?", "answer": "that biological-physical destruction was necessary", "gold_docs": ["intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide. In the same judgement, the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts. It noted that the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation (that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide). The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany (which had taken a broad view), that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention states'"]}
{"query": "A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?", "answer": "the type of group destruction", "gold_docs": ["municipal laws, and that \"There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide.\" In the case of \"Onesphore Rwabukombe\", the German Supreme Court adhered to its previous judgement, and did not follow the narrow interpretation of the ICTY and the ICJ. The phrase \"in whole or in part\" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in \"Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Trial Chamber"]}
{"query": "Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?", "answer": "Germany", "gold_docs": ["intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide. In the same judgement, the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts. It noted that the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation (that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide). The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany (which had taken a broad view), that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention states'"]}
{"query": "In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?", "answer": "the judgements of several international and municipal courts", "gold_docs": ["intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide. In the same judgement, the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts. It noted that the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation (that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide). The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany (which had taken a broad view), that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention states'"]}
{"query": "In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? ", "answer": "the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", "gold_docs": ["sponsor the resolution. With the support of the United States, the resolution was placed before the General Assembly for consideration. The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was formally presented and adopted on December 9, 1948. In 1951, Lemkin only partially achieved his goal when the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide came into force, after the 20th nation had ratified the treaty. Lemkin's broader concerns over genocide, as set out in his \"Axis Rule\", also embraced what may be considered as non-physical, namely, psychological acts of genocide. The book"]}
{"query": "In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? ", "answer": "Nazi Germany", "gold_docs": ["He dedicated his life to mobilizing the international community, to work together to prevent the occurrence of such events. In a 1949 interview, Lemkin said \"I became interested in genocide because it happened so many times. It happened to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, Hitler took action.\" After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that \"affirmed\" that genocide"]}
{"query": "Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?", "answer": "Lemkin", "gold_docs": ["He dedicated his life to mobilizing the international community, to work together to prevent the occurrence of such events. In a 1949 interview, Lemkin said \"I became interested in genocide because it happened so many times. It happened to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, Hitler took action.\" After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that \"affirmed\" that genocide"]}
{"query": "Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?", "answer": "United Nations General Assembly", "gold_docs": ["He dedicated his life to mobilizing the international community, to work together to prevent the occurrence of such events. In a 1949 interview, Lemkin said \"I became interested in genocide because it happened so many times. It happened to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, Hitler took action.\" After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that \"affirmed\" that genocide"]}
{"query": "Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?", "answer": "political killings", "gold_docs": ["adopted by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which established the International Criminal Court (ICC). Article II of the Convention defines genocide as: The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own mass killings. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic"]}
{"query": "What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?", "answer": "USSR", "gold_docs": ["adopted by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which established the International Criminal Court (ICC). Article II of the Convention defines genocide as: The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own mass killings. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic"]}
{"query": "Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?", "answer": "William Schabas", "gold_docs": ["politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: \"Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin's vision of"]}
{"query": "Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?", "answer": "majority of legal scholars", "gold_docs": ["the nature of the crime of genocide.\" The convention's purpose and scope was later described by the United Nations Security Council as follows: In 2007, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) noted in its judgement on \"Jorgic v. Germany\" case that, in 1992, the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that \"intent to destroy\" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group, and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view, and did not consider biological-physical destruction to be necessary, as the"]}
{"query": "What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?", "answer": "national, racial, religious or ethnic", "gold_docs": ["intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide. In the same judgement, the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts. It noted that the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation (that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide). The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany (which had taken a broad view), that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention states'"]}
{"query": "In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?", "answer": "Jorgic v. Germany", "gold_docs": ["the nature of the crime of genocide.\" The convention's purpose and scope was later described by the United Nations Security Council as follows: In 2007, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) noted in its judgement on \"Jorgic v. Germany\" case that, in 1992, the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that \"intent to destroy\" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group, and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view, and did not consider biological-physical destruction to be necessary, as the"]}
{"query": "What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?", "answer": "biological-physical", "gold_docs": ["the nature of the crime of genocide.\" The convention's purpose and scope was later described by the United Nations Security Council as follows: In 2007, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) noted in its judgement on \"Jorgic v. Germany\" case that, in 1992, the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that \"intent to destroy\" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group, and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view, and did not consider biological-physical destruction to be necessary, as the"]}
{"query": "Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word \"genocide\" used in an indictment scenario?", "answer": "as a descriptive term", "gold_docs": ["the combination of the Greek prefix \"geno-\" (\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, meaning 'race' or 'people') and \"caedere\" (the Latin word for \"to kill\"). The word \"genocide\" was used in indictments at the Nuremberg trials, held from 1945, but solely as a descriptive term, not yet as a formal legal term. According to Lemkin, genocide was \"a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure\". Lemkin defined genocide as follows: The preamble to the 1948 Genocide"]}
{"query": "What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?", "answer": "Australian", "gold_docs": ["affections, identifications, and places of personal anchorage. The critic Vincent O'Sullivan writes, \"What one hears in his readings is the modest, confidant, international voice that drives his poems, the conversing of a man who, as ever, is on one road to find another.\" Jackson holds a Bachelor of Arts from Victoria University of Wellington, a Master of Arts (postgraduate) from the University of Auckland, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Cambridge University. Michael Jackson (anthropologist) Michael D. Jackson (born 1940) is a New Zealand poet and anthropologist who has taught in anthropology departments at Massey University, the Australian National University,"]}
{"query": "What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?", "answer": "language, culture, and economic infrastructure", "gold_docs": ["the combination of the Greek prefix \"geno-\" (\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, meaning 'race' or 'people') and \"caedere\" (the Latin word for \"to kill\"). The word \"genocide\" was used in indictments at the Nuremberg trials, held from 1945, but solely as a descriptive term, not yet as a formal legal term. According to Lemkin, genocide was \"a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure\". Lemkin defined genocide as follows: The preamble to the 1948 Genocide"]}
{"query": "In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?", "answer": "a crime", "gold_docs": ["was a crime under international law and enumerated examples of such events (but did not provide a full legal definition of the crime). In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the \"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide\" (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time. The \"CPPCG\" was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948 and came into effect on 12 January 1951 (Resolution 260 (III)). It contains an internationally recognized definition of genocide which has been incorporated into the national criminal legislation of many countries, and was also"]}
{"query": "What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?", "answer": "1648", "gold_docs": ["European issues of the time. Scholars of international relations have identified the Peace of Westphalia as the origin of principles crucial to modern international relations, including the inviolability of borders and non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states. This system became known in the literature as Westphalian sovereignty. Although scholars have challenged the association with the Peace of Westphalia, the debate is still structured around the concept of Westphalian sovereignty. Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia () was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabr\u00fcck and M\u00fcnster, largely"]}
{"query": "When was the word \"genocide\" first used?", "answer": "1944", "gold_docs": ["up to 2008. Before 1944, various terms, including \"massacre\", \"crimes against humanity\", and \"extermination\" were used to describe intentional, systematic killings. In 1941, Winston Churchill, when describing the German invasion of the Soviet Union, spoke of \"a crime without a name\". In 1944, Raphael Lemkin created the term \"genocide\" in his book \"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe\". The book describes the implementation of Nazi policies in occupied Europe, and cites earlier mass killings. The term described the systematic destruction of a nation or people, and the word was quickly adopted by many in the international community. The word \"genocide\" is"]}
{"query": "Who coined the term \"genocide\"?", "answer": "Raphael Lemkin", "gold_docs": ["up to 2008. Before 1944, various terms, including \"massacre\", \"crimes against humanity\", and \"extermination\" were used to describe intentional, systematic killings. In 1941, Winston Churchill, when describing the German invasion of the Soviet Union, spoke of \"a crime without a name\". In 1944, Raphael Lemkin created the term \"genocide\" in his book \"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe\". The book describes the implementation of Nazi policies in occupied Europe, and cites earlier mass killings. The term described the systematic destruction of a nation or people, and the word was quickly adopted by many in the international community. The word \"genocide\" is"]}
{"query": "Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?", "answer": "Winston Churchill", "gold_docs": ["up to 2008. Before 1944, various terms, including \"massacre\", \"crimes against humanity\", and \"extermination\" were used to describe intentional, systematic killings. In 1941, Winston Churchill, when describing the German invasion of the Soviet Union, spoke of \"a crime without a name\". In 1944, Raphael Lemkin created the term \"genocide\" in his book \"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe\". The book describes the implementation of Nazi policies in occupied Europe, and cites earlier mass killings. The term described the systematic destruction of a nation or people, and the word was quickly adopted by many in the international community. The word \"genocide\" is"]}
{"query": "The word \"genocide\" was unknown until what year?", "answer": "1944", "gold_docs": ["up to 2008. Before 1944, various terms, including \"massacre\", \"crimes against humanity\", and \"extermination\" were used to describe intentional, systematic killings. In 1941, Winston Churchill, when describing the German invasion of the Soviet Union, spoke of \"a crime without a name\". In 1944, Raphael Lemkin created the term \"genocide\" in his book \"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe\". The book describes the implementation of Nazi policies in occupied Europe, and cites earlier mass killings. The term described the systematic destruction of a nation or people, and the word was quickly adopted by many in the international community. The word \"genocide\" is"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as \"genocide?\" ", "answer": "Raphael Lemkin", "gold_docs": ["up to 2008. Before 1944, various terms, including \"massacre\", \"crimes against humanity\", and \"extermination\" were used to describe intentional, systematic killings. In 1941, Winston Churchill, when describing the German invasion of the Soviet Union, spoke of \"a crime without a name\". In 1944, Raphael Lemkin created the term \"genocide\" in his book \"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe\". The book describes the implementation of Nazi policies in occupied Europe, and cites earlier mass killings. The term described the systematic destruction of a nation or people, and the word was quickly adopted by many in the international community. The word \"genocide\" is"]}
{"query": "Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?  ", "answer": "when the targeted part is substantial enough", "gold_docs": ["cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion. The judges continue in paragraph 12, \"The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition"]}
{"query": "What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? ", "answer": "The numeric size", "gold_docs": ["cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion. The judges continue in paragraph 12, \"The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition"]}
{"query": "The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?", "answer": "absolute terms", "gold_docs": ["cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion. The judges continue in paragraph 12, \"The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition"]}
{"query": "The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? ", "answer": "perpetrators' access to the victims", "gold_docs": ["to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute].\" In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: \"The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators' activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be"]}
{"query": "What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? ", "answer": "historical examples of genocide", "gold_docs": ["to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute].\" In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: \"The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators' activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be"]}
{"query": "What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?", "answer": "the opportunity presented to him", "gold_docs": ["considered. [...] The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\" The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970,"]}
{"query": "While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?", "answer": "inform the analysis", "gold_docs": ["considered. [...] The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\" The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970,"]}
{"query": "On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?", "answer": "12 January 1951", "gold_docs": ["considered. [...] The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\" The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970,"]}
{"query": "What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? ", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["considered. [...] The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\" The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970,"]}
{"query": "Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?", "answer": "only two", "gold_docs": ["considered. [...] The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\" The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970,"]}
{"query": "What member ratified in 1970?", "answer": "the United Kingdom", "gold_docs": ["considered. [...] The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\" The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970,"]}
{"query": "The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced. UN Security Council Resolution 1674, adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 28 April 2006, \"reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to"]}
{"query": "In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?", "answer": "a diplomatic compromise", "gold_docs": ["Report to monitor the implementation of the Genocide Convention, and require States to issue reports on their compliance with the convention (such as were incorporated into the United Nations Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture), would make the convention more effective. Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Bj\u00f6rnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack,"]}
{"query": "Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?", "answer": "a research tool", "gold_docs": ["Report to monitor the implementation of the Genocide Convention, and require States to issue reports on their compliance with the convention (such as were incorporated into the United Nations Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture), would make the convention more effective. Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Bj\u00f6rnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack,"]}
{"query": "What does the treaty possess that others lack?", "answer": "international legal credibility", "gold_docs": ["Report to monitor the implementation of the Genocide Convention, and require States to issue reports on their compliance with the convention (such as were incorporated into the United Nations Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture), would make the convention more effective. Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Bj\u00f6rnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack,"]}
{"query": "What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?", "answer": "Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson", "gold_docs": ["other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and"]}
{"query": "The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? ", "answer": "their focus", "gold_docs": ["other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and"]}
{"query": "What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?", "answer": "Frank Chalk", "gold_docs": ["other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and"]}
{"query": "With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?", "answer": "R. J. Rummel", "gold_docs": ["other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and"]}
{"query": "Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?", "answer": "Ted Gurr", "gold_docs": ["Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm. The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book \"The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979\u20131982\" argues that the international"]}
{"query": "Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?", "answer": "social and political groups", "gold_docs": ["Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm. The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book \"The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979\u20131982\" argues that the international"]}
{"query": "In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?", "answer": "The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response", "gold_docs": ["Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm. The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book \"The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979\u20131982\" argues that the international"]}
{"query": "Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?", "answer": "political groups", "gold_docs": ["definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: \"Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.\" In turn some states such as Ethiopia, France, and Spain include political groups as legitimate genocide victims in their anti-genocide laws. Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as \"the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which"]}
{"query": "In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?", "answer": "Genocide", "gold_docs": ["definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: \"Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.\" In turn some states such as Ethiopia, France, and Spain include political groups as legitimate genocide victims in their anti-genocide laws. Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as \"the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which"]}
{"query": "In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? ", "answer": "intends to destroy a group", "gold_docs": ["definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: \"Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.\" In turn some states such as Ethiopia, France, and Spain include political groups as legitimate genocide victims in their anti-genocide laws. Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as \"the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which"]}
{"query": "Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?", "answer": "policies", "gold_docs": ["definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: \"Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.\" In turn some states such as Ethiopia, France, and Spain include political groups as legitimate genocide victims in their anti-genocide laws. Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as \"the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which"]}
{"query": "Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?", "answer": "victimized groups", "gold_docs": ["result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ... [when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality\". Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don"]}
{"query": "What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?", "answer": "politicides", "gold_docs": ["result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ... [when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality\". Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don"]}
{"query": "Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?", "answer": "nationality", "gold_docs": ["result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ... [when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality\". Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don"]}
{"query": "What did Harff define as \"short-lived outbursts by mobs...?\"", "answer": "pogroms", "gold_docs": ["B. Kates, Jr. state that \"we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms', which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist'. If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses.\" According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the \"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide\" (CPPCG). This also"]}
{"query": "In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?", "answer": "murder by government", "gold_docs": ["B. Kates, Jr. state that \"we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms', which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist'. If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses.\" According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the \"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide\" (CPPCG). This also"]}
{"query": "The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?", "answer": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", "gold_docs": ["B. Kates, Jr. state that \"we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms', which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist'. If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses.\" According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the \"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide\" (CPPCG). This also"]}
{"query": "Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?", "answer": "eliminate the group", "gold_docs": ["includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning. Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide"]}
{"query": "In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?", "answer": "preventing births", "gold_docs": ["includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning. Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide"]}
{"query": "In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?", "answer": "Adrian Gallagher", "gold_docs": ["includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning. Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide"]}
{"query": "In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? ", "answer": "collective power", "gold_docs": ["as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide. All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of"]}
{"query": "Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?", "answer": "intent", "gold_docs": ["as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide. All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of"]}
{"query": "In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?", "answer": "destroyed", "gold_docs": ["as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide. All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of"]}
{"query": "Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?", "answer": "acts of genocide", "gold_docs": ["brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War. It is commonly accepted that, at least since World War II, genocide has been illegal under customary international law as a peremptory norm, as well as under conventional international law. Acts of genocide are generally difficult to establish for prosecution, because a chain of accountability must be established. International criminal courts and tribunals function primarily because the states involved are incapable or unwilling to prosecute crimes of this magnitude themselves. The Nazi leaders who were prosecuted shortly after World War II for taking part in the Holocaust, and other"]}
{"query": "During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?", "answer": "both in peace and wartime", "gold_docs": ["genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories\u2014namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia\u2014signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide"]}
{"query": "In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?", "answer": "no claim of genocide could be brought against them", "gold_docs": ["genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories\u2014namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia\u2014signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide"]}
{"query": "What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?", "answer": "the United States", "gold_docs": ["genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories\u2014namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia\u2014signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide"]}
{"query": "Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?", "answer": "Norway", "gold_docs": ["genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories\u2014namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia\u2014signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide"]}
{"query": "In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?", "answer": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", "gold_docs": ["mass murders, were charged under existing international laws, such as crimes against humanity, as the crime of \"genocide' was not formally defined until the 1948 \"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide\" (CPPCG). Nevertheless, the recently coined term appeared in the indictment of the Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that those charged had \"conducted deliberate and systematic genocide\u2014namely, the extermination of racial and national groups\u2014against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people, and national, racial or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, Gypsies and others.\" The"]}
{"query": "Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?", "answer": "humanity", "gold_docs": ["mass murders, were charged under existing international laws, such as crimes against humanity, as the crime of \"genocide' was not formally defined until the 1948 \"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide\" (CPPCG). Nevertheless, the recently coined term appeared in the indictment of the Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that those charged had \"conducted deliberate and systematic genocide\u2014namely, the extermination of racial and national groups\u2014against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people, and national, racial or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, Gypsies and others.\" The"]}
{"query": "After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?", "answer": "the Holocaust", "gold_docs": ["brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War. It is commonly accepted that, at least since World War II, genocide has been illegal under customary international law as a peremptory norm, as well as under conventional international law. Acts of genocide are generally difficult to establish for prosecution, because a chain of accountability must be established. International criminal courts and tribunals function primarily because the states involved are incapable or unwilling to prosecute crimes of this magnitude themselves. The Nazi leaders who were prosecuted shortly after World War II for taking part in the Holocaust, and other"]}
{"query": "Who is notable for coining the term \"Holocaust?\"", "answer": "Raphael Lemkin", "gold_docs": ["Genocide Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part. The hybrid word \"genocide\" is a combination of the Greek word \"g\u00e9nos\" (\"race, people\") and the Latin suffix \"-cide\" (\"act of killing\"). The United Nations Genocide Convention, which was established in 1948, defines genocide as \"acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group\". The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin in his 1944 book \"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe\"; it has been applied to the"]}
{"query": "Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?", "answer": "European Court of Human Rights", "gold_docs": ["Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war, as the Bosnian government had claimed. On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgi\u0107 against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century \"Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel"]}
{"query": "Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?", "answer": "the ICTY", "gold_docs": ["Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reus of genocide was met in Prijedor \"With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide\". About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after"]}
{"query": "In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?", "answer": "About 30", "gold_docs": ["Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reus of genocide was met in Prijedor \"With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide\". About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after"]}
{"query": "Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?", "answer": "several plea bargains", "gold_docs": ["several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krsti\u0107 and Drago Nikoli\u0107, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgi\u0107 lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb"]}
{"query": "Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?", "answer": "conspiracy to commit genocide", "gold_docs": ["several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krsti\u0107 and Drago Nikoli\u0107, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgi\u0107 lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb"]}
{"query": "Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?", "answer": "aiding and abetting genocide", "gold_docs": ["several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krsti\u0107 and Drago Nikoli\u0107, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgi\u0107 lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb"]}
{"query": "Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?", "answer": "German courts", "gold_docs": ["several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krsti\u0107 and Drago Nikoli\u0107, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgi\u0107 lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb"]}
{"query": "What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?", "answer": "He died", "gold_docs": ["security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions). Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107 on several charges including genocide. On 21 July"]}
{"query": "With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?", "answer": "Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107", "gold_docs": ["security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions). Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107 on several charges including genocide. On 21 July"]}
{"query": "Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?", "answer": "genocide or complicity in genocide", "gold_docs": ["security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions). Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107 on several charges including genocide. On 21 July"]}
{"query": "Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?", "answer": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107", "gold_docs": ["security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions). Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107 on several charges including genocide. On 21 July"]}
{"query": "What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?", "answer": "International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)", "gold_docs": ["2008, Karad\u017ei\u0107 was arrested in Belgrade, and later tried in The Hague accused of genocide among other crimes. On 24 March 2016, Karad\u017ei\u0107 was found guilty of genocide in Srebrenica, war crimes and crimes against humanity, 10 of the 11 charges in total, and sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment. Mladi\u0107 was arrested on 26 May 2011 in Lazarevo, Serbia, and was tried in The Hague. The verdict, delivered on 22 November 2017 found Mladi\u0107 guilty of 10 of the 11 charges, including genocide and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court"]}
{"query": "The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?", "answer": "April 1994", "gold_docs": ["under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. So far, the ICTR has finished nineteen trials and convicted twenty seven accused persons. On 14"]}
{"query": "the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?", "answer": "the Security Council of the United Nations", "gold_docs": ["under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. So far, the ICTR has finished nineteen trials and convicted twenty seven accused persons. On 14"]}
{"query": "The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?", "answer": "serious violations of the international law", "gold_docs": ["under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. So far, the ICTR has finished nineteen trials and convicted twenty seven accused persons. On 14"]}
{"query": "The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?", "answer": "Rwandan citizens", "gold_docs": ["under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. So far, the ICTR has finished nineteen trials and convicted twenty seven accused persons. On 14"]}
{"query": "What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?", "answer": "situation in Darfur", "gold_docs": ["much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a \"genocide\" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council has done so. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that \"the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of"]}
{"query": "In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?", "answer": "Colin Powell", "gold_docs": ["much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a \"genocide\" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council has done so. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that \"the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of"]}
{"query": "In front of which committee did Powell testify?", "answer": "the Senate Foreign Relations Committee", "gold_docs": ["much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a \"genocide\" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council has done so. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that \"the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of"]}
{"query": "What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?", "answer": "an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur", "gold_docs": ["much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a \"genocide\" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council has done so. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that \"the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of"]}
{"query": "Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?", "answer": "genocidal policy", "gold_docs": ["genocide.\" Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that \"The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.\" In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the"]}
{"query": "To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?", "answer": "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court", "gold_docs": ["genocide.\" Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that \"The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.\" In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the"]}
{"query": "China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?", "answer": "the United States", "gold_docs": ["Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide. In April 2007, the Judges of the ICC issued arrest warrants against the former Minister of State for the Interior, Ahmad Harun, and a Militia Janjaweed"]}
{"query": "In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?", "answer": "his fourth report", "gold_docs": ["Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide. In April 2007, the Judges of the ICC issued arrest warrants against the former Minister of State for the Interior, Ahmad Harun, and a Militia Janjaweed"]}
{"query": "What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?", "answer": "psychological and social", "gold_docs": ["be officially adding two new stages, Discrimination and Persecution, to his original theory, which would make for a 10-stage theory of genocide. In a paper for the Social Science Research Council Dirk Moses criticises the Stanton approach concluding: Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that"]}
{"query": "Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?", "answer": "Ervin Staub", "gold_docs": ["be officially adding two new stages, Discrimination and Persecution, to his original theory, which would make for a 10-stage theory of genocide. In a paper for the Social Science Research Council Dirk Moses criticises the Stanton approach concluding: Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that"]}
{"query": "A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?", "answer": "devaluation of the group", "gold_docs": ["group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research"]}
{"query": "What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?", "answer": "humanizing a devalued group", "gold_docs": ["group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research"]}
{"query": "What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?", "answer": "resistance of bacteria", "gold_docs": ["produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons. Since the first pioneering efforts of Howard Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to medicine has led to intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales. Following screening of antibacterials against a wide range of bacteria, production of the active compounds is carried out using fermentation, usually in strongly aerobic conditions. The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during"]}
{"query": "What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?", "answer": "evolution", "gold_docs": ["he voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, 1965 and 1968. Whitten later apologized for these votes, calling them a \"mistake\" caused by severe misjudgment. He voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1991. As a champion for industrial agriculture, he fought against the FDA's early 1970s recommendation of restricting the use of antibiotics in livestock. The FDA was under pressure to enact reforms similar to those in the United Kingdom to restrict antibiotics used as growth promoters. It has been well-established that sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in livestock cause the evolution of antibiotic resistance in dangerous"]}
{"query": "When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?", "answer": "1943", "gold_docs": ["Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck experiment The Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck experiment (1943) (also called the Fluctuation Test) demonstrates that in bacteria, genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection. Therefore, Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. Max Delbr\u00fcck and Salvador Luria won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in part for this work. By the 1940s the ideas of inheritance and mutation were generally accepted, though the role of DNA as the hereditary material had not yet been established. It was thought that bacteria"]}
{"query": "What does emergence of resistance reflect?", "answer": "evolutionary processes", "gold_docs": ["produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons. Since the first pioneering efforts of Howard Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to medicine has led to intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales. Following screening of antibacterials against a wide range of bacteria, production of the active compounds is carried out using fermentation, usually in strongly aerobic conditions. The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during"]}
{"query": "When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?", "answer": "1943", "gold_docs": ["antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains. Resistance may take the form"]}
{"query": "What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?", "answer": "concentration", "gold_docs": ["the EC (and similar statistics) will be a function of exposure time. The exact shape of this time function will depend upon the stressor (e.g., the specific toxicant), its mechanism of action, the organism exposed, etc. This time dependency hampers the comparison of potency or toxicity between compounds and between different organisms. EC50 Half maximal effective concentration (EC) refers to the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time. It is commonly used as a measure of a drug's potency. EC is expressed in molar units"]}
{"query": "What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?", "answer": "bacterial growth phase", "gold_docs": ["liver enzymes that break down the antibiotic compound. However, red wine with a high degree of polyphenols demonstrates in-vitro antibacterial properties. The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials"]}
{"query": "What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?", "answer": "division of bacterial cells", "gold_docs": ["liver enzymes that break down the antibiotic compound. However, red wine with a high degree of polyphenols demonstrates in-vitro antibacterial properties. The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials"]}
{"query": "What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?", "answer": "concentration", "gold_docs": ["the other. The potential at the inert electrode depends on the ratio of the activity of two substances (quinone-hydroquinone), and also the hydrogen ion concentration. The electrode half-reaction is: Hydroquinone \u2194 Quinone + 2H +2e Because the electrode half-reaction involves hydrogen ions, the electrode potential depends on the activity of hydrogen ions. From the Nernst equation: For practical pH measurement, a second pH independent reference electrode (such as a silver chloride electrode) is also used. This reference electrode does not respond to the pH. The difference between the potential of the two electrodes depends (primarily) on the activity of H"]}
{"query": "Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?", "answer": "penicillins and cephalosporins", "gold_docs": ["based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Protein synthesis inhibitors (macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. \"Narrow-spectrum\" antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as gram-negative or gram-positive, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year break in discovering new"]}
{"query": "Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?", "answer": "polymyxins", "gold_docs": ["disrupt both the outer and inner membranes. The hydrophobic tail is important in causing membrane damage, suggesting a detergent-like mode of action. Removal of the hydrophobic tail of polymyxin B yields polymyxin nonapeptide, which still binds to LPS, but no longer kills the bacterial cell. However, it still detectably increases the permeability of the bacterial cell wall to other antibiotics, indicating that it still causes some degree of membrane disorganization. Gram-negative bacteria can develop resistance to polymyxins through various modifications of the LPS structure that inhibit the binding of polymyxins to LPS. Antibiotic resistance to this drug has been increasing,"]}
{"query": "Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?", "answer": "mechanism of action", "gold_docs": ["treat severe bacterial infections in patients who cannot use penicillin antibiotics. Lincomycin shows weak activity against most Gram-negative bacteria. The following represents susceptibility (MIC) data for a few pathogenic bacteria: Lincomycin Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomycete \"Streptomyces lincolnensis\". A related compound, clindamycin, is derived from lincomycin by using thionyl chloride to replace the 7-hydroxy group with a chlorine atom with inversion of chirality. It was released for medical use in September 1964. Although similar in structure, antibacterial spectrum, and mechanism of action to macrolides, lincomycin is also effective against other organisms including actinomycetes and some"]}
{"query": "What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?", "answer": "penicillins and cephalosporins", "gold_docs": ["for the determination of cell shape. It is relatively porous and is not considered to be a permeability barrier for small substrates. While all bacterial cell walls (with a few exceptions e.g. extracellular parasites such as \"Mycoplasma\") contain peptidoglycan, not all cell walls have the same overall structures. Since the cell wall is required for bacterial survival, but is absent in some eukaryotes, several antibiotics (notably the penicillins and cephalosporins) stop bacterial infections by interfering with cell wall synthesis, while having no effects on human cells which have no cell wall, only a cell membrane. There are two main types"]}
{"query": "What type of antibiotics include penicilin?", "answer": "beta-lactam antibiotics", "gold_docs": ["enzymes can hydrolyze all beta-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins, except for the carpabepenems. The first clinically observed ESBL enzymes were mutated versions of the narrow spectrum beta-lactamases, like TEM and SHV. Other ESBL enzymes originate outside of Enterobacteriaceae family, but have been spreading as well. In addition, since the plasmids that carry ESBL genes also commonly encode resistance determinants for many other antibiotics, ESBL strains are often resistant to many non-beta-lactam antibiotics as well, leaving very few options for the treatment. Carbapenemases represent type of ESBL which are able to hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics that are considered as the last-resort treatment for"]}
{"query": "What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?", "answer": "aminoglycosides", "gold_docs": ["classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin). With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus \"Penicillium\"), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials\u2014for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones\u2014are"]}
{"query": "How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?", "answer": "synthesis", "gold_docs": ["2-Oxazolidone 2-Oxazolidone is a heterocyclic organic compound containing both nitrogen and oxygen in a 5-membered ring. Oxazolidinones are a class of compounds containing 2-oxazolidone in the structure. In chemistry, they are useful as Evans auxiliaries, which are used for chiral synthesis. Usually, the acid chloride substrate reacts with the oxazolidinone to form an imide. Substituents at the 4 and 5 position of the oxazolidinone direct any aldol reaction to the alpha position of the carbonyl of the substrate. Oxazolidinones are mainly used as antimicrobials. The antibacterial effect of oxazolidinones is by working as protein synthesis inhibitors, targeting an early step"]}
{"query": "What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?", "answer": "penicillins", "gold_docs": ["Beta-lactamase Beta-lactamases are enzymes () produced by bacteria that provide multi-resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem), although carbapenems are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase provides antibiotic resistance by breaking the antibiotics' structure. These antibiotics all have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a \u03b2-lactam. Through hydrolysis, the lactamase enzyme breaks the \u03b2-lactam ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties. Beta-lactam antibiotics are typically used to treat a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Beta-lactamases produced by Gram-negative organisms are usually secreted, especially when antibiotics are present in"]}
{"query": "What is penicillins produced by?", "answer": "fungi", "gold_docs": ["related group of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics that are synthesized from small peptides. Although naturally occurring penicillins such as penicillin G (produced by \"Penicillium chrysogenum\") have a relatively narrow spectrum of biological activity, a wide range of other penicillins can be produced by chemical modification of the natural penicillins. Modern penicillins are semisynthetic compounds, obtained initially from fermentation cultures, but then structurally altered for specific desirable properties. Other antibiotics produced by fungi include: ciclosporin, commonly used as an immunosuppressant during transplant surgery; and fusidic acid, used to help control infection from methicillin-resistant \"Staphylococcus aureus\" bacteria. Widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment"]}
{"query": "What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?", "answer": "tuberculosis", "gold_docs": ["procedures as they arose. Artificial pneumothorax, for example, involved collapsing a diseased lung, which inhibited growth of tubercle bacilli. Patients survived on one lung while the damaged one healed. Then, in the 1940s, came antibiotics, which were so successful at killing the bacterium that tuberculosis was almost eradicated in the U.S. by the 1960s. As cases plummeted, tuberculosis hospitals began closing. After serving nearly 14,000 patients, the Minnesota Sanatorium was shuttered in 1962, eventually reopening as a nursing home. The facility was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It closed in 2008, and the state divided"]}
{"query": "What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'", "answer": "World Health Organization", "gold_docs": ["property of the microbe, not a person or other organism infected by a microbe. A World Health Organization (WHO) report released April 2014 stated, \"this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Antibiotic resistance\u2014when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections\u2014is now a major threat to public health.\" The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control calculated that in 2015 there were 671,689 infections in"]}
{"query": "In which century were antibiotics first introduced?", "answer": "20th century", "gold_docs": ["neurosyphilis became highly effective when antibiotics were introduced. There was not much advancement in neurosurgery until late 19th early 20th century, when electrodes were placed on the brain and superficial tumors were removed. Neurosurgery, or the premeditated incision into the head for pain relief, has been around for thousands of years, but notable advancements in neurosurgery have only come within the last hundred years. History of electrodes in the brain: In 1878 Richard Caton discovered that electrical signals transmitted through an animal's brain. In 1950 Dr. Jose Delgado invented the first electrode that was implanted in an animal's brain, using"]}
{"query": "What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??", "answer": "World Health Organization", "gold_docs": ["property of the microbe, not a person or other organism infected by a microbe. A World Health Organization (WHO) report released April 2014 stated, \"this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Antibiotic resistance\u2014when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections\u2014is now a major threat to public health.\" The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control calculated that in 2015 there were 671,689 infections in"]}
{"query": "In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?", "answer": "20th", "gold_docs": ["broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas nonantibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. However, both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. \"Antibacterials\" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed. Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. However, their effectiveness and"]}
{"query": "Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? ", "answer": "antibiotic resistance", "gold_docs": ["individual hospitals or laboratories. European data is from the EARS-Net (European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network), part of the ECDC. ResistanceMap is a website by the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy and provides data on antimicrobial resistance on a global level. Antibiotic stewardship programmes appear useful in reducing rates of antibiotic resistance. Excessive antibiotic use has become one of the top contributors to the development of antibiotic resistance. Since the beginning of the antibiotic era, antibiotics have been used to treat a wide range of disease. Overuse of antibiotics has become the primary cause of rising levels of antibiotic"]}
{"query": "What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?", "answer": "vaccination", "gold_docs": ["most common diseases are bilharziasis, leprosy, malaria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis and yaws. The Central African Republic is a yellow fever endemic zone country. The Pasteur Institute at Bangui cooperates actively with vaccination campaigns. All medicine, antibiotics, and vaccine imports must be authorized by the Ministry of Health. As of 1999, the immunization rates for children up to one year old were as follows: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 33 percent and measles, 39%. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Central African Republic is 850. This is compared with 1570.4 in 2008 and 1757.1 in 1990. The under 5 mortality"]}
{"query": "When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?", "answer": "20th century", "gold_docs": ["broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas nonantibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. However, both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. \"Antibacterials\" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed. Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. However, their effectiveness and"]}
{"query": "What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?", "answer": "develop resistance", "gold_docs": ["\u0392-lactam antibiotic \u03b2-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems. Most \u03b2-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics. Until 2003, when measured by sales, more than half of all commercially available antibiotics in use were \u03b2-lactam compounds. Bacteria often develop resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a \u03b2-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the \u03b2-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, \u03b2-lactam"]}
{"query": "What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?", "answer": "World Health Organization", "gold_docs": ["is protected. Indonesia has refused to share samples of H5N1 strains which have infected and killed its citizens until it receives assurances that it will have access to vaccines produced with those samples. So far, it has not received those assurances. However, in September 2009, The United States and France agreed to make 10 percent of their H1N1 vaccine supply available to other countries through the World Health Organization. There are two serious technical problems associated with the development of a vaccine against H5N1. The first problem is this: seasonal influenza vaccines require a single injection of 15 \u03bcg haemagluttinin"]}
{"query": "What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?", "answer": "tuberculosis", "gold_docs": ["developed, along with Joseph Slepian, the auto-valve lightning arrester, which is still in use. In 1923 he moved to J. N. Adam Memorial hospital in Perrysburg, N.Y., a tuberculosis sanitarium run by Buffalo's Public Health Department. Prior to the use of antibiotics, the primary treatment for tuberculosis was fresh air and sunshine. There was some evidence that sun tanning did help in the remission of the disease, but Perrysburg\u201440 miles south of Buffalo\u2014had very little sunshine in the winter. Therefore, O'Brien, as a physicist on staff, developed a carbon arcs with cored carbons that very closely matched the solar spectrum."]}
{"query": "Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?", "answer": "laboratory", "gold_docs": ["discomfort or modesty. In areas where Pap smear screening is not available or affordable, other methods of testing have been evaluated. Visual inspection of the cervix, using acetic acid (white vinegar; VIA) or Lugol\u2019s iodine (VILI) to highlight precancerous lesions so they can be viewed with the \"naked eye\", shifts the identification of precancer from the laboratory to the clinic. Such procedures eliminate the need for laboratories and transport of specimens, require very little equipment and provide women with immediate test results. A range of medical professionals\u2014doctors, nurses, or professional midwives\u2014can effectively perform the procedure, provided they receive adequate training"]}
{"query": "What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?", "answer": "fever and nausea", "gold_docs": ["approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a wide extent of adverse side effects ranging from mild to very severe depending on the type of antibiotic used, the microbes targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity or allergic reactions. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of"]}
{"query": "What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?", "answer": "yeast", "gold_docs": ["use. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as \"Clostridium difficile\". Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus \"Candida\" in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as the possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical"]}
{"query": "What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?", "answer": "a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid", "gold_docs": ["use. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as \"Clostridium difficile\". Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus \"Candida\" in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as the possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical"]}
{"query": "Name some side-effects?", "answer": "diarrhea", "gold_docs": ["the trials found a reduction in symptoms of vertigo and to a lesser extent tinnitus, but these effects may have been due to bias in study methodology. Betahistine is contraindicated for patients with pheochromocytoma. Patients with bronchial asthma or a history of peptic ulcer need to be closely monitored. Patients taking betahistine may experience following side effects: Betahistine may also cause several digestive-related side effects. The package insert for Serc, a trade name for betahistine, states that patients may experience several gastrointestinal side effects. These may include nausea, upset stomach, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramping. These symptoms are usually not"]}
{"query": "What can happen to vaginal flora?", "answer": "overgrowth of yeast", "gold_docs": ["use. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as \"Clostridium difficile\". Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus \"Candida\" in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as the possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical"]}
{"query": "What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?", "answer": "increased body mass", "gold_docs": ["use. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as \"Clostridium difficile\". Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus \"Candida\" in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as the possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical"]}
{"query": "When do intestinal microbiota develop?", "answer": "Early life", "gold_docs": ["strong support to these hypotheses., and on-going work in children with reference to many diseases, asthma, show the importance of early life microbiome perturbation in increasing risk. Recent studies provided evidence that the effects of antibiotic perturbation on the microbiota can be transmitted via the mother to the next generation, affecting both intestinal micro-ecology and disease manifestations. Blaser is the title author of a book for general audiences, \"Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics Is Fueling Our Modern Plagues\", about the degradation of internal microbial ecosystems of humans as a result of modern medical practices. Professional science writer Sandra"]}
{"query": "What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?", "answer": "about 1%", "gold_docs": ["obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy. There are few well controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure. The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do not interfere with birth control pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include non-compliance (missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disorders or interpatient variability in oral contraceptive absorption affecting ethinylestradiol serum"]}
{"query": "What do antibiotics interfere with?", "answer": "contraceptive pills", "gold_docs": ["obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy. There are few well controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure. The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do not interfere with birth control pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include non-compliance (missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disorders or interpatient variability in oral contraceptive absorption affecting ethinylestradiol serum"]}
{"query": "What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?", "answer": "about 1%", "gold_docs": ["obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy. There are few well controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure. The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do not interfere with birth control pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include non-compliance (missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disorders or interpatient variability in oral contraceptive absorption affecting ethinylestradiol serum"]}
{"query": "What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?", "answer": "extra contraceptive measures", "gold_docs": ["result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibiotics that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives. More studies on the possible interactions between antibiotics and birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are required as well as careful assessment of patient-specific risk factors for potential oral contractive pill failure prior to dismissing the need for backup contraception. Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While"]}
{"query": "What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?", "answer": "about 1%", "gold_docs": ["obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy. There are few well controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure. The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do not interfere with birth control pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include non-compliance (missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disorders or interpatient variability in oral contraceptive absorption affecting ethinylestradiol serum"]}
{"query": "What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?", "answer": "decreased effectiveness", "gold_docs": ["result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibiotics that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives. More studies on the possible interactions between antibiotics and birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are required as well as careful assessment of patient-specific risk factors for potential oral contractive pill failure prior to dismissing the need for backup contraception. Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While"]}
{"query": "Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?", "answer": "moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics", "gold_docs": ["moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics,with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole, cephamandole, latamoxef, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and furazolidone, cause a disulfiram-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the efficacy of doxycycline and erythromycin succinate may be reduced by alcohol consumption. Other effects of alcohol on antibiotic activity include altered activity of the"]}
{"query": "What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?", "answer": "decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy", "gold_docs": ["result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibiotics that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives. More studies on the possible interactions between antibiotics and birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are required as well as careful assessment of patient-specific risk factors for potential oral contractive pill failure prior to dismissing the need for backup contraception. Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While"]}
{"query": "What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?", "answer": "alcohol consumption", "gold_docs": ["moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics,with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole, cephamandole, latamoxef, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and furazolidone, cause a disulfiram-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the efficacy of doxycycline and erythromycin succinate may be reduced by alcohol consumption. Other effects of alcohol on antibiotic activity include altered activity of the"]}
{"query": "What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?", "answer": "alcohol", "gold_docs": ["moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics,with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole, cephamandole, latamoxef, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and furazolidone, cause a disulfiram-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the efficacy of doxycycline and erythromycin succinate may be reduced by alcohol consumption. Other effects of alcohol on antibiotic activity include altered activity of the"]}
{"query": "What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?", "answer": "Intrinsic antibacterial resistance", "gold_docs": ["show that both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance are ancient compounds and mechanisms. Useful antibiotic targets are those for which mutations negatively impact bacterial reproduction or viability. Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial"]}
{"query": "What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?", "answer": "antibacterial resistance genes", "gold_docs": ["resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well"]}
{"query": "What can be absent from the bacterial genome?", "answer": "antibiotic target", "gold_docs": ["show that both antibiotics and antibiotic resistance are ancient compounds and mechanisms. Useful antibiotic targets are those for which mutations negatively impact bacterial reproduction or viability. Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial"]}
{"query": "When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/", "answer": "vertical transmission", "gold_docs": ["resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well"]}
{"query": "What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?", "answer": "vertical transmission of mutations", "gold_docs": ["resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well"]}
{"query": "What do plasmids do in resistance?", "answer": "carry several different resistance genes", "gold_docs": ["resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well"]}
{"query": "What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?", "answer": "superbugs", "gold_docs": ["die every hour from multi-drug resistant bacterial infections in Thailand. That death rate is much higher than in Europe. The improper use of antibiotics for humans and livestock has led to the proliferation of drug-resistant microorganisms, creating new strains of \"superbugs\" that can be defeated only by \"last resort\" medicines with toxic side effects. In Thailand, antibiotics are freely available in pharmacies without a prescription and even in convenience stores. Unregulated use of antibiotics on livestock is also problematic. Drug-resistant bacteria spreads through direct contact between humans and farm animals, ingested meat, or the environment. Antibiotics are often used on"]}
{"query": "How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?", "answer": "half a million", "gold_docs": ["controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that \"most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections.\" On 26 May 2016 an E coli bacteria \"superbug\" was identified in the United States resistant to colistin, \"the"]}
{"query": "What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?", "answer": "MDR-TB", "gold_docs": ["of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first"]}
{"query": "What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?", "answer": "overuse of antibiotics", "gold_docs": ["Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found \"physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them\". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and"]}
{"query": "What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?", "answer": "failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage", "gold_docs": ["been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics. Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery."]}
{"query": "What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?", "answer": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment", "gold_docs": ["Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found \"physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them\". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and"]}
{"query": "What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?", "answer": "prescribe antibiotics", "gold_docs": ["prescribing them as they do not have time to explain why they are not necessary. Another cause can be physicians not knowing when to prescribe antibiotics or being overly cautious for medical or legal reasons. For example, 70 to 80 percent of diarrhea is caused by viral pathogens, for which antibiotics are not effective. But nevertheless, around 40 percent of these cases are attempted to be treated with antibiotics. In some areas even over 80 percent of such cases are attempted to be treated with antibiotics. Lower antibiotic concentration contributes to the increase of AMR by introducing more mutations that"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?", "answer": "US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance", "gold_docs": ["Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found \"physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them\". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and"]}
{"query": "When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is \"Keep Antibiotics Working\". In France, an \"Antibiotics are not automatic\" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (including"]}
{"query": "Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?", "answer": "S.742 and H.R. 2562", "gold_docs": ["the World Health Organization, the National Academy of Sciences, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) have advocated restricting the amount of antibiotic use in food animal production. However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed."]}
{"query": "When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?", "answer": "1977", "gold_docs": ["Lamont Farm Lamont Farm is based in Erskine, Renfrewshire. It is a city farm which is open to the public. Lamont Farm Project was founded in 1977 and opened in 1979 by local man Charlie Doran. The farm is a registered charity and is Scotland's first city farm. It is home to domesticated animals including llamas, sheep, pigs, horses, ponies, donkeys, ducks, rabbits, ferrets and other small furry animals and cats. The farm also has a small reptile enclosure for snakes, iguanas, terrapins and spiders. As the farm is a charity it depends on donations from the general public. Fundraising"]}
{"query": "When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?", "answer": "March 2012", "gold_docs": ["use are \"medically-important\" drugs that are also used in humans. The rest were drug classes like ionophores, which are not used in human medicine. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock that violated FDA regulations. On 11 April 2012 the FDA announced a voluntary program to phase out unsupervised use of drugs as feed additives and convert approved over-the-counter uses for antibiotics to prescription use only,"]}
{"query": "What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?", "answer": "medicinal folklore", "gold_docs": ["1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations. Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. The"]}
{"query": "Who came up with the term antibiosis?", "answer": "Jean Paul Vuillemin", "gold_docs": ["tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from \"B. brevis.\" It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during World War II and limited access during the Cold War. The term 'antibiosis', meaning \"against life\", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the"]}
{"query": "Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?", "answer": "Alexander Fleming", "gold_docs": ["a fermenter. The mold is grown in a liquid culture containing sugar and other nutrients including a source of nitrogen. As the mold grows, it uses up the sugar and starts to make penicillin only after using up most of the nutrients for growth. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 when Alexander Fleming's lab assistant accidentally left a window open overnight and mold spores covered his \"Staphylococcus\" bacterial specimens in a Petri dish. At first, Fleming was very irritated at the contamination, but as he was about to throw the specimens away, he noticed something interesting. He looked under the microscope"]}
{"query": "What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?", "answer": "penicillin", "gold_docs": ["bacteria when he noticed the spores of a green mold, \"Penicillium chrysogenum\", in one of his culture plates. He observed that the presence of the mold killed or prevented the growth of the bacteria. Fleming postulated that the mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, which he named penicillin in 1928. Fleming believed that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists. Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and"]}
{"query": "What company developed Prontosil?", "answer": "IG Farben", "gold_docs": ["antimicrobial drugs to use safely inside living bodies. Antibiotic drugs derived from microbes, which we rely on heavily today, did not yet exist. Prontosil was discovered in 1932 by a research team at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. The capitalized name \"Prontosil\" is Bayer's trade name; the nonproprietary names include sulfamidochryso\u00efdine, rubiazol, prontosil rubrum, prontosil flavum, aseptil rojo, streptocide, and sulfamidochryso\u00efdine hydrochloride. Because the drug predates the modern system of drug nomenclature, which ensures that nonproprietary names are well known from the inception of marketing, it was generally known among the public only by its"]}
{"query": "Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?", "answer": "Gerhard Domagk", "gold_docs": ["systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. The first sulfonamide, trade-named Prontosil, was a prodrug. Experiments with Prontosil began in 1932 in the laboratories of Bayer AG, at that time a component of the huge German chemical trust IG Farben. The Bayer team believed that coal-tar dyes which are able to bind preferentially to bacteria and parasites might be used to attack harmful organisms in the body. After years of fruitless trial-and-error work on hundreds of dyes, a team led by physician/researcher Gerhard Domagk (working under the general direction of Farben executive Heinrich H\u00f6rlein) finally found"]}
{"query": "What prize did Domagk get for his work?", "answer": "1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine", "gold_docs": ["in some meat broth. This was the first-ever cure of human disease with an antibiotic, and only gained public attention in 1983 when his medical notes were emerged by Prof Milton Wainwright in an office in Firth Court. Howard Florey was working as a professor of pathology from 1931 to 1935 at the city's university, and Paine's work gave impetus for Florey to work out how to purify penicillin, but it would be February 1941 before he treated his first patient. Prontosil, discovered by Gerhard Domagk (receiving the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine) at Bayer in Wuppertal, Germany in 1932,"]}
{"query": "When was tyrothricin created?", "answer": "1939", "gold_docs": ["identical to gramicidin S. In 1939, the American microbiologist Ren\u00e9 Dubos discovered the soil microbe \"Bacillus brevis\". He observed the ability of the microbe to decompose the capsule of pneumococcus bacterium, rendering it harmless. From the soil microbe \"B. brevis\", he isolated tyrothricin, which had a high toxicity to a large range of bacteria. Tyrothricin was later found to be a mixture of the peptides gramicidin and tyrocidine. These were observed to have toxic effects in red blood cells and reproductive cells in humans, however, if applied externally as an ointment tyrocidine could also be used as a potent antimicrobial"]}
{"query": "What was tyrothricin used for during the war?", "answer": "wounds and ulcers", "gold_docs": ["tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from \"B. brevis.\" It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during World War II and limited access during the Cold War. The term 'antibiosis', meaning \"against life\", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the"]}
{"query": "When was penicillin G first purified?", "answer": "1942", "gold_docs": ["Edward Abraham succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Abraham in 1942 and then later confirmed by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. (see below) The development of"]}
{"query": "When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?", "answer": "1945", "gold_docs": ["Edward Abraham succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Abraham in 1942 and then later confirmed by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. (see below) The development of"]}
{"query": "Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?", "answer": "Norman Heatley", "gold_docs": ["patients (one adult, the others infants) of eye infections, although a fifth patient was not so lucky. At Oxford, Howard Walter Florey organized a large and very skilled biochemical research team, notable among them Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley, to undertake clinical trials and produce a stable penicillin in quantity. In 1940, Chain and Edward Abraham reported the first indication of antibiotic resistance to penicillin, an \"E. coli\" strain that produced the penicillinase enzyme, which was capable of breaking down penicillin and completely negating its antibacterial effect. Between 1941 and 1943, Moyer, Coghill and Raper at the USDA Northern"]}
{"query": "When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?", "answer": "1945", "gold_docs": ["competitively inhibits the excretion of penicillin, increasing penicillin's concentration and prolonging its activity. Eventually, the advent of mass-production techniques and semi-synthetic penicillins resolved the supply issues, so this use of probenecid declined. Probenecid is still useful, however, for certain infections requiring particularly high concentrations of penicillins. After World War II, Australia was the first country to make the drug available for civilian use. In the U.S., penicillin was made available to the general public on March 15, 1945. The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Edward Abraham in 1942 and was later confirmed in 1945 using X-ray crystallography"]}
{"query": "What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?", "answer": "Phage therapy", "gold_docs": ["pathogenic bacterial infections. Phage therapy has many potential applications in human medicine as well as dentistry, veterinary science, and agriculture. Phage therapy relies on the use of naturally-occurring bacteriophages to infect and lyse bacteria at the site of infection in a host. Due to current advances in genetics and biotechnology these bacteriophages can possibly be manufactured to treat specific infections. Phages can be bioengineered to target multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, and their use involves the added benefit of preventing the elimination of beneficial bacteria in the human body. Phages destroy bacterial cell walls and membrane through the use of lytic proteins"]}
{"query": "How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["While no Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) antimicrobial breakpoints for \"Brachyspira\" have been established, resistance to the pleuromutilins tiamulin and valnemulin is considered at MIC \u2265 2 \u00b5g/ml. Resistance to pleuromutilins is important, because they are antibiotics of \"last resort\"; as of 2001, they were the only antibiotics with sufficient minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values left to treat swine dysentery in Sweden, per the National Veterinary Institute in Uppsala. Antibiotic resistance varies by geographic region and is not developing as rapidly in U.S. isolates as has been seen in isolates from other countries. Tiamulin resistance was first described in"]}
{"query": "How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["Car Assembly Manual by Gary Brizendine, 2004, published by GNB Motorsports LLC, How to assemble and improve any Lotus Seven or Locost sports car kit. Because of the Seven's relatively simple design, over 160 companies have offered replicas or Seven-type cars over the years. Such cars are often referred to as \"sevenesque\" or simply a \"seven\" or \"se7en\". Sometimes they are also called clubmans or \"locost\". Some examples are: Also see Lotus Seven The Lotus Seven is a small, simple, lightweight two-seater open-top sports car produced by the British manufacturer Lotus Cars (initially called Lotus Engineering) between 1957 and 1972."]}
{"query": "What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["establishment of antimicrobial stewardship programs and integration of good stewardship practices in every health care facility across the United States and is working to eliminate inappropriate uses of antibiotics in food, animals and other aspects of agriculture. In a followed up policy report released on April 17, 2013, titled \"10 X '20 Progress \u2013 Development of New Drugs Active Against Gram-Negative Bacilli: An Update From the Infectious Diseases Society of America\", IDSA expressed grave concern over the weak pipeline of antibiotics to combat the growing ability of bacteria, especially the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), to develop resistance to antibiotics. Since 2009,"]}
{"query": "Who regulates antibiotic approval?", "answer": "FDA", "gold_docs": ["David Graham (epidemiologist) David J. Graham is an American epidemiologist who is the Associate Director of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA)Office of Drug Safety. Graham has spent his career at the FDA studying the safety of drugs, many of them after approval using data from medical insurance companies. He claims successes in removing from the U.S. market the unsafe drugs Omniflox an antibiotic, Rezulin, a diabetes treatment, Fen-Phen and Redux, weight-loss drugs, and phenylpropanolamine, an over-the-counter decongestant, and in restricting the use of Trovan, an antibiotic, to use in hospitals. He also had a part in the removal of"]}
{"query": "What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?", "answer": "economic incentives", "gold_docs": ["Collaborations are formed between the regulatory bodies and pharmaceutical industry with funding and added incentives. The IDSA's prognosis for sustainable R&D infrastructure for antibiotics development will depend upon clarification of FDA regulatory clinical trial guidance which would facilitate the speedy approval of new drugs, and the appropriate economic incentives for the pharmaceuticals companies to invest in this endeavor. The IDSA recommends against long-term antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease, arguing that it is ineffective and potentially harmful. The American Academy of Neurology and National Institutes of Health similarly recommend against such treatment. However, a minority view holds that chronic Lyme disease"]}
{"query": "What are resistant bacteria called in the media?", "answer": "superbugs", "gold_docs": ["New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These include the antibiotics of the carbapenem family, which are a mainstay for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The gene for NDM-1 is one member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. Bacteria that produce carbapenemases are often referred to in the news media as \"superbugs\" because infections caused by them are difficult to treat. Such bacteria are usually susceptible only to polymyxins and tigecycline. NDM-1 was first detected in a \"Klebsiella"]}
{"query": "In what era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric active in?", "answer": "Romantic era", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "For what instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write primarily for?", "answer": "solo piano", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "In what area was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?", "answer": "Duchy of Warsaw", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric depart from Poland?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "What year was Chopin born?", "answer": "1810", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What era was Chopin active during?", "answer": "Romantic era", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin grow up?", "answer": "Warsaw", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "What instrument did he mostly compose for?", "answer": "solo piano", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "What was Chopin's full name?", "answer": "Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "Chopin was active during what era?", "answer": "Romantic era", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "In what year was Chopin born?", "answer": "1810", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "How old was Chopin when he left Poland?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "In what era of music did Chopin compose?", "answer": "Romantic", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin die?", "answer": "1849", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Paris?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "How many public performances was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric obtain citizenship in France?", "answer": "1835", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "In what area had Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most productive period of composition taken place?", "answer": "Majorca", "gold_docs": ["1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are"]}
{"query": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most likely cause of death?", "answer": "tuberculosis", "gold_docs": ["1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are"]}
{"query": "Where did he end up living when he was 21?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?", "answer": "Franz Liszt", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "What year did he gain citizenship in France?", "answer": "1835", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?", "answer": "Maria Wodzi\u0144ska", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "At what age did Chopin move to Paris?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?", "answer": "1835", "gold_docs": ["Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter\u2014in the last 18 years of his life\u2014he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska from 1836 to"]}
{"query": "In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?", "answer": "Jane Stirling", "gold_docs": ["1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are"]}
{"query": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "answer": "1835", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?", "answer": "Jane Stirling", "gold_docs": ["1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are"]}
{"query": "What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?", "answer": "tuberculosis", "gold_docs": ["1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are"]}
{"query": "What features marked Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's performance style and made them unique?", "answer": "nuance and sensitivity", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "What establishments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?", "answer": "Paris salons", "gold_docs": ["Huillard collaborated in building artists' workshops and buildings in Paris on the Rue Cassini, Boulevard Raspail and Boulevard du Montparnasse. In 1910 S\u00fce travelled with Paul Poiret to Vienna to visit the Wiener Werkst\u00e4tte. S\u00fce was exposed to cubism around 1910, and this influenced his architectural designs. He exhibited a complete room setting at the 1910 Salon d'Automne, and would participate in the Paris Salons through the rest of his career. S\u00fce and Huillard ended their partnership in 1912. S\u00fce joined other artists to create \"L'Atalier Fran\u00e7ais\", a cooperative business that borrowed organizational idea from the Wiener Werkst\u00e4tte. The members"]}
{"query": "What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?", "answer": "nuance and sensitivity", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?", "answer": "Polish", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?", "answer": "piano", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?", "answer": "Polish", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "Chopin's performances were known for what?", "answer": "nuance and sensitivity", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?", "answer": "piano", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?", "answer": "Polish", "gold_docs": ["for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental \"ballade\". His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris"]}
{"query": "In which era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?", "answer": "Romantic era", "gold_docs": ["salons of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical form, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period. Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his (indirect) association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres () west of Warsaw, in what was"]}
{"query": "In what forms of media has Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric been the subject of?", "answer": "films and biographies", "gold_docs": ["salons of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical form, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period. Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his (indirect) association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres () west of Warsaw, in what was"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Chopin is a native of what country?", "answer": "Poland", "gold_docs": ["Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving"]}
{"query": "Chopin is closely associated with what era?", "answer": "Romantic era", "gold_docs": ["salons of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical form, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period. Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his (indirect) association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres () west of Warsaw, in what was"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin create most of his works?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?", "answer": "Romantic era", "gold_docs": ["salons of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical form, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period. Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his (indirect) association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres () west of Warsaw, in what was"]}
{"query": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born on?", "answer": "22 February 1810", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?", "answer": "1 March", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin born?", "answer": "\u017belazowa Wola", "gold_docs": ["salons of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical form, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period. Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his (indirect) association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres () west of Warsaw, in what was"]}
{"query": "When was his birthday recorded as being?", "answer": "22 February 1810", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Chopin's given names in Latin are what?", "answer": "Fridericus Franciscus", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?", "answer": "Napoleon", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Chopin's birth is recorded as when?", "answer": "22 February 1810", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?", "answer": "1 March", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?", "answer": "Fridericus Franciscus", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?", "answer": "\u017belazowa Wola", "gold_docs": ["salons of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical form, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period. Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his (indirect) association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres () west of Warsaw, in what was"]}
{"query": "What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?", "answer": "Napoleon", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?", "answer": "Polish", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "What was the given name of Chopin's father?", "answer": "Nicolas", "gold_docs": ["Nicolas Chopin Nicolas Chopin (in ; 15 April 17713 May 1844) was a teacher of French language in Prussian- and Russian-ruled Poland, and father of Polish composer Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Nicolas Chopin was born in the village of Marainville-sur-Madon (Vosges department), in the province of Lorraine, France. He was the son of Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (9 November 1738, Ambacourt \u2013 31 January 1814, Marainville), a wheelwright and village administrator for Marainville, and Marguerite, \"n\u00e9e\" Deflin (1 February 1736, Diarville \u2013 21 August 1794, Marainville), an educator respected by her colleagues and students. Fran\u00e7ois and Marguerite were married on 17 January 1769. Nicolas"]}
{"query": "Chopin's father married who?", "answer": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska", "gold_docs": ["aristocrat in their homes. Nicolas was not \"well-born,\" so his position bespoke the substantial education and social graces that he had acquired during his previous seven years among his adoptive Polish compatriots. Nicolas spent the next several years at \u017belazowa Wola with Countess Ludwika Skarbek and her family (relatives of the \u0141\u0105czy\u0144skis), tutoring the four children. On 2 June 1806, he married a poor relative of the Skarbeks who lived with them and ran the household, Tekla Justyna Krzy\u017canowska (daughter of Jakub Krzy\u017canowski and Antonina, \"n\u00e9e\"' Ko\u0142omi\u0144ska, of D\u0142ugie in W\u0142oc\u0142awek County). Justyna's brother would be the father of W\u0142odzimierz"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Chopin's godfather?", "answer": "Fryderyk Skarbek", "gold_docs": ["of Chopin's poor health, and their relationship ended in 1837 (Chopin died in 1849). On 24 July 1841 she married J\u00f3zef Skarbek, a son of Fryderyk Skarbek, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin's godfather after whom Chopin was named. The couple later divorced. In 1848 she married her first husband's lessee, W\u0142adys\u0142aw Orpiszewski, and they had a son, but the boy died at age four. Her husband died in Florence in 1881, leaving her a widow. She spent the rest of her life in K\u0142\u00f3bka, Poland, at her niece J\u00f3zefa's. She was interred at K\u0142\u00f3bka, and her artistic and other effects remain at her"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?", "answer": "Ludwika", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?", "answer": "Lorraine", "gold_docs": ["Nicolas Chopin Nicolas Chopin (in ; 15 April 17713 May 1844) was a teacher of French language in Prussian- and Russian-ruled Poland, and father of Polish composer Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Nicolas Chopin was born in the village of Marainville-sur-Madon (Vosges department), in the province of Lorraine, France. He was the son of Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (9 November 1738, Ambacourt \u2013 31 January 1814, Marainville), a wheelwright and village administrator for Marainville, and Marguerite, \"n\u00e9e\" Deflin (1 February 1736, Diarville \u2013 21 August 1794, Marainville), an educator respected by her colleagues and students. Fran\u00e7ois and Marguerite were married on 17 January 1769. Nicolas"]}
{"query": "What is Chopin's older sister's name?", "answer": "Ludwika", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Warsaw with his family?", "answer": "October", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?", "answer": "the Palace grounds", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What two instruments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father play during this time?", "answer": "flute and violin", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?", "answer": "illnesses", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?", "answer": "October 1810", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?", "answer": "Warsaw Lyceum", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What instruments did Chopin's father play?", "answer": "flute and violin", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?", "answer": "piano", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?", "answer": "six months", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What language did Chopin's father teach?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "What two instruments did Chopin's father play?", "answer": "flute and violin", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?", "answer": "piano", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?", "answer": "Saxon Palace.", "gold_docs": ["then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form \"Fridericus Franciscus\" (in Polish, he was \"Fryderyk Franciszek\"). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March, which is now generally accepted as the correct date. In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The"]}
{"query": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first professional teacher in music?", "answer": "Wojciech \u017bywny", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "Which sister did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?", "answer": "Ludwika", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric start giving public concerts?", "answer": "7", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose during the year of 1817?", "answer": "two polonaises", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?", "answer": "Wojciech \u017bywny", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?", "answer": "Ludwika", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?", "answer": "7", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin compose his first work?", "answer": "1817", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?", "answer": "Wojciech \u017bywny", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?", "answer": "Ludwika", "gold_docs": ["father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses. Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public"]}
{"query": "How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?", "answer": "7", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?", "answer": "Warsaw University", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "What building was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's new home adjacent to?", "answer": "Kazimierz Palace", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "What palace was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?", "answer": "Belweder Palace", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "What short poem spoke of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's popularity as a child?", "answer": "Nasze Przebiegi", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?", "answer": "1817", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?", "answer": "Kazimierz Palace", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?", "answer": "Grand Duke Constantine", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?", "answer": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?", "answer": "Belweder Palace", "gold_docs": ["concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript. In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian"]}
{"query": "What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?", "answer": "Grand Duke Constantine", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?", "answer": "a march", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?", "answer": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "During what years did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?", "answer": "1823 to 1826", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?", "answer": "J\u00f3zef Elsner", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "Which tsar did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?", "answer": "Alexander I", "gold_docs": ["salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the \"aeolomelodicon\" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the \"aeolopantaleon\") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and"]}
{"query": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance that earned international esteem?", "answer": "10 June 1825", "gold_docs": ["salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the \"aeolomelodicon\" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the \"aeolopantaleon\") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and"]}
{"query": "Who taught Chopin to play the organ?", "answer": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?", "answer": "J\u00f3zef Elsner", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "answer": "diamond ring", "gold_docs": ["salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the \"aeolomelodicon\" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the \"aeolopantaleon\") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and"]}
{"query": "What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? ", "answer": "Rondo Op. 1", "gold_docs": ["salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the \"aeolomelodicon\" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the \"aeolopantaleon\") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and"]}
{"query": "Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?", "answer": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?", "answer": "J\u00f3zef Elsner", "gold_docs": ["Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"\"Nasze Przebiegi\"\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity. From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition. Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and"]}
{"query": "What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "answer": "a diamond ring.", "gold_docs": ["salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the \"aeolomelodicon\" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the \"aeolopantaleon\") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and"]}
{"query": "What is the title of his first commercially successful work?", "answer": "Rondo Op. 1.", "gold_docs": ["salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the \"aeolomelodicon\" (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the \"aeolopantaleon\") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and"]}
{"query": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?", "answer": "Dominik Dziewanowski", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "In which village did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric first experience rural Polish folk music?", "answer": "Szafarnia", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "To whom did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?", "answer": "his family", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write parodies of in his letters?", "answer": "Warsaw newspapers", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?", "answer": "Dominik Dziewanowski", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?", "answer": "Polish rural folk music", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?", "answer": "Dominik Dziewanowski", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?", "answer": "The Szafarnia Courier", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?", "answer": "Szafarnia", "gold_docs": ["earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig \"Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung\" praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\". During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales. In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's"]}
{"query": "During what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?", "answer": "1827", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What street did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?", "answer": "Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?", "answer": "a museum", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "Which artist created the first known portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "answer": "1830", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What was the Chopin family's business?", "answer": "boarding house for male students", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What artist painted the Chopin family?", "answer": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "answer": "1830", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?", "answer": "Chopin Family Parlour", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?", "answer": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?", "answer": "male", "gold_docs": ["literary gift. In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annexe of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie, where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830. Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (\"Salonik Chopin\u00f3w\") became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of"]}
{"query": "Of the individuals that became intimate with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's social environment in Paris?", "answer": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "Which singer was cited specifically as someone Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was attracted to?", "answer": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?", "answer": "Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?", "answer": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?", "answer": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?", "answer": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?", "answer": "Tytus Woyciechowski", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?", "answer": "Four", "gold_docs": ["the composer. Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (\"Larghetto\") of his Piano Concerto"]}
{"query": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit Berlin with in September 1828?", "answer": "Feliks Jarocki", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "Which opera director did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric see works of during his stay in Berlin?", "answer": "Gaspare Spontini", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?", "answer": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "What piece did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?", "answer": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin visit Berlin?", "answer": "September 1828", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?", "answer": "Feliks Jarocki", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?", "answer": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?", "answer": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?", "answer": "Feliks Jarocki", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?", "answer": "zoologist", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin return to Berlin?", "answer": "1829", "gold_docs": ["No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\" In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist."]}
{"query": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose after hearing Niccol\u00f2 Paganini perform on the violin?", "answer": "Souvenir de Paganini", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric make his first appearance in Vienna?", "answer": "August", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "How many piano concerts did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform in Vienna during this time?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?", "answer": "17 March 1830", "gold_docs": ["commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on \"L\u00e0 ci darem la mano\", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera \"Don Giovanni\") for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830. Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?", "answer": "Vienna", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?", "answer": "Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21", "gold_docs": ["commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on \"L\u00e0 ci darem la mano\", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera \"Don Giovanni\") for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830. Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin return to Warsaw?", "answer": "September 1829", "gold_docs": ["commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on \"L\u00e0 ci darem la mano\", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera \"Don Giovanni\") for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830. Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of"]}
{"query": "Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?", "answer": "accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists", "gold_docs": ["commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on \"L\u00e0 ci darem la mano\", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera \"Don Giovanni\") for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830. Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?", "answer": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?", "answer": "Vienna", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3. Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, \"Souvenir de Paganini\". It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some"]}
{"query": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric begin his journey into Western Europe?", "answer": "2 November 1830", "gold_docs": ["commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on \"L\u00e0 ci darem la mano\", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera \"Don Giovanni\") for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830. Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of"]}
{"query": "Which country did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?", "answer": "Austria", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?", "answer": "1830", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "What historian commented that the events involving Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?", "answer": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?", "answer": "Woyciechowski", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?", "answer": "Italy", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?", "answer": "the November 1830 Uprising", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?", "answer": "Woyciechowski", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?", "answer": "1830", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?", "answer": "\"I curse the moment of my departure.\"", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?", "answer": "1831", "gold_docs": ["Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria again, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are"]}
{"query": "What event was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?", "answer": "the Polish Great Emigration", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "What version of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric officially acquire French citizenship?", "answer": "1835", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?", "answer": "friends and confidants", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "What nationality is stated as the one Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric felt most identified by?", "answer": "Polish", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?", "answer": "Polish Great Emigration", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "answer": "1835", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?", "answer": "Poland", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "What country's passport did he have from 1835?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?", "answer": "Adam Zamoyski", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?", "answer": "Polish Great Emigration", "gold_docs": ["that he was in the city \"only in passing.\" Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always"]}
{"query": "Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric became acquainted with?", "answer": "Adam Mickiewicz", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?", "answer": "songs", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?", "answer": "Adam Mickiewicz", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?", "answer": "Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?", "answer": "Adam Mickiewicz", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?", "answer": "principal of the Polish Literary Society", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's trusted adviser while in Paris?", "answer": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "What familial role was Albert Grzyma\u0142a compared to in regards to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "elder brother", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "Julian Fontana", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's life while in Paris?", "answer": "Polish", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?", "answer": "England", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?", "answer": "England", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?", "answer": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?", "answer": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?", "answer": "Julian Fontana", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?", "answer": "Warsaw Conservatory", "gold_docs": ["saw himself as a Pole. In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana,"]}
{"query": "Who gave Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?", "answer": "Robert Schumann", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?", "answer": "26 February 1832", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "What is stated as a hindrance for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?", "answer": "intimate keyboard technique", "gold_docs": ["gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph F\u00e9tis wrote in the \"Revue et gazette musicale\": \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons"]}
{"query": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?", "answer": "his father", "gold_docs": ["(social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked. Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert"]}
{"query": "From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?", "answer": "Robert Schumann", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?", "answer": "26 February 1832", "gold_docs": ["had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\". Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the \"Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung\" (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin"]}
{"query": "What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?", "answer": "Rothschild", "gold_docs": ["gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph F\u00e9tis wrote in the \"Revue et gazette musicale\": \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?", "answer": "keyboard technique", "gold_docs": ["gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph F\u00e9tis wrote in the \"Revue et gazette musicale\": \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons"]}
{"query": "Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?", "answer": "publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students", "gold_docs": ["(social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked. Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert"]}
{"query": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's favorite environment to perform in?", "answer": "his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends", "gold_docs": ["at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances\u2014few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March"]}
{"query": "What instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?", "answer": "pianos", "gold_docs": ["1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's \"Hexameron\"; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through"]}
{"query": "Chopin gave a yearly performance where?", "answer": "Salle Pleyel", "gold_docs": ["at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances\u2014few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March"]}
{"query": "Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?", "answer": "Hexameron", "gold_docs": ["1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's \"Hexameron\"; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through"]}
{"query": "In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?", "answer": "Maurice Schlesinger", "gold_docs": ["1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's \"Hexameron\"; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?", "answer": "apartment", "gold_docs": ["at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances\u2014few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March"]}
{"query": "On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?", "answer": "Liszt and Hiller", "gold_docs": ["1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's \"Hexameron\"; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?", "answer": "Maurice Schlesinger", "gold_docs": ["1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's \"Hexameron\"; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through"]}
{"query": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?", "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "What two activities did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric do while visiting for a day in D\u00fcsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?", "answer": "playing and discussing music", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric met while in D\u00fcsseldorf?", "answer": "Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "Where were Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?", "answer": "Carlsbad", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?", "answer": "the Lower Rhenish Music Festival", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?", "answer": "Hiller", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?", "answer": "Carlsbad", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodzi\u0144ski?", "answer": "July 1836", "gold_docs": ["performance of his own oratorio \"St. Paul\", and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodzi\u0144ski family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzi\u0144ska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the"]}
{"query": "Who was Maria's mother?", "answer": "Countess Wodzi\u0144ska", "gold_docs": ["performance of his own oratorio \"St. Paul\", and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodzi\u0144ski family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzi\u0144ska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?", "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?", "answer": "director of the Academy of Art", "gold_docs": ["his family connections, also in Germany and England. In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his"]}
{"query": "What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?", "answer": "Maria", "gold_docs": ["parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzi\u0144skis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Mendelssohn, who organised for him a"]}
{"query": "Who was the recipient of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?", "answer": "Woyciechowski", "gold_docs": ["last letter he was to have from her. Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a"]}
{"query": "What are the three names stated in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?", "answer": "Herz, Liszt, Hiller", "gold_docs": ["last letter he was to have from her. Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a"]}
{"query": "Who is stated as being in attendance of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?", "answer": "Liszt", "gold_docs": ["last letter he was to have from her. Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a"]}
{"query": "What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?", "answer": "26 February 1832", "gold_docs": ["last letter he was to have from her. Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a"]}
{"query": "Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?", "answer": "Woyciechowski", "gold_docs": ["last letter he was to have from her. Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a"]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?", "answer": "the Salle Pleyel", "gold_docs": ["last letter he was to have from her. Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a"]}
{"query": "What address did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live at during his stay in Paris?", "answer": "38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "How far down the road did Liszt live from Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during this time?", "answer": "a few blocks", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "How many times did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?", "answer": "Harriet Smithson", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?", "answer": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory", "gold_docs": ["appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Monument in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841. Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with"]}
{"query": "When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?", "answer": "2 April 1833", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?", "answer": "the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn", "gold_docs": ["It was a charity concert in favour of the Beethoven memorial in Bonn. On April 3 Liszt gave an additional concert in Rouen and on April 28 a concert in Tours. On May 5 he left Paris, travelling via Boulogne to London. At that moment he was convinced that he had at last gained the position in Paris he always coveted. In London, Liszt performed at several private soir\u00e9es and at concerts of other artists. However, while Liszt's reputation as virtuoso was steadily increasing, his earnings in London were dismal. In order to solve his financial problems, Liszt was reflecting"]}
{"query": "Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?", "answer": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory", "gold_docs": ["appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Monument in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841. Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with"]}
{"query": "When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?", "answer": "the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?", "answer": "Harriet Smithson", "gold_docs": ["new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\" The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's \"Sonata in F minor\" for piano duet. Later joint"]}
{"query": "What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt?", "answer": "love-hate relationship", "gold_docs": ["appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Monument in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841. Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with"]}
{"query": "What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "theatricality, showmanship and success", "gold_docs": ["Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his"]}
{"query": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?", "answer": "an apology", "gold_docs": ["Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult", "gold_docs": ["letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 \u00c9tudes to?", "answer": "Liszt", "gold_docs": ["Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his"]}
{"query": "Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?", "answer": "Liszt", "gold_docs": ["Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult", "gold_docs": ["letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?", "answer": "Hiller", "gold_docs": ["Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?", "answer": "George Sand", "gold_docs": ["letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially"]}
{"query": "Who was the host of the gathering where Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was introduced to George Sand?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult", "gold_docs": ["letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially"]}
{"query": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?", "answer": "My tragedy", "gold_docs": ["repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person \"la Sand\" is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings"]}
{"query": "Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "Grzyma\u0142a", "gold_docs": ["repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person \"la Sand\" is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?", "answer": "George Sand", "gold_docs": ["letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially"]}
{"query": "What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska?", "answer": "his poor health", "gold_docs": ["repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person \"la Sand\" is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?", "answer": "My tragedy", "gold_docs": ["repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person \"la Sand\" is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings"]}
{"query": "Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult", "gold_docs": ["letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand. In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially"]}
{"query": "What year did Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?", "answer": "1837", "gold_docs": ["repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person \"la Sand\" is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?", "answer": "My tragedy", "gold_docs": ["repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person \"la Sand\" is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings"]}
{"query": "Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?", "answer": "Grzyma\u0142a", "gold_docs": ["repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person \"la Sand\" is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings"]}
{"query": "What city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit in June 1837?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over. In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six"]}
{"query": "What event occurred on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's return to Paris?", "answer": "his association with Sand began in earnest", "gold_docs": ["for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over. In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six"]}
{"query": "How many years older was George Sand compared to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over. In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six"]}
{"query": "What adjective is used to describe Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?", "answer": "miserable", "gold_docs": ["years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son"]}
{"query": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?", "answer": "Valldemossa", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?", "answer": "Camille Pleyel", "gold_docs": ["for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over. In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six"]}
{"query": "During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?", "answer": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?", "answer": "a former Carthusian monastery", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?", "answer": "June 1838", "gold_docs": ["for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over. In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?", "answer": "Majorca", "gold_docs": ["years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son"]}
{"query": "Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?", "answer": "Sand's two children", "gold_docs": ["years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son"]}
{"query": "One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?", "answer": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille.", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?", "answer": "a former Carthusian monastery", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "How many doctors saw Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric by the 3rd of December?", "answer": "Three", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?", "answer": "piano", "gold_docs": ["to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in the meantime on a piano made in Palma by Juan Bauza. The Pleyel piano finally arrived from Paris in December, just shortly before Chopin and Sand left the island. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work while in Majorca on his Ballade"]}
{"query": "How many doctors visited Chopin?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "What month did Chopin's piano arrive?", "answer": "December", "gold_docs": ["to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in the meantime on a piano made in Palma by Juan Bauza. The Pleyel piano finally arrived from Paris in December, just shortly before Chopin and Sand left the island. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work while in Majorca on his Ballade"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin compalin about?", "answer": "his bad health", "gold_docs": ["Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather. On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?", "answer": "his Pleyel piano", "gold_docs": ["to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in the meantime on a piano made in Palma by Juan Bauza. The Pleyel piano finally arrived from Paris in December, just shortly before Chopin and Sand left the island. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work while in Majorca on his Ballade"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?", "answer": "Pleyel", "gold_docs": ["to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him, having to rely in the meantime on a piano made in Palma by Juan Bauza. The Pleyel piano finally arrived from Paris in December, just shortly before Chopin and Sand left the island. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work while in Majorca on his Ballade"]}
{"query": "What is stated as having a negative effect on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's health during this productive time?", "answer": "bad weather", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?", "answer": "Canuts", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "What city did the group travel to in order to help Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric recover?", "answer": "Marseilles", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?", "answer": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans", "gold_docs": ["where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings. At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's \"lied\" \"Die Gestirne\" (D. 444). On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's \"Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale\", composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary"]}
{"query": "Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?", "answer": "the Canuts", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?", "answer": "Marseilles", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "Where was Sand's home?", "answer": "Nohant", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?", "answer": "5 rue Tronchet", "gold_docs": ["where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings. At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's \"lied\" \"Die Gestirne\" (D. 444). On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's \"Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale\", composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary"]}
{"query": "In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?", "answer": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans", "gold_docs": ["where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings. At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's \"lied\" \"Die Gestirne\" (D. 444). On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's \"Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale\", composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary"]}
{"query": "What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?", "answer": "the bad weather", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "Who did Sand sell the piano to?", "answer": "the Canuts.", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?", "answer": "Marseilles", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?", "answer": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans", "gold_docs": ["where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings. At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's \"lied\" \"Die Gestirne\" (D. 444). On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's \"Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale\", composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary"]}
{"query": "Where did they spend most summers until 1846?", "answer": "Nohant", "gold_docs": ["No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39. Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts. The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris,"]}
{"query": "At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?", "answer": "Adolphe Nourrit", "gold_docs": ["where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings. At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's \"lied\" \"Die Gestirne\" (D. 444). On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's \"Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale\", composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary"]}
{"query": "What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?", "answer": "organ", "gold_docs": ["where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings. At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's \"lied\" \"Die Gestirne\" (D. 444). On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's \"Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale\", composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary"]}
{"query": "Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?", "answer": "Adolphe Nourrit", "gold_docs": ["where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings. At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's \"lied\" \"Die Gestirne\" (D. 444). On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's \"Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale\", composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary"]}
{"query": "It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?", "answer": "the July Revolution.", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "What is the example given of a work produced by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during calm summers at Nohant?", "answer": "Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?", "answer": "Pauline Viardot", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?", "answer": "7 June 1842", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?", "answer": "Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?", "answer": "piano technique and composition.", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?", "answer": "Delacroix", "gold_docs": ["of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition. During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842: The hosts could not be more pleasant in entertaining me. When we are not all together at dinner, lunch, playing billiards, or walking, each"]}
{"query": "In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?", "answer": "1842", "gold_docs": ["of us stays in his room, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a gust of music wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses. From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in"]}
{"query": "To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?", "answer": "Grzyma\u0142a", "gold_docs": ["of us stays in his room, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a gust of music wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses. From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in"]}
{"query": "What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hall\u00e9 when the latter visited him?", "answer": "piano", "gold_docs": ["a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at \u00c9rard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young"]}
{"query": "What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?", "answer": "temporal lobe epilepsy", "gold_docs": ["a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at \u00c9rard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young"]}
{"query": "Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?", "answer": "1842", "gold_docs": ["of us stays in his room, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a gust of music wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses. From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in"]}
{"query": "What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?", "answer": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement", "gold_docs": ["a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at \u00c9rard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young"]}
{"query": "What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?", "answer": "temporal lobe epilepsy", "gold_docs": ["a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at \u00c9rard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?", "answer": "From 1842 onwards", "gold_docs": ["of us stays in his room, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a gust of music wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses. From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in"]}
{"query": "Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?", "answer": "mouth and tonsils", "gold_docs": ["of us stays in his room, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a gust of music wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses. From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in"]}
{"query": "Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?", "answer": "Alkan", "gold_docs": ["of us stays in his room, reading or lounging around on a couch. Sometimes, through the window which opens on the garden, a gust of music wafts up from Chopin at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses. From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in"]}
{"query": "Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?", "answer": "Charles Hall\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at \u00c9rard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young"]}
{"query": "Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?", "answer": "temporal lobe epilepsy.", "gold_docs": ["a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at \u00c9rard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?", "answer": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?", "answer": "radical political pursuits", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?", "answer": "third child", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?", "answer": "Lucrezia Floriani", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?", "answer": "1847", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?", "answer": "1846", "gold_docs": ["a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at \u00c9rard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy. Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young"]}
{"query": "Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?", "answer": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "What novel did Sand write in 1847?", "answer": "Lucrezia Floriani", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?", "answer": "nurse", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?", "answer": "Lucrezia Floriani", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?", "answer": "1847", "gold_docs": ["fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel \"Lucrezia Floriani\", whose"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?", "answer": "Op. 58 sonata", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?", "answer": "more refined than many of his earlier compositions", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?", "answer": "a dozen", "gold_docs": ["main characters\u2014a rich actress and a prince in weak health\u2014could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again. Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six"]}
{"query": "How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?", "answer": "Op. 58 sonata", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "How many works did Chopin write in 1842?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "How many works did Chopin write in 1843?", "answer": "six shorter pieces", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "How many works did Chopin write in 1845?", "answer": "three mazurkas", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?", "answer": "February 1848", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin last perform?", "answer": "February 1848", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin last perform with?", "answer": "Auguste Franchomme", "gold_docs": ["Cello Sonata (Chopin) The Cello Sonata in G minor, Op. 65, was written by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin in 1846. It is one of only nine works of Chopin published during his lifetime that were written for instruments other than piano (although the piano still appears in every work he wrote). Chopin composed four sonatas, the others being piano sonatas. The cello sonata was the last of Chopin's works to be published in his lifetime. The sonata was written for and dedicated to Auguste Franchomme. The sonata is remarkable for the concentration of its material: much of the music of the first"]}
{"query": "Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?", "answer": "struggle financially.", "gold_docs": ["were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\" Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?", "answer": "Auguste Franchomme", "gold_docs": ["Chopin referred her to his collaborator, Auguste Franchomme. Jane Stirling worked with Chopin in assembling seven bound volumes of the French editions of most of his works, and in compiling a thematic index. These volumes were later used by the French musicologist and Chopin biographer to establish the Oxford original edition of Chopin. However, whether Chopin intended this collection to serve as a basis for a revised collected edition of his music is an open question. She also became his secretary, agent and business manager. She arranged his concert at the Salle Pleyel on 16 February 1848, and also attended"]}
{"query": "What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?", "answer": "Cello", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "What television station made a documentary on Chopin?", "answer": "BBC", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?", "answer": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda", "gold_docs": ["documentary by Andr\u00e1s Schiff and Mischa Scorer, and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television. Notes Citations Bibliography Music scores Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up"]}
{"query": "What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?", "answer": "The Women Behind The Music", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "What television station released a documentary on Chopin?", "answer": "BBC", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?", "answer": "Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?", "answer": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda", "gold_docs": ["documentary by Andr\u00e1s Schiff and Mischa Scorer, and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television. Notes Citations Bibliography Music scores Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up"]}
{"query": "Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?", "answer": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda", "gold_docs": ["documentary by Andr\u00e1s Schiff and Mischa Scorer, and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television. Notes Citations Bibliography Music scores Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up"]}
{"query": "What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?", "answer": "1928", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?", "answer": "Hugh Grant", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?", "answer": "George Sand", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?", "answer": "Cornel Wilde", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?", "answer": "Pierre Blanchar", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?", "answer": "Hugh Grant", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "answer": "1901", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?", "answer": "Milan", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "answer": "Giacomo Orefice", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?", "answer": "Chopin", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "What style is the fictionalized \"Chopin\" in?", "answer": "opera", "gold_docs": ["commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on \"L\u00e0 ci darem la mano\", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera \"Don Giovanni\") for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830. Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the fictionalized \"Chopin?\"", "answer": "Giacomo Orefice", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "When was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "answer": "1901.", "gold_docs": ["1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film \"A Song to Remember\" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: \"La valse de l'adieu\" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; \"Impromptu\" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; \"La note bleue\" (1991); and \"\" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary \"Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music\" (2010), in a 1999"]}
{"query": "Where was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "answer": "Milan", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?", "answer": "Leon Ulrich", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?", "answer": "Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?", "answer": "sonnet", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?", "answer": "sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?", "answer": "1830", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?", "answer": "English", "gold_docs": ["literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. \"Chopin\" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in"]}
{"query": "On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?", "answer": "The New York Times", "gold_docs": ["Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions. Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of \"The New York Times\" recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the \"Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin\" for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years. Chopin has figured extensively in Polish"]}
{"query": "How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?", "answer": "every five years.", "gold_docs": ["Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions. Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of \"The New York Times\" recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the \"Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin\" for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years. Chopin has figured extensively in Polish"]}
{"query": "Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?", "answer": "The New York Times", "gold_docs": ["Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions. Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of \"The New York Times\" recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the \"Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin\" for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years. Chopin has figured extensively in Polish"]}
{"query": "What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?", "answer": "Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2", "gold_docs": ["societies worldwide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube . The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of"]}
{"query": "Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?", "answer": "Paul Pabst", "gold_docs": ["societies worldwide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube . The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of"]}
{"query": "What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?", "answer": "The British Library", "gold_docs": ["societies worldwide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube . The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of"]}
{"query": "When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?", "answer": "1895", "gold_docs": ["societies worldwide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube . The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of"]}
{"query": "Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?", "answer": "Methuen-Campbell", "gold_docs": ["Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions. Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of \"The New York Times\" recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the \"Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin\" for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years. Chopin has figured extensively in Polish"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?", "answer": "International Chopin Piano Competition", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "answer": "Warsaw", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "answer": "every five years", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?", "answer": "1,500", "gold_docs": ["societies worldwide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube . The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of"]}
{"query": "What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?", "answer": "the International Chopin Piano Competition", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?", "answer": "1927", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?", "answer": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?", "answer": "nearly 1,500", "gold_docs": ["societies worldwide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube . The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?", "answer": "Chopiniana", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?", "answer": "Michel Fokine", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "What year was the Chopiniana released?", "answer": "1909", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?", "answer": "Chopiniana", "gold_docs": ["music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet \"Chopiniana\", choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title \"Les Sylphides\". Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?", "answer": "Jane Stirling", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "What two people suggested the 1848 tour?", "answer": "Jane Stirling and her elder sister", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?", "answer": "Jane Stirling", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?", "answer": "Revolution", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?", "answer": "Scottish", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin stay while in London?", "answer": "Dover Street", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?", "answer": "Broadwood", "gold_docs": ["Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. On 28 August,"]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin's initial performance?", "answer": "Stafford House", "gold_docs": ["Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. On 28 August,"]}
{"query": "What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?", "answer": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert", "gold_docs": ["Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. On 28 August,"]}
{"query": "What steet did Chopin stay on in London?", "answer": "Dover Street", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "What did Broadway provide for Chopin?", "answer": "a grand piano.", "gold_docs": ["Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65. In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding. In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at"]}
{"query": "What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?", "answer": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.", "gold_docs": ["Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. On 28 August,"]}
{"query": "In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?", "answer": "piano lessons", "gold_docs": ["Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. On 28 August,"]}
{"query": "Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?", "answer": "Viardot", "gold_docs": ["Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts. On 28 August,"]}
{"query": "Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?", "answer": "Scotland", "gold_docs": ["he played at a concert in Manchester's Concert Hall, sharing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi. In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzyma\u0142a \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement,"]}
{"query": "What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?", "answer": "Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski", "gold_docs": ["answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a. Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall"]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?", "answer": "Scotland", "gold_docs": ["he played at a concert in Manchester's Concert Hall, sharing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi. In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzyma\u0142a \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement,"]}
{"query": "What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?", "answer": "Glasgow", "gold_docs": ["answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a. Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski?", "answer": "will", "gold_docs": ["answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a. Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin last appear in public?", "answer": "16 November 1848", "gold_docs": ["on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an"]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "answer": "London's Guildhall", "gold_docs": ["answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a. Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall"]}
{"query": "Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?", "answer": "Polish refugees.", "gold_docs": ["on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an"]}
{"query": "What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?", "answer": "terminal", "gold_docs": ["on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an"]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "answer": "London's Guildhall", "gold_docs": ["answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a. Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin play for while she sang?", "answer": "Delfina Potocka", "gold_docs": ["on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an"]}
{"query": "In 1849 where did Chopin live?", "answer": "Chaillot", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?", "answer": "Princess Obreskoff", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "When did Chopin return to Paris?", "answer": "November", "gold_docs": ["on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an"]}
{"query": "Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?", "answer": "Delfina Potocka", "gold_docs": ["on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an"]}
{"query": "Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?", "answer": "Chaillot", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?", "answer": "Princess Obreskoff.", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?", "answer": "June 1849", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?", "answer": "June 1849", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?", "answer": "Place Vend\u00f4me 12", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?", "answer": "his sister", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?", "answer": "her husband and daughter", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?", "answer": "Jane Stirling", "gold_docs": ["apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind. With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with"]}
{"query": "What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?", "answer": "to faint", "gold_docs": ["him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it \"de rigueur\" to faint in his room.\" Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, \"Projet de m\u00e9thode\", to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?", "answer": "\"No longer\"", "gold_docs": ["him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it \"de rigueur\" to faint in his room.\" Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, \"Projet de m\u00e9thode\", to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess"]}
{"query": "Who made Chopin's death mask?", "answer": "Cl\u00e9singer", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?", "answer": "a cast of his left hand.", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?", "answer": "tuberculosis", "gold_docs": ["Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities that have been advanced have included cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. An examination of Chopin's preserved heart, conducted in 2014 and published in 2017, confirmed that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of pericarditis caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis. Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. Chopin was educated in"]}
{"query": "What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?", "answer": "tuberculosis", "gold_docs": ["Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities that have been advanced have included cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. An examination of Chopin's preserved heart, conducted in 2014 and published in 2017, confirmed that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of pericarditis caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis. Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. Chopin was educated in"]}
{"query": "Who was Chopin's physician?", "answer": "Jean Cruveilhier", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?", "answer": "cystic fibrosis", "gold_docs": ["Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities that have been advanced have included cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. An examination of Chopin's preserved heart, conducted in 2014 and published in 2017, confirmed that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of pericarditis caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis. Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. Chopin was educated in"]}
{"query": "Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?", "answer": "the Polish government.", "gold_docs": ["such a request in 2008, but permission was denied by the Polish government. In 2017, an autopsy was at last performed on Chopin's alcohol-preserved heart, under the direction of Professor Witt of the Polish Academy of Sciences. It revealed that a rare case of pericarditis, caused by complications from chronic tuberculosis, was the likely cause of Chopin's death. A number of alternative hypotheses about the cause of Chopin's death flourished over the years. The hypothesis that Chopin suffered from cystic fibrosis was first presented by O\u2019Shea in 1987. Chopin possibly was sexually active from early adulthood, but left no descendants."]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "answer": "the Church of the Madeleine in Paris", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "answer": "two weeks", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Over 3,000", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "answer": "the Church of the Madeleine in Paris", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "answer": "two weeks", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "How many people arrived without an invitation?", "answer": "Over 3,000", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Mozart's Requiem", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly", "gold_docs": ["the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the \"Funeral March\" from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting"]}
{"query": "Who led Chopin's funeral procession?", "answer": "Prince Adam Czartoryski", "gold_docs": ["the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the \"Funeral March\" from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting"]}
{"query": "What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Mozart's Requiem", "gold_docs": ["Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand. The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded. Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Ana\u00efs Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and"]}
{"query": "Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly", "gold_docs": ["the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the \"Funeral March\" from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting"]}
{"query": "Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?", "answer": "P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery", "gold_docs": ["the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the \"Funeral March\" from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting"]}
{"query": "Who led the funeral procession?", "answer": "Prince Adam Czartoryski", "gold_docs": ["the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the \"Funeral March\" from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting"]}
{"query": "Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?", "answer": "Cl\u00e9singer", "gold_docs": ["the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the \"Funeral March\" from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?", "answer": "Euterpe", "gold_docs": ["the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the \"Funeral March\" from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation. Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting"]}
{"query": "How much did Chopin's funeral cost?", "answer": "5,000 francs", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Jane Stirling", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?", "answer": "alcohol", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Jane Stirling", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?", "answer": "sister", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?", "answer": "Sand", "gold_docs": ["to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. As requested by Chopin, Ludwika took his heart (which had been removed by his doctor Jean Cruveilhier and preserved in alcohol in a vase), back to Poland in 1850. She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who destroyed them. Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause of death as tuberculosis, and his physician,"]}
{"query": "How many of Chopin's works still exist?", "answer": "Over 230", "gold_docs": ["Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities that have been advanced have included cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. An examination of Chopin's preserved heart, conducted in 2014 and published in 2017, confirmed that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of pericarditis caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis. Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. Chopin was educated in"]}
{"query": "All of his pieces include what instrument?", "answer": "piano", "gold_docs": ["Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities that have been advanced have included cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. An examination of Chopin's preserved heart, conducted in 2014 and published in 2017, confirmed that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of pericarditis caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis. Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. Chopin was educated in"]}
{"query": "How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?", "answer": "Over 230", "gold_docs": ["Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities that have been advanced have included cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. An examination of Chopin's preserved heart, conducted in 2014 and published in 2017, confirmed that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of pericarditis caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis. Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. Chopin was educated in"]}
{"query": "Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?", "answer": "chamber music.", "gold_docs": ["Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities that have been advanced have included cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. An examination of Chopin's preserved heart, conducted in 2014 and published in 2017, confirmed that the likely cause of his death was a rare case of pericarditis caused by complications of chronic tuberculosis. Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music. Chopin was educated in"]}
{"query": "Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?", "answer": "Clementi", "gold_docs": ["the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for"]}
{"query": "Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?", "answer": "Clementi", "gold_docs": ["the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for"]}
{"query": "Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?", "answer": "Bach and Mozart", "gold_docs": ["the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for"]}
{"query": "Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?", "answer": "Haydn", "gold_docs": ["the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for"]}
{"query": "Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?", "answer": "ballades and scherzi", "gold_docs": ["example, his \"fioriture\") is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones. Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert \u00e9tude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s"]}
{"query": "What new genre di John Field invent?", "answer": "nocturne", "gold_docs": ["example, his \"fioriture\") is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones. Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert \u00e9tude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s"]}
{"query": "Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?", "answer": "ballades and scherzi", "gold_docs": ["example, his \"fioriture\") is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones. Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert \u00e9tude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s"]}
{"query": "What musical concept did Chopin exploit?", "answer": "concert \u00e9tude", "gold_docs": ["example, his \"fioriture\") is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones. Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert \u00e9tude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s"]}
{"query": "What three other musicians were developing the new genre?", "answer": "Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?", "answer": "mazurkas", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?", "answer": "faster tempos", "gold_docs": ["26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents. Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the \"Minute Waltz\" (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his \"Funeral March\", the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?", "answer": "greater range of melody and expression.", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?", "answer": "concert hall", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?", "answer": "the mazurka", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837). Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the \"mazurek\"), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; as J. Barrie Jones puts it, \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op."]}
{"query": "What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?", "answer": "waltzes", "gold_docs": ["26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents. Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the \"Minute Waltz\" (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his \"Funeral March\", the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are"]}
{"query": "What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?", "answer": "Funeral March", "gold_docs": ["known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The \"Funeral March\", the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it. The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his"]}
{"query": "The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?", "answer": "Sonata No. 2", "gold_docs": ["known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The \"Funeral March\", the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it. The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his"]}
{"query": "How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The \"Funeral March\", the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it. The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his"]}
{"query": "What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?", "answer": "Revolutionary \u00c9tude", "gold_docs": ["they have been given nicknames; arguably the most popular of all is Op. 10, No. 3, sometimes identified by the names \"\"Tristesse\"\" (\"Sadness\") or \"Farewell\" (\"\"L'Adieu\"\"), as well as the \"Revolutionary \u00c9tude\" (Op. 10, No. 12). No nicknames are of Chopin's original creation. All twenty-seven \u00e9tudes were published during Chopin's lifetime; Op. 10, the first group of twelve, were composed between 1829 and 1832, and were published in 1833, in France, Germany, and England. The twelve \u00e9tudes of Op. 25 were composed at various times between 1832 and 1836, and were published in the same countries in 1837. The final"]}
{"query": "What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?", "answer": "Minute Waltz", "gold_docs": ["26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents. Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the \"Minute Waltz\" (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his \"Funeral March\", the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are"]}
{"query": "What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?", "answer": "65", "gold_docs": ["known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The \"Funeral March\", the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it. The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his"]}
{"query": "Who was Chopin's musical executor?", "answer": "Julian Fontana", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?", "answer": "23", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?", "answer": "17", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "What is the last opus number that Chopin used?", "answer": "65", "gold_docs": ["known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the \"Revolutionary\" \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The \"Funeral March\", the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it. The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his"]}
{"query": "Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?", "answer": "Julian Fontana", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "When was Op. 74 published?", "answer": "1857", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "The Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue was named for who?", "answer": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska", "gold_docs": ["initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska. Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. Chopin published his music in France, England and the German states due to the copyright laws"]}
{"query": "Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?", "answer": "1857", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?", "answer": "alternative catalogue designations", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?", "answer": "the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue", "gold_docs": ["unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition. Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the"]}
{"query": "Who compiled the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?", "answer": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska.", "gold_docs": ["initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska. Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. Chopin published his music in France, England and the German states due to the copyright laws"]}
{"query": "Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?", "answer": "Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel", "gold_docs": ["initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska. Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. Chopin published his music in France, England and the German states due to the copyright laws"]}
{"query": "Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin's works?", "answer": "Jan Ekier", "gold_docs": ["initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska. Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. Chopin published his music in France, England and the German states due to the copyright laws"]}
{"query": "Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?", "answer": "popular 19th-century piano anthologies.", "gold_docs": ["initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska. Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. Chopin published his music in France, England and the German states due to the copyright laws"]}
{"query": "What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?", "answer": "Paderewski", "gold_docs": ["initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska. Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. Chopin published his music in France, England and the German states due to the copyright laws"]}
{"query": "Who edited the Polish National Edition?", "answer": "Jan Ekier", "gold_docs": ["initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska. Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources. Chopin published his music in France, England and the German states due to the copyright laws"]}
{"query": "What is central to Chopin's process?", "answer": "Improvisation", "gold_docs": ["of the time. As such there are often three different kinds of \u2018first editions\u2019. Each edition is different from the other, as Chopin edited them separately and at times he did some revision to the music while editing it. Furthermore, Chopin provided his publishers with varying sources, including autographs, annotated proofsheets and scribal copies. Only recently have these differences gained greater recognition. Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions"]}
{"query": "Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?", "answer": "the four-bar phrase", "gold_docs": ["of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit. J. Barrie Jones suggests"]}
{"query": "What is central to Chopin's creativeness?", "answer": "Improvisation", "gold_docs": ["of the time. As such there are often three different kinds of \u2018first editions\u2019. Each edition is different from the other, as Chopin edited them separately and at times he did some revision to the music while editing it. Furthermore, Chopin provided his publishers with varying sources, including autographs, annotated proofsheets and scribal copies. Only recently have these differences gained greater recognition. Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions"]}
{"query": "What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?", "answer": "his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.", "gold_docs": ["of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit. J. Barrie Jones suggests"]}
{"query": "What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?", "answer": "the Barcarolle Op. 60", "gold_docs": ["that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last"]}
{"query": "What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?", "answer": "the four ballades and four scherzos", "gold_docs": ["that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last"]}
{"query": "What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?", "answer": "departure and return", "gold_docs": ["that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last"]}
{"query": "Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? ", "answer": "folk features", "gold_docs": ["comes.\" Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music. Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers \u017bywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time"]}
{"query": "What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?", "answer": "straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.", "gold_docs": ["comes.\" Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music. Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers \u017bywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time"]}
{"query": "Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?", "answer": "mazurkas", "gold_docs": ["comes.\" Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music. Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers \u017bywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time"]}
{"query": "What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?", "answer": "a canon at one beat's distance", "gold_docs": ["comes.\" Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music. Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers \u017bywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time"]}
{"query": "What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?", "answer": "triple time", "gold_docs": ["comes.\" Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music. Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers \u017bywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time"]}
{"query": "Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?", "answer": "Elsner", "gold_docs": ["comes.\" Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music. Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers \u017bywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time"]}
{"query": "Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?", "answer": "martial", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?", "answer": "formidable", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?", "answer": "agitated expression", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?", "answer": "Field", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "What year did Chopin meet Field?", "answer": "1833", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?", "answer": "nocturnes", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?", "answer": "\u00e9tudes", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "What form are most of Chopin's \u00e9tudes in?", "answer": "straightforward ternary", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?", "answer": "\u00e9tudes", "gold_docs": ["and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique. The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character. Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves"]}
{"query": "What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?", "answer": "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "gold_docs": ["(Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No. 7). The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to"]}
{"query": "Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?", "answer": "Kenneth Hamilton", "gold_docs": ["others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the"]}
{"query": "What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?", "answer": "The preludes", "gold_docs": ["(Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No. 7). The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach's \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to"]}
{"query": "Who did a recording where \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?", "answer": "Ferruccio Busoni", "gold_docs": ["others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the"]}
{"query": "How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the"]}
{"query": "What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?", "answer": "Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson", "gold_docs": ["including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson. Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality"]}
{"query": "How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the"]}
{"query": "Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?", "answer": "The last movement", "gold_docs": ["German sonata principle\". The sonata has been considered as showing the influences of both Bach and Beethoven. The Prelude from Bach's Suite No. 6 in D major for cello (BWV 1012) is quoted; and there are references to two sonatas of Beethoven: the Sonata Opus 111 in C minor, and the Sonata Opus 26 in A flat major, which, like Chopin's Op. 35, has a funeral march as its slow movement. The last movement of Chopin's Op. 35, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries,"]}
{"query": "According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?", "answer": "Op. 58", "gold_docs": ["others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the"]}
{"query": "Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?", "answer": "Claude Debussy", "gold_docs": ["of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony. In 1841, L\u00e9on Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based"]}
{"query": "What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?", "answer": "harmonic innovations", "gold_docs": ["including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson. Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality"]}
{"query": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"novel harmonic effects\"?", "answer": "Temperley", "gold_docs": ["including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson. Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality"]}
{"query": "What was Chopin's style based upon?", "answer": "independent finger technique", "gold_docs": ["extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his \"Projet de m\u00e9thode\" he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the"]}
{"query": "Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?", "answer": "L\u00e9on Escudier", "gold_docs": ["of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony. In 1841, L\u00e9on Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based"]}
{"query": "According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?", "answer": "Karol Szymanowski", "gold_docs": ["of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the"]}
{"query": "Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?", "answer": "national modes and idioms", "gold_docs": ["of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the"]}
{"query": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "answer": "Nikolai Zverev", "gold_docs": ["of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the"]}
{"query": "Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?", "answer": "Karol Szymanowski", "gold_docs": ["of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the"]}
{"query": "Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?", "answer": "Alexander Scriabin", "gold_docs": ["of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the"]}
{"query": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "answer": "Nikolai Zverev", "gold_docs": ["of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the"]}
{"query": "Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?", "answer": "Jonathan Bellman", "gold_docs": ["frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands. Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style\u2014set in the \"conservatory\" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings\u2014militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that \"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all"]}
{"query": "What did Chopin tend to avoid?", "answer": "rigid procedures", "gold_docs": ["the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands"]}
{"query": "What has been falsely credited to Chopin?", "answer": "\"always crescendo to a high note\"", "gold_docs": ["the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands"]}
{"query": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"chromatic embroidery\"?", "answer": "Berlioz", "gold_docs": ["the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands"]}
{"query": "Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?", "answer": "Hiller", "gold_docs": ["the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands"]}
{"query": "Chopin's compositions are often played with what?", "answer": "rubato", "gold_docs": ["became a colourful wreath of flowers.\" Chopin's music is frequently played with \"rubato\", \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of \"rubato\" is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ..."]}
{"query": "What does rubato mean?", "answer": "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time", "gold_docs": ["became a colourful wreath of flowers.\" Chopin's music is frequently played with \"rubato\", \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of \"rubato\" is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ..."]}
{"query": "In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?", "answer": "rubato", "gold_docs": ["became a colourful wreath of flowers.\" Chopin's music is frequently played with \"rubato\", \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of \"rubato\" is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ..."]}
{"query": "What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?", "answer": "mazurkas", "gold_docs": ["became a colourful wreath of flowers.\" Chopin's music is frequently played with \"rubato\", \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of \"rubato\" is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ..."]}
{"query": "According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?", "answer": "Friederike M\u00fcller", "gold_docs": ["An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\" Friederike M\u00fcller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full \"forte\" or softest \"piano\". He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this \"legato\", \"cantabile\" style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He\u2014or she\u2014does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced \"rubatos\", as"]}
{"query": "Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?", "answer": "Friederike M\u00fcller", "gold_docs": ["An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\" Friederike M\u00fcller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full \"forte\" or softest \"piano\". He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this \"legato\", \"cantabile\" style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He\u2014or she\u2014does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced \"rubatos\", as"]}
{"query": "According to Friederike M\u00fcller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?", "answer": "rhythm.", "gold_docs": ["An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\" Friederike M\u00fcller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full \"forte\" or softest \"piano\". He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this \"legato\", \"cantabile\" style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He\u2014or she\u2014does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced \"rubatos\", as"]}
{"query": "What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?", "answer": "1836", "gold_docs": ["well as exaggerated \"ritardandos\" ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\" With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November Uprising of 1830], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know"]}
{"query": "In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?", "answer": "Poland", "gold_docs": ["well as exaggerated \"ritardandos\" ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\" With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November Uprising of 1830], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know"]}
{"query": "A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?", "answer": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein", "gold_docs": ["that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) states that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\" Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's"]}
{"query": "Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?", "answer": "polonaises", "gold_docs": ["well as exaggerated \"ritardandos\" ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\" With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November Uprising of 1830], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know"]}
{"query": "Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?", "answer": "Schumann", "gold_docs": ["well as exaggerated \"ritardandos\" ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\" With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November Uprising of 1830], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know"]}
{"query": "Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?", "answer": "flowers", "gold_docs": ["that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) states that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\" Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's"]}
{"query": "Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?", "answer": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein", "gold_docs": ["that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) states that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\" Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's"]}
{"query": "Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?", "answer": "Barbara Milewski", "gold_docs": ["Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert, and Field. A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical"]}
{"query": "George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? ", "answer": "Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel", "gold_docs": ["Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert, and Field. A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical"]}
{"query": "A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?", "answer": "freedom", "gold_docs": ["forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\" Jones comments that \"Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also"]}
{"query": "Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?", "answer": "Byronic flamboyance", "gold_docs": ["notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831\u2014\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"\u2014and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soir\u00e9es) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such"]}
{"query": "Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?", "answer": "Liszt and Henri Herz", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831\u2014\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"\u2014and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soir\u00e9es) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such"]}
{"query": "In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?", "answer": "Carnaval", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? ", "answer": "Ballade No. 2 in F major", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?", "answer": "Alkan", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?", "answer": "qualities as a pianist and composer", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?", "answer": "Carnaval", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?", "answer": "Ballade No. 2 in F major", "gold_docs": ["as Liszt and Henri Herz. Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite \"Carnaval\", and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death. Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias,"]}
{"query": "Who dedicated his 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to Chopin?", "answer": "Debussy", "gold_docs": ["were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, \u00c9douard Wolff (1816\u20131880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand. Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion"]}
{"query": "For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?", "answer": "Jacques Durand", "gold_docs": ["were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, \u00c9douard Wolff (1816\u20131880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand. Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion"]}
{"query": "Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?", "answer": "Raoul Koczalski", "gold_docs": ["were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, \u00c9douard Wolff (1816\u20131880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand. Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion"]}
{"query": "What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?", "answer": "Chopin's", "gold_docs": ["were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, \u00c9douard Wolff (1816\u20131880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand. Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion"]}
{"query": "Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?", "answer": "Mainland Chinese scholars", "gold_docs": ["Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368\u20131644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars such as Wang Jiawei and Tibetan scholars such as Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles"]}
{"query": "What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?", "answer": "horse trade", "gold_docs": ["frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan (r. 1260\u20131294) and his spiritual superior Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the"]}
{"query": "During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?", "answer": "1402\u20131424", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384\u20131415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful. The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) of China in their support for the Dalai"]}
{"query": "Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?", "answer": "the Karma Kagyu school", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384\u20131415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful. The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) of China in their support for the Dalai"]}
{"query": "The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?", "answer": "Nepal", "gold_docs": ["frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan (r. 1260\u20131294) and his spiritual superior Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the"]}
{"query": "What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?", "answer": "armed resistance", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384\u20131415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful. The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) of China in their support for the Dalai"]}
{"query": "Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?", "answer": "the Mongols", "gold_docs": ["Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help. Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating"]}
{"query": "Which regime did G\u00fcshi Khan help establish? ", "answer": "the Ganden Phodrang", "gold_docs": ["Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help. Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating"]}
{"query": "When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?", "answer": "1578", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384\u20131415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful. The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) of China in their support for the Dalai"]}
{"query": "In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?", "answer": "the 9th century", "gold_docs": ["Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help. Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating"]}
{"query": "Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? ", "answer": "The Yarlung rulers of Tibet", "gold_docs": ["Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help. Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating"]}
{"query": "What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?", "answer": "the borders between Tibet and China", "gold_docs": ["in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the"]}
{"query": "Who was the Tangs biggest rival?", "answer": "Tibet", "gold_docs": ["Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help. Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating"]}
{"query": "What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?", "answer": "821", "gold_docs": ["in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the"]}
{"query": "When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?", "answer": "907\u2013960", "gold_docs": ["in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the"]}
{"query": "When did the Song dynasty take place?", "answer": "960\u20131279", "gold_docs": ["in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the"]}
{"query": "Who ruled the Liao dynasty?", "answer": "the Khitan", "gold_docs": ["in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the"]}
{"query": "Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?", "answer": "Jurchen", "gold_docs": ["in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234). In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the"]}
{"query": "Who was Genghis Khan's successor? ", "answer": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "gold_docs": ["ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038\u20131227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor \u00d6gedei Khan (r. 1229\u20131241) launched an invasion into Tibet. The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182\u20131251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is"]}
{"query": "What years did \u00d6gedei Khan rule?", "answer": "1229\u20131241", "gold_docs": ["ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038\u20131227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor \u00d6gedei Khan (r. 1229\u20131241) launched an invasion into Tibet. The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182\u20131251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is"]}
{"query": "Who invaded Tibet? ", "answer": "\u00d6gedei Khan", "gold_docs": ["ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038\u20131227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor \u00d6gedei Khan (r. 1229\u20131241) launched an invasion into Tibet. The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182\u20131251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is"]}
{"query": "Who was the Mongol prince?", "answer": "Godan", "gold_docs": ["now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas. Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior,"]}
{"query": "Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?", "answer": "Sakya Pandita", "gold_docs": ["now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas. Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior,"]}
{"query": "Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "answer": "T\u00f6regene Khatun", "gold_docs": ["now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas. Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior,"]}
{"query": "In what years was T\u00f6regene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "answer": "1241\u20131246", "gold_docs": ["now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas. Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior,"]}
{"query": "How many states were ruled by myriarchies?", "answer": "thirteen", "gold_docs": ["which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies. Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that"]}
{"query": "What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?", "answer": "Khagan", "gold_docs": ["now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas. Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior,"]}
{"query": "Who became the second Karmapa Lama?", "answer": "Karma Pakshi", "gold_docs": ["\u00d6gedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203\u20131283)\u2014the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism\u2014rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet,"]}
{"query": "With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? ", "answer": "the Phagpa lama", "gold_docs": ["\u00d6gedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203\u20131283)\u2014the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism\u2014rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet,"]}
{"query": "When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  ", "answer": "1279", "gold_docs": ["which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies. Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that"]}
{"query": "When did the Yuan dynasty rule?", "answer": "1271\u20131368", "gold_docs": ["which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies. Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that"]}
{"query": "Which dynasty ruled all of china? ", "answer": "the Yuan dynasty", "gold_docs": ["which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies. Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that"]}
{"query": "What did Khubilai claim for a while?", "answer": "universal rule", "gold_docs": ["\"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China. In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown"]}
{"query": "Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies. Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that"]}
{"query": "What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? ", "answer": "1358", "gold_docs": ["\"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China. In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown"]}
{"query": "Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?", "answer": "the Mongols in Tibet", "gold_docs": ["the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of \"King\" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed. Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal"]}
{"query": "Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? ", "answer": "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen", "gold_docs": ["in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained \"de facto\" rule over Tibet. In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was"]}
{"query": "Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  ", "answer": "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty", "gold_docs": ["in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained \"de facto\" rule over Tibet. In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was"]}
{"query": "Who created the Ming Dynasty? ", "answer": "Zhu Yuanzhang", "gold_docs": ["in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained \"de facto\" rule over Tibet. In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was"]}
{"query": "Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?", "answer": "the Red Turban Rebellion", "gold_docs": ["in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained \"de facto\" rule over Tibet. In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was"]}
{"query": "Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?", "answer": "Zhu Yuanzhang", "gold_docs": ["in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained \"de facto\" rule over Tibet. In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was"]}
{"query": "What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?", "answer": "1368\u20131398", "gold_docs": ["in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained \"de facto\" rule over Tibet. In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was"]}
{"query": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?", "answer": "Yuan officeholders", "gold_docs": ["anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court. As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as"]}
{"query": "Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?", "answer": "Rolpe Dorje", "gold_docs": ["anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court. As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as"]}
{"query": "Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?", "answer": "Rolpe Dorje", "gold_docs": ["anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court. As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as"]}
{"query": "What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?", "answer": "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China", "gold_docs": ["anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court. As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as"]}
{"query": "Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?", "answer": "disciples", "gold_docs": ["anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court. As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as"]}
{"query": "Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?", "answer": "Ming government", "gold_docs": ["envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378\u20131382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts. However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese\u2014especially lay Chinese\u2014studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912\u20131949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an"]}
{"query": "What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? ", "answer": "1402\u20131424", "gold_docs": ["envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378\u20131382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts. However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese\u2014especially lay Chinese\u2014studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912\u20131949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an"]}
{"query": "Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?", "answer": "the Yongle Emperor", "gold_docs": ["envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378\u20131382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts. However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese\u2014especially lay Chinese\u2014studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912\u20131949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an"]}
{"query": "What years did the Qing dynasty rule?", "answer": "1644\u20131912", "gold_docs": ["extension of relations with Tibet.\" According to the official \"Twenty-Four Histories\", the \"History of Ming\" compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912), the Ming dynasty established the \"Ngari Military-Civilian Marshal Office\" in western Tibet and installed the \"\u00dc-Tsang Regional Military Commission\" to administrate \u00dc-Tsang and \"Amdo-Kham Regional Military Commission\" (Dokham) to administer Amdo and Kham regions. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in"]}
{"query": "what year was the history of Ming produced? ", "answer": "1739", "gold_docs": ["extension of relations with Tibet.\" According to the official \"Twenty-Four Histories\", the \"History of Ming\" compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912), the Ming dynasty established the \"Ngari Military-Civilian Marshal Office\" in western Tibet and installed the \"\u00dc-Tsang Regional Military Commission\" to administrate \u00dc-Tsang and \"Amdo-Kham Regional Military Commission\" (Dokham) to administer Amdo and Kham regions. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in"]}
{"query": "How many Qianhu offices were there?", "answer": "seventeen Qianhu offices", "gold_docs": ["extension of relations with Tibet.\" According to the official \"Twenty-Four Histories\", the \"History of Ming\" compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912), the Ming dynasty established the \"Ngari Military-Civilian Marshal Office\" in western Tibet and installed the \"\u00dc-Tsang Regional Military Commission\" to administrate \u00dc-Tsang and \"Amdo-Kham Regional Military Commission\" (Dokham) to administer Amdo and Kham regions. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in"]}
{"query": "where was the \u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?", "answer": "western Tibet", "gold_docs": ["extension of relations with Tibet.\" According to the official \"Twenty-Four Histories\", the \"History of Ming\" compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912), the Ming dynasty established the \"Ngari Military-Civilian Marshal Office\" in western Tibet and installed the \"\u00dc-Tsang Regional Military Commission\" to administrate \u00dc-Tsang and \"Amdo-Kham Regional Military Commission\" (Dokham) to administer Amdo and Kham regions. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in"]}
{"query": "How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["command of 1,000 households). The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (\u6cd5\u738b) and five Princes (\u738b), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (\u5927\u570b\u5e2b) and State Tutors (\u570b\u5e2b), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive"]}
{"query": "Who established the Tibetan law code?", "answer": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen", "gold_docs": ["command of 1,000 households). The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (\u6cd5\u738b) and five Princes (\u738b), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (\u5927\u570b\u5e2b) and State Tutors (\u570b\u5e2b), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive"]}
{"query": "Who was the Phagmodru ruler?", "answer": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen", "gold_docs": ["command of 1,000 households). The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (\u6cd5\u738b) and five Princes (\u738b), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (\u5927\u570b\u5e2b) and State Tutors (\u570b\u5e2b), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive"]}
{"query": "who was a professor of the University of Washington?", "answer": "Turrell V. Wylie", "gold_docs": ["old Imperial Tibetan traditions. The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored \"History of Ming\" as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the \"numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the \"Ming Shih\".\" Van Praag writes that these \"tributary missions\""]}
{"query": "Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?", "answer": "Tibet", "gold_docs": ["were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\" Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D."]}
{"query": "Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?", "answer": "Morris Rossabi", "gold_docs": ["were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\" Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D."]}
{"query": "Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?", "answer": "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain", "gold_docs": ["Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\". Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and"]}
{"query": "Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?", "answer": "Wang and Nyima", "gold_docs": ["Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\". Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and"]}
{"query": "What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?", "answer": "1371", "gold_docs": ["Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\". Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and"]}
{"query": "What did the lamas called themselves?", "answer": "princes", "gold_docs": ["show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of \"prince\" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had \"full sovereignty over Tibet.\" They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated"]}
{"query": "What edicts did the Ming issue?", "answer": "imperial edicts", "gold_docs": ["show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of \"prince\" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had \"full sovereignty over Tibet.\" They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?", "answer": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird", "gold_docs": ["Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty. Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book \"The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama\", writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their \"Historical Status of China's Tibet\", and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by"]}
{"query": "who colonized India and New Zealand?", "answer": "the British", "gold_docs": ["the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\" The \"Columbia Encyclopedia\" distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and"]}
{"query": "Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?", "answer": "the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China", "gold_docs": ["Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty. Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book \"The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama\", writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their \"Historical Status of China's Tibet\", and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by"]}
{"query": "How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?", "answer": "A Mongol dynasty of China", "gold_docs": ["the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Y\u00fcan in 1271.\" The \"Encyclopedia Americana\" describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Y\u00fcan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they"]}
{"query": "How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?", "answer": "the line of Mongol rulers in China", "gold_docs": ["the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Y\u00fcan in 1271.\" The \"Encyclopedia Americana\" describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Y\u00fcan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they"]}
{"query": "What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?", "answer": "a non-Chinese polity", "gold_docs": ["assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his \"Kublai Khan: His Life and Times\", Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?", "answer": "Rossabi", "gold_docs": ["assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his \"Kublai Khan: His Life and Times\", Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style"]}
{"query": "When did the yuan dynasty start and end?", "answer": "1271 to 1368", "gold_docs": ["the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Y\u00fcan in 1271.\" The \"Encyclopedia Americana\" describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Y\u00fcan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they"]}
{"query": "When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?", "answer": "1311\u20131320", "gold_docs": ["of a Chinese ruler\". Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311\u20131320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, \"he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to"]}
{"query": "During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? ", "answer": "a licensed border market", "gold_docs": ["universal Buddhist rulers, or \"chakravartin\". Van Praag writes that \"Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it,\" citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan. David M. Robinson contends that various edicts and laws issued by the Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming dynasty, seem to reject the Mongol influence in China with the banning of Mongolian marriage and burial practices, clothing, speech and even music. However, Robinson highlights how this rhetoric contradicts the Hongwu Emperor's continuation of Yuan institutions such as the hereditary"]}
{"query": "Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?", "answer": "the Mongols and other ethnicities", "gold_docs": ["of a Chinese ruler\". Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311\u20131320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, \"he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to"]}
{"query": "Who abolished the policy council?", "answer": "the Ming", "gold_docs": ["the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to"]}
{"query": "Who governed most areas of Tibet?", "answer": "Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office", "gold_docs": ["the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to"]}
{"query": "Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?", "answer": "Chen Qingying", "gold_docs": ["the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil \"Wanhu\" Office, stating: Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) leaders of Neiwo Zong and Renbam Zong, Chen states that when \"the Emperor learned the actual situation of the Phachu Kargyu, the"]}
{"query": "How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?", "answer": "1,000 households", "gold_docs": ["Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang.\" The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that \"the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor,\" while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal. According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter"]}
{"query": "How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?", "answer": "10,000 households", "gold_docs": ["Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang.\" The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that \"the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor,\" while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal. According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Tibetologist?", "answer": "John Powers", "gold_docs": ["Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang.\" The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that \"the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor,\" while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal. According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter"]}
{"query": "Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?", "answer": "ruling lamas", "gold_docs": ["this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming. Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE\u2013220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained"]}
{"query": "When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? ", "answer": "subordinates", "gold_docs": ["this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming. Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE\u2013220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained"]}
{"query": "What was the western regions composed of?", "answer": "the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan", "gold_docs": ["the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them. Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (\"sic\" properly \"sde-srid\" or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that"]}
{"query": "Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? ", "answer": "foreign officials", "gold_docs": ["the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them. Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (\"sic\" properly \"sde-srid\" or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that"]}
{"query": "What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?", "answer": "Education Minister", "gold_docs": ["the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them. Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (\"sic\" properly \"sde-srid\" or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that"]}
{"query": "What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?", "answer": "Degsi", "gold_docs": ["the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them. Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (\"sic\" properly \"sde-srid\" or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that"]}
{"query": "What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?", "answer": "Phagmodrupa Dynasty", "gold_docs": ["\"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation.\" The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: \"In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received.\" However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build"]}
{"query": "What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?", "answer": "Wang and Nyima", "gold_docs": ["the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them. Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (\"sic\" properly \"sde-srid\" or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that"]}
{"query": "Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?", "answer": "The Tai Situpa", "gold_docs": ["\"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation.\" The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: \"In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received.\" However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build"]}
{"query": "Who divided Central Tibet into districts? ", "answer": "Changchub Gyaltsen", "gold_docs": ["\"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \"remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty.\" Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songts\u00e4n Gampo (c. 605\u2013649)\u2014the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power\u2014by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial"]}
{"query": "Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?", "answer": "Van Praag", "gold_docs": ["Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century. According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting"]}
{"query": "What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?", "answer": "the University of Washington", "gold_docs": ["\"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation.\" The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: \"In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received.\" However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build"]}
{"query": "What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?", "answer": "all traces of Mongol suzerainty", "gold_docs": ["\"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \"remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty.\" Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songts\u00e4n Gampo (c. 605\u2013649)\u2014the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power\u2014by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial"]}
{"query": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?", "answer": "Sagya Gyaincain", "gold_docs": ["the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira. Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined"]}
{"query": "Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?", "answer": "the Ming officer of Hezhou", "gold_docs": ["Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century. According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting"]}
{"query": "Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?", "answer": "Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen", "gold_docs": ["Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century. According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting"]}
{"query": "Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?", "answer": "the Ming officer of Hezhou", "gold_docs": ["Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century. According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting"]}
{"query": "Where were the envoys sent?", "answer": "to the Ming court", "gold_docs": ["the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira. Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined"]}
{"query": "Who lost their power over Tibet?", "answer": "the Phagmodrupa", "gold_docs": ["the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira. Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined"]}
{"query": "What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?", "answer": "1434", "gold_docs": ["the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira. Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined"]}
{"query": "What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?", "answer": "1642", "gold_docs": ["the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira. Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined"]}
{"query": "What did the other families fail to establish?", "answer": "hegemonies", "gold_docs": ["the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira. Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined"]}
{"query": "The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?", "answer": "the Karmapa Kargyu", "gold_docs": ["the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira. Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined"]}
{"query": "Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?", "answer": "Mongol", "gold_docs": ["Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote: A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited"]}
{"query": "Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?", "answer": "the Ming Yongle Emperor", "gold_docs": ["Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote: A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?", "answer": "Tsongkhapa", "gold_docs": ["Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote: A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited"]}
{"query": "When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?", "answer": "1407", "gold_docs": ["the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (\u5019\u986f; fl. 1403\u20131427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of \"State Teacher\"\u2014the same title"]}
{"query": "When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?", "answer": "1413", "gold_docs": ["the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (\u5019\u986f; fl. 1403\u20131427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of \"State Teacher\"\u2014the same title"]}
{"query": "When was Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?", "answer": "1414", "gold_docs": ["the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (\u5019\u986f; fl. 1403\u20131427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of \"State Teacher\"\u2014the same title"]}
{"query": "Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?", "answer": "Dawa Norbu", "gold_docs": ["earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. The Xuande Emperor (r. 1425\u20131435) even granted this disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes the title of a \"King\" (\u738b). This title does not appear to have held any practical meaning, or to have given its holder any power, at Tsongkhapa's Ganden Monastery. Wylie notes that this\u2014like the Karma Kargyu\u2014cannot be seen as a reappointment of Mongol Yuan offices, since the Gelug school was created after the fall of the Yuan dynasty. Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan"]}
{"query": "Who did the Ming appoint titles to?", "answer": "eastern Tibetan princes", "gold_docs": ["dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's \"tribute-cum-trade\" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of \u00dc-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by \"three successive nationalistic regimes,\" which Norbu writes \"Communist historians prefer to ignore.\" Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that"]}
{"query": "What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?", "answer": "an army", "gold_docs": ["the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\" Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and"]}
{"query": "What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?", "answer": "Tibet", "gold_docs": ["the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\" Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the  eunuch?", "answer": "Yang Sanbao", "gold_docs": ["the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\" Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and"]}
{"query": "Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?", "answer": "Tibet", "gold_docs": ["the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\" Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and"]}
{"query": "When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "answer": "1413", "gold_docs": ["the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\" Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and"]}
{"query": "Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "answer": "the allegiance of various Tibetan princes", "gold_docs": ["the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\" Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and"]}
{"query": "Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?", "answer": "to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states", "gold_docs": ["the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\" Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and"]}
{"query": "Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?", "answer": "the Ming court", "gold_docs": ["Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times \"engaged in armed confrontation with them.\" Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the \"Mingshi\" or the \"Ming Shilu\". On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court: Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the \"History of Ming\" distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while"]}
{"query": "Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?", "answer": "1430s", "gold_docs": ["Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times \"engaged in armed confrontation with them.\" Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the \"Mingshi\" or the \"Ming Shilu\". On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court: Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the \"History of Ming\" distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while"]}
{"query": "Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?", "answer": "various lamas", "gold_docs": ["the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of \"King\" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed. Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal"]}
{"query": "Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?", "answer": "the Phagmodru myriarchy", "gold_docs": ["the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of \"King\" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed. Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal"]}
{"query": "Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?", "answer": "Melvyn C. Goldstein", "gold_docs": ["titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that \"by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality.\" Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354\u20131435), Rinpungpa (1435\u20131565), and Tsangpa (1565\u20131642). In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r."]}
{"query": "Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?", "answer": "Melvyn C. Goldstein", "gold_docs": ["titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that \"by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality.\" Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354\u20131435), Rinpungpa (1435\u20131565), and Tsangpa (1565\u20131642). In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r."]}
{"query": "What years did the Tsangpa start and end?", "answer": "1565\u20131642", "gold_docs": ["titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that \"by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality.\" Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354\u20131435), Rinpungpa (1435\u20131565), and Tsangpa (1565\u20131642). In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r."]}
{"query": "What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?", "answer": "1398\u20131402", "gold_docs": ["1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads, In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle"]}
{"query": "Who aided the Yongle Emperor?", "answer": "the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao", "gold_docs": ["1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads, In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle"]}
{"query": "Who was Yongle Emperor's father?", "answer": "the Hongwu Emperor", "gold_docs": ["1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads, In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle"]}
{"query": "Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?", "answer": "Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang", "gold_docs": ["Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the"]}
{"query": "Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?", "answer": "to seek out the Karmapa", "gold_docs": ["1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads, In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle"]}
{"query": "Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?", "answer": "through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan", "gold_docs": ["Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the"]}
{"query": "When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?", "answer": "1403", "gold_docs": ["Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the"]}
{"query": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?", "answer": "Nanjing", "gold_docs": ["palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him. Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over"]}
{"query": "Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?", "answer": "the Karmapa", "gold_docs": ["palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him. Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over"]}
{"query": "Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?", "answer": "Kublai", "gold_docs": ["palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him. Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over"]}
{"query": "At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?", "answer": "Linggu Temple", "gold_docs": ["palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him. Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over"]}
{"query": "Where was the Linggu Temple located?", "answer": "Nanjing", "gold_docs": ["the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title \"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma\" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of \"King\" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the"]}
{"query": "What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?", "answer": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma", "gold_docs": ["the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title \"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma\" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of \"King\" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the"]}
{"query": "Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?", "answer": "religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects. Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him."]}
{"query": "Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? ", "answer": "the Mongols", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects. Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him."]}
{"query": "Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? ", "answer": "religious purposes", "gold_docs": ["However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes. Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor"]}
{"query": "What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?", "answer": "to send a military force into Tibet", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects. Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him."]}
{"query": "Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?", "answer": "to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects. Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him."]}
{"query": "Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?", "answer": "Deshin Shekpa", "gold_docs": ["Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects. Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him."]}
{"query": "Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?", "answer": "Jianwen Emperor", "gold_docs": ["However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes. Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor"]}
{"query": "Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?", "answer": "Deshin Shekpa", "gold_docs": ["However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes. Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor"]}
{"query": "What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?", "answer": "Deshin Shekpa's miracles", "gold_docs": ["However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes. Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor"]}
{"query": "According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?", "answer": "Chinese Communist historians", "gold_docs": ["on the Ming throne. With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between \"the patron and the priest\" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized \"the religious nature of the relationship.\" Josef Kolma\u0161 writes that the"]}
{"query": "What were the items of tribute?", "answer": "Buddhist artifacts", "gold_docs": ["on the Ming throne. With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between \"the patron and the priest\" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized \"the religious nature of the relationship.\" Josef Kolma\u0161 writes that the"]}
{"query": "Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?", "answer": "Josef Kolma\u0161", "gold_docs": ["on the Ming throne. With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between \"the patron and the priest\" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized \"the religious nature of the relationship.\" Josef Kolma\u0161 writes that the"]}
{"query": "What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?", "answer": "1435\u20131449", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "Who was the edict addressed to? ", "answer": "the Karmapa", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?", "answer": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "When was the edict written?", "answer": "after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?", "answer": "the Karmapa hierarchs", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?", "answer": "1446", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?", "answer": "1415", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?", "answer": "the Karmapa", "gold_docs": ["Manjusri.\" The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the"]}
{"query": "Why did Yongle order the construction?", "answer": "to facilitate trade with Tibet", "gold_docs": ["representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa. Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this \"tribute-related trade\" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses\u2014while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to"]}
{"query": "What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?", "answer": "tea, horses, and salt", "gold_docs": ["representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa. Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this \"tribute-related trade\" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses\u2014while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to"]}
{"query": "where did the trade route pass through?", "answer": "through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan", "gold_docs": ["representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa. Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this \"tribute-related trade\" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses\u2014while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to"]}
{"query": "Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?", "answer": "to secure urgently needed horses", "gold_docs": ["The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions. Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax, and therefore Tibetans were \"undertaking"]}
{"query": "What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?", "answer": "Tibetan Buddhist", "gold_docs": ["the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, \"thangkas\" (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography. While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to"]}
{"query": "who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?", "answer": "the Ming", "gold_docs": ["with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes \"in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price\". The Information Office of the State Council of"]}
{"query": "Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?", "answer": "a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax", "gold_docs": ["The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions. Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax, and therefore Tibetans were \"undertaking"]}
{"query": "Who did the Ming trade horses with?", "answer": "Tibet", "gold_docs": ["historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention. Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them.\" Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning"]}
{"query": "Who was the leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols?", "answer": "Altan Khan", "gold_docs": ["\"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507\u20131582)\u2014leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes\u2014made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese"]}
{"query": "Who did Altan Khan overthrow?", "answer": "the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony", "gold_docs": ["\"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507\u20131582)\u2014leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes\u2014made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese"]}
{"query": "Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?", "answer": "Altan Khan", "gold_docs": ["\"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507\u20131582)\u2014leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes\u2014made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese"]}
{"query": "When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?", "answer": "the 14th century", "gold_docs": ["Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (\u6c90\u82f1) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways;"]}
{"query": "When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?", "answer": "November 1378", "gold_docs": ["Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (\u6c90\u82f1) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways;"]}
{"query": "How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?", "answer": "30,000", "gold_docs": ["Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (\u6c90\u82f1) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways;"]}
{"query": "How many animals did Mu Ying capture?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (\u6c90\u82f1) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways;"]}
{"query": "Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?", "answer": "Ming general Qu Neng", "gold_docs": ["the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390. One of the Ming princes was noted for delinquent behavior involving Tibetans. Zhu Shuang (Prince of Qin), a son of the Hongwu Emperor, had some Tibetan boys castrated and Tibetan women seized while under the influence of drugs, following a war against minority Tibetan peoples. After his death in 1395 from either a drug overdose or toxins mixed with his medicine, Zhu Shuang was posthumously reprimanded by his father for various actions, including those against Tibetan prisoners of"]}
{"query": "Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? ", "answer": "the Mongols", "gold_docs": ["war (involving the slaughter of nearly two-thousand captives). Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between"]}
{"query": "Where were the Mongols trying to raise? ", "answer": "Ming China", "gold_docs": ["war (involving the slaughter of nearly two-thousand captives). Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between"]}
{"query": "Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?", "answer": "to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes", "gold_docs": ["the Ming and Tibet was \"the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet,\" that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but \"avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat.\" P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas \"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes.\" Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime"]}
{"query": "What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?", "answer": "divide-and-rule", "gold_docs": ["dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the \"divide-and-rule\" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa\u2014one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas. The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug\u2014Gend\u00fcn Drup (1391\u20131474) and Gend\u00fcn Gyatso (1475\u20131571)\u2014had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing"]}
{"query": "Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?", "answer": "fifth Karmapa", "gold_docs": ["dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the \"divide-and-rule\" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa\u2014one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas. The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug\u2014Gend\u00fcn Drup (1391\u20131474) and Gend\u00fcn Gyatso (1475\u20131571)\u2014had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing"]}
{"query": "Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?", "answer": "many different Tibetan lamas", "gold_docs": ["dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the \"divide-and-rule\" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa\u2014one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas. The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug\u2014Gend\u00fcn Drup (1391\u20131474) and Gend\u00fcn Gyatso (1475\u20131571)\u2014had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing"]}
{"query": "Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?", "answer": "the Phagmodrupa", "gold_docs": ["with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of \u00dc-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518"]}
{"query": "When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?", "answer": "1498", "gold_docs": ["with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of \u00dc-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518"]}
{"query": "What was the most important event to the Gelug?", "answer": "New Years ceremonies and prayers", "gold_docs": ["with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of \u00dc-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518"]}
{"query": "When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?", "answer": "1518", "gold_docs": ["with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of \u00dc-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518"]}
{"query": "Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?", "answer": "the company of lamas", "gold_docs": ["that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned. The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505\u20131521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Miky\u00f6 Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors"]}
{"query": "Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?", "answer": "Miky\u00f6 Dorje", "gold_docs": ["that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned. The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505\u20131521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Miky\u00f6 Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors"]}
{"query": "Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?", "answer": "Chinese writers of the early 20th century", "gold_docs": ["that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had"]}
{"query": "What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?", "answer": "China's intervening Ming dynasty", "gold_docs": ["that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had"]}
{"query": "Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? ", "answer": "the 13th century", "gold_docs": ["that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had"]}
{"query": "When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?", "answer": "the 18th century", "gold_docs": ["that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had"]}
{"query": "During Which dynasty does Josef Kolma\u0161 claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?", "answer": "the Qing dynasty", "gold_docs": ["writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations. P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to"]}
{"query": "Josef Kolma\u0161  states that Tibet became subject to what government? ", "answer": "the Chinese central government", "gold_docs": ["writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations. P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to"]}
{"query": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?", "answer": "the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans", "gold_docs": ["him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\" Marina Illich, a scholar of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, while discussing the life of the Gelug lama Chankya Rolpe Dorje (1717\u20131786), mentions the limitations of both Western and Chinese modern scholarship in their interpretation of Tibetan sources. As for the limitations"]}
{"query": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?", "answer": "the Republic of China and its Communist successors", "gold_docs": ["him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\" Marina Illich, a scholar of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, while discussing the life of the Gelug lama Chankya Rolpe Dorje (1717\u20131786), mentions the limitations of both Western and Chinese modern scholarship in their interpretation of Tibetan sources. As for the limitations"]}
{"query": "Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?", "answer": "the Mongols", "gold_docs": ["writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations. P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to"]}
{"query": "The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?", "answer": "patron and priest relationship", "gold_docs": ["writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations. P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to"]}
{"query": "When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?", "answer": "the 13th century", "gold_docs": ["\"China Daily\", a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the \"Mingshi\" about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. \"China Daily\" states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished"]}
{"query": "Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?", "answer": "the Ming dynasty", "gold_docs": ["\"China Daily\", a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the \"Mingshi\" about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. \"China Daily\" states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished"]}
{"query": "When was China Daily started?", "answer": "1981", "gold_docs": ["\"China Daily\", a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the \"Mingshi\" about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. \"China Daily\" states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished"]}
{"query": "Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?", "answer": "the Ming", "gold_docs": ["\"China Daily\", a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the \"Mingshi\" about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. \"China Daily\" states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished"]}
{"query": "When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? ", "answer": "1521\u20131567", "gold_docs": ["Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled \"People's Daily\", the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that \"China Daily\" had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text. During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the \"History of Ming\" states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe"]}
{"query": "What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?", "answer": "the native Chinese ideology of Daoism", "gold_docs": ["Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled \"People's Daily\", the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that \"China Daily\" had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text. During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the \"History of Ming\" states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe"]}
{"query": "Who stopped their trips to Ming China?", "answer": "the Tibetan lamas", "gold_docs": ["Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled \"People's Daily\", the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that \"China Daily\" had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text. During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the \"History of Ming\" states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe"]}
{"query": "Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?", "answer": "Yang Tinghe", "gold_docs": ["Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled \"People's Daily\", the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that \"China Daily\" had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text. During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the \"History of Ming\" states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe"]}
{"query": "Who broke the eunuch influence at court?", "answer": "Yang Tinghe", "gold_docs": ["Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled \"People's Daily\", the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that \"China Daily\" had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text. During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the \"History of Ming\" states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe"]}
{"query": "Who was Zhengde's successor? ", "answer": "Jiajing", "gold_docs": ["Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols. The Chinese Ming dynasty also deliberately helped to propagate Tibetan Buddhism instead of Chinese Buddhism among the Mongols. The Ming assisted Altan Khan, King of the T\u00fcmed Mongols, when he requested aid in propagating Lamaism. Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern"]}
{"query": "What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? ", "answer": "Neo-Confucian establishment", "gold_docs": ["under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people. With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fern\u00e3o Pires de"]}
{"query": "Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?", "answer": "the Portuguese embassy", "gold_docs": ["under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people. With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fern\u00e3o Pires de"]}
{"query": "Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?", "answer": "Tibetan Buddhism and lamas", "gold_docs": ["Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols. The Chinese Ming dynasty also deliberately helped to propagate Tibetan Buddhism instead of Chinese Buddhism among the Mongols. The Ming assisted Altan Khan, King of the T\u00fcmed Mongols, when he requested aid in propagating Lamaism. Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern"]}
{"query": "Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?", "answer": "Jiajing", "gold_docs": ["Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols. The Chinese Ming dynasty also deliberately helped to propagate Tibetan Buddhism instead of Chinese Buddhism among the Mongols. The Ming assisted Altan Khan, King of the T\u00fcmed Mongols, when he requested aid in propagating Lamaism. Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern"]}
{"query": "What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?", "answer": "the Kokonor region", "gold_docs": ["Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols. The Chinese Ming dynasty also deliberately helped to propagate Tibetan Buddhism instead of Chinese Buddhism among the Mongols. The Ming assisted Altan Khan, King of the T\u00fcmed Mongols, when he requested aid in propagating Lamaism. Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern"]}
{"query": "The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? ", "answer": "the Ming", "gold_docs": ["Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507\u20131582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso (1543\u20131588)\u2014to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama\u2014\"Ocean Teacher\". The full title was \"Dalai Lama Vajradhara\", \"Vajradhara\" meaning \"Holder of the Thunderbolt\" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that"]}
{"query": "Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?", "answer": "the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso", "gold_docs": ["Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507\u20131582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso (1543\u20131588)\u2014to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama\u2014\"Ocean Teacher\". The full title was \"Dalai Lama Vajradhara\", \"Vajradhara\" meaning \"Holder of the Thunderbolt\" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that"]}
{"query": "What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?", "answer": "the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice", "gold_docs": ["Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that \"represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment.\" Goldstein writes that S\u00f6nam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title \"king of religion, majestic purity\". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the \"Protector of the Faith\". Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism\u2014or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways."]}
{"query": "Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?", "answer": "the Mongol princes and subjects", "gold_docs": ["Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that \"represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment.\" Goldstein writes that S\u00f6nam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title \"king of religion, majestic purity\". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the \"Protector of the Faith\". Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism\u2014or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways."]}
{"query": "What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?", "answer": "execution", "gold_docs": ["Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that \"represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment.\" Goldstein writes that S\u00f6nam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title \"king of religion, majestic purity\". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the \"Protector of the Faith\". Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism\u2014or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways."]}
{"query": "Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated \"the unique fusion of religious and political power\" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolma\u0161 states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and S\u00f6nam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and \"to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama.\" Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship"]}
{"query": "Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?", "answer": "Committed to their religious leader", "gold_docs": ["Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated \"the unique fusion of religious and political power\" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolma\u0161 states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and S\u00f6nam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and \"to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama.\" Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship"]}
{"query": "Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?", "answer": "T\u00fcmen Khan", "gold_docs": ["not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\" Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, T\u00fcmen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan\u2014the 4th Dalai Lama (1589\u20131616)\u2014was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617\u20131682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet. Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose"]}
{"query": "Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?", "answer": "the 5th Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\" Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, T\u00fcmen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan\u2014the 4th Dalai Lama (1589\u20131616)\u2014was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617\u20131682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet. Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose"]}
{"query": "When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?", "answer": "In 1642", "gold_docs": ["not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\" Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, T\u00fcmen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan\u2014the 4th Dalai Lama (1589\u20131616)\u2014was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617\u20131682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet. Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose"]}
{"query": "Who was given the grandiose title?", "answer": "Sonam Gyatso", "gold_docs": ["title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior"]}
{"query": "Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?", "answer": "Altan Khan", "gold_docs": ["title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior"]}
{"query": "Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?", "answer": "Zhang Juzheng", "gold_docs": ["title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior"]}
{"query": "Who was the Ming Chinese official?", "answer": "Zhang Juzheng", "gold_docs": ["title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior"]}
{"query": "Where did Sonam Gyatso die?", "answer": "Mongolia", "gold_docs": ["commitment, even though he was only from Beijing. Laird adds that \"the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time.\" Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism. Of the third Dalai Lama, \"China Daily\" states that the \"Ming dynasty showed him special favor by"]}
{"query": "Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?", "answer": "the third Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["commitment, even though he was only from Beijing. Laird adds that \"the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time.\" Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism. Of the third Dalai Lama, \"China Daily\" states that the \"Ming dynasty showed him special favor by"]}
{"query": "What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?", "answer": "pay tribute", "gold_docs": ["allowing him to pay tribute.\" \"China Daily\" then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but \"China Daily\" does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, \"China Daily\" states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of \"Dalai Lama\" and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the"]}
{"query": "What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?", "answer": "the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["allowing him to pay tribute.\" \"China Daily\" then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but \"China Daily\" does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, \"China Daily\" states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of \"Dalai Lama\" and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the"]}
{"query": "In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "answer": "the fifth Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["allowing him to pay tribute.\" \"China Daily\" then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but \"China Daily\" does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, \"China Daily\" states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of \"Dalai Lama\" and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the"]}
{"query": "In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "answer": "the fifth Panchen Lama", "gold_docs": ["allowing him to pay tribute.\" \"China Daily\" then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but \"China Daily\" does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, \"China Daily\" states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of \"Dalai Lama\" and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the"]}
{"query": "What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? ", "answer": "Master of Vajradhara", "gold_docs": ["Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\" Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the \"Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama\", which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey. Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in"]}
{"query": "Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?", "answer": "Yonten Gyatso", "gold_docs": ["Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\" Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the \"Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama\", which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey. Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in"]}
{"query": "When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?", "answer": "1616", "gold_docs": ["Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\" Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the \"Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama\", which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey. Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in"]}
{"query": "Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?", "answer": "Yonten Gyatso", "gold_docs": ["Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\" Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the \"Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama\", which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey. Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in"]}
{"query": "Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?", "answer": "he died", "gold_docs": ["Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\" Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the \"Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama\", which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey. Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in"]}
{"query": "Who's presence increased in Tibet?", "answer": "the Mongols", "gold_docs": ["the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\" In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one"]}
{"query": "What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?", "answer": "their old vassal of Tibet", "gold_docs": ["the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\" In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one"]}
{"query": "When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?", "answer": "1642", "gold_docs": ["the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\" In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one"]}
{"query": "Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?", "answer": "the Ming court", "gold_docs": ["the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\" In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one"]}
{"query": "When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?", "answer": "1565", "gold_docs": ["the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\" In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one"]}
{"query": "Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?", "answer": "Karma Phuntsok Namgyal", "gold_docs": ["of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, \"the one of Tsang\", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang), reigning from 1611\u20131621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the \u00dc-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic \u00dc-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience"]}
{"query": "When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?", "answer": "1611\u20131621", "gold_docs": ["of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, \"the one of Tsang\", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang), reigning from 1611\u20131621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the \u00dc-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic \u00dc-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience"]}
{"query": "Who did \u00dc-Tsang king have an alliance with?", "answer": "the Karmapa", "gold_docs": ["of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, \"the one of Tsang\", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang), reigning from 1611\u20131621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the \u00dc-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic \u00dc-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience"]}
{"query": "Who refused an audience with the \u00dc-Tsang king?", "answer": "The fourth Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["to the \u00dc-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the \u00dc-Tsang king to have him murdered for \"cursing\" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular \u00dc-Tsang king. The \u00dc-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries"]}
{"query": "Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?", "answer": "the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan", "gold_docs": ["king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the \"Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama.\" When an ally of the \u00dc-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan (1582\u20131655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. G\u00fcshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637\u20131640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies"]}
{"query": "What role did G\u00fcshi Khan take on?", "answer": "protector", "gold_docs": ["king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the \"Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama.\" When an ally of the \u00dc-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan (1582\u20131655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. G\u00fcshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637\u20131640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies"]}
{"query": "Where did G\u00fcshi Khan resettle his tribe?", "answer": "Amdo", "gold_docs": ["in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Ch\u00f6pel urged G\u00fcshi Khan to assault the \u00dc-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which G\u00fcshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the \u00dc-Tsang forces surrendered. G\u00fcshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of \u00dc-Tsang, King of Tibet. Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to"]}
{"query": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?", "answer": "Lozang Gyatso", "gold_docs": ["in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Ch\u00f6pel urged G\u00fcshi Khan to assault the \u00dc-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which G\u00fcshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the \u00dc-Tsang forces surrendered. G\u00fcshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of \u00dc-Tsang, King of Tibet. Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to"]}
{"query": "What did G\u00fcshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?", "answer": "his conquest of Tibet", "gold_docs": ["in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Ch\u00f6pel urged G\u00fcshi Khan to assault the \u00dc-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which G\u00fcshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the \u00dc-Tsang forces surrendered. G\u00fcshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of \u00dc-Tsang, King of Tibet. Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to"]}
{"query": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to"]}
{"query": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan grant the governing authority to?", "answer": "the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel", "gold_docs": ["the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, G\u00fcshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel. Although G\u00fcshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon G\u00fcshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point G\u00fcshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski"]}
{"query": "The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?", "answer": "G\u00fcshi Khan", "gold_docs": ["writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to"]}
{"query": "Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?", "answer": "the rebellion of Li Zicheng", "gold_docs": ["dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet. Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606\u20131645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612\u20131678). \"China Daily\" states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely \"strengthened administration of Tibet.\" However, Kolma\u0161 states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu,"]}
{"query": "According to Kolma\u0161 who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet. Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606\u20131645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612\u20131678). \"China Daily\" states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely \"strengthened administration of Tibet.\" However, Kolma\u0161 states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu,"]}
{"query": "Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?", "answer": "Shunzhi", "gold_docs": ["William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644\u20131661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared"]}
{"query": "Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?", "answer": "the Dzungar Mongols", "gold_docs": ["enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\" When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735\u20131796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes"]}
{"query": "Who helped the Tibetan? ", "answer": "the Kangxi Emperor", "gold_docs": ["enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\" When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735\u20131796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes"]}
{"query": "When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?", "answer": "1751", "gold_docs": ["enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\" When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735\u20131796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes"]}
{"query": "When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? ", "answer": "1735\u20131796", "gold_docs": ["enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\" When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735\u20131796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes"]}
{"query": "Which company produces the iPod?", "answer": "Apple", "gold_docs": ["IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of"]}
{"query": "When was the original iPod released?", "answer": "October 23, 2001", "gold_docs": ["IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of"]}
{"query": "What kind of device is the iPod?", "answer": "portable media players", "gold_docs": ["IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of"]}
{"query": "The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?", "answer": "touchscreen", "gold_docs": ["IPod Touch (6th generation) The sixth-generation iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as the iPod touch, and colloquially known as the iPod touch 6G, iPod touch 6, or iPod touch (2015)) is a multipurpose handheld tablet computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface. It is the successor to the iPod Touch (5th generation), becoming the first major update to the iPod lineup in more than two and a half years. It was released on the online Apple Store on July 15, 2015, along with minor upgrades to the iPod Nano and iPod Shuffle, The sixth-generation iPod"]}
{"query": "What company manufactures the iPod?", "answer": "Apple", "gold_docs": ["IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of"]}
{"query": "How many versions of the iPod currently exist?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "Which is the smallest version of the iPod?", "answer": "Shuffle", "gold_docs": ["the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple producing standalone music players. Currently, the iPod Touch is the only iPod produced by Apple. The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The"]}
{"query": "In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["higher spec models include Bluetooth, navigation system with five-inch touch screen display, satellite radio and an iPod/USB interface. It was considered to be the least-expensive new car in the US market in 2013. For the 2015 model year, the Versa (as for the Latio and other models) was facelifted, with redesigned taillights and larger headlamps. The model is also sold in Latin America as the Versa, also with a 1.6-liter petrol engine. It was succeeded by the Nissan Micra in 2014 for the Canadian market; the Versa was discontinued there due to slow sales. In 2016, the Versa was sold"]}
{"query": "In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?", "answer": "data storage", "gold_docs": ["IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of"]}
{"query": "Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?", "answer": "iPod Shuffle", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?", "answer": "iPod Touch", "gold_docs": ["IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of"]}
{"query": "What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?", "answer": "2 GB", "gold_docs": ["The new blue, green and pink variants of the iPod Shuffle reverted to shades that were similar to the colors that were released in January 2007. In June 2009, Avon offered a gold iPod Shuffle (second generation) for $29 when purchased in conjunction with two ANEW skin care products. The second generation 2 GB iPod Shuffle was discontinued on March 11, 2009, and the 1 GB version was discontinued on September 9, 2009. The third-generation iPod Shuffle was released on March 11, 2009 and was said by Apple to be \"jaw-droppingly small\" and \"The first music player that talks to"]}
{"query": "What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?", "answer": "128 GB", "gold_docs": ["storage and pricing for the iPod Touch with 32 and 128 GB of storage. The iPod Touch runs Apple's Unix-based iOS operating system (called 'iPhone OS' until 2010) and includes bundled software to browse the Internet, view maps, send and receive email, view media, and work with office documents, presentations, and spreadsheets. Users type on a virtual keyboard displayed on the screen. Apple operates an online store, allowing users to buy and directly download music, videos and third-party software. From launch, the iPod Touch was described by journalists as an 'iPhone without the phone', and each iPod Touch model to"]}
{"query": "What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?", "answer": "iTunes", "gold_docs": ["IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of"]}
{"query": "Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?", "answer": "iPhone", "gold_docs": ["Apple macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. The iPod was released in late 2001. The iPod"]}
{"query": "With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?", "answer": "iOS 5", "gold_docs": ["Apple macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. The iPod was released in late 2001. The iPod"]}
{"query": "In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["Apple macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. The iPod was released in late 2001. The iPod"]}
{"query": "What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?", "answer": "\"Music\" and \"Videos\"", "gold_docs": ["Apple macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod. The iPod was released in late 2001. The iPod"]}
{"query": "Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?", "answer": "sixth", "gold_docs": ["fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In 2006 Apple presented a special edition"]}
{"query": "What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?", "answer": "sixth", "gold_docs": ["fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In 2006 Apple presented a special edition"]}
{"query": "In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["was the first generation of the iPod Touch to support it. iOS 7 was released on September 18, 2013 to all iOS devices. This generation was the only iPod Touch in the iPod Touch line-up to run iOS 7. On June 2, 2014, it was announced that the iPod Touch 5th generation would receive iOS 8 that fall. It was released on September 17, 2014. It was confirmed on June 8, 2015 at Apple's WWDC that the iPod Touch 5th generation would support iOS 9. This makes it the first and only iPod touch to support 4 major versions of"]}
{"query": "In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?", "answer": "5", "gold_docs": ["such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be"]}
{"query": "In what year was the iPod first introduced?", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel-based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive"]}
{"query": "In what year did iPod sales show improvement?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?", "answer": "Jon Rubinstein", "gold_docs": ["line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\" so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the"]}
{"query": "What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?", "answer": "Braun T3 transistor radio", "gold_docs": ["Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel-based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive"]}
{"query": "What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?", "answer": "5 GB", "gold_docs": ["Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel-based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive"]}
{"query": "in what year was the original iPod released?", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel-based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive"]}
{"query": "How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?", "answer": "5 GB", "gold_docs": ["Toshiba hard disk drive while meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel-based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?", "answer": "Jon Rubinstein", "gold_docs": ["line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\" so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the"]}
{"query": "Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?", "answer": "Pixo", "gold_docs": ["that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\" Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?", "answer": "Chicago", "gold_docs": ["that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\" Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched"]}
{"query": "In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In 2006 Apple presented a special edition"]}
{"query": "The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?", "answer": "Helvetica", "gold_docs": ["fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In 2006 Apple presented a special edition"]}
{"query": "Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?", "answer": "Steve Jobs", "gold_docs": ["that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\" Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched"]}
{"query": "What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?", "answer": "PortalPlayer", "gold_docs": ["that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\" Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched"]}
{"query": "What typeface does the current iPod use?", "answer": "Helvetica", "gold_docs": ["fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In 2006 Apple presented a special edition"]}
{"query": "In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In 2006 Apple presented a special edition"]}
{"query": "For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?", "answer": "U2", "gold_docs": ["for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store. In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device"]}
{"query": "What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?", "answer": "black", "gold_docs": ["for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store. In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device"]}
{"query": "What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?", "answer": "video", "gold_docs": ["for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store. In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device"]}
{"query": "What color was the special U2 iPod model?", "answer": "black", "gold_docs": ["for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store. In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device"]}
{"query": "In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. Color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item). In 2006 Apple presented a special edition"]}
{"query": "Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?", "answer": "Burst.com", "gold_docs": ["for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store. In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device"]}
{"query": "Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?", "answer": "Kane Kramer", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "answer": "UK", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "answer": "1981", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?", "answer": "IXI", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?", "answer": "IXI", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?", "answer": "Vinnie Chieco", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?", "answer": "freelance copywriter", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. The earliest recorded use in commerce of an \"iPod\" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled \"\"i\"POD\". In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont. On July 27, 2017, Apple removed"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name \"iPod\"?", "answer": "Vinnie Chieco", "gold_docs": ["that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea. The name \"iPod\" was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie \"\" and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which"]}
{"query": "Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?", "answer": "Joseph N. Grasso", "gold_docs": ["refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an \"iPod\" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had"]}
{"query": "When were images of new iPod colors leaked?", "answer": "mid-2015", "gold_docs": ["apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. The earliest recorded use in commerce of an \"iPod\" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled \"\"i\"POD\". In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont. On July 27, 2017, Apple removed"]}
{"query": "Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?", "answer": "Pierre Dandumont", "gold_docs": ["apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. The earliest recorded use in commerce of an \"iPod\" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled \"\"i\"POD\". In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont. On July 27, 2017, Apple removed"]}
{"query": "What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?", "answer": "12.2", "gold_docs": ["apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. The earliest recorded use in commerce of an \"iPod\" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled \"\"i\"POD\". In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont. On July 27, 2017, Apple removed"]}
{"query": "What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?", "answer": "12.2", "gold_docs": ["apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. The earliest recorded use in commerce of an \"iPod\" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled \"\"i\"POD\". In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont. On July 27, 2017, Apple removed"]}
{"query": "Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?", "answer": "Pierre Dandumont", "gold_docs": ["apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. The earliest recorded use in commerce of an \"iPod\" trademark was in 1991 by Chrysalis Corp. of Sturgis, Michigan, styled \"\"i\"POD\". In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont. On July 27, 2017, Apple removed"]}
{"query": "What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?", "answer": "weak bass response", "gold_docs": ["the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple producing standalone music players. Currently, the iPod Touch is the only iPod produced by Apple. The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The"]}
{"query": "What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "answer": "high-impedance", "gold_docs": ["the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple producing standalone music players. Currently, the iPod Touch is the only iPod produced by Apple. The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "answer": "external headphone amplifier", "gold_docs": ["the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple producing standalone music players. Currently, the iPod Touch is the only iPod produced by Apple. The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The"]}
{"query": "What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?", "answer": "bass", "gold_docs": ["the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple producing standalone music players. Currently, the iPod Touch is the only iPod produced by Apple. The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The"]}
{"query": "What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?", "answer": "undersized DC-blocking capacitors", "gold_docs": ["the iPod Nano and Shuffle from its stores, marking the end of Apple producing standalone music players. Currently, the iPod Touch is the only iPod produced by Apple. The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The"]}
{"query": "What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?", "answer": "Bass", "gold_docs": ["first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report"]}
{"query": "Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.", "answer": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster", "gold_docs": ["first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report"]}
{"query": "What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?", "answer": "clipping", "gold_docs": ["first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report"]}
{"query": "iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report"]}
{"query": "What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?", "answer": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster", "gold_docs": ["first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report"]}
{"query": "What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?", "answer": "hearing loss", "gold_docs": ["first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load. For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments. From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report"]}
{"query": "In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?", "answer": "EU", "gold_docs": ["that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users who have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version. Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update"]}
{"query": "In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users who have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version. Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update"]}
{"query": "What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?", "answer": "100 dB", "gold_docs": ["that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users who have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version. Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update"]}
{"query": "What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users who have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version. Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update"]}
{"query": "What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?", "answer": "FireWire", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?", "answer": "power adapter", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?", "answer": "FireWire", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?", "answer": "third generation", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?", "answer": "30-pin dock connector", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?", "answer": "fifth", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?", "answer": "fourth", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?", "answer": "3.5 mm minijack", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?", "answer": "third generation", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?", "answer": "Shuffle", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?", "answer": "FireWire", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?", "answer": "USB", "gold_docs": ["songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to"]}
{"query": "Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?", "answer": "iPod Hi-Fi", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "What are two companies that make iPod accessories?", "answer": "Belkin and Griffin", "gold_docs": ["such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be"]}
{"query": "What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?", "answer": "dock connector", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?", "answer": "paying royalties", "gold_docs": ["such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be"]}
{"query": "The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?", "answer": "third parties", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?", "answer": "iPod Hi-Fi", "gold_docs": ["charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable. The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties"]}
{"query": "What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?", "answer": "Lightning", "gold_docs": ["such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be"]}
{"query": "What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?", "answer": "seventh generation iPod Nano", "gold_docs": ["TUAW compared the iPod Nano to the Samsung Galaxy Gear, and considered the three-year-old model to be a \"better, cheaper smartwatch\" than the Galaxy Gear because of its more complete functionality in comparison, and its inclusion of a headphone jack. Apple announced the seventh and final generation iPod Nano on September 12, 2012. The (maximum) internal storage capacity has not been increased compared with the previous model but only a single, 16GB version of the seventh generation iPod Nano was announced at the product launch. It has been described as the \"thinnest iPod Nano yet\". (Apple put it, \"Our thinnest"]}
{"query": "How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "How many pins did the Lightning connector have?", "answer": "8", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?", "answer": "both sides", "gold_docs": ["such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be"]}
{"query": "What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?", "answer": "Lightning", "gold_docs": ["such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple. Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be"]}
{"query": "What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?", "answer": "fifth generation", "gold_docs": ["Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged"]}
{"query": "What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?", "answer": "Nike+iPod pedometer", "gold_docs": ["inserted with either side facing up. Bluetooth connectivity was added to the last model of the iPod Nano, and Wi-Fi to the iPod Touch. Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless"]}
{"query": "What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?", "answer": "Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation", "gold_docs": ["remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories ranging"]}
{"query": "What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?", "answer": "TV", "gold_docs": ["inserted with either side facing up. Bluetooth connectivity was added to the last model of the iPod Nano, and Wi-Fi to the iPod Touch. Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless"]}
{"query": "Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?", "answer": "Nike", "gold_docs": ["device encounters throughout the day. This error accumulates for users with moderate commutes to work. Accuracy also depends on the step-length the user enters. Best pedometers are accurate to within \u00b1 5% error. The 5th and 6th generation iPod Nano by Apple features an integrated accelerometer. Apple and Nike, Inc. offer the Nike+iPod Sports Kit, which uses a motion sensor that fits into a Nike shoe or in a pocket worn on the laces of other brands of shoes. The sensor communicates with an iPhone (3GS or higher), iPod touch (2nd generation or higher), iPod nano (4th generation or higher),"]}
{"query": "Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?", "answer": "Apple", "gold_docs": ["inserted with either side facing up. Bluetooth connectivity was added to the last model of the iPod Nano, and Wi-Fi to the iPod Touch. Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless"]}
{"query": "What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?", "answer": "BMW", "gold_docs": ["remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories ranging"]}
{"query": "In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories ranging"]}
{"query": "Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?", "answer": "Scion", "gold_docs": ["remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories ranging"]}
{"query": "Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?", "answer": "BMW", "gold_docs": ["remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories ranging"]}
{"query": "Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?", "answer": "Scion", "gold_docs": ["remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation. BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars. Gecko Gear, founded in 2006, sells 100 accessories ranging"]}
{"query": "What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?", "answer": "JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon", "gold_docs": ["from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an"]}
{"query": "What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?", "answer": "FM", "gold_docs": ["from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an"]}
{"query": "What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?", "answer": "audio input jacks", "gold_docs": ["from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an"]}
{"query": "Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?", "answer": "FM transmitters", "gold_docs": ["from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an"]}
{"query": "What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?", "answer": "audio input jacks", "gold_docs": ["from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an"]}
{"query": "In 2007, which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes?", "answer": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates", "gold_docs": ["from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an"]}
{"query": "Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?", "answer": "individual seat-back displays", "gold_docs": ["iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems. The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime"]}
{"query": "What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement?", "answer": "KLM and Air France", "gold_docs": ["iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems. The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime"]}
{"query": "Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods?", "answer": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates", "gold_docs": ["from protective covers to cases, screen protectors to armbands. Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard. Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an"]}
{"query": "In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?", "answer": "Apple Lossless", "gold_docs": ["iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems. The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime"]}
{"query": "Which product enabled users to view images on the device?", "answer": "iPod photo", "gold_docs": ["iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems. The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime"]}
{"query": "What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?", "answer": "WMA", "gold_docs": ["video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data rates. Originally, iPod software only worked with Classic Mac OS and macOS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second-generation model. Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format\u2014but a converter for WMA files without digital rights management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the \"Advanced\" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom"]}
{"query": "What does DRM stand for?", "answer": "digital rights management", "gold_docs": ["is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy. Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x"]}
{"query": "What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?", "answer": "Mac OS", "gold_docs": ["video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data rates. Originally, iPod software only worked with Classic Mac OS and macOS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second-generation model. Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format\u2014but a converter for WMA files without digital rights management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the \"Advanced\" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom"]}
{"query": "What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?", "answer": "MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless", "gold_docs": ["iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems. The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth- and sixth-generation iPod Classics, as well as third-generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime"]}
{"query": "How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they're used?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox). During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a"]}
{"query": "What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer?", "answer": "library", "gold_docs": ["firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox). During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a"]}
{"query": "What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize?", "answer": "host computer", "gold_docs": ["firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox). During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a"]}
{"query": "How many buttons do most iPods use?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library. iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel \u2013 an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and"]}
{"query": "Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?", "answer": "earphone cable", "gold_docs": ["controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the"]}
{"query": "What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?", "answer": "iPhone", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "Most iPods feature how many buttons?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library. iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel \u2013 an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and"]}
{"query": "The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?", "answer": "Shuffle", "gold_docs": ["controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the"]}
{"query": "Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?", "answer": "iPhone", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?", "answer": "April 29, 2003", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "What program is required to access the iTunes Store?", "answer": "iTunes", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "When were videos made available through the iTunes store?", "answer": "October 12, 2005", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?", "answer": "September 12, 2006", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "In what year was the iTunes store established?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?", "answer": "AAC", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?", "answer": "iTunes Plus", "gold_docs": ["the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called \"iTunes Plus.\" While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30\u00a2 more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99"]}
{"query": "When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?", "answer": "January 6, 2009", "gold_docs": ["per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009. iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the"]}
{"query": "What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?", "answer": "AAC", "gold_docs": ["iPhone. Differences include the lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS. The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006. At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?", "answer": "FairPlay", "gold_docs": ["per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009. iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?", "answer": "iTunes Plus", "gold_docs": ["the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called \"iTunes Plus.\" While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30\u00a2 more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99"]}
{"query": "In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009. iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the"]}
{"query": "What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?", "answer": "Napster and MSN Music", "gold_docs": ["per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009. iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the"]}
{"query": "The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?", "answer": "DRM", "gold_docs": ["per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009. iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the"]}
{"query": "What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?", "answer": "Universal Music Group", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?", "answer": "iTunes Store", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?", "answer": "The Beat Goes On...", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?", "answer": "September 5, 2007", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?", "answer": "iPhone", "gold_docs": ["store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street. Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity. Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be"]}
{"query": "On what devices can video games be used?", "answer": "iPods", "gold_docs": ["synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network. Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game \"Brick\" (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: \"Parachute\", \"Solitaire\", and \"Music Quiz\". In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod"]}
{"query": "What was included on the first iPod?", "answer": "Brick", "gold_docs": ["synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network. Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game \"Brick\" (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: \"Parachute\", \"Solitaire\", and \"Music Quiz\". In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod"]}
{"query": "Who created Brick?", "answer": "Steve Wozniak", "gold_docs": ["synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network. Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game \"Brick\" (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: \"Parachute\", \"Solitaire\", and \"Music Quiz\". In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod"]}
{"query": "Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?", "answer": "iTunes 7", "gold_docs": ["synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network. Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game \"Brick\" (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: \"Parachute\", \"Solitaire\", and \"Music Quiz\". In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod"]}
{"query": "What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?", "answer": "5th generation", "gold_docs": ["software 1.2 or later. Those games were: \"Bejeweled\", \"Cubis 2\", \"Mahjong\", \"Mini Golf\", \"Pac-Man\", \"Tetris\", \"Texas Hold 'Em\", \"Vortex\", \"\" and \"Zuma\". Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano. With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late. The"]}
{"query": "On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?", "answer": "4th generation", "gold_docs": ["software 1.2 or later. Those games were: \"Bejeweled\", \"Cubis 2\", \"Mahjong\", \"Mini Golf\", \"Pac-Man\", \"Tetris\", \"Texas Hold 'Em\", \"Vortex\", \"\" and \"Zuma\". Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano. With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late. The"]}
{"query": "In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network. Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game \"Brick\" (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: \"Parachute\", \"Solitaire\", and \"Music Quiz\". In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod"]}
{"query": "Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?", "answer": "fifth", "gold_docs": ["synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network. Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game \"Brick\" (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: \"Parachute\", \"Solitaire\", and \"Music Quiz\". In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod"]}
{"query": "What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?", "answer": "Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft", "gold_docs": ["software 1.2 or later. Those games were: \"Bejeweled\", \"Cubis 2\", \"Mahjong\", \"Mini Golf\", \"Pac-Man\", \"Tetris\", \"Texas Hold 'Em\", \"Vortex\", \"\" and \"Zuma\". Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano. With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late. The"]}
{"query": "What format is used for iPod game files?", "answer": ".ipg", "gold_docs": ["games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior."]}
{"query": "What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?", "answer": ".zip", "gold_docs": ["games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior."]}
{"query": "What does SDK stand for?", "answer": "software development kit", "gold_docs": ["games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior."]}
{"query": "What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?", "answer": "iOS", "gold_docs": ["games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior."]}
{"query": "What file format are iPod games distributed in?", "answer": ".ipg", "gold_docs": ["games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior."]}
{"query": "An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?", "answer": "iPod Touch and iPhone", "gold_docs": ["games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior."]}
{"query": "Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?", "answer": "not", "gold_docs": ["games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games. All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior."]}
{"query": "What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?", "answer": "iTunes", "gold_docs": ["with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+. Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually \"iTunes\" is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms. \"iTunes\" 7 and above can transfer"]}
{"query": "What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?", "answer": "third-party", "gold_docs": ["with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+. Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually \"iTunes\" is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms. \"iTunes\" 7 and above can transfer"]}
{"query": "Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?", "answer": "iTunes", "gold_docs": ["with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+. Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually \"iTunes\" is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms. \"iTunes\" 7 and above can transfer"]}
{"query": "What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?", "answer": "DRM", "gold_docs": ["purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it. Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod. While the suffix \"Classic\" was not introduced until the"]}
{"query": "What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?", "answer": "iTunes 7", "gold_docs": ["synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network. Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game \"Brick\" (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: \"Parachute\", \"Solitaire\", and \"Music Quiz\". In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod"]}
{"query": "In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?", "answer": "hidden", "gold_docs": ["purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it. Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod. While the suffix \"Classic\" was not introduced until the"]}
{"query": "On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?", "answer": "host", "gold_docs": ["purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it. Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod. While the suffix \"Classic\" was not introduced until the"]}
{"query": "What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?", "answer": "manual", "gold_docs": ["firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox). During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a"]}
{"query": "In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity. In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants. Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a"]}
{"query": "What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?", "answer": "patent infringement", "gold_docs": ["sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity. In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants. Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a"]}
{"query": "What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?", "answer": "Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch", "gold_docs": ["sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity. In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants. Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a"]}
{"query": "On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?", "answer": "Ho Keung Tse", "gold_docs": ["sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity. In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants. Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a"]}
{"query": "Which company sued Apple for breach of a \"music jukebox\" patent in 2005?", "answer": "Advanced Audio Devices", "gold_docs": ["sixth generation, it has been applied here retroactively to all generic iPods for clarity. In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants. Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a"]}
{"query": "What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?", "answer": "rotational user inputs", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?", "answer": "August 2005", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?", "answer": "Creative Technology", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?", "answer": "Zen Patent", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?", "answer": "United States International Trade Commission", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?", "answer": "rotational user inputs", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?", "answer": "Creative Technology", "gold_docs": ["patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether"]}
{"query": "When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?", "answer": "August 24, 2006", "gold_docs": ["Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States. On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the \"Made for iPod\" program. Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States,"]}
{"query": "How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?", "answer": "$100 million", "gold_docs": ["iPod nano in the United States and for money damages for past sales. Apple filed a countersuit against Creative on similar grounds. In August 2006, Apple and Creative settled the suit with Apple agreeing to pay Creative $100 million USD for the right to implement Creative's method of sorting songs on the iPod. The settlement effectively ended the patent dispute and five other pending lawsuits between the two companies. Creative also secured an agreement to participate in the \"Made for iPod\" program by producing accessories for the iPod. In June 2008, Apple was named among others as a defendant in"]}
{"query": "What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?", "answer": "Made for iPod", "gold_docs": ["Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States. On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the \"Made for iPod\" program. Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States,"]}
{"query": "How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?", "answer": "$100 million", "gold_docs": ["iPod nano in the United States and for money damages for past sales. Apple filed a countersuit against Creative on similar grounds. In August 2006, Apple and Creative settled the suit with Apple agreeing to pay Creative $100 million USD for the right to implement Creative's method of sorting songs on the iPod. The settlement effectively ended the patent dispute and five other pending lawsuits between the two companies. Creative also secured an agreement to participate in the \"Made for iPod\" program by producing accessories for the iPod. In June 2008, Apple was named among others as a defendant in"]}
{"query": "What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?", "answer": "90%", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?", "answer": "72.7%", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?", "answer": "Bloomberg Online", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?", "answer": "90%", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?", "answer": "74%", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?", "answer": "5%", "gold_docs": ["up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales. On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other"]}
{"query": "What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?", "answer": "unfavorable", "gold_docs": ["up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales. On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other"]}
{"query": "Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?", "answer": "HP", "gold_docs": ["with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Walmart\u2014and these iPods eventually made"]}
{"query": "How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?", "answer": "32%", "gold_docs": ["up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales. On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other"]}
{"query": "What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?", "answer": "Mac computers", "gold_docs": ["Apple products such as Mac computers. On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt. On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First"]}
{"query": "In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales. On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other"]}
{"query": "As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?", "answer": "32%", "gold_docs": ["up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales. On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other"]}
{"query": "Desktop computers made up how much of Apple's revenue in the third quarter of 2007?", "answer": "19.22%", "gold_docs": ["Apple products such as Mac computers. On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt. On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First"]}
{"query": "When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date?", "answer": "January 22, 2008", "gold_docs": ["Apple products such as Mac computers. On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt. On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First"]}
{"query": "How much of Apple's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008?", "answer": "21%", "gold_docs": ["fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales. On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods, more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales?", "answer": "42%", "gold_docs": ["Apple products such as Mac computers. On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt. On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First"]}
{"query": "Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009?", "answer": "Peter Oppenheimer", "gold_docs": ["fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales. On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time"]}
{"query": "From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales. On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time"]}
{"query": "How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008?", "answer": "14.21%", "gold_docs": ["fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales. On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time"]}
{"query": "Which was the first year since iPod's introduction that no new model was released?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market. , Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million. iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are"]}
{"query": "What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?", "answer": "fourth", "gold_docs": ["as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market. , Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million. iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are"]}
{"query": "What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?", "answer": "favorable", "gold_docs": ["as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market. , Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million. iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are"]}
{"query": "What two companies use the AAC format for music files?", "answer": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia", "gold_docs": ["modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. iPods have"]}
{"query": "What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?", "answer": "WMA", "gold_docs": ["modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. iPods have"]}
{"query": "Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?", "answer": "PC World", "gold_docs": ["as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market. , Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million. iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are"]}
{"query": "Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?", "answer": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia", "gold_docs": ["modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. iPods have"]}
{"query": "Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\"?", "answer": "PC World", "gold_docs": ["as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market. , Apple reported that total number of iPods sold worldwide was 350 million. iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence, to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are"]}
{"query": "Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?", "answer": "business", "gold_docs": ["modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. iPods have"]}
{"query": "What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?", "answer": "communication and training", "gold_docs": ["modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. iPods have"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?", "answer": "Royal and Western Infirmaries", "gold_docs": ["modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. iPods have"]}
{"query": "Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?", "answer": "Glasgow, Scotland", "gold_docs": ["modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA. Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff. iPods have"]}
{"query": "What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?", "answer": "Duke", "gold_docs": ["also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. \"Entertainment Weekly\" put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird.\" The"]}
{"query": "What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly", "gold_docs": ["also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. \"Entertainment Weekly\" put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird.\" The"]}
{"query": "What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?", "answer": "the Album Era", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?", "answer": "music industry", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?", "answer": "digital music storage", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what \"era\" in pop music?", "answer": "the Album Era", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?", "answer": "14 hours", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?", "answer": "MP3.com", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement. iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was"]}
{"query": "Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?", "answer": "battery life", "gold_docs": ["iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music. The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average"]}
{"query": "How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?", "answer": "8 hours", "gold_docs": ["less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement. iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was"]}
{"query": "Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?", "answer": "third-party vendors", "gold_docs": ["less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement. iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was"]}
{"query": "What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?", "answer": "refurbished replacement iPod", "gold_docs": ["that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod"]}
{"query": "What kind of battery does the iPod use?", "answer": "lithium-ion", "gold_docs": ["that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod"]}
{"query": "Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?", "answer": "batteries", "gold_docs": ["that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod"]}
{"query": "What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?", "answer": "lithium-ion", "gold_docs": ["that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod"]}
{"query": "What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?", "answer": "battery replacement program", "gold_docs": ["that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod"]}
{"query": "What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?", "answer": "soldering tools", "gold_docs": ["Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged"]}
{"query": "What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?", "answer": "Fifth generation", "gold_docs": ["Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged"]}
{"query": "In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits. Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod"]}
{"query": "Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?", "answer": "Nano", "gold_docs": ["Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged"]}
{"query": "What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?", "answer": "battery", "gold_docs": ["Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged"]}
{"query": "What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?", "answer": "Apple product replacement program", "gold_docs": ["Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive. The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge. iPods have been criticized for alleged"]}
{"query": "What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?", "answer": "MacInTouch", "gold_docs": ["short lifespan and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that \"the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears\"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering"]}
{"query": "How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?", "answer": "13.7%", "gold_docs": ["short lifespan and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that \"the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears\"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering"]}
{"query": "What governs iPod manufacturers' labor policies?", "answer": "Apple's Code of Conduct", "gold_docs": ["the screen unusable. A class-action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves. On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid \"The Mail on Sunday\" reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days?", "answer": "25", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006?", "answer": "The Mail", "gold_docs": ["the screen unusable. A class-action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves. On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid \"The Mail on Sunday\" reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Apple's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks?", "answer": "35%", "gold_docs": ["the screen unusable. A class-action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves. On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid \"The Mail on Sunday\" reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive"]}
{"query": "Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies?", "answer": "Verit\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "What organization did Apple join to monitor its labor policies?", "answer": "Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "What company was found to be violating Apple's labor policies?", "answer": "Foxconn", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "Where was the Foxconn plant located?", "answer": "Longhua, Shenzhen", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Apple's manufacturing company that was accused of overworking its employees?", "answer": "Foxconn", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "What auditor company did Apple hire to oversee worker conditions following the controversy?", "answer": "Verit\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "In what year did Foxconn workers first unionize?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?", "answer": "Apple prototype", "gold_docs": ["number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated. As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower-skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of"]}
{"query": "In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["days for 25% of the time. Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization. In 2010, a"]}
{"query": "What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities?", "answer": "innovation", "gold_docs": ["this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically. IPod The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about months after the Macintosh version of iTunes was released. As of July 27, 2017, only the iPod Touch remains in production. Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and"]}
{"query": "To work as a boot disk for a Mac, what file system must an iPod be formatted with?", "answer": "HFS+", "gold_docs": ["If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted"]}
{"query": "If connected to a Windows PC when first set up, what file system will an iPod be formatted with?", "answer": "FAT32", "gold_docs": ["If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted"]}
{"query": "What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "answer": "action-adventure", "gold_docs": ["The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii and GameCube home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, \"Twilight Princess\" was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version"]}
{"query": "When was Twilight Princess launched in North America?", "answer": "November 2006", "gold_docs": ["The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii and GameCube home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, \"Twilight Princess\" was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version"]}
{"query": "When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess?", "answer": "December 2006", "gold_docs": ["was also released worldwide in December 2006, and was the final first-party game released for the console. The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after \"\" and \"\", in an alternate timeline from \"\". At the time of its release, \"Twilight Princess\" was critically acclaimed, receiving several Game of the Year awards,"]}
{"query": "What company developed Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Nintendo", "gold_docs": ["The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii and GameCube home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, \"Twilight Princess\" was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version"]}
{"query": "What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii and GameCube home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, \"Twilight Princess\" was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version"]}
{"query": "What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii and GameCube home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, \"Twilight Princess\" was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version"]}
{"query": "Who is the main character of the story?", "answer": "Link", "gold_docs": ["was also released worldwide in December 2006, and was the final first-party game released for the console. The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after \"\" and \"\", in an alternate timeline from \"\". At the time of its release, \"Twilight Princess\" was critically acclaimed, receiving several Game of the Year awards,"]}
{"query": "What land does Link serve to protect?", "answer": "Hyrule", "gold_docs": ["was also released worldwide in December 2006, and was the final first-party game released for the console. The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after \"\" and \"\", in an alternate timeline from \"\". At the time of its release, \"Twilight Princess\" was critically acclaimed, receiving several Game of the Year awards,"]}
{"query": "What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Midna", "gold_docs": ["was also released worldwide in December 2006, and was the final first-party game released for the console. The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after \"\" and \"\", in an alternate timeline from \"\". At the time of its release, \"Twilight Princess\" was critically acclaimed, receiving several Game of the Year awards,"]}
{"query": "Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?", "answer": "Link", "gold_docs": ["was also released worldwide in December 2006, and was the final first-party game released for the console. The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after \"\" and \"\", in an alternate timeline from \"\". At the time of its release, \"Twilight Princess\" was critically acclaimed, receiving several Game of the Year awards,"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?", "answer": "Midna", "gold_docs": ["was also released worldwide in December 2006, and was the final first-party game released for the console. The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after \"\" and \"\", in an alternate timeline from \"\". At the time of its release, \"Twilight Princess\" was critically acclaimed, receiving several Game of the Year awards,"]}
{"query": "This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?", "answer": "The Wind Waker", "gold_docs": ["revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to \"The Wind Waker\"; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of \"\". Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified \"The Wind Waker\" engine. Prior \"Zelda\" games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In"]}
{"query": "Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?", "answer": "Nintendo Selects", "gold_docs": ["and is considered by many critics and players to be one of the greatest video games of all time. By 2015, the game had sold nearly nine million copies worldwide, and was the best selling title in the series until being overtaken by \"\" in April 2018. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition remaster for the Wii U, \"\", was released in March 2016. \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess\" is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in \"\", including context-sensitive action"]}
{"query": "When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch?", "answer": "March 2016", "gold_docs": ["and is considered by many critics and players to be one of the greatest video games of all time. By 2015, the game had sold nearly nine million copies worldwide, and was the best selling title in the series until being overtaken by \"\" in April 2018. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition remaster for the Wii U, \"\", was released in March 2016. \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess\" is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in \"\", including context-sensitive action"]}
{"query": "At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry?", "answer": "Twilight Princess", "gold_docs": ["and is considered by many critics and players to be one of the greatest video games of all time. By 2015, the game had sold nearly nine million copies worldwide, and was the best selling title in the series until being overtaken by \"\" in April 2018. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition remaster for the Wii U, \"\", was released in March 2016. \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess\" is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in \"\", including context-sensitive action"]}
{"query": "How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive?", "answer": "several", "gold_docs": ["was also released worldwide in December 2006, and was the final first-party game released for the console. The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after \"\" and \"\", in an alternate timeline from \"\". At the time of its release, \"Twilight Princess\" was critically acclaimed, receiving several Game of the Year awards,"]}
{"query": "What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["On the review aggregator Metacritic, \"Twilight Princess\" holds scores of 95/100 for the Wii version and 96/100 for the GameCube version, indicating \"universal acclaim\". It is the highest-rated game of 2006 on Metacritic. \"GameTrailers\" in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created. On release, \"Twilight Princess\" was considered to be the greatest \"Zelda\" game ever made by many critics including writers for \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", \"IGN\" and \"The Washington Post\". \"Game Informer\" called it \"so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer\". \"GamesRadar\" praised"]}
{"query": "What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console?", "answer": "2016", "gold_docs": ["and is considered by many critics and players to be one of the greatest video games of all time. By 2015, the game had sold nearly nine million copies worldwide, and was the best selling title in the series until being overtaken by \"\" in April 2018. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition remaster for the Wii U, \"\", was released in March 2016. \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess\" is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in \"\", including context-sensitive action"]}
{"query": "What genre of game is Twilight Princess?", "answer": "action-adventure", "gold_docs": ["and is considered by many critics and players to be one of the greatest video games of all time. By 2015, the game had sold nearly nine million copies worldwide, and was the best selling title in the series until being overtaken by \"\" in April 2018. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition remaster for the Wii U, \"\", was released in March 2016. \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess\" is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and puzzle-solving. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in \"\", including context-sensitive action"]}
{"query": "Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?", "answer": "Ocarina of Time", "gold_docs": ["appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic \"Zelda\" game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in \"Ocarina of Time\", particularly horseback combat. In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later"]}
{"query": "What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?", "answer": "sword and shield", "gold_docs": ["buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge. Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs. While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming. The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such"]}
{"query": "What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?", "answer": "L-targeting", "gold_docs": ["buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge. Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs. While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming. The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such"]}
{"query": "Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many buttons?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge. Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs. While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming. The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such"]}
{"query": "Where can players see what action will be performed in different scenarios?", "answer": "on-screen display", "gold_docs": ["as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects. The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still. The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits"]}
{"query": "If Link is not moving, where will he put the projectile he's carrying?", "answer": "on the ground", "gold_docs": ["as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects. The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still. The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits"]}
{"query": "What mechanic allows one button to serve many functions?", "answer": "context-sensitive button mechanic", "gold_docs": ["buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge. Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, and bombs. While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming. The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such"]}
{"query": "What shows what action the button will trigger?", "answer": "on-screen display", "gold_docs": ["as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects. The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still. The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits"]}
{"query": "Where is the speaker located on the Wii console?", "answer": "Wii Remote", "gold_docs": ["the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version. The game features nine"]}
{"query": "What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons?", "answer": "Wii Remote", "gold_docs": ["the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version. The game features nine"]}
{"query": "Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Link can use?", "answer": "Nunchuk", "gold_docs": ["the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version. The game features nine"]}
{"query": "How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version. The game features nine"]}
{"query": "The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors?", "answer": "motion", "gold_docs": ["as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects. The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still. The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits"]}
{"query": "What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard?", "answer": "Wii Remote", "gold_docs": ["the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version. The game features nine"]}
{"query": "How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version. The game features nine"]}
{"query": "What does Link fight in dungeons?", "answer": "enemies", "gold_docs": ["dungeons\u2014large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance. When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf. He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use"]}
{"query": "What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?", "answer": "overworld", "gold_docs": ["dungeons\u2014large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance. When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf. He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use"]}
{"query": "What must Link solve throughout the game?", "answer": "puzzles", "gold_docs": ["dungeons\u2014large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance. When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf. He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use"]}
{"query": "What connects the dungeons?", "answer": "overworld", "gold_docs": ["dungeons\u2014large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting with Midna's assistance. When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf. He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use"]}
{"query": "What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm?", "answer": "Wolf", "gold_docs": ["his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails. On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to \"warp\" to any of several"]}
{"query": "What is Link's main form of offense in wolf form?", "answer": "biting", "gold_docs": ["his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails. On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to \"warp\" to any of several"]}
{"query": "Hostile spirits are also known as what?", "answer": "Poes", "gold_docs": ["preset locations throughout the overworld. Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes. The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in \"Twilight Princess\" is more advanced than that of enemies in \"\". Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most \"The Legend of Zelda\" titles"]}
{"query": "Who provides helpful information to Link?", "answer": "Midna", "gold_docs": ["his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails. On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to \"warp\" to any of several"]}
{"query": "Link's wolf form is faster than what other form?", "answer": "human", "gold_docs": ["his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails. On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to \"warp\" to any of several"]}
{"query": "What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm?", "answer": "Wolf", "gold_docs": ["his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails. On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to \"warp\" to any of several"]}
{"query": "Who is Midna?", "answer": "small imp-like creature", "gold_docs": ["his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails. On his back, he also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows him to \"warp\" to any of several"]}
{"query": "What are Poes?", "answer": "enemy ghosts", "gold_docs": ["preset locations throughout the overworld. Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes. The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in \"Twilight Princess\" is more advanced than that of enemies in \"\". Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most \"The Legend of Zelda\" titles"]}
{"query": "What does AI stand for?", "answer": "artificial intelligence", "gold_docs": ["preset locations throughout the overworld. Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes. The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in \"Twilight Princess\" is more advanced than that of enemies in \"\". Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most \"The Legend of Zelda\" titles"]}
{"query": "What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "The Wind Waker", "gold_docs": ["revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to \"The Wind Waker\"; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of \"\". Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified \"The Wind Waker\" engine. Prior \"Zelda\" games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In"]}
{"query": "What do enemies do to defeated companions?", "answer": "react", "gold_docs": ["preset locations throughout the overworld. Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes. The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in \"Twilight Princess\" is more advanced than that of enemies in \"\". Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most \"The Legend of Zelda\" titles"]}
{"query": "What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced?", "answer": "artificial intelligence", "gold_docs": ["preset locations throughout the overworld. Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes. The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in \"Twilight Princess\" is more advanced than that of enemies in \"\". Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most \"The Legend of Zelda\" titles"]}
{"query": "Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games?", "answer": "Link", "gold_docs": ["preset locations throughout the overworld. Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes. The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in \"Twilight Princess\" is more advanced than that of enemies in \"\". Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most \"The Legend of Zelda\" titles"]}
{"query": "Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?", "answer": "nods and facial expressions", "gold_docs": ["to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto. \"Twilight Princess\" takes place several centuries after \"\" and a century before the events of \"\". The game begins with a youth named Link, who is"]}
{"query": "Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game?", "answer": "Midna", "gold_docs": ["to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto. \"Twilight Princess\" takes place several centuries after \"\" and a century before the events of \"\". The game begins with a youth named Link, who is"]}
{"query": "Who provided the basis for Midna's voice?", "answer": "Akiko K\u014dmoto", "gold_docs": ["to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto. \"Twilight Princess\" takes place several centuries after \"\" and a century before the events of \"\". The game begins with a youth named Link, who is"]}
{"query": "What country does Akiko Komoto come from?", "answer": "Japan", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "What does Link say when attacking?", "answer": "grunts", "gold_docs": ["to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto. \"Twilight Princess\" takes place several centuries after \"\" and a century before the events of \"\". The game begins with a youth named Link, who is"]}
{"query": "How does Link express emotions?", "answer": "nods and facial expressions", "gold_docs": ["to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto. \"Twilight Princess\" takes place several centuries after \"\" and a century before the events of \"\". The game begins with a youth named Link, who is"]}
{"query": "What character has the most voice acting?", "answer": "Midna", "gold_docs": ["to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto. \"Twilight Princess\" takes place several centuries after \"\" and a century before the events of \"\". The game begins with a youth named Link, who is"]}
{"query": "Who does the voice of Midna?", "answer": "Akiko K\u014dmoto", "gold_docs": ["to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialogue is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling English phrases sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto. \"Twilight Princess\" takes place several centuries after \"\" and a century before the events of \"\". The game begins with a youth named Link, who is"]}
{"query": "What is Link's job at the start of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "ranch hand", "gold_docs": ["working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by a Twilight creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender. The kingdom became"]}
{"query": "What do the Bulbins take from Ordon?", "answer": "children", "gold_docs": ["working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by a Twilight creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender. The kingdom became"]}
{"query": "Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight?", "answer": "Midna", "gold_docs": ["working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by a Twilight creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender. The kingdom became"]}
{"query": "Where is Link working as a ranch hand?", "answer": "Ordon Village", "gold_docs": ["working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by a Twilight creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender. The kingdom became"]}
{"query": "Who attacks the village?", "answer": "Bulblins", "gold_docs": ["working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Twilight-shrouded forest, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by a Twilight creature named Midna, who offers to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda, who explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, invaded Hyrule Castle and forced her to surrender. The kingdom became"]}
{"query": "What does Link assist Midna in collection?", "answer": "Fused Shadows", "gold_docs": ["the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who relieves Midna of the fragments. She ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and uses it to revert Link to his wolf state. Failing to seduce Midna into joining forces with him, Zant leaves her to die from the world's light. Upon bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to lift Zant's curse. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Moved by Zelda's"]}
{"query": "Who attacks Link and Midna when they've finished their collection tasks?", "answer": "Zant", "gold_docs": ["the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who relieves Midna of the fragments. She ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and uses it to revert Link to his wolf state. Failing to seduce Midna into joining forces with him, Zant leaves her to die from the world's light. Upon bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to lift Zant's curse. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Moved by Zelda's"]}
{"query": "What weapon can transform Link back to his original self?", "answer": "Master Sword", "gold_docs": ["the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who relieves Midna of the fragments. She ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and uses it to revert Link to his wolf state. Failing to seduce Midna into joining forces with him, Zant leaves her to die from the world's light. Upon bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to lift Zant's curse. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Moved by Zelda's"]}
{"query": "Who saves Midna?", "answer": "Zelda", "gold_docs": ["the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who relieves Midna of the fragments. She ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and uses it to revert Link to his wolf state. Failing to seduce Midna into joining forces with him, Zant leaves her to die from the world's light. Upon bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to lift Zant's curse. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Moved by Zelda's"]}
{"query": "Where do the Zoras come from?", "answer": "Lanayru", "gold_docs": ["enveloped in Twilight, rendering all its inhabitants besides Link and Zelda spirits. In order to save Hyrule, Link must first revive the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered regions and, as a wolf, recovering the Spirits' light from the Twilight beings that stole it. Once revitalized, each Spirit returns Link to his Hylian form. During this time, Link also helps Midna acquire the Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic. In return, she aids Link in rescuing Ordon Village's children, and assisting the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin and the Zoras of Lanayru. After restoring"]}
{"query": "Who ambushes Link and Midna?", "answer": "Zant", "gold_docs": ["the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who relieves Midna of the fragments. She ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and uses it to revert Link to his wolf state. Failing to seduce Midna into joining forces with him, Zant leaves her to die from the world's light. Upon bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to lift Zant's curse. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Moved by Zelda's"]}
{"query": "Who sacrifices herself to save Midna?", "answer": "Zelda", "gold_docs": ["the Light Spirits and obtaining the Fused Shadows, Link and Midna are ambushed by Zant, who relieves Midna of the fragments. She ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source, and uses it to revert Link to his wolf state. Failing to seduce Midna into joining forces with him, Zant leaves her to die from the world's light. Upon bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to lift Zant's curse. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Moved by Zelda's"]}
{"query": "Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword?", "answer": "Mirror of Twilight", "gold_docs": ["selflessness, Midna begins to care more about Link and the fate of the light world. After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the curse that kept him in wolf form. Deep within the Gerudo Desert, Link and Midna search for the Mirror of Twilight, the only known gateway between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm, but discover it is broken. The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but merely managed to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the Mirror of Twilight. They also relate that they once used"]}
{"query": "Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant?", "answer": "Ganondorf", "gold_docs": ["it to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo tribe leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed. Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the Mirror. Once the mirror has been restored, the Sages reveal to Link that Midna is the true ruler of the Twili, usurped by Zant when he cursed her into her current form. Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that Zant's coup was made possible when he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for Zant's assistance in subjugating Hyrule. After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the"]}
{"query": "Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link?", "answer": "Zelda's", "gold_docs": ["Fused Shadows and destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's death can release her from her curse. Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above his head. Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda's body and then by transforming into a massive boar-like beast, but Link defeats him and the power Midna received from Zelda is able to resuscitate her. Ganondorf then revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows. However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, it is revealed that Ganondorf"]}
{"query": "What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule?", "answer": "Gerudo Desert", "gold_docs": ["selflessness, Midna begins to care more about Link and the fate of the light world. After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the curse that kept him in wolf form. Deep within the Gerudo Desert, Link and Midna search for the Mirror of Twilight, the only known gateway between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm, but discover it is broken. The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but merely managed to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the Mirror of Twilight. They also relate that they once used"]}
{"query": "Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm?", "answer": "Midna", "gold_docs": ["it to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo tribe leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed. Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the Mirror. Once the mirror has been restored, the Sages reveal to Link that Midna is the true ruler of the Twili, usurped by Zant when he cursed her into her current form. Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that Zant's coup was made possible when he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for Zant's assistance in subjugating Hyrule. After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the"]}
{"query": "Who did Zant form a pact with?", "answer": "Ganondorf", "gold_docs": ["it to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo tribe leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed. Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the Mirror. Once the mirror has been restored, the Sages reveal to Link that Midna is the true ruler of the Twili, usurped by Zant when he cursed her into her current form. Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that Zant's coup was made possible when he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for Zant's assistance in subjugating Hyrule. After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the"]}
{"query": "What does Ganondorf transform into?", "answer": "beast", "gold_docs": ["Fused Shadows and destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's death can release her from her curse. Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above his head. Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda's body and then by transforming into a massive boar-like beast, but Link defeats him and the power Midna received from Zelda is able to resuscitate her. Ganondorf then revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows. However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, it is revealed that Ganondorf"]}
{"query": "What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy?", "answer": "helmet", "gold_docs": ["was victorious as he appears before them holding Midna's helmet, and they watch as he crushes it. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback; assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. As Hyrule Castle"]}
{"query": "Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse?", "answer": "Zelda", "gold_docs": ["was victorious as he appears before them holding Midna's helmet, and they watch as he crushes it. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback; assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. As Hyrule Castle"]}
{"query": "To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?", "answer": "chest", "gold_docs": ["was victorious as he appears before them holding Midna's helmet, and they watch as he crushes it. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback; assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. As Hyrule Castle"]}
{"query": "Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf?", "answer": "Light Spirits", "gold_docs": ["was victorious as he appears before them holding Midna's helmet, and they watch as he crushes it. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback; assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. As Hyrule Castle"]}
{"query": "Who does Midna teleport?", "answer": "Link and Zelda", "gold_docs": ["was victorious as he appears before them holding Midna's helmet, and they watch as he crushes it. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback; assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. As Hyrule Castle"]}
{"query": "What does Ganondorf crush?", "answer": "Midna's helmet", "gold_docs": ["was victorious as he appears before them holding Midna's helmet, and they watch as he crushes it. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback; assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. As Hyrule Castle"]}
{"query": "What does Midna destroy?", "answer": "Mirror of Twilight", "gold_docs": ["was victorious as he appears before them holding Midna's helmet, and they watch as he crushes it. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback; assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits revive Midna and restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home and destroys the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. As Hyrule Castle"]}
{"query": "In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown. In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new \"The Legend of Zelda\" game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded \"The Wind Waker\". At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title \"The Wind Waker 2\"; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of \"The Wind Waker\" were sluggish because its cartoon"]}
{"query": "At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned?", "answer": "Game Developers Conference", "gold_docs": ["is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown. In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new \"The Legend of Zelda\" game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded \"The Wind Waker\". At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title \"The Wind Waker 2\"; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of \"The Wind Waker\" were sluggish because its cartoon"]}
{"query": "What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for?", "answer": "North American", "gold_docs": ["appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic \"Zelda\" game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in \"Ocarina of Time\", particularly horseback combat. In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later"]}
{"query": "What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time?", "answer": "horseback combat", "gold_docs": ["appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic \"Zelda\" game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in \"Ocarina of Time\", particularly horseback combat. In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later"]}
{"query": "What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown. In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new \"The Legend of Zelda\" game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded \"The Wind Waker\". At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title \"The Wind Waker 2\"; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of \"The Wind Waker\" were sluggish because its cartoon"]}
{"query": "Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works?", "answer": "Eiji Aonuma", "gold_docs": ["is rebuilt, Link leaves Ordon Village, heading to parts unknown. In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new \"The Legend of Zelda\" game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded \"The Wind Waker\". At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title \"The Wind Waker 2\"; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of \"The Wind Waker\" were sluggish because its cartoon"]}
{"query": "How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic \"Zelda\" game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in \"Ocarina of Time\", particularly horseback combat. In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding, which Nintendo later"]}
{"query": "Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?", "answer": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004", "gold_docs": ["revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to \"The Wind Waker\"; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of \"\". Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified \"The Wind Waker\" engine. Prior \"Zelda\" games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In"]}
{"query": "What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker?", "answer": "Nintendo DS", "gold_docs": ["revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to \"The Wind Waker\"; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of \"\". Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified \"The Wind Waker\" engine. Prior \"Zelda\" games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the second Wind Waker game?", "answer": "Phantom Hourglass", "gold_docs": ["Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced \"\" for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the \"Twilight Princess\" team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in \"Phantom Hourglass\", which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited"]}
{"query": "When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to \"The Wind Waker\"; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of \"\". Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified \"The Wind Waker\" engine. Prior \"Zelda\" games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In"]}
{"query": "What was the working name for the Wii prior to release?", "answer": "Revolution", "gold_docs": ["Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced \"\" for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the \"Twilight Princess\" team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in \"Phantom Hourglass\", which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited"]}
{"query": "Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Miyamoto", "gold_docs": ["Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced \"\" for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the \"Twilight Princess\" team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in \"Phantom Hourglass\", which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited"]}
{"query": "Who created the script for the story scenes?", "answer": "Mitsuhiro Takano", "gold_docs": ["\"\", Link travels between a \"Light World\" and a \"Dark World\"; in \"Ocarina of Time\", as well as in \"\", Link travels between two different time periods. The \"Zelda\" team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment. It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of \"A Link to the Past\". The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku. Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki"]}
{"query": "What device seemed well-suited for Link's arrow shooting ability?", "answer": "Wii Remote", "gold_docs": ["Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he produced \"\" for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the \"Twilight Princess\" team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in \"Phantom Hourglass\", which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited"]}
{"query": "What kind of interface was used for in-game archery?", "answer": "pointing-based", "gold_docs": ["for aiming arrows in \"Zelda\", and suggested that Aonuma consider using it. Aonuma had anticipated creating a \"Zelda\" game for what would later be for the Wii, but had assumed that he would need to complete \"Twilight Princess\" first. His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for \"Phantom Hourglass\". Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release. Developing two versions"]}
{"query": "What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel. Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube. At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for \"Twilight Princess\". They also announced that \"Zelda\" would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but"]}
{"query": "Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Satoru Iwata", "gold_docs": ["would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel. Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube. At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for \"Twilight Princess\". They also announced that \"Zelda\" would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but"]}
{"query": "What was the original release date for Gamecube?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel. Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube. At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for \"Twilight Princess\". They also announced that \"Zelda\" would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but"]}
{"query": "What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?", "answer": "GameCube", "gold_docs": ["would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel. Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube. At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for \"Twilight Princess\". They also announced that \"Zelda\" would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but"]}
{"query": "Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?", "answer": "E3 2005", "gold_docs": ["would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel. Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube. At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for \"Twilight Princess\". They also announced that \"Zelda\" would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but"]}
{"query": "At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?", "answer": "Wii", "gold_docs": ["would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel. Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube. At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for \"Twilight Princess\". They also announced that \"Zelda\" would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but"]}
{"query": "When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?", "answer": "At E3 2005", "gold_docs": ["would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel. Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube. At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for \"Twilight Princess\". They also announced that \"Zelda\" would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but"]}
{"query": "What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "swinging gesture", "gold_docs": ["it was not clear to the media if this meant \"Twilight Princess\" or a different game. The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface. A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint, but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements. When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored. Details about"]}
{"query": "Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?", "answer": "NGC Magazine", "gold_docs": ["Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication \"NGC Magazine\" claimed that when a GameCube copy of \"Twilight Princess\" was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and \"Time\" reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of \"Twilight Princess\" for the Wii. Later, the GameCube"]}
{"query": "What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Wii controller", "gold_docs": ["Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication \"NGC Magazine\" claimed that when a GameCube copy of \"Twilight Princess\" was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and \"Time\" reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of \"Twilight Princess\" for the Wii. Later, the GameCube"]}
{"query": "In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication \"NGC Magazine\" claimed that when a GameCube copy of \"Twilight Princess\" was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and \"Time\" reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of \"Twilight Princess\" for the Wii. Later, the GameCube"]}
{"query": "How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?", "answer": "a month", "gold_docs": ["release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii. Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of \"forcing\" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease. The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses. In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for"]}
{"query": "What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?", "answer": "NGC Magazine", "gold_docs": ["Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication \"NGC Magazine\" claimed that when a GameCube copy of \"Twilight Princess\" was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and \"Time\" reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of \"Twilight Princess\" for the Wii. Later, the GameCube"]}
{"query": "When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?", "answer": "E3 2006", "gold_docs": ["Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication \"NGC Magazine\" claimed that when a GameCube copy of \"Twilight Princess\" was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and \"Time\" reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of \"Twilight Princess\" for the Wii. Later, the GameCube"]}
{"query": "What did early users find hard to use about the game?", "answer": "control scheme", "gold_docs": ["release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii. Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of \"forcing\" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease. The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses. In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for"]}
{"query": "Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?", "answer": "sword", "gold_docs": ["the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures\u2014something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game\u2014everything was made a mirror image. Link was now right-handed, and references to \"east\" and \"west\" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The \"Twilight Princess\" player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in"]}
{"query": "Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?", "answer": "E3 attendees", "gold_docs": ["the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures\u2014something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game\u2014everything was made a mirror image. Link was now right-handed, and references to \"east\" and \"west\" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The \"Twilight Princess\" player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in"]}
{"query": "When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?", "answer": "right", "gold_docs": ["the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures\u2014something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game\u2014everything was made a mirror image. Link was now right-handed, and references to \"east\" and \"west\" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The \"Twilight Princess\" player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in"]}
{"query": "What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?", "answer": "comfort and ease", "gold_docs": ["release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii. Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of \"forcing\" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease. The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses. In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta", "gold_docs": ["the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users. The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in \"Twilight Princess\", providing all field and dungeon music. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for"]}
{"query": "Who was in charge of overseeing audio production?", "answer": "Koji Kondo", "gold_docs": ["the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users. The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in \"Twilight Princess\", providing all field and dungeon music. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for"]}
{"query": "Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra?", "answer": "Michiru \u014cshima", "gold_docs": ["the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users. The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in \"Twilight Princess\", providing all field and dungeon music. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?", "answer": "Koji Kondo", "gold_docs": ["the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users. The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in \"Twilight Princess\", providing all field and dungeon music. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for"]}
{"query": "Who created orchestral arrangements for the game?", "answer": "Michiru \u014cshima", "gold_docs": ["the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users. The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in \"Twilight Princess\", providing all field and dungeon music. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Taizo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for"]}
{"query": "What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?", "answer": "live", "gold_docs": ["the demo movie after the game's title screen. Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more \"lyrical moments\", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19,"]}
{"query": "Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?", "answer": "Nintendo Power", "gold_docs": ["2006, as part of a \"Nintendo Power\" promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield. Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of \"Twilight Princess\", an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the"]}
{"query": "Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?", "answer": "Media", "gold_docs": ["the demo movie after the game's title screen. Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more \"lyrical moments\", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19,"]}
{"query": "What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?", "answer": "soundtrack", "gold_docs": ["the demo movie after the game's title screen. Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more \"lyrical moments\", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19,"]}
{"query": "What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii?", "answer": "buffer overflow vulnerability", "gold_docs": ["2006, as part of a \"Nintendo Power\" promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield. Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of \"Twilight Princess\", an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the"]}
{"query": "What does ELF stand for?", "answer": "Executable and Linkable Format", "gold_docs": ["2006, as part of a \"Nintendo Power\" promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield. Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of \"Twilight Princess\", an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the"]}
{"query": "Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess?", "answer": "4.0", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the hack discovered?", "answer": "Twilight Hack", "gold_docs": ["2006, as part of a \"Nintendo Power\" promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield. Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of \"Twilight Princess\", an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the"]}
{"query": "What versions of the Wii Menu prevented copying the exploited files?", "answer": "3.3 and 3.4", "gold_docs": ["2006, as part of a \"Nintendo Power\" promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield. Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of \"Twilight Princess\", an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A specifically designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the"]}
{"query": "What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability?", "answer": "4.0", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Tantalus Media", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "For which console is Twilight Princess HD being made?", "answer": "Wii U", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed?", "answer": "November 12, 2015", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release?", "answer": "March 5, 2016", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the remastered game?", "answer": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "What company is developing the remaster?", "answer": "Tantalus Media", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "What kind of functionality will the remaster feature?", "answer": "Amiibo", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "When will the game be released in America?", "answer": "March 4, 2016", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "What special item is included with certain versions of Twilight Princess HD?", "answer": "Wolf Link Amiibo figurine", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "Which two Amiibo figures reload Link's stock of arrows?", "answer": "Link and Toon Link", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "Which two Amiibo figures heal Link?", "answer": "Zelda and Sheik", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked?", "answer": "Ganondorf", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access?", "answer": "Cave of Shadows", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "What will special bundles of the game contain?", "answer": "Wolf Link Amiibo", "gold_docs": ["console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability. A high-definition remaster of the game, \"The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD\", was developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game was released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. Certain bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the"]}
{"query": "What characters will be able to replenish arrows?", "answer": "Link and Toon", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "What figures restore health?", "answer": "Zelda and Sheik", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the game prior to release?", "answer": "GameStop", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "How many tracks were recorded on the preorder CD?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "What was included as a Gamestop preorder item?", "answer": "CD", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?", "answer": "perfect", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?", "answer": "GameRankings and Metacritic", "gold_docs": ["time about details from the movie, while the iPhone version is limited to single player. The Wii version has received unfavorably mixed compilation scores of 53.40% and 49% on review aggregate websites GameRankings and Metacritic respectively. \"Scene It? Twilight\" is a trivia game about the movie \"Twilight\", and features no questions about \"New Moon\" even though the of the book was released at the same time as the game. The game features a number of different question types, including text-based questions and questions based on movie clips. The game has two game modes: a mode which allows players to compete"]}
{"query": "Who counted the game among the best ever made?", "answer": "GameTrailers", "gold_docs": ["On the review aggregator Metacritic, \"Twilight Princess\" holds scores of 95/100 for the Wii version and 96/100 for the GameCube version, indicating \"universal acclaim\". It is the highest-rated game of 2006 on Metacritic. \"GameTrailers\" in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created. On release, \"Twilight Princess\" was considered to be the greatest \"Zelda\" game ever made by many critics including writers for \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", \"IGN\" and \"The Washington Post\". \"Game Informer\" called it \"so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer\". \"GamesRadar\" praised"]}
{"query": "What scores did it receive from major game publications?", "answer": "perfect", "gold_docs": ["\"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to \"\". Other \"Zelda\"-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage. A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in North America; it is included with the limited-edition bundle in other regions. \"Twilight Princess\" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", and \"GameSpy\"."]}
{"query": "What reviewer called Twilight Princess \"One of the greatest games ever created\"?", "answer": "GameTrailers", "gold_docs": ["On the review aggregator Metacritic, \"Twilight Princess\" holds scores of 95/100 for the Wii version and 96/100 for the GameCube version, indicating \"universal acclaim\". It is the highest-rated game of 2006 on Metacritic. \"GameTrailers\" in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created. On release, \"Twilight Princess\" was considered to be the greatest \"Zelda\" game ever made by many critics including writers for \"1UP.com\", \"Computer and Video Games\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"GamesRadar\", \"IGN\" and \"The Washington Post\". \"Game Informer\" called it \"so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer\". \"GamesRadar\" praised"]}
{"query": "Which journalist criticized the Wii version for its controls?", "answer": "Jeff Gerstmann", "gold_docs": ["game's cinematics, noting that \"the cutscenes are the best ever in \"Zelda\" games\". Regarding the Wii version, \"GameSpot\"s Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt \"tacked-on\", although \"1UP.com\" said the remote-swinging sword attacks were \"the most impressive in the entire series\". \"Gaming Nexus\" considered \"Twilight Princess\" soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though \"IGN\" criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking \"the punch and crispness\" of their orchestrated counterparts. \"Hyper\"s Javier Glickman commended the game for its \"very long quests, superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime\". However, he criticized it for \"no voice acting, no orchestral"]}
{"query": "Which game journalist was perturbed by a lack of voiced dialogue?", "answer": "Javier Glickman", "gold_docs": ["game's cinematics, noting that \"the cutscenes are the best ever in \"Zelda\" games\". Regarding the Wii version, \"GameSpot\"s Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt \"tacked-on\", although \"1UP.com\" said the remote-swinging sword attacks were \"the most impressive in the entire series\". \"Gaming Nexus\" considered \"Twilight Princess\" soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though \"IGN\" criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking \"the punch and crispness\" of their orchestrated counterparts. \"Hyper\"s Javier Glickman commended the game for its \"very long quests, superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime\". However, he criticized it for \"no voice acting, no orchestral"]}
{"query": "Who specifically commended the game for the very long quests?", "answer": "Javier Glickman", "gold_docs": ["game's cinematics, noting that \"the cutscenes are the best ever in \"Zelda\" games\". Regarding the Wii version, \"GameSpot\"s Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt \"tacked-on\", although \"1UP.com\" said the remote-swinging sword attacks were \"the most impressive in the entire series\". \"Gaming Nexus\" considered \"Twilight Princess\" soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though \"IGN\" criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking \"the punch and crispness\" of their orchestrated counterparts. \"Hyper\"s Javier Glickman commended the game for its \"very long quests, superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime\". However, he criticized it for \"no voice acting, no orchestral"]}
{"query": "The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards?", "answer": "GameCube", "gold_docs": ["score and slightly outdated graphics\". \"Twilight Princess\" received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from \"IGN\" for its GameCube version. Both \"IGN\" and \"Nintendo Power\" gave \"Twilight Princess\" the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. It also received the 2007 award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Story and Character Development\" from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. \"Twilight Princess\" received Game of the Year awards from \"GameTrailers\", \"1UP.com\", \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", \"Game Informer\", \"Games Radar\", \"GameSpy\", Spacey Awards, \"X-Play\" and \"Nintendo Power\". It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game"]}
{"query": "Where did Twilight Princess place among Wii titles according to IGN?", "answer": "4th", "gold_docs": ["from the Game Critics Awards, \"X-Play\", \"IGN\", \"GameTrailers\", \"1UP.com\", and \"Nintendo Power\". The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and \"GameSpy\". The game placed 16th in \"Official Nintendo Magazine\"s list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. \"IGN\" ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. \"Nintendo Power\" ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The Wii version received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment"]}
{"query": "Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["from the Game Critics Awards, \"X-Play\", \"IGN\", \"GameTrailers\", \"1UP.com\", and \"Nintendo Power\". The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and \"GameSpy\". The game placed 16th in \"Official Nintendo Magazine\"s list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. \"IGN\" ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. \"Nintendo Power\" ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The Wii version received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment"]}
{"query": "What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?", "answer": "16th", "gold_docs": ["from the Game Critics Awards, \"X-Play\", \"IGN\", \"GameTrailers\", \"1UP.com\", and \"Nintendo Power\". The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and \"GameSpy\". The game placed 16th in \"Official Nintendo Magazine\"s list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. \"IGN\" ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. \"Nintendo Power\" ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The Wii version received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment"]}
{"query": "What place did IGN give the game on the Wii console?", "answer": "4th", "gold_docs": ["from the Game Critics Awards, \"X-Play\", \"IGN\", \"GameTrailers\", \"1UP.com\", and \"Nintendo Power\". The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and \"GameSpy\". The game placed 16th in \"Official Nintendo Magazine\"s list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. \"IGN\" ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. \"Nintendo Power\" ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The Wii version received a \"Platinum\" sales award from the Entertainment"]}
{"query": "How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?", "answer": "1.32 million", "gold_docs": ["and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii , and 1.32 million on the GameCube . , the game had sold 8.85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the second best-selling game in the series behind \"Breath of the Wild\". A manga series based on \"Twilight Princess\", penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost"]}
{"query": "What region is Twilight Princess the best -selling Zelda entry?", "answer": "PAL region", "gold_docs": ["game in the United States with six million copies sold. By June 2007, \"Super Mario 64\" had become the second most popular title on Wii's Virtual Console, behind \"Super Mario Bros.\" \"Super Mario Sunshine\" was the third best-selling video game for the Nintendo GameCube. The original game in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series was the fifth best-selling game for the Nintendo Entertainment System. \"The Wind Waker\" was the fourth best-selling game for the Nintendo GameCube. \"Twilight Princess\" experienced commercial success. In the PAL region, which covers most of Asia, Africa, South America, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Western Europe,"]}
{"query": "How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?", "answer": "5.82 million", "gold_docs": ["and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii , and 1.32 million on the GameCube . , the game had sold 8.85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the second best-selling game in the series behind \"Breath of the Wild\". A manga series based on \"Twilight Princess\", penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost"]}
{"query": "How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?", "answer": "1.32 million", "gold_docs": ["and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii , and 1.32 million on the GameCube . , the game had sold 8.85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the second best-selling game in the series behind \"Breath of the Wild\". A manga series based on \"Twilight Princess\", penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost"]}
{"query": "Who wrote and provided art for a Twilight Princess comic book series?", "answer": "Akira Himekawa", "gold_docs": ["and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii , and 1.32 million on the GameCube . , the game had sold 8.85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the second best-selling game in the series behind \"Breath of the Wild\". A manga series based on \"Twilight Princess\", penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost"]}
{"query": "The Twilight Princess manga was only available in what country?", "answer": "Japan", "gold_docs": ["and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii , and 1.32 million on the GameCube . , the game had sold 8.85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the second best-selling game in the series behind \"Breath of the Wild\". A manga series based on \"Twilight Princess\", penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost"]}
{"query": "Who published the Twilight Princess comic book series?", "answer": "Shogakukan", "gold_docs": ["and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii , and 1.32 million on the GameCube . , the game had sold 8.85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the second best-selling game in the series behind \"Breath of the Wild\". A manga series based on \"Twilight Princess\", penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost"]}
{"query": "What kind of device can access the Twilight Princess manga?", "answer": "mobile", "gold_docs": ["and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii , and 1.32 million on the GameCube . , the game had sold 8.85 million copies worldwide across both platforms, making it the second best-selling game in the series behind \"Breath of the Wild\". A manga series based on \"Twilight Princess\", penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released in Japan on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost"]}
{"query": "Which company made Spectre?", "answer": "Eon Productions", "gold_docs": ["2020. Spectre (2015 film) Spectre is a 2015 British spy film, the twenty-fourth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth film to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and the second film in the series directed by Sam Mendes following \"Skyfall.\" It was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the final \"James Bond\" film to be internationally distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will become the international distributor of its future films. The story sees Bond"]}
{"query": "Who is the star of Spectre?", "answer": "Daniel Craig", "gold_docs": ["2020. Spectre (2015 film) Spectre is a 2015 British spy film, the twenty-fourth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth film to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and the second film in the series directed by Sam Mendes following \"Skyfall.\" It was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the final \"James Bond\" film to be internationally distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will become the international distributor of its future films. The story sees Bond"]}
{"query": "What 007 movie did Sam Mendes previously direct?", "answer": "Skyfall", "gold_docs": ["2020. Spectre (2015 film) Spectre is a 2015 British spy film, the twenty-fourth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth film to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and the second film in the series directed by Sam Mendes following \"Skyfall.\" It was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the final \"James Bond\" film to be internationally distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will become the international distributor of its future films. The story sees Bond"]}
{"query": "How much money did it take to make Spectre?", "answer": "$245", "gold_docs": ["new additions L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra. \"Spectre\" was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015 in Austria, the United Kingdom, Italy, Morocco and Mexico. The action scenes prioritised practical effects and stunts, while employing computer-generated imagery made by five different companies. \"Spectre\" was estimated to have cost around $245 million\u2014with some sources listing it as high as $300 million\u2014making it the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Spectre\" was released on 26 October 2015 in"]}
{"query": "How many James Bond films has Eon Productions produced?", "answer": "twenty-four", "gold_docs": ["unarmed combat, skiing, swimming and golf. While Bond kills without hesitation or regret, he usually kills only when carrying out orders, while acting in self-defence and occasionally as revenge. American actor Barry Nelson was the first to portray Bond on screen, in a 1954 television adaptation, \"Casino Royale\". In 1961 Eon Productions began work on \"Dr. No\", an adaptation of the novel of the same name. The result was a film that spawned a series of twenty-four films produced by Eon Productions and two independent films. After considering the likes of \"refined\" English actors such as Cary Grant and David"]}
{"query": "Which Bond film was the most expensive ever made?", "answer": "Spectre", "gold_docs": ["2020. Spectre (2015 film) Spectre is a 2015 British spy film, the twenty-fourth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth film to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and the second film in the series directed by Sam Mendes following \"Skyfall.\" It was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the final \"James Bond\" film to be internationally distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will become the international distributor of its future films. The story sees Bond"]}
{"query": "How many films has Daniel Craig appeared in as James Bond?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends (foreign films in the Middle Kingdom plays for 30 days only, unless granted special extensions). Albeit a strong opening, it failed to attain the $100 million mark there as projected due to mixed response from critics and audiences as well as facing competitions from local films. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on 326 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's"]}
{"query": "Which two movie studios distributed the James Bond film Spectre?", "answer": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures", "gold_docs": ["2020. Spectre (2015 film) Spectre is a 2015 British spy film, the twenty-fourth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth film to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and the second film in the series directed by Sam Mendes following \"Skyfall.\" It was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the final \"James Bond\" film to be internationally distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will become the international distributor of its future films. The story sees Bond"]}
{"query": "Who directed Spectre?", "answer": "Sam Mendes", "gold_docs": ["2020. Spectre (2015 film) Spectre is a 2015 British spy film, the twenty-fourth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth film to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and the second film in the series directed by Sam Mendes following \"Skyfall.\" It was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the final \"James Bond\" film to be internationally distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will become the international distributor of its future films. The story sees Bond"]}
{"query": "What group is the enemy of the protagonist?", "answer": "Spectre", "gold_docs": ["against the global criminal organisation Spectre and their leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Christoph Waltz). Bond attempts to thwart Blofeld's plan to launch a global surveillance network, and discovers Spectre and Blofeld were behind the events of the previous three films. The film marks Spectre and Blofeld's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\"; a character resembling Blofeld had previously appeared in the 1981 film, \"For Your Eyes Only\", but, because of the \"Thunderball\" controversy, he is not named, nor is his face shown. Several \"James Bond\" characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with"]}
{"query": "Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?", "answer": "Diamonds Are Forever", "gold_docs": ["against the global criminal organisation Spectre and their leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Christoph Waltz). Bond attempts to thwart Blofeld's plan to launch a global surveillance network, and discovers Spectre and Blofeld were behind the events of the previous three films. The film marks Spectre and Blofeld's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\"; a character resembling Blofeld had previously appeared in the 1981 film, \"For Your Eyes Only\", but, because of the \"Thunderball\" controversy, he is not named, nor is his face shown. Several \"James Bond\" characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with"]}
{"query": "Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?", "answer": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny", "gold_docs": ["against the global criminal organisation Spectre and their leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Christoph Waltz). Bond attempts to thwart Blofeld's plan to launch a global surveillance network, and discovers Spectre and Blofeld were behind the events of the previous three films. The film marks Spectre and Blofeld's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\"; a character resembling Blofeld had previously appeared in the 1981 film, \"For Your Eyes Only\", but, because of the \"Thunderball\" controversy, he is not named, nor is his face shown. Several \"James Bond\" characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with"]}
{"query": "Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?", "answer": "Dave Bautista", "gold_docs": ["new additions L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra. \"Spectre\" was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015 in Austria, the United Kingdom, Italy, Morocco and Mexico. The action scenes prioritised practical effects and stunts, while employing computer-generated imagery made by five different companies. \"Spectre\" was estimated to have cost around $245 million\u2014with some sources listing it as high as $300 million\u2014making it the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Spectre\" was released on 26 October 2015 in"]}
{"query": "What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?", "answer": "Lucia Sciarra", "gold_docs": ["new additions L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra. \"Spectre\" was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015 in Austria, the United Kingdom, Italy, Morocco and Mexico. The action scenes prioritised practical effects and stunts, while employing computer-generated imagery made by five different companies. \"Spectre\" was estimated to have cost around $245 million\u2014with some sources listing it as high as $300 million\u2014making it the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Spectre\" was released on 26 October 2015 in"]}
{"query": "What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?", "answer": "L\u00e9a Seydoux", "gold_docs": ["new additions L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra. \"Spectre\" was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015 in Austria, the United Kingdom, Italy, Morocco and Mexico. The action scenes prioritised practical effects and stunts, while employing computer-generated imagery made by five different companies. \"Spectre\" was estimated to have cost around $245 million\u2014with some sources listing it as high as $300 million\u2014making it the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Spectre\" was released on 26 October 2015 in"]}
{"query": "What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?", "answer": "Dave Bautista", "gold_docs": ["new additions L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra. \"Spectre\" was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015 in Austria, the United Kingdom, Italy, Morocco and Mexico. The action scenes prioritised practical effects and stunts, while employing computer-generated imagery made by five different companies. \"Spectre\" was estimated to have cost around $245 million\u2014with some sources listing it as high as $300 million\u2014making it the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Spectre\" was released on 26 October 2015 in"]}
{"query": "When was Diamonds are Forever released?", "answer": "1971", "gold_docs": ["against the global criminal organisation Spectre and their leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Christoph Waltz). Bond attempts to thwart Blofeld's plan to launch a global surveillance network, and discovers Spectre and Blofeld were behind the events of the previous three films. The film marks Spectre and Blofeld's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\"; a character resembling Blofeld had previously appeared in the 1981 film, \"For Your Eyes Only\", but, because of the \"Thunderball\" controversy, he is not named, nor is his face shown. Several \"James Bond\" characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with"]}
{"query": "On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK?", "answer": "26 October 2015", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "What was the US release date for Spectre?", "answer": "6 November 2015", "gold_docs": ["has topped \"Minions\" to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second-highest ticket sales of all time with 4.1 million tickets sold only behind \"Spider-Man 3\" which sold over 6.3 million tickets in 2007. In the United States and Canada the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after it grossed $5.3 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28"]}
{"query": "For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?", "answer": "Best Original Song", "gold_docs": ["the United Kingdom\u2014fifty years after the release of \"Thunderball\", thirty after \"A View to a Kill\", and twenty after \"GoldenEye\"\u2014on the night of the world premiere at the London Royal Albert Hall. It was followed by a worldwide release, including IMAX screenings. It was released in the United States on 6 November. \"Spectre\" received mixed to positive reviews. The theme song \"Writing's on the Wall\", performed and co-written by Sam Smith, won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song. \"Spectre\" grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2015, the second-largest unadjusted total for"]}
{"query": "What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre?", "answer": "Writing's on the Wall", "gold_docs": ["the United Kingdom\u2014fifty years after the release of \"Thunderball\", thirty after \"A View to a Kill\", and twenty after \"GoldenEye\"\u2014on the night of the world premiere at the London Royal Albert Hall. It was followed by a worldwide release, including IMAX screenings. It was released in the United States on 6 November. \"Spectre\" received mixed to positive reviews. The theme song \"Writing's on the Wall\", performed and co-written by Sam Smith, won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song. \"Spectre\" grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2015, the second-largest unadjusted total for"]}
{"query": "Who removed James Bond from active service?", "answer": "M", "gold_docs": ["the series after \"Skyfall\". A posthumous message from the leads MI6 agent James Bond to carry out an unauthorised mission in Mexico City on the Day of the Dead, where he stops a terrorist bombing plot. Bond kills Marco Sciarra, the terrorist leader, and takes his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus. Upon his return to London, Bond is suspended from field duty by Gareth Mallory, the current M, who is engaged in a power struggle with Max Denbigh (whom Bond dubs \"C\"), the Director-General of the new, privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service formed by a recent merger of"]}
{"query": "Who is M's rival?", "answer": "C", "gold_docs": ["the series after \"Skyfall\". A posthumous message from the leads MI6 agent James Bond to carry out an unauthorised mission in Mexico City on the Day of the Dead, where he stops a terrorist bombing plot. Bond kills Marco Sciarra, the terrorist leader, and takes his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus. Upon his return to London, Bond is suspended from field duty by Gareth Mallory, the current M, who is engaged in a power struggle with Max Denbigh (whom Bond dubs \"C\"), the Director-General of the new, privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service formed by a recent merger of"]}
{"query": "What group does C support England joining?", "answer": "Nine Eyes", "gold_docs": ["MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to join the global surveillance and intelligence initiative \"Nine Eyes\", and uses his influence to close down the '00' field agent section, which he believes is outdated. Bond disobeys M's orders and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. He seduces Sciarra's widow, Lucia, who tells him Marco belonged to an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections. Bond uses Sciarra's ring to infiltrate a meeting to select Sciarra's replacement, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. After hearing Oberhauser give the order for the \"Pale King\" to be assassinated, Bond is"]}
{"query": "Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for?", "answer": "Day of the Dead", "gold_docs": ["the series after \"Skyfall\". A posthumous message from the leads MI6 agent James Bond to carry out an unauthorised mission in Mexico City on the Day of the Dead, where he stops a terrorist bombing plot. Bond kills Marco Sciarra, the terrorist leader, and takes his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus. Upon his return to London, Bond is suspended from field duty by Gareth Mallory, the current M, who is engaged in a power struggle with Max Denbigh (whom Bond dubs \"C\"), the Director-General of the new, privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service formed by a recent merger of"]}
{"query": "Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service?", "answer": "MI5 and MI6", "gold_docs": ["MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to join the global surveillance and intelligence initiative \"Nine Eyes\", and uses his influence to close down the '00' field agent section, which he believes is outdated. Bond disobeys M's orders and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. He seduces Sciarra's widow, Lucia, who tells him Marco belonged to an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections. Bond uses Sciarra's ring to infiltrate a meeting to select Sciarra's replacement, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. After hearing Oberhauser give the order for the \"Pale King\" to be assassinated, Bond is"]}
{"query": "Where does Bond go after his suspension?", "answer": "Rome", "gold_docs": ["MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to join the global surveillance and intelligence initiative \"Nine Eyes\", and uses his influence to close down the '00' field agent section, which he believes is outdated. Bond disobeys M's orders and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. He seduces Sciarra's widow, Lucia, who tells him Marco belonged to an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections. Bond uses Sciarra's ring to infiltrate a meeting to select Sciarra's replacement, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. After hearing Oberhauser give the order for the \"Pale King\" to be assassinated, Bond is"]}
{"query": "What group did Sciarra belong to?", "answer": "Spectre", "gold_docs": ["who links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as agents of the same organisation, which Swann identifies as Spectre. Swann takes Bond to L'Am\u00e9ricain, a hotel in Tangier, and they discover that White left evidence directing them to Oberhauser's base at a crater in the Sahara. Taking a train to a remote station, Bond and Swann encounter Hinx, who gets ejected from the train in the ensuing struggle, and are escorted to Oberhauser's base. Oberhauser reveals that Spectre has funded the Joint Intelligence Service while staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a"]}
{"query": "What is Mr. Hinx's job?", "answer": "assassin", "gold_docs": ["pursued across the city by the organisation's assassin, Mr. Hinx. Eve Moneypenny informs Bond that the Pale King is Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum who had fallen afoul of Oberhauser. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier. Bond locates White in Altaussee, Austria, where he is dying of thallium poisoning. He tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, psychiatrist Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain in order to locate Oberhauser; White then commits suicide. Bond confronts Swann and rescues her from Hinx. The pair meet ,"]}
{"query": "Who performs research for Bond?", "answer": "Moneypenny", "gold_docs": ["pursued across the city by the organisation's assassin, Mr. Hinx. Eve Moneypenny informs Bond that the Pale King is Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum who had fallen afoul of Oberhauser. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier. Bond locates White in Altaussee, Austria, where he is dying of thallium poisoning. He tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, psychiatrist Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain in order to locate Oberhauser; White then commits suicide. Bond confronts Swann and rescues her from Hinx. The pair meet ,"]}
{"query": "Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?", "answer": "Rome", "gold_docs": ["MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to join the global surveillance and intelligence initiative \"Nine Eyes\", and uses his influence to close down the '00' field agent section, which he believes is outdated. Bond disobeys M's orders and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. He seduces Sciarra's widow, Lucia, who tells him Marco belonged to an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections. Bond uses Sciarra's ring to infiltrate a meeting to select Sciarra's replacement, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. After hearing Oberhauser give the order for the \"Pale King\" to be assassinated, Bond is"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?", "answer": "Mr. Hinx", "gold_docs": ["pursued across the city by the organisation's assassin, Mr. Hinx. Eve Moneypenny informs Bond that the Pale King is Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum who had fallen afoul of Oberhauser. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier. Bond locates White in Altaussee, Austria, where he is dying of thallium poisoning. He tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, psychiatrist Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain in order to locate Oberhauser; White then commits suicide. Bond confronts Swann and rescues her from Hinx. The pair meet ,"]}
{"query": "Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?", "answer": "Franz Oberhauser", "gold_docs": ["MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to join the global surveillance and intelligence initiative \"Nine Eyes\", and uses his influence to close down the '00' field agent section, which he believes is outdated. Bond disobeys M's orders and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. He seduces Sciarra's widow, Lucia, who tells him Marco belonged to an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections. Bond uses Sciarra's ring to infiltrate a meeting to select Sciarra's replacement, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. After hearing Oberhauser give the order for the \"Pale King\" to be assassinated, Bond is"]}
{"query": "What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?", "answer": "thallium poisoning", "gold_docs": ["pursued across the city by the organisation's assassin, Mr. Hinx. Eve Moneypenny informs Bond that the Pale King is Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum who had fallen afoul of Oberhauser. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier. Bond locates White in Altaussee, Austria, where he is dying of thallium poisoning. He tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, psychiatrist Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain in order to locate Oberhauser; White then commits suicide. Bond confronts Swann and rescues her from Hinx. The pair meet ,"]}
{"query": "Who is White's daughter?", "answer": "Dr. Madeline Swann", "gold_docs": ["pursued across the city by the organisation's assassin, Mr. Hinx. Eve Moneypenny informs Bond that the Pale King is Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum who had fallen afoul of Oberhauser. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier. Bond locates White in Altaussee, Austria, where he is dying of thallium poisoning. He tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, psychiatrist Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain in order to locate Oberhauser; White then commits suicide. Bond confronts Swann and rescues her from Hinx. The pair meet ,"]}
{"query": "How does White deal with his condition?", "answer": "commits suicide", "gold_docs": ["pursued across the city by the organisation's assassin, Mr. Hinx. Eve Moneypenny informs Bond that the Pale King is Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum who had fallen afoul of Oberhauser. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier. Bond locates White in Altaussee, Austria, where he is dying of thallium poisoning. He tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, psychiatrist Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain in order to locate Oberhauser; White then commits suicide. Bond confronts Swann and rescues her from Hinx. The pair meet ,"]}
{"query": "Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?", "answer": "Hoffler Klinik", "gold_docs": ["Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames. Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Various airplane models were used in filming, from a"]}
{"query": "Where is L'Americain located?", "answer": "Tangier", "gold_docs": ["who links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as agents of the same organisation, which Swann identifies as Spectre. Swann takes Bond to L'Am\u00e9ricain, a hotel in Tangier, and they discover that White left evidence directing them to Oberhauser's base at a crater in the Sahara. Taking a train to a remote station, Bond and Swann encounter Hinx, who gets ejected from the train in the ensuing struggle, and are escorted to Oberhauser's base. Oberhauser reveals that Spectre has funded the Joint Intelligence Service while staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a"]}
{"query": "Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?", "answer": "Hinx.", "gold_docs": ["pursued across the city by the organisation's assassin, Mr. Hinx. Eve Moneypenny informs Bond that the Pale King is Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum who had fallen afoul of Oberhauser. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier. Bond locates White in Altaussee, Austria, where he is dying of thallium poisoning. He tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, psychiatrist Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain in order to locate Oberhauser; White then commits suicide. Bond confronts Swann and rescues her from Hinx. The pair meet ,"]}
{"query": "What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser's base?", "answer": "train", "gold_docs": ["who links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as agents of the same organisation, which Swann identifies as Spectre. Swann takes Bond to L'Am\u00e9ricain, a hotel in Tangier, and they discover that White left evidence directing them to Oberhauser's base at a crater in the Sahara. Taking a train to a remote station, Bond and Swann encounter Hinx, who gets ejected from the train in the ensuing struggle, and are escorted to Oberhauser's base. Oberhauser reveals that Spectre has funded the Joint Intelligence Service while staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a"]}
{"query": "Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond?", "answer": "Hannes", "gold_docs": ["need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return, C will give Spectre unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes, allowing them to anticipate and counter-act investigations into their operations. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father, staged his own death, adopted the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and went on to form Spectre and target Bond. Bond and Swann overpower Blofeld and escape, destroying the base in an explosion and leaving Blofeld to"]}
{"query": "What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?", "answer": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld", "gold_docs": ["need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return, C will give Spectre unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes, allowing them to anticipate and counter-act investigations into their operations. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father, staged his own death, adopted the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and went on to form Spectre and target Bond. Bond and Swann overpower Blofeld and escape, destroying the base in an explosion and leaving Blofeld to"]}
{"query": "After staging his own death, what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use?", "answer": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld", "gold_docs": ["need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return, C will give Spectre unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes, allowing them to anticipate and counter-act investigations into their operations. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father, staged his own death, adopted the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and went on to form Spectre and target Bond. Bond and Swann overpower Blofeld and escape, destroying the base in an explosion and leaving Blofeld to"]}
{"query": "Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?", "answer": "the old MI6 building", "gold_docs": ["die. As the Moroccan facility was one node in a wider network, Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny with the intention of arresting C and stopping Nine Eyes from being activated. Swann and Bond are abducted separately, while the rest of the group proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a struggle between M and C ends with C falling to his death. Bond is taken to the ruins of the old MI6 building, scheduled for demolition after Silva's bombing. A disfigured Blofeld"]}
{"query": "Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?", "answer": "Blofeld", "gold_docs": ["die. As the Moroccan facility was one node in a wider network, Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny with the intention of arresting C and stopping Nine Eyes from being activated. Swann and Bond are abducted separately, while the rest of the group proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a struggle between M and C ends with C falling to his death. Bond is taken to the ruins of the old MI6 building, scheduled for demolition after Silva's bombing. A disfigured Blofeld"]}
{"query": "Where does Blofeld get arrested?", "answer": "Westminster Bridge", "gold_docs": ["tells Bond that he must escape before explosives are detonated or die trying to save Swann. Bond finds Swann and they escape by boat as the building collapses. Bond shoots down Blofeld's helicopter, which crashes onto Westminster Bridge. As Blofeld crawls from the wreckage, Bond confronts him but leaves him to be arrested by M, before leaving the bridge with Swann. In March 2013 Mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series, then known as \"Bond 24\"; he later recanted and announced that he would return, as he found the script and the plans"]}
{"query": "Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?", "answer": "Q", "gold_docs": ["die. As the Moroccan facility was one node in a wider network, Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny with the intention of arresting C and stopping Nine Eyes from being activated. Swann and Bond are abducted separately, while the rest of the group proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a struggle between M and C ends with C falling to his death. Bond is taken to the ruins of the old MI6 building, scheduled for demolition after Silva's bombing. A disfigured Blofeld"]}
{"query": "Which characters falls to their death, M or C?", "answer": "C", "gold_docs": ["die. As the Moroccan facility was one node in a wider network, Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny with the intention of arresting C and stopping Nine Eyes from being activated. Swann and Bond are abducted separately, while the rest of the group proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a struggle between M and C ends with C falling to his death. Bond is taken to the ruins of the old MI6 building, scheduled for demolition after Silva's bombing. A disfigured Blofeld"]}
{"query": "In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?", "answer": "1963", "gold_docs": ["characters were at the centre of long-standing litigation between Kevin McClory and Ian Fleming over the film rights to \"Thunderball\" and the ownership of the organisation and its characters. In 1963, Fleming settled out of court with McClory, which awarded McClory the film rights to \"Thunderball,\" although literary rights would stay with Fleming and thus allow continuation author John Gardner to use SPECTRE in a number of his novels. In 1963, Eon Productions producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman made an agreement with McClory to adapt the novel into the fourth James Bond film, also stipulating that McClory would"]}
{"query": "In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?", "answer": "1963", "gold_docs": ["the case opened to the High Court in London on 20 November 1963. After nine days, the case was settled. Fleming paid McClory damages of \u00a335,000 and his court costs of \u00a352,000, and future versions of the novel were credited as \"based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham, and Ian Fleming\" \u2013 in that order. Fleming and Bryce conveyed to McClory any rights they held in the screenplays and treatments that McClory, Whittingham and Fleming had written during their collaboration. Fleming conveyed to McClory the worldwide film rights in the novel \"Thunderball\". Harry Saltzman's and Albert R."]}
{"query": "What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?", "answer": "Never Say Never Again", "gold_docs": ["Emilio Largo Emilio Largo is a fictional character and the main antagonist from the 1961 James Bond novel \"Thunderball\". He appears in the 1965 film adaptation, again as the main antagonist, with Italian actor Adolfo Celi filling the role. Largo is also the main antagonist in the 1983 unofficial James Bond movie \"Never Say Never Again\", a remake of \"Thunderball\". In \"Never Say Never Again\", the character's name, however, was changed to Maximillian Largo and he was portrayed by the Austrian actor Klaus Maria Brandauer. Fleming describes Largo as a ruthless Neapolitan black marketeer and fence who moved to riskier"]}
{"query": "Who ended up with ownership of Spectre?", "answer": "MGM", "gold_docs": ["November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\". When Sony Pictures Entertainment renegotiated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the deal to co-finance the \"Bond\" franchise in 2011, they were tasked to provide 25 percent of the negative cost of both \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", in exchange to receiving"]}
{"query": "Which company is Danjaq, LLC associated with?", "answer": "Eon Productions", "gold_docs": ["November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\". When Sony Pictures Entertainment renegotiated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the deal to co-finance the \"Bond\" franchise in 2011, they were tasked to provide 25 percent of the negative cost of both \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", in exchange to receiving"]}
{"query": "In what year were rights to Spectre worked out?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\". When Sony Pictures Entertainment renegotiated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the deal to co-finance the \"Bond\" franchise in 2011, they were tasked to provide 25 percent of the negative cost of both \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", in exchange to receiving"]}
{"query": "Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre?", "answer": "MGM", "gold_docs": ["November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\". When Sony Pictures Entertainment renegotiated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the deal to co-finance the \"Bond\" franchise in 2011, they were tasked to provide 25 percent of the negative cost of both \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", in exchange to receiving"]}
{"query": "How was the Spectre acronym originally written?", "answer": "Spectre", "gold_docs": ["November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\". When Sony Pictures Entertainment renegotiated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the deal to co-finance the \"Bond\" franchise in 2011, they were tasked to provide 25 percent of the negative cost of both \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", in exchange to receiving"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions?", "answer": "Danjaq", "gold_docs": ["November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\". When Sony Pictures Entertainment renegotiated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the deal to co-finance the \"Bond\" franchise in 2011, they were tasked to provide 25 percent of the negative cost of both \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", in exchange to receiving"]}
{"query": "What company was targeted by leaks of company information?", "answer": "Sony Pictures Entertainment", "gold_docs": ["November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\". When Sony Pictures Entertainment renegotiated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the deal to co-finance the \"Bond\" franchise in 2011, they were tasked to provide 25 percent of the negative cost of both \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", in exchange to receiving"]}
{"query": "Who was responsible for leaks of Sony movie projects?", "answer": "hackers", "gold_docs": ["25 percent of the profits plus distribution fees for overseeing its worldwide rollout. When the film was announced in June 2013, the budget was not yet fixed, but was certain to be higher than the $210 million of \"Skyfall\" due to foreign locations and bigger payments for Mendes and Craig. In November 2014, Sony was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects. Included within these were several memos relating to the production of \"Spectre\", claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early drafts of the script written by John"]}
{"query": "Which film writer's work was included in leaks of Spectre information?", "answer": "John Logan", "gold_docs": ["Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\". Eon resisted Sony and MGM's arguments to cut down on stunts and location work to reduce the budget, but managed to secure tax incentives and rebates, such as $14 million from Mexico. \"Spectre\" has a final budget estimated between $250 million and $275 million. \"Spectre\" marked the return of many scriptwriters from the previous \"Bond\" films, such as \"Skyfall\" writer John Logan; Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who had done work in five"]}
{"query": "Which company verified contents of the leaked information?", "answer": "Eon Productions", "gold_docs": ["Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\". Eon resisted Sony and MGM's arguments to cut down on stunts and location work to reduce the budget, but managed to secure tax incentives and rebates, such as $14 million from Mexico. \"Spectre\" has a final budget estimated between $250 million and $275 million. \"Spectre\" marked the return of many scriptwriters from the previous \"Bond\" films, such as \"Skyfall\" writer John Logan; Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who had done work in five"]}
{"query": "When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system?", "answer": "November 2014", "gold_docs": ["25 percent of the profits plus distribution fees for overseeing its worldwide rollout. When the film was announced in June 2013, the budget was not yet fixed, but was certain to be higher than the $210 million of \"Skyfall\" due to foreign locations and bigger payments for Mendes and Craig. In November 2014, Sony was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects. Included within these were several memos relating to the production of \"Spectre\", claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early drafts of the script written by John"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the early drafts of the script for Spectre?", "answer": "John Logan", "gold_docs": ["Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\". Eon resisted Sony and MGM's arguments to cut down on stunts and location work to reduce the budget, but managed to secure tax incentives and rebates, such as $14 million from Mexico. \"Spectre\" has a final budget estimated between $250 million and $275 million. \"Spectre\" marked the return of many scriptwriters from the previous \"Bond\" films, such as \"Skyfall\" writer John Logan; Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who had done work in five"]}
{"query": "What company confirmed that an early version of the Spectre script had been leaked?", "answer": "Eon Productions", "gold_docs": ["Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\". Eon resisted Sony and MGM's arguments to cut down on stunts and location work to reduce the budget, but managed to secure tax incentives and rebates, such as $14 million from Mexico. \"Spectre\" has a final budget estimated between $250 million and $275 million. \"Spectre\" marked the return of many scriptwriters from the previous \"Bond\" films, such as \"Skyfall\" writer John Logan; Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who had done work in five"]}
{"query": "Which actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?", "answer": "Christoph Waltz", "gold_docs": ["of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in \"Casino Royale\" and introduced in \"Quantum of Solace\" reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation which is implied to be no longer active by the film's events. The plot of Spectre also linked the events of Skyfall to Craig's first two Bond movies by revealing antagonist Raoul Silva to be associated with Spectre reverting Skyfall's initial solo story status. Despite being an original story, \"Spectre\" draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz, and his"]}
{"query": "In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond?", "answer": "1983", "gold_docs": ["father Hannes. Hannes Oberhauser is a background character in the short story \"Octopussy\" from the \"Octopussy and The Living Daylights\" collection, and is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983. As Sam Mendes searched for events in young Bond's life to follow the childhood discussed in \"Skyfall\", he came across Hannes Oberhauser, who becomes a father figure to Bond. From there Mendes conceived the idea of \"a natural child who had been pushed out, cuckoo in the nest\" by Bond, which became Franz. Similarly, Charmian Bond is shown to have"]}
{"query": "Who were the writers of Spectre?", "answer": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade", "gold_docs": ["Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\". Eon resisted Sony and MGM's arguments to cut down on stunts and location work to reduce the budget, but managed to secure tax incentives and rebates, such as $14 million from Mexico. \"Spectre\" has a final budget estimated between $250 million and $275 million. \"Spectre\" marked the return of many scriptwriters from the previous \"Bond\" films, such as \"Skyfall\" writer John Logan; Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who had done work in five"]}
{"query": "Which group in previous Bond films was changed to be a part of Spectre instead of its own entity?", "answer": "Quantum", "gold_docs": ["of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in \"Casino Royale\" and introduced in \"Quantum of Solace\" reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation which is implied to be no longer active by the film's events. The plot of Spectre also linked the events of Skyfall to Craig's first two Bond movies by revealing antagonist Raoul Silva to be associated with Spectre reverting Skyfall's initial solo story status. Despite being an original story, \"Spectre\" draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz, and his"]}
{"query": "Who was Bond's full time guardian?", "answer": "Charmian Bond", "gold_docs": ["father Hannes. Hannes Oberhauser is a background character in the short story \"Octopussy\" from the \"Octopussy and The Living Daylights\" collection, and is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983. As Sam Mendes searched for events in young Bond's life to follow the childhood discussed in \"Skyfall\", he came across Hannes Oberhauser, who becomes a father figure to Bond. From there Mendes conceived the idea of \"a natural child who had been pushed out, cuckoo in the nest\" by Bond, which became Franz. Similarly, Charmian Bond is shown to have"]}
{"query": "In which Bond story did the name Oberhauser first appear?", "answer": "Octopussy", "gold_docs": ["father Hannes. Hannes Oberhauser is a background character in the short story \"Octopussy\" from the \"Octopussy and The Living Daylights\" collection, and is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983. As Sam Mendes searched for events in young Bond's life to follow the childhood discussed in \"Skyfall\", he came across Hannes Oberhauser, who becomes a father figure to Bond. From there Mendes conceived the idea of \"a natural child who had been pushed out, cuckoo in the nest\" by Bond, which became Franz. Similarly, Charmian Bond is shown to have"]}
{"query": "In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced?", "answer": "Quantum of Solace", "gold_docs": ["of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in \"Casino Royale\" and introduced in \"Quantum of Solace\" reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation which is implied to be no longer active by the film's events. The plot of Spectre also linked the events of Skyfall to Craig's first two Bond movies by revealing antagonist Raoul Silva to be associated with Spectre reverting Skyfall's initial solo story status. Despite being an original story, \"Spectre\" draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz, and his"]}
{"query": "Quantum is a division of what other organization? ", "answer": "Spectre", "gold_docs": ["of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in \"Casino Royale\" and introduced in \"Quantum of Solace\" reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation which is implied to be no longer active by the film's events. The plot of Spectre also linked the events of Skyfall to Craig's first two Bond movies by revealing antagonist Raoul Silva to be associated with Spectre reverting Skyfall's initial solo story status. Despite being an original story, \"Spectre\" draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz, and his"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?", "answer": "Kingsley Amis", "gold_docs": ["name to Colonel Tan-Sun Moon. The 2015 film \"Spectre\" features a torture scene which was lifted from \"Colonel Sun\". Colonel Sun Colonel Sun is a novel by Kingsley Amis published by Jonathan Cape on 28 March 1968 under the pseudonym \"Robert Markham\". \"Colonel Sun\" is the first James Bond continuation novel published after Ian Fleming's 1964 death. Before writing the novel, Amis wrote two other Bond related works, the literary study \"The James Bond Dossier\" and the humorous \"The Book of Bond\". \"Colonel Sun\" centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond and his mission to track down"]}
{"query": "What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?", "answer": "The Hildebrand Rarity", "gold_docs": ["that because his girlfriend has been killed.\" In the 2015 film \"Spectre\" M and Bond meet in a London safe house, which carries a name plate labelled \"Hildebrand Antiques and Rarities\", a reference to \"The Hildebrand Rarity\". On 1 January 2015 the original Fleming novels and short stories entered the public domain in countries in which the length of copyright remains at the Berne Convention minimum of the life of the author plus 50 years. The Canadian filmmakers Lee Demarbre and Ian Driscoll announced plans to film an unauthorised adaptation of \"For Your Eyes Only\" which is partly set in"]}
{"query": "\"The Hildebrand Rarity\"  is from what short story collection?", "answer": "For Your Eyes Only", "gold_docs": ["against the global criminal organisation Spectre and their leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Christoph Waltz). Bond attempts to thwart Blofeld's plan to launch a global surveillance network, and discovers Spectre and Blofeld were behind the events of the previous three films. The film marks Spectre and Blofeld's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\"; a character resembling Blofeld had previously appeared in the 1981 film, \"For Your Eyes Only\", but, because of the \"Thunderball\" controversy, he is not named, nor is his face shown. Several \"James Bond\" characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with"]}
{"query": "Which character tortures Bond?", "answer": "Blofeld", "gold_docs": ["against the global criminal organisation Spectre and their leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Christoph Waltz). Bond attempts to thwart Blofeld's plan to launch a global surveillance network, and discovers Spectre and Blofeld were behind the events of the previous three films. The film marks Spectre and Blofeld's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\"; a character resembling Blofeld had previously appeared in the 1981 film, \"For Your Eyes Only\", but, because of the \"Thunderball\" controversy, he is not named, nor is his face shown. Several \"James Bond\" characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with"]}
{"query": "When were the actors in Spectre announced?", "answer": "December 2014", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "Which actor portrayed M?", "answer": "Ralph Fiennes", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "Which actress portrayed Eve Moneypenny?", "answer": "Naomie Harris", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "Which actor portrayed Q?", "answer": "Ben Whishaw", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "Which actor portrayed Bill Tanner?", "answer": "Rory Kinnear", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "How many times has Daniel Craig portrayed James Bond in films?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["film was shot, it debuted with more than double that of \"Skyfall\" with $4.5 million. It also bested its predecessor's opening in various Nordic regions where MGM is distributing, such as in Finland ($2.7 million) and Norway ($2.9 million), and in other markets like Denmark ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($3.4 million), and Sweden ($3.1 million). In India, it opened at No. 1 with $4.8 million which is 4% above the opening of \"Skyfall\". It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands, it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it"]}
{"query": "Which actor portrays Bill Tanner?", "answer": "Rory Kinnear", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "Which three actors reprised supporting roles for Spectre?", "answer": "Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre?", "answer": "Franz Oberhauser", "gold_docs": ["been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in \"Skyfall\". Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series. Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed"]}
{"query": "What is Franz Oberhauser's other name?", "answer": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld", "gold_docs": ["with the film's release that he is Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Waltz got interested in the film for dealing with technology-assisted mass surveillance, \"speaking about relevant social issues in a way that few Bonds have done before\", and denied rumours that the role was written specially for him, but added that \"when I came on board, the role grew, evolved, and mutated.\" Dave Bautista was cast as Mr. Hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports. The character only has one line in the entire film, \"Shit\". Sam Mendes thought the silent nature would drive Bautista away,"]}
{"query": "Who played Severine in the previous Bond film?", "answer": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe", "gold_docs": ["but the lifelong Bond fan expressed interest in reviving the quiet henchman archetype of characters such as Jaws. Bautista's performance was inspired mostly by Oddjob from \"Goldfinger\", and said not talking created an acting challenge, \"trying to find this way where I am actually going to have speak without speaking.\" After casting B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as S\u00e9v\u00e9rine in \"Skyfall\", Mendes sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting L\u00e9a Seydoux in the role. Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to"]}
{"query": "In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die?", "answer": "Quantum of Solace", "gold_docs": ["be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from \"Casino Royale\" and \"Quantum of Solace\". Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to \"Quantum of Solace\", before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in \"Spectre\". In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in"]}
{"query": "Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall?", "answer": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe", "gold_docs": ["but the lifelong Bond fan expressed interest in reviving the quiet henchman archetype of characters such as Jaws. Bautista's performance was inspired mostly by Oddjob from \"Goldfinger\", and said not talking created an acting challenge, \"trying to find this way where I am actually going to have speak without speaking.\" After casting B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as S\u00e9v\u00e9rine in \"Skyfall\", Mendes sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting L\u00e9a Seydoux in the role. Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to"]}
{"query": "How many actual people were used for the opening sequence of Spectre?", "answer": "fifteen hundred", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "Which actor portrayed Marco Sciarra?", "answer": "Alessandro Cremona", "gold_docs": ["be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from \"Casino Royale\" and \"Quantum of Solace\". Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to \"Quantum of Solace\", before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in \"Spectre\". In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in"]}
{"query": "Estrella was played by which actress?", "answer": "Stephanie Sigman", "gold_docs": ["be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from \"Casino Royale\" and \"Quantum of Solace\". Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to \"Quantum of Solace\", before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in \"Spectre\". In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in"]}
{"query": "When was the opening scene of Spectre filmed?", "answer": "February 2015", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "Where was the pre-title scene in Spectre filmed?", "answer": "Mexico", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "Who was cast as Marco Sciarra?", "answer": "Alessandro Cremona", "gold_docs": ["be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from \"Casino Royale\" and \"Quantum of Solace\". Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to \"Quantum of Solace\", before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in \"Spectre\". In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in"]}
{"query": "What character did Stephanie Sigma portray?", "answer": "Estrella", "gold_docs": ["be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from \"Casino Royale\" and \"Quantum of Solace\". Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to \"Quantum of Solace\", before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in \"Spectre\". In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in"]}
{"query": "Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes?", "answer": "John Glen", "gold_docs": ["for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. Nicolas Winding Refn would later reveal that he turned down an offer to direct the movie. In directing \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", Mendes became the first director to oversee two successive \"Bond\" films since John Glen directed five consecutive films, ending with \"The Living Daylights\" and \"Licence to Kill\" in 1987 and 1989. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of \"Spectre\" numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than \"Skyfall\"."]}
{"query": "Who served as production designer for Spectre?", "answer": "Dennis Gassner", "gold_docs": ["for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. Nicolas Winding Refn would later reveal that he turned down an offer to direct the movie. In directing \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", Mendes became the first director to oversee two successive \"Bond\" films since John Glen directed five consecutive films, ending with \"The Living Daylights\" and \"Licence to Kill\" in 1987 and 1989. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of \"Spectre\" numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than \"Skyfall\"."]}
{"query": "Which film had a larger production staff, Spectre or Skyfall?", "answer": "Spectre", "gold_docs": ["for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. Nicolas Winding Refn would later reveal that he turned down an offer to direct the movie. In directing \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", Mendes became the first director to oversee two successive \"Bond\" films since John Glen directed five consecutive films, ending with \"The Living Daylights\" and \"Licence to Kill\" in 1987 and 1989. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of \"Spectre\" numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than \"Skyfall\"."]}
{"query": "Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer?", "answer": "Spectre", "gold_docs": ["for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. Nicolas Winding Refn would later reveal that he turned down an offer to direct the movie. In directing \"Skyfall\" and \"Spectre\", Mendes became the first director to oversee two successive \"Bond\" films since John Glen directed five consecutive films, ending with \"The Living Daylights\" and \"Licence to Kill\" in 1987 and 1989. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of \"Spectre\" numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than \"Skyfall\"."]}
{"query": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade have worked on how many Bond films?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["no such Day of the Dead parade like the one from the film took place in Mexico City; in 2016, due to the interest raised by \"Spectre\" and the government's desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture, the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual \"D\u00eda de Muertos\" parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on 29 October 2016, which was attended by 250,000 people. The film opens with a long take that joins six shots seamlessly, and was one of the few scenes that required previsualization. Through extensive planning, filming did not require motion control"]}
{"query": "What were three sites used for filming Spectre?", "answer": "London, Mexico City and Rome", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "What kind of film was used to shoot the movie?", "answer": "Kodak 35 mm", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "Where did initial shoots for the film take place?", "answer": "Pinewood Studios", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "How long did it take to film Spectre?", "answer": "seven months.", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "What type of film was used?", "answer": "Kodak 35 mm film stock", "gold_docs": ["Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras. Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock, in contrast to \"Skyfall\" being filmed on digital cameras. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at"]}
{"query": "When did Spectre begin production in Austria?", "answer": "December 2014", "gold_docs": ["Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames. Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Various airplane models were used in filming, from a"]}
{"query": "When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish?", "answer": "February 2015", "gold_docs": ["Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames. Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Various airplane models were used in filming, from a"]}
{"query": "What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre's production?", "answer": "Ice Q Restaurant", "gold_docs": ["Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames. Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Various airplane models were used in filming, from a"]}
{"query": "What part of his body did Craig injure?", "answer": "knee", "gold_docs": ["life-sized plane with detachable wings to film the crash in the woods, to plane fuselages either built atop snowmobiles or shot from nitrogen cannons. Production was temporarily halted first by an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously. Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with"]}
{"query": "What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik?", "answer": "Ice Q Restaurant", "gold_docs": ["Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames. Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Various airplane models were used in filming, from a"]}
{"query": "Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located?", "answer": "Austrian Alps.", "gold_docs": ["Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames. Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Various airplane models were used in filming, from a"]}
{"query": "Near what glacier in Austria was filming done?", "answer": "Rettenbach glacier", "gold_docs": ["Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames. Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Various airplane models were used in filming, from a"]}
{"query": "What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?", "answer": "Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum", "gold_docs": ["locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. Special effects supervisor Chris Corbould stated the scenes had to be extensively planned prior to filming specially to avoid any mishaps, going to the point of building protection above steps where cars would drive. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome"]}
{"query": "Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?", "answer": "Williams", "gold_docs": ["featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar. Remote driving pods were built above the cars so the vehicles could be"]}
{"query": "For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?", "answer": "Jaguar", "gold_docs": ["featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar. Remote driving pods were built above the cars so the vehicles could be"]}
{"query": "How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar. Remote driving pods were built above the cars so the vehicles could be"]}
{"query": "Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?", "answer": "Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire", "gold_docs": ["life-sized plane with detachable wings to film the crash in the woods, to plane fuselages either built atop snowmobiles or shot from nitrogen cannons. Production was temporarily halted first by an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously. Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with"]}
{"query": "What bridge in Rome was a filming location?", "answer": "the Ponte Sisto bridge", "gold_docs": ["locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. Special effects supervisor Chris Corbould stated the scenes had to be extensively planned prior to filming specially to avoid any mishaps, going to the point of building protection above steps where cars would drive. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome"]}
{"query": "What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?", "answer": "Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75", "gold_docs": ["featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar. Remote driving pods were built above the cars so the vehicles could be"]}
{"query": "Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.", "answer": "Williams", "gold_docs": ["featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar. Remote driving pods were built above the cars so the vehicles could be"]}
{"query": "What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?", "answer": "Jaguar.", "gold_docs": ["featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar. Remote driving pods were built above the cars so the vehicles could be"]}
{"query": "Where did Spectre filming take place after Rome?", "answer": "Mexico City", "gold_docs": ["driven while the cameras focused on Craig and Bautista in the steering wheel. According to chief stunt co-ordinator Gary Powell, filming the chase had the \"risk of skidding into the Vatican\", and led to \"a record for smashing up cars in \"Spectre\"\u2014seven Aston Martins in all,\" with the film's car expenses estimated at \u00a324 million ($48 million). With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district. At the time,"]}
{"query": "Which celebration was featured in the Mexico City part of the production?", "answer": "Day of the Dead", "gold_docs": ["driven while the cameras focused on Craig and Bautista in the steering wheel. According to chief stunt co-ordinator Gary Powell, filming the chase had the \"risk of skidding into the Vatican\", and led to \"a record for smashing up cars in \"Spectre\"\u2014seven Aston Martins in all,\" with the film's car expenses estimated at \u00a324 million ($48 million). With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district. At the time,"]}
{"query": "Which areas were shown in the Day of the Dead scene in Spectre?", "answer": "the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district", "gold_docs": ["driven while the cameras focused on Craig and Bautista in the steering wheel. According to chief stunt co-ordinator Gary Powell, filming the chase had the \"risk of skidding into the Vatican\", and led to \"a record for smashing up cars in \"Spectre\"\u2014seven Aston Martins in all,\" with the film's car expenses estimated at \u00a324 million ($48 million). With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district. At the time,"]}
{"query": "Where were the scenes featuring planes shot?", "answer": "Palenque", "gold_docs": ["cameras. The scene joints were done in post-production through re-timing and re-projections, which even matched Mexico locations with interiors filmed at Pinewood. The planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron, which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage. This particular scene in Mexico required 1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers. Reports in the Mexican media added that the film's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas, to"]}
{"query": "What festival was included in the scenes shot in Mexico?", "answer": "the Day of the Dead festival", "gold_docs": ["driven while the cameras focused on Craig and Bautista in the steering wheel. According to chief stunt co-ordinator Gary Powell, filming the chase had the \"risk of skidding into the Vatican\", and led to \"a record for smashing up cars in \"Spectre\"\u2014seven Aston Martins in all,\" with the film's car expenses estimated at \u00a324 million ($48 million). With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district. At the time,"]}
{"query": "What type of helicopter was used for the flight scenes?", "answer": "a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter", "gold_docs": ["cameras. The scene joints were done in post-production through re-timing and re-projections, which even matched Mexico locations with interiors filmed at Pinewood. The planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron, which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage. This particular scene in Mexico required 1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers. Reports in the Mexican media added that the film's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas, to"]}
{"query": "Where did Craig go to deal with his injury?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area. These were pasted over a computer-generated square and crowd below the helicopter, with motion capture doubles fighting inside. Mendes and the effects team felt that this approach \"would get believable composition and movement\" compared to adding a digital helicopter above the Mexico City location. Following filming in Mexico, and during a scheduled break, Craig was flown to New York to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury. It was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at Pinewood Studios as planned on"]}
{"query": "When did Craig go back to work?", "answer": "22 April", "gold_docs": ["22 April. Nonetheless, some parts of the Mexico scene were done with stunt doubles, whose faces were digitally replaced with Craig's. A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to"]}
{"query": "In what city did Daniel Craig have minor surgery to repair his knee?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area. These were pasted over a computer-generated square and crowd below the helicopter, with motion capture doubles fighting inside. Mendes and the effects team felt that this approach \"would get believable composition and movement\" compared to adding a digital helicopter above the Mexico City location. Following filming in Mexico, and during a scheduled break, Craig was flown to New York to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury. It was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at Pinewood Studios as planned on"]}
{"query": "Which bridges were shut down because of filming?", "answer": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges", "gold_docs": ["22 April. Nonetheless, some parts of the Mexico scene were done with stunt doubles, whose faces were digitally replaced with Craig's. A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to"]}
{"query": "Which organization provided water for weather effects?", "answer": "London Fire Brigade", "gold_docs": ["the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on Westminster Bridge. The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming. Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, as well as Harris and Fiennes, were seen being filmed. Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden. Filming then took place in Trafalgar Square. In early June, the crew, as well as Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, returned to the Thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river. Blofeld's helicopter crash"]}
{"query": "Filming closed which two bridges in London?", "answer": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges", "gold_docs": ["22 April. Nonetheless, some parts of the Mexico scene were done with stunt doubles, whose faces were digitally replaced with Craig's. A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to"]}
{"query": "Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London?", "answer": "The London Fire Brigade", "gold_docs": ["the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on Westminster Bridge. The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming. Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, as well as Harris and Fiennes, were seen being filmed. Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden. Filming then took place in Trafalgar Square. In early June, the crew, as well as Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, returned to the Thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river. Blofeld's helicopter crash"]}
{"query": "Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?", "answer": "Covent Garden.", "gold_docs": ["the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on Westminster Bridge. The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming. Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, as well as Harris and Fiennes, were seen being filmed. Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden. Filming then took place in Trafalgar Square. In early June, the crew, as well as Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, returned to the Thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river. Blofeld's helicopter crash"]}
{"query": "Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night?", "answer": "night", "gold_docs": ["22 April. Nonetheless, some parts of the Mexico scene were done with stunt doubles, whose faces were digitally replaced with Craig's. A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to"]}
{"query": "Which three locations in Morocco were used in filming?", "answer": "Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud", "gold_docs": ["was done with two full sized helicopter shells, which were rigged with steelwork and an overhead track. Computer-generated rotor blades and scenery damage were added in post-production. The MI-6 building, which in the film is vacated and scheduled for demolition following the terrorist attack from \"Skyfall\", was replaced in the production plates for a digital reconstruction. When the building is detonated, it is a combination of both a miniature and a breakaway version of the digital building. After wrapping up in England, production travelled to Morocco in June, with filming taking place in Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud, after preliminary work"]}
{"query": "What Guinness record was set during the filming of Spectre?", "answer": "Largest film stunt explosion", "gold_docs": ["was completed by the production's second unit. The headquarters of Spectre in Morocco was located in Gara Medouar which is a 'crater' caused by erosion and of neither volcanic nor impact origin. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, involving 8,140 litres of kerosene and 24 charges each with a kilogram of high explosives. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for \"Spectre\" was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days. Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that"]}
{"query": "Who was the Guinness record attributed to?", "answer": "Chris Corbould", "gold_docs": ["locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. Special effects supervisor Chris Corbould stated the scenes had to be extensively planned prior to filming specially to avoid any mishaps, going to the point of building protection above steps where cars would drive. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome"]}
{"query": "How long did it take to shoot Spectre?", "answer": "128 days", "gold_docs": ["was completed by the production's second unit. The headquarters of Spectre in Morocco was located in Gara Medouar which is a 'crater' caused by erosion and of neither volcanic nor impact origin. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, involving 8,140 litres of kerosene and 24 charges each with a kilogram of high explosives. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for \"Spectre\" was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days. Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that"]}
{"query": "Where did production go to after leaving London?", "answer": "Morocco", "gold_docs": ["was completed by the production's second unit. The headquarters of Spectre in Morocco was located in Gara Medouar which is a 'crater' caused by erosion and of neither volcanic nor impact origin. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, involving 8,140 litres of kerosene and 24 charges each with a kilogram of high explosives. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for \"Spectre\" was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days. Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that"]}
{"query": "What Guinness World Record does the film hold?", "answer": "Largest film stunt explosion", "gold_docs": ["was completed by the production's second unit. The headquarters of Spectre in Morocco was located in Gara Medouar which is a 'crater' caused by erosion and of neither volcanic nor impact origin. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, involving 8,140 litres of kerosene and 24 charges each with a kilogram of high explosives. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for \"Spectre\" was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days. Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that"]}
{"query": "How many day did filming take", "answer": "128 days.", "gold_docs": ["was completed by the production's second unit. The headquarters of Spectre in Morocco was located in Gara Medouar which is a 'crater' caused by erosion and of neither volcanic nor impact origin. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, involving 8,140 litres of kerosene and 24 charges each with a kilogram of high explosives. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for \"Spectre\" was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days. Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that"]}
{"query": "How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?", "answer": "$20 million", "gold_docs": ["the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities\u2014reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script to portray the country in a \"positive light\"\u2014to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of \"Skyfall\" had previously faced similar problems"]}
{"query": "Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?", "answer": "Michael G. Wilson", "gold_docs": ["the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities\u2014reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script to portray the country in a \"positive light\"\u2014to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of \"Skyfall\" had previously faced similar problems"]}
{"query": "In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?", "answer": "India", "gold_docs": ["while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul. Five companies did the visual effects\u2014Industrial Light & Magic, Double Negative, Moving Picture Company, Cinesite and Peerless\u2014under the supervision of Steve Begg. The computer-generated effects included set extensions, digital touches on the vehicles, and crumbling buildings. A sixth one, Framestore, handled the title sequence, the seventh in the series designed by Daniel Kleinman. It took four months to complete, and centred on an octopus motif reminiscent of the Spectre logo, along with images of love and relationships. Thomas Newman returned as \"Spectre\"s composer."]}
{"query": "Who wrote the music for Spectre?", "answer": "Thomas Newman", "gold_docs": ["while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul. Five companies did the visual effects\u2014Industrial Light & Magic, Double Negative, Moving Picture Company, Cinesite and Peerless\u2014under the supervision of Steve Begg. The computer-generated effects included set extensions, digital touches on the vehicles, and crumbling buildings. A sixth one, Framestore, handled the title sequence, the seventh in the series designed by Daniel Kleinman. It took four months to complete, and centred on an octopus motif reminiscent of the Spectre logo, along with images of love and relationships. Thomas Newman returned as \"Spectre\"s composer."]}
{"query": "When was the soundtrack of Spectre first available for purchase in the UK?", "answer": "23 October 2015", "gold_docs": ["Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" theme. Mendes stated that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the US on the Decca Records label. The English band Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song, and submitted \"Man of War\", an unreleased song written in the 1990s. The song was"]}
{"query": "What company published the Spectre soundtrack?", "answer": "Decca Records", "gold_docs": ["Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" theme. Mendes stated that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the US on the Decca Records label. The English band Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song, and submitted \"Man of War\", an unreleased song written in the 1990s. The song was"]}
{"query": "Who composed the score for the film?", "answer": "Thomas Newman", "gold_docs": ["while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul. Five companies did the visual effects\u2014Industrial Light & Magic, Double Negative, Moving Picture Company, Cinesite and Peerless\u2014under the supervision of Steve Begg. The computer-generated effects included set extensions, digital touches on the vehicles, and crumbling buildings. A sixth one, Framestore, handled the title sequence, the seventh in the series designed by Daniel Kleinman. It took four months to complete, and centred on an octopus motif reminiscent of the Spectre logo, along with images of love and relationships. Thomas Newman returned as \"Spectre\"s composer."]}
{"query": "Which record label was the soundtrack album released on?", "answer": "Decca Records", "gold_docs": ["Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" theme. Mendes stated that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the US on the Decca Records label. The English band Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song, and submitted \"Man of War\", an unreleased song written in the 1990s. The song was"]}
{"query": "Did Thomas Newman compose the score after filming or during filming?", "answer": "during filming.", "gold_docs": ["Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" theme. Mendes stated that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the US on the Decca Records label. The English band Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song, and submitted \"Man of War\", an unreleased song written in the 1990s. The song was"]}
{"query": "When was the theatrical trailer of the movie released?", "answer": "July 2015", "gold_docs": ["Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" theme. Mendes stated that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the US on the Decca Records label. The English band Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song, and submitted \"Man of War\", an unreleased song written in the 1990s. The song was"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the song played during the opening credits?", "answer": "Writing's on the Wall", "gold_docs": ["rejected as it had not been written for the film and therefore was ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead recorded another song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as too melancholy. In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the filmmakers used"]}
{"query": "How many recording sessions did it take to complete the song?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["rejected as it had not been written for the film and therefore was ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead recorded another song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as too melancholy. In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the filmmakers used"]}
{"query": "Which version of the theme was used in the actual movie?", "answer": "demo", "gold_docs": ["rejected as it had not been written for the film and therefore was ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead recorded another song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as too melancholy. In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the filmmakers used"]}
{"query": "When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?", "answer": "25 September 2015", "gold_docs": ["the demo in the final release. \"Writing's on the Wall\" was released as a download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\", leading to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart, the second to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the fifth to be nominated. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. During the December 2014 press"]}
{"query": "What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably?", "answer": "Skyfall", "gold_docs": ["the demo in the final release. \"Writing's on the Wall\" was released as a download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\", leading to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart, the second to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the fifth to be nominated. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. During the December 2014 press"]}
{"query": "What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released?", "answer": "Shirley Bassey", "gold_docs": ["the demo in the final release. \"Writing's on the Wall\" was released as a download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\", leading to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart, the second to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the fifth to be nominated. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. During the December 2014 press"]}
{"query": "What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used?", "answer": "Radiohead", "gold_docs": ["rejected as it had not been written for the film and therefore was ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead recorded another song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as too melancholy. In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the filmmakers used"]}
{"query": "What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall?", "answer": "Adele", "gold_docs": ["the demo in the final release. \"Writing's on the Wall\" was released as a download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\", leading to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart, the second to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the fifth to be nominated. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. During the December 2014 press"]}
{"query": "Which English band also composed a song for the film?", "answer": "Radiohead", "gold_docs": ["rejected as it had not been written for the film and therefore was ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead recorded another song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as too melancholy. In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the filmmakers used"]}
{"query": "Which companies revealed Spectre's official car?", "answer": "Aston Martin and Eon", "gold_docs": ["conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for \"Spectre\" as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team"]}
{"query": "How many DB10s were made for the movie?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for \"Spectre\" as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team"]}
{"query": "Which team displayed the Bond logo during the Mexican Grand Prix?", "answer": "Williams F1", "gold_docs": ["conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for \"Spectre\" as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team"]}
{"query": "What were the two DB10s that were not needed for filming used for?", "answer": "promotional work", "gold_docs": ["conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for \"Spectre\" as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team"]}
{"query": "How many DB10's were produced?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for \"Spectre\" as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team"]}
{"query": "What logo did the Williams race team have on their cars for the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix?", "answer": "007", "gold_docs": ["conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for \"Spectre\" as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team"]}
{"query": "Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?", "answer": "clapperboards", "gold_docs": ["playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the Mexican premiere of the film. To promote the film, the film's marketers continued the trend established during \"Skyfall\"s production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts. 17 brands appear in the film through product placement, and many of those, such as Heineken, Bollinger, Omega and Sony\u2014owner of the film's co-distributor Columbia Pictures\u2014did \"Spectre\" tie-in advertisements. On 13 March 2015, several members of the cast and crew, including Craig, Whishaw, Wilson and Mendes, as well as previous James Bond actor, Sir Roger Moore,"]}
{"query": "For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?", "answer": "Skyfall", "gold_docs": ["reviewing for the \"Chicago Tribune\", stated, \"For all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, \"Spectre\" works best when everyone's on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.\" \"Variety\" film critic Guy Lodge complained in his review that \"What's missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of \"Skyfall,\" as the film sustains its predecessor's nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.\" A sequel was initially scheduled to be released in November 2019, but after Cary Fukunaga replaced Danny Boyle as director it was rescheduled to 14 February"]}
{"query": "On which social media accounts was the film promoted?", "answer": "Eon's official social media accounts.", "gold_docs": ["playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the Mexican premiere of the film. To promote the film, the film's marketers continued the trend established during \"Skyfall\"s production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts. 17 brands appear in the film through product placement, and many of those, such as Heineken, Bollinger, Omega and Sony\u2014owner of the film's co-distributor Columbia Pictures\u2014did \"Spectre\" tie-in advertisements. On 13 March 2015, several members of the cast and crew, including Craig, Whishaw, Wilson and Mendes, as well as previous James Bond actor, Sir Roger Moore,"]}
{"query": "What other Bond film was promoted on social media?", "answer": "Skyfall", "gold_docs": ["reviewing for the \"Chicago Tribune\", stated, \"For all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, \"Spectre\" works best when everyone's on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.\" \"Variety\" film critic Guy Lodge complained in his review that \"What's missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of \"Skyfall,\" as the film sustains its predecessor's nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.\" A sequel was initially scheduled to be released in November 2019, but after Cary Fukunaga replaced Danny Boyle as director it was rescheduled to 14 February"]}
{"query": "What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?", "answer": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?", "answer": "BBC One", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?", "answer": "July", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?", "answer": "March 2015", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?", "answer": "David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "Where was the first showing of Spectre held?", "answer": "Royal Albert Hall", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "On what date was Spectre first shown for general audiences?", "answer": "26 October 2015", "gold_docs": ["appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of \"Spectre\". The first teaser trailer for \"Spectre\" was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October. \"Spectre\" had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures"]}
{"query": "Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre?", "answer": "Spectre.", "gold_docs": ["who links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as agents of the same organisation, which Swann identifies as Spectre. Swann takes Bond to L'Am\u00e9ricain, a hotel in Tangier, and they discover that White left evidence directing them to Oberhauser's base at a crater in the Sahara. Taking a train to a remote station, Bond and Swann encounter Hinx, who gets ejected from the train in the ensuing struggle, and are escorted to Oberhauser's base. Oberhauser reveals that Spectre has funded the Joint Intelligence Service while staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a"]}
{"query": "How much did Spectre make in its first week?", "answer": "\u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million)", "gold_docs": ["($6.4 million) from its Monday preview screenings. It grossed \u00a36.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then \u00a35.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed \u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\"s \u00a323.9 million ($36.9 million) in 2004. Its Friday\u2013Saturday gross was \u00a320.4 million ($31.2 million) compared to \"Skyfall\"s \u00a320.1 million ($31 million). The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $110,000, a record previously held by"]}
{"query": "What movie did Spectre unseat as having the highest earnings for IMAX screenings in the UK?", "answer": "Avatar", "gold_docs": ["\"The Dark Knight\" with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the UK, it surpassed \"Avatar\" to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million. \"Spectre\" opened in Germany with $22.5 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theatres being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the"]}
{"query": "How much money did Spectre gross on it's opening day in the UK?", "answer": "$9.2 million", "gold_docs": ["($6.4 million) from its Monday preview screenings. It grossed \u00a36.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then \u00a35.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed \u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\"s \u00a323.9 million ($36.9 million) in 2004. Its Friday\u2013Saturday gross was \u00a320.4 million ($31.2 million) compared to \"Skyfall\"s \u00a320.1 million ($31 million). The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $110,000, a record previously held by"]}
{"query": "Spectre passed which movie to become the highest grossing IMAX release in the UK?", "answer": "Avatar", "gold_docs": ["\"The Dark Knight\" with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the UK, it surpassed \"Avatar\" to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million. \"Spectre\" opened in Germany with $22.5 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theatres being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the"]}
{"query": "Spectre passed which movie to have the largest per screen opening average?", "answer": "The Dark Knight", "gold_docs": ["\"The Dark Knight\" with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the UK, it surpassed \"Avatar\" to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million. \"Spectre\" opened in Germany with $22.5 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theatres being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the"]}
{"query": "Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre's earnings?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["\"The Dark Knight\" with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the UK, it surpassed \"Avatar\" to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million. \"Spectre\" opened in Germany with $22.5 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theatres being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the"]}
{"query": "How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?", "answer": "4%", "gold_docs": ["film was shot, it debuted with more than double that of \"Skyfall\" with $4.5 million. It also bested its predecessor's opening in various Nordic regions where MGM is distributing, such as in Finland ($2.7 million) and Norway ($2.9 million), and in other markets like Denmark ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($3.4 million), and Sweden ($3.1 million). In India, it opened at No. 1 with $4.8 million which is 4% above the opening of \"Skyfall\". It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands, it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it"]}
{"query": "In Paris, what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre?", "answer": "Spider-Man 3", "gold_docs": ["has topped \"Minions\" to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second-highest ticket sales of all time with 4.1 million tickets sold only behind \"Spider-Man 3\" which sold over 6.3 million tickets in 2007. In the United States and Canada the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after it grossed $5.3 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28"]}
{"query": "How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea?", "answer": "$8.2 million", "gold_docs": ["\"The Dark Knight\" with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the UK, it surpassed \"Avatar\" to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million. \"Spectre\" opened in Germany with $22.5 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theatres being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the"]}
{"query": "What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre?", "answer": "Spider-Man 3", "gold_docs": ["has topped \"Minions\" to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second-highest ticket sales of all time with 4.1 million tickets sold only behind \"Spider-Man 3\" which sold over 6.3 million tickets in 2007. In the United States and Canada the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after it grossed $5.3 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28"]}
{"query": "What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland?", "answer": "Minions", "gold_docs": ["has topped \"Minions\" to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second-highest ticket sales of all time with 4.1 million tickets sold only behind \"Spider-Man 3\" which sold over 6.3 million tickets in 2007. In the United States and Canada the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after it grossed $5.3 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28"]}
{"query": "How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada?", "answer": "374", "gold_docs": ["million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than \"Skyfall\"'s $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for \"Spectre\" at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that \"Spectre\" earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.9 million in 112 XD locations. In China, it opened on 12 November and"]}
{"query": "How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada?", "answer": "$70.4 million", "gold_docs": ["million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than \"Skyfall\"'s $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for \"Spectre\" at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that \"Spectre\" earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.9 million in 112 XD locations. In China, it opened on 12 November and"]}
{"query": "Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market, Skyfall or Spectre?", "answer": "Skyfall", "gold_docs": ["million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than \"Skyfall\"'s $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for \"Spectre\" at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that \"Spectre\" earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.9 million in 112 XD locations. In China, it opened on 12 November and"]}
{"query": "How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?", "answer": "374", "gold_docs": ["million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than \"Skyfall\"'s $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for \"Spectre\" at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that \"Spectre\" earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.9 million in 112 XD locations. In China, it opened on 12 November and"]}
{"query": "What day of the week was Spectre released in North America?", "answer": "Thursday", "gold_docs": ["has topped \"Minions\" to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second-highest ticket sales of all time with 4.1 million tickets sold only behind \"Spider-Man 3\" which sold over 6.3 million tickets in 2007. In the United States and Canada the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after it grossed $5.3 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28"]}
{"query": "On what day and month was Spectre released to the Chinese market?", "answer": "12 November", "gold_docs": ["million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than \"Skyfall\"'s $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for \"Spectre\" at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that \"Spectre\" earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.9 million in 112 XD locations. In China, it opened on 12 November and"]}
{"query": "How much more money did Spectre make during its first weekend in China than Skyfall?", "answer": "198%", "gold_docs": ["earned $15 million on its opening day, which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $18.5 million opening day of \"\" and occupying 43% of all available screens which included $790,000 in advance night screenings. Through its opening weekend, it earned $48.1 million from 14,700 screens which is 198% ahead of \"Skyfall\", a new record for a Hollywood 2D opening. IMAX contributed $4.6 million on 246 screens, also a new record for a three-day opening for a November release (breaking \"Interstellar\"s record). In its second weekend, it added $12.1 million falling precipitously by"]}
{"query": "By the weekend after its China release, how much had revenue decreased?", "answer": "75%", "gold_docs": ["75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends (foreign films in the Middle Kingdom plays for 30 days only, unless granted special extensions). Albeit a strong opening, it failed to attain the $100 million mark there as projected due to mixed response from critics and audiences as well as facing competitions from local films. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on 326 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's"]}
{"query": "How much had Spectre made in its first month in China?", "answer": "$84.7 million", "gold_docs": ["75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends (foreign films in the Middle Kingdom plays for 30 days only, unless granted special extensions). Albeit a strong opening, it failed to attain the $100 million mark there as projected due to mixed response from critics and audiences as well as facing competitions from local films. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on 326 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's"]}
{"query": "How much money did Spectre gross after four weekends in China?", "answer": "$84.7 million", "gold_docs": ["75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends (foreign films in the Middle Kingdom plays for 30 days only, unless granted special extensions). Albeit a strong opening, it failed to attain the $100 million mark there as projected due to mixed response from critics and audiences as well as facing competitions from local films. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on 326 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's"]}
{"query": "How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score?", "answer": "48", "gold_docs": ["critical consensus reads, \"\"Spectre\" nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale. Prior to its UK release, \"Spectre\" mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in \"The Guardian\", gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film?", "answer": "64%", "gold_docs": ["edition of \"Entertainment Weekly\" magazine. He was quoted as saying, \"I have such respect for Eddie, but I should not have done it. What I did was perfect the first time around and all you're going to do is diminish that perfection by letting someone else do it.\" \"The Nutty Professor\" has received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 64% based on reviews from 55 critics. Metacritic gave the film a score of 62 out of 100, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film 3 stars out"]}
{"query": "Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?", "answer": "Audiences", "gold_docs": ["critical consensus reads, \"\"Spectre\" nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale. Prior to its UK release, \"Spectre\" mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in \"The Guardian\", gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to"]}
{"query": "What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive?", "answer": "64", "gold_docs": ["studies it to determine what to do with her newfound money. \"Citizen Ruth\" received positive reviews upon release. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 80% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 25 reviews with a \"Certified Fresh\" rating, with an average score of 6.8/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the film has a score of 64 (citing \"generally favorable\") based on 18 reviews. Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-times\" gave the film three stars out of four praising the film for its \"reckless courage to take"]}
{"query": "What was the movie's rating on Metacritic?", "answer": "60 out of 100", "gold_docs": ["critical consensus reads, \"\"Spectre\" nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale. Prior to its UK release, \"Spectre\" mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in \"The Guardian\", gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to"]}
{"query": "Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?", "answer": "Robbie Collin", "gold_docs": ["the standard set by \"Skyfall\", but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it \"inventive, intelligent and complex\", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight. In another five star review, \"The Daily Telegraph\"s Robbie Collin described \"Spectre\" as \"a swaggering show of confidence'\", lauding it as \"a feat of pure cinematic necromancy.\" Positive yet critical assessments included Kim Newman of \"Sight and Sound\", who wrote that \"for all its wayward plotting (including an unhelpful tie-in with Bond's childhood that makes very little sense)"]}
{"query": "What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?", "answer": "four out of five stars", "gold_docs": ["critical consensus reads, \"\"Spectre\" nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale. Prior to its UK release, \"Spectre\" mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in \"The Guardian\", gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to"]}
{"query": "How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?", "answer": "four out of five", "gold_docs": ["critical consensus reads, \"\"Spectre\" nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale. Prior to its UK release, \"Spectre\" mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in \"The Guardian\", gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to"]}
{"query": "Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades?", "answer": "Scott Mendelson", "gold_docs": ["for \"Los Angeles Times\", concluded that \"Spectre\" \"comes off as exhausted and uninspired\". Manohla Dargis of \"The New York Times\" criticised the film as having \"nothing surprising\" and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns. \"Forbes\"' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film, denouncing \"Spectre\" as \"the worst 007 movie in 30 years\". Darren Franich of \"Entertainment Weekly\" viewed \"Spectre\" as \"an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment\", aspiring \"to be a serialized sequel\" and proving \"itself as a Saga\". While noting that \"[n]othing that happens in \"Spectre\" holds up to even minor logical scrutiny\", he had"]}
{"query": "Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score?", "answer": "Mick LaSalle", "gold_docs": ["Bond fans, a fierce, funny, gorgeously produced valentine to the longest-running franchise in movies\". Mick LaSalle from the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", raved that \"One of the great satisfactions of \"Spectre\" is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone's personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person.\" Stephen Whitty from \"The New York Daily News\", who awarded the film four of five stars, stated that \"Craig is cruelly efficient. Dave Bautista makes a good, Oddjob-like assassin. And while Lea Seydoux doesn't leave a huge"]}
{"query": "What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre?", "answer": "75", "gold_docs": ["75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends (foreign films in the Middle Kingdom plays for 30 days only, unless granted special extensions). Albeit a strong opening, it failed to attain the $100 million mark there as projected due to mixed response from critics and audiences as well as facing competitions from local films. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on 326 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's"]}
{"query": "The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?", "answer": "Skyfall", "gold_docs": ["reviewing for the \"Chicago Tribune\", stated, \"For all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, \"Spectre\" works best when everyone's on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.\" \"Variety\" film critic Guy Lodge complained in his review that \"What's missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of \"Skyfall,\" as the film sustains its predecessor's nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.\" A sequel was initially scheduled to be released in November 2019, but after Cary Fukunaga replaced Danny Boyle as director it was rescheduled to 14 February"]}
{"query": "Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?", "answer": "Christopher Orr", "gold_docs": ["\"come not to bury \"Spectre\", but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" Christopher Orr, writing in \"The Atlantic\", also criticised the film, saying that \"Spectre\" \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of \"The Charlotte Observer\" called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for \"The Washington Post\", stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional \"Bond\" film.\" In a positive review published in \"Rolling Stone\", Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"Spectre\" as \"party time for"]}
{"query": "What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?", "answer": "Bored", "gold_docs": ["\"come not to bury \"Spectre\", but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" Christopher Orr, writing in \"The Atlantic\", also criticised the film, saying that \"Spectre\" \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of \"The Charlotte Observer\" called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for \"The Washington Post\", stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional \"Bond\" film.\" In a positive review published in \"Rolling Stone\", Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"Spectre\" as \"party time for"]}
{"query": "What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?", "answer": "The Washington Post", "gold_docs": ["\"come not to bury \"Spectre\", but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" Christopher Orr, writing in \"The Atlantic\", also criticised the film, saying that \"Spectre\" \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of \"The Charlotte Observer\" called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for \"The Washington Post\", stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional \"Bond\" film.\" In a positive review published in \"Rolling Stone\", Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"Spectre\" as \"party time for"]}
{"query": "What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?", "answer": "Bored, James Bored", "gold_docs": ["\"come not to bury \"Spectre\", but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" Christopher Orr, writing in \"The Atlantic\", also criticised the film, saying that \"Spectre\" \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of \"The Charlotte Observer\" called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for \"The Washington Post\", stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional \"Bond\" film.\" In a positive review published in \"Rolling Stone\", Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"Spectre\" as \"party time for"]}
{"query": "Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?", "answer": "Craig", "gold_docs": ["2020. Spectre (2015 film) Spectre is a 2015 British spy film, the twenty-fourth in the \"James Bond\" film series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth film to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, and the second film in the series directed by Sam Mendes following \"Skyfall.\" It was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the final \"James Bond\" film to be internationally distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will become the international distributor of its future films. The story sees Bond"]}
{"query": "In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake. 2008 Sichuan earthquake The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (), also known as the Great Sichuan earthquake or Wenchuan earthquake, occurred at 14:28:01 China Standard Time on May 12, 2008. Measuring at 8.0 M (7.9 M), the earthquake's epicenter was located west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of . The earthquake ruptured the fault for over 240 km, with surface displacements of several meters. The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u2014 and away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the"]}
{"query": "What was the earthquake named?", "answer": "the Great Sichuan earthquake", "gold_docs": ["that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake. 2008 Sichuan earthquake The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (), also known as the Great Sichuan earthquake or Wenchuan earthquake, occurred at 14:28:01 China Standard Time on May 12, 2008. Measuring at 8.0 M (7.9 M), the earthquake's epicenter was located west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of . The earthquake ruptured the fault for over 240 km, with surface displacements of several meters. The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u2014 and away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the"]}
{"query": "What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake. 2008 Sichuan earthquake The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (), also known as the Great Sichuan earthquake or Wenchuan earthquake, occurred at 14:28:01 China Standard Time on May 12, 2008. Measuring at 8.0 M (7.9 M), the earthquake's epicenter was located west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of . The earthquake ruptured the fault for over 240 km, with surface displacements of several meters. The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u2014 and away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the"]}
{"query": "What day did the earthquake occur?", "answer": "May 12", "gold_docs": ["that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake. 2008 Sichuan earthquake The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (), also known as the Great Sichuan earthquake or Wenchuan earthquake, occurred at 14:28:01 China Standard Time on May 12, 2008. Measuring at 8.0 M (7.9 M), the earthquake's epicenter was located west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of . The earthquake ruptured the fault for over 240 km, with surface displacements of several meters. The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u2014 and away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the"]}
{"query": "How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?", "answer": "months after", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?", "answer": "the Wenchuan earthquake", "gold_docs": ["epicentral area, the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about vertical, horizontal-parallel to the fault, and horizontal-perpendicular to the fault. In the area about northeast of the epicenter, the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about , while the average slip in Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault was about vertical and horizontal. According to CEA: \"The energy source of the Wenchuan earthquake and Longmenshan's southeast push came from the strike of the Indian Plate onto the Eurasian Plate and its northward push. The inter-plate relative motion caused large scale structural deformation inside the Asian continent, resulting in"]}
{"query": "How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?", "answer": "68,636", "gold_docs": ["the area up to several months after the main shock, causing further casualties and damage. The earthquake also caused the largest number of geohazards ever recorded, including about 200,000 landslides and more than 800 quake lakes distributed over an area of 110,000 km. Over 69,000 people lost their lives in the quake, including 68,636 in Sichuan province. 374,176 were reported injured, with 18,222 listed as missing as of July 2008. The geohazards triggered by the earthquake are thought to be responsible for at least one third of the death toll. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the"]}
{"query": "How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?", "answer": "4.8 million", "gold_docs": ["the area up to several months after the main shock, causing further casualties and damage. The earthquake also caused the largest number of geohazards ever recorded, including about 200,000 landslides and more than 800 quake lakes distributed over an area of 110,000 km. Over 69,000 people lost their lives in the quake, including 68,636 in Sichuan province. 374,176 were reported injured, with 18,222 listed as missing as of July 2008. The geohazards triggered by the earthquake are thought to be responsible for at least one third of the death toll. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the"]}
{"query": "How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?", "answer": "1 trillion RMB", "gold_docs": ["number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the"]}
{"query": "How many people died in Sichuan Province?", "answer": "68,636", "gold_docs": ["the area up to several months after the main shock, causing further casualties and damage. The earthquake also caused the largest number of geohazards ever recorded, including about 200,000 landslides and more than 800 quake lakes distributed over an area of 110,000 km. Over 69,000 people lost their lives in the quake, including 68,636 in Sichuan province. 374,176 were reported injured, with 18,222 listed as missing as of July 2008. The geohazards triggered by the earthquake are thought to be responsible for at least one third of the death toll. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the"]}
{"query": "How many were injured in Sichuan?", "answer": "374,176", "gold_docs": ["the area up to several months after the main shock, causing further casualties and damage. The earthquake also caused the largest number of geohazards ever recorded, including about 200,000 landslides and more than 800 quake lakes distributed over an area of 110,000 km. Over 69,000 people lost their lives in the quake, including 68,636 in Sichuan province. 374,176 were reported injured, with 18,222 listed as missing as of July 2008. The geohazards triggered by the earthquake are thought to be responsible for at least one third of the death toll. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the"]}
{"query": "How many people are homeless because of the quake?", "answer": "4.8 million", "gold_docs": ["the area up to several months after the main shock, causing further casualties and damage. The earthquake also caused the largest number of geohazards ever recorded, including about 200,000 landslides and more than 800 quake lakes distributed over an area of 110,000 km. Over 69,000 people lost their lives in the quake, including 68,636 in Sichuan province. 374,176 were reported injured, with 18,222 listed as missing as of July 2008. The geohazards triggered by the earthquake are thought to be responsible for at least one third of the death toll. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the"]}
{"query": "How high could the homeless number possibly go?", "answer": "11 million", "gold_docs": ["number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the"]}
{"query": "Where was the epicenter?", "answer": "Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed?", "answer": "80%", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "How long did the main tremor last?", "answer": "2 minutes", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake?", "answer": "almost 80%", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "On what fault did the earthquake occur?", "answer": "Longmenshan fault", "gold_docs": ["Chinese economic stimulus program. According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan Fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 seconds, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 seconds. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10"]}
{"query": "Where is the Longmenshan fault located?", "answer": "along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate", "gold_docs": ["Chinese economic stimulus program. According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan Fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 seconds, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 seconds. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10"]}
{"query": "How deep was the focus of the earthquake?", "answer": "10 km", "gold_docs": ["2007 Solomon Islands earthquake The 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake took place on 2 April 2007, near the provincial capital of Gizo on Ghizo Island, in Solomon Islands. Its magnitude was estimated at 8.1 on the scale, and 7.8 on the scale. The tsunami that followed the earthquake killed 52 people. According to the USGS, the earthquake was recorded around 7:39:56 a.m. local time (UTC+11). The focus was 10 km (6 mi) deep and 40 km (25 mi) South South-East of Gizo township on New Georgia Islands in Western Province. There were numerous aftershocks, the largest of which had a magnitude"]}
{"query": "Along what fault line did the quake happen?", "answer": "Longmenshan fault", "gold_docs": ["Chinese economic stimulus program. According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan Fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 seconds, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 seconds. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10"]}
{"query": "On which fracture did the quake focus?", "answer": "Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture", "gold_docs": ["Chinese economic stimulus program. According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan Fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 seconds, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 seconds. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10"]}
{"query": "What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake?", "answer": "9 meters", "gold_docs": ["Chinese economic stimulus program. According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan Fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 seconds, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 seconds. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10"]}
{"query": "When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "answer": "April 30, 2008", "gold_docs": ["Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further. Malaysia-based \"Yazhou Zhoukan\" conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that"]}
{"query": "When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?", "answer": "1972", "gold_docs": ["\"the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.\" Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work. Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972, and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes. The same \"Yazhou Zhoukan\" article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes. In response, an official with the Seismological Bureau stated that \"earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint.\" The official also denied"]}
{"query": "What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "answer": "written report", "gold_docs": ["Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further. Malaysia-based \"Yazhou Zhoukan\" conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that"]}
{"query": "What did this report warn about?", "answer": "significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture", "gold_docs": ["Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further. Malaysia-based \"Yazhou Zhoukan\" conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that"]}
{"query": "What was the predicted time of the quake?", "answer": "around May 8", "gold_docs": ["Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further. Malaysia-based \"Yazhou Zhoukan\" conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that"]}
{"query": "What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes?", "answer": "droughts", "gold_docs": ["\"the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.\" Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work. Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972, and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes. The same \"Yazhou Zhoukan\" article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes. In response, an official with the Seismological Bureau stated that \"earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint.\" The official also denied"]}
{"query": "What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving?", "answer": "reports predicting the earthquake", "gold_docs": ["that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake. 2008 Sichuan earthquake The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (), also known as the Great Sichuan earthquake or Wenchuan earthquake, occurred at 14:28:01 China Standard Time on May 12, 2008. Measuring at 8.0 M (7.9 M), the earthquake's epicenter was located west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of . The earthquake ruptured the fault for over 240 km, with surface displacements of several meters. The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u2014 and away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the"]}
{"query": "How large was the displacement?", "answer": "up to 9 meters", "gold_docs": ["km. In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months. Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the"]}
{"query": "Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?", "answer": "Tom Parsons", "gold_docs": ["km. In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months. Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the"]}
{"query": "What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?", "answer": "9 meters", "gold_docs": ["km. In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months. Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the"]}
{"query": "How long was the fault where the quake occurred?", "answer": "240 km long", "gold_docs": ["km. In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months. Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the"]}
{"query": "Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?", "answer": "northeastern and southwestern ends", "gold_docs": ["km. In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months. Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the"]}
{"query": "What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?", "answer": "high risk", "gold_docs": ["km. In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months. Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the"]}
{"query": "How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?", "answer": "6,000 people", "gold_docs": ["earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 250-kilometre (155 mi) Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about 6.5 metres (7 yd) followed by a second one that sheared 3.5 metres (4 yd).\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic"]}
{"query": "How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?", "answer": "in two stages", "gold_docs": ["earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 250-kilometre (155 mi) Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about 6.5 metres (7 yd) followed by a second one that sheared 3.5 metres (4 yd).\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic"]}
{"query": "Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?", "answer": "shallowness of the epicenter", "gold_docs": ["earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 250-kilometre (155 mi) Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about 6.5 metres (7 yd) followed by a second one that sheared 3.5 metres (4 yd).\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic"]}
{"query": "Why did the seismic waves travel so far?", "answer": "firmness of the terrain", "gold_docs": ["waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\". The extent of the earthquake and after shock-affected areas lying north-east, along the Longmen Shan fault. The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault. In the"]}
{"query": "When were the aftershocks recorded?", "answer": "within 72 hours of the main quake.", "gold_docs": ["therefore the damage and percentage of fatalities in large cities is less than in villages. Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008, there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 M to 4.9 M, 34 from 5.0 M to 5.9 M, and 8 from 6.0 M to 6.4 M; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 M.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008. The earthquake had a magnitude"]}
{"query": "When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?", "answer": "on August 5, 2008", "gold_docs": ["therefore the damage and percentage of fatalities in large cities is less than in villages. Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008, there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 M to 4.9 M, 34 from 5.0 M to 5.9 M, and 8 from 6.0 M to 6.4 M; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 M.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008. The earthquake had a magnitude"]}
{"query": "How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?", "answer": "Between 64 and 104", "gold_docs": ["therefore the damage and percentage of fatalities in large cities is less than in villages. Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008, there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 M to 4.9 M, 34 from 5.0 M to 5.9 M, and 8 from 6.0 M to 6.4 M; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 M.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008. The earthquake had a magnitude"]}
{"query": "What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?", "answer": "42,719", "gold_docs": ["therefore the damage and percentage of fatalities in large cities is less than in villages. Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008, there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 M to 4.9 M, 34 from 5.0 M to 5.9 M, and 8 from 6.0 M to 6.4 M; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 M.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008. The earthquake had a magnitude"]}
{"query": "How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?", "answer": "246", "gold_docs": ["therefore the damage and percentage of fatalities in large cities is less than in villages. Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008, there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 M to 4.9 M, 34 from 5.0 M to 5.9 M, and 8 from 6.0 M to 6.4 M; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 M.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008. The earthquake had a magnitude"]}
{"query": "At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?", "answer": "August 5, 2008", "gold_docs": ["therefore the damage and percentage of fatalities in large cities is less than in villages. Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008, there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 M to 4.9 M, 34 from 5.0 M to 5.9 M, and 8 from 6.0 M to 6.4 M; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 M.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008. The earthquake had a magnitude"]}
{"query": "What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?", "answer": "Panzhihua earthquake", "gold_docs": ["2008 Panzhihua earthquake The 2008 Panzhihua earthquake struck southern Sichuan province, China on August 30 at with a surface wave magnitude of 6.1 (5.7 ). It is also cited as the Renhe-Huili earthquake, especially in SCEA reports and early CEA reports. It was not an aftershock of the Wenchuan earthquake that occurred several month's prior. With more than 400 aftershocks, it caused over 40 deaths, the collapse of 10,000 homes and damage to other infrastructure in the area. The maximum intensity was VIII liedu (Heavily damaging). According to the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) and Sichuan Earthquake Administration (SCEA), the ()"]}
{"query": "Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity?", "answer": "CEA", "gold_docs": ["frequently suffers large and deadly earthquakes. In August 1933, the magnitude 7.5 Diexi earthquake, about 90 km northeast of today's earthquake, destroyed the town of Diexi and surrounding villages, and caused many landslides, some of which dammed the rivers. The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km of the affected area shows a maximum \"liedu\" of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale (CSIS), described as \"very destructive\" on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) from which CSIS drew reference. (USGS, using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC), also placed maximum intensity at XI, \"extreme\".) Two south-west-north-east"]}
{"query": "What was the intensity scaled at?", "answer": "XI", "gold_docs": ["stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu, Wenchuan (the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake) and Beichuan (the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering 6.1 on Aug 1, 2008), both in Sichuan Province, occupying a total of 2,419 km. The Yingxiu liedu-XI zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along Wenchuan\u2013Dujiangyan\u2013Pengzhou; the Beichuan liedu-XI zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along An County\u2013Beichuan\u2013Pingwu. The area with liedu X (comparable to X on EMS, \"destructive\" and X on MM, \"disastrous\") spans 3,144 km. The area affected by"]}
{"query": "What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake?", "answer": "very destructive", "gold_docs": ["frequently suffers large and deadly earthquakes. In August 1933, the magnitude 7.5 Diexi earthquake, about 90 km northeast of today's earthquake, destroyed the town of Diexi and surrounding villages, and caused many landslides, some of which dammed the rivers. The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km of the affected area shows a maximum \"liedu\" of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale (CSIS), described as \"very destructive\" on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) from which CSIS drew reference. (USGS, using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC), also placed maximum intensity at XI, \"extreme\".) Two south-west-north-east"]}
{"query": "What town was closest to the main epicenter?", "answer": "Yingxiu, Wenchuan", "gold_docs": ["stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu, Wenchuan (the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake) and Beichuan (the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering 6.1 on Aug 1, 2008), both in Sichuan Province, occupying a total of 2,419 km. The Yingxiu liedu-XI zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along Wenchuan\u2013Dujiangyan\u2013Pengzhou; the Beichuan liedu-XI zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along An County\u2013Beichuan\u2013Pingwu. The area with liedu X (comparable to X on EMS, \"destructive\" and X on MM, \"disastrous\") spans 3,144 km. The area affected by"]}
{"query": "Where is the Longmenshan Fault located?", "answer": "the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau", "gold_docs": ["waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\". The extent of the earthquake and after shock-affected areas lying north-east, along the Longmen Shan fault. The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault. In the"]}
{"query": "What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault?", "answer": "3.5 metres", "gold_docs": ["earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 250-kilometre (155 mi) Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about 6.5 metres (7 yd) followed by a second one that sheared 3.5 metres (4 yd).\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic"]}
{"query": "Where is the Longmen shan fault located?", "answer": "Tibetan Plateau", "gold_docs": ["waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\". The extent of the earthquake and after shock-affected areas lying north-east, along the Longmen Shan fault. The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault. In the"]}
{"query": "Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults?", "answer": "Longmen Shan Fault System", "gold_docs": ["waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\". The extent of the earthquake and after shock-affected areas lying north-east, along the Longmen Shan fault. The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault. In the"]}
{"query": "What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault?", "answer": "3.5 metres", "gold_docs": ["earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 250-kilometre (155 mi) Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about 6.5 metres (7 yd) followed by a second one that sheared 3.5 metres (4 yd).\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic"]}
{"query": "What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter?", "answer": "3.5 metres", "gold_docs": ["earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 250-kilometre (155 mi) Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about 6.5 metres (7 yd) followed by a second one that sheared 3.5 metres (4 yd).\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic"]}
{"query": "Where were office buildings evacuated?", "answer": "Shanghai's financial district", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?", "answer": "calm", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?", "answer": "10 minutes", "gold_docs": ["after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations. Reporters in"]}
{"query": "Which airport was shut down?", "answer": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport", "gold_docs": ["after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations. Reporters in"]}
{"query": "What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?", "answer": "evacuated", "gold_docs": ["after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations. Reporters in"]}
{"query": "Which airport was shut down?", "answer": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport", "gold_docs": ["after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations. Reporters in"]}
{"query": "Why were flights delayed and diverted?", "answer": "disruption in air traffic services", "gold_docs": ["after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations. Reporters in"]}
{"query": "What were they using the airport to stage for?", "answer": "relief operations", "gold_docs": ["after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations. Reporters in"]}
{"query": "Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?", "answer": "in Chengdu", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "Where were office towers evacuated?", "answer": "Beijing", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "Where did a cargo train derail as a result?", "answer": "Hui County, Gansu", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "What happened to the cargo train?", "answer": "caught on fire", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "What was reported in Chengdu?", "answer": "cracks on walls", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "What was evacuated in Beijing?", "answer": "office towers", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?", "answer": "venues", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "Where did a cargo train derail?", "answer": "Hui County, Gansu", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "Why did the train catch fire?", "answer": "rail was distorted", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged?", "answer": "All of the highways", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan?", "answer": "80%", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "Where did two chemical plants collapse?", "answer": "Dujiangyan", "gold_docs": ["Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not"]}
{"query": "How many students out of the 900 in the school, survived the collapse?", "answer": "60", "gold_docs": ["Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not"]}
{"query": "What highways into Wenchuan  were damaged?", "answer": "All of the highways", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations?", "answer": "delayed arrival", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?", "answer": "80%", "gold_docs": ["Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted. All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to"]}
{"query": "What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang?", "answer": "two chemical plants", "gold_docs": ["Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not"]}
{"query": "How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived?", "answer": "fewer than 60", "gold_docs": ["Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not"]}
{"query": "Where were the exchanges based?", "answer": "southwestern China", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "What metal rose in value?", "answer": "Copper", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "What did the Shanghai Stock Exchange do?", "answer": "suspended trading", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "What metal rose due to speculation?", "answer": "Copper", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "Besides the Shanghai Stock Exchange, what other exchange suspended trading of southwestern China stock?", "answer": "Shenzhen Stock Exchange", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "What kinds of telecommunications were cut?", "answer": "mobile and terrestrial", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?", "answer": "internet", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?", "answer": "months", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "What was cut after the earthquake?", "answer": "telecommunications", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "Where were the internet cut?", "answer": "Sichuan area", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "Who restored communications over a period of months?", "answer": "the government", "gold_docs": ["severely damaged otherwise. Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall. Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a"]}
{"query": "What services were finally online again?", "answer": "major news and media", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many base stations did China Mobile have suspended?", "answer": "2,300", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many Unicom towers were suspended?", "answer": "more than 700", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many China Mobile base stations stopped working?", "answer": "2,300", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "Besides power disruption, what caused telecommunications to be suspended?", "answer": "traffic congestion", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many wireless communications failed in Sichuan?", "answer": "Half", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "Whose service in Wenchuan was cut off?", "answer": "China Unicom", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many of China Unicom's towers were cut?", "answer": "700", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "What place could officials not contact?", "answer": "the Wolong National Nature Reserve", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many pandas live at the Reserve?", "answer": "around 280", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed?", "answer": "31", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many pandas were injured?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "What nature center was cutoff?", "answer": "Wolong National Nature Reserve", "gold_docs": ["handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages. China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended. Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong"]}
{"query": "How many pandas escaped the reserve?", "answer": "Six", "gold_docs": ["Panda Reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to Chengdu. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown. Five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake. Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged. By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured, while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake. By May 28, 2008, one panda was still missing. The missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure. Nine-year-old Mao"]}
{"query": "How many security guards died at the reserve?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["Panda Reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to Chengdu. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown. Five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake. Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged. By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured, while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake. By May 28, 2008, one panda was still missing. The missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure. Nine-year-old Mao"]}
{"query": "What famous panda was killed under the rubble?", "answer": "Mao Mao", "gold_docs": ["the Wolong panda reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to the provincial capital. The well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves initially remained unknown. Five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake. Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged. By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured, while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake. By May 28, 2008, one panda was still missing, nine-year-old Mao Mao, a mother of five at the breeding centre."]}
{"query": "How far away was the plant located from the epicenter?", "answer": "20 km east", "gold_docs": ["Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre. The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant () located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. However, the Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through"]}
{"query": "How many troops were allocated to Zipingpu?", "answer": "2,000", "gold_docs": ["Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre. The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant () located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. However, the Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through"]}
{"query": "How many dams were damaged?", "answer": "391", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "What power plant was damaged by the earthquake?", "answer": "Zipingpu Hydropower Plant", "gold_docs": ["Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre. The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant () located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. However, the Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through"]}
{"query": "How near to the epicenter was the power plant?", "answer": "20 km", "gold_docs": ["Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre. The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant () located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. However, the Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through"]}
{"query": "What has a recent inspection found about the damage to the power plant?", "answer": "less severe", "gold_docs": ["Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre. The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant () located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. However, the Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through"]}
{"query": "What might possibly collapse upstream from the power plant?", "answer": "Tulong reservoir", "gold_docs": ["Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre. The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant () located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. However, the Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through"]}
{"query": "What is the total number of dams damaged?", "answer": "391", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many deaths were reported?", "answer": "69,180", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province?", "answer": "68,636", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many people were listed as missing?", "answer": "18,498", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many people were injured?", "answer": "374,176", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many died in Sichuan?", "answer": "68,636", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake?", "answer": "69,180", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "What is the number of missing persons?", "answer": "18,498", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many people were injured?", "answer": "374,176", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed?", "answer": "tried to repair roads", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?", "answer": "2,300", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "Where is Yingxiu located?", "answer": "in Wenchuan", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?", "answer": "9,000", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many people were killed in Beichuan County?", "answer": "3,000 to 5,000", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How many people were injured in Beichuan County?", "answer": "10,000", "gold_docs": ["County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei () was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing. Experts point out"]}
{"query": "How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?", "answer": "2,300", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "What was the previous population of Yingxiu?", "answer": "about 9,000", "gold_docs": ["spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake. According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in. This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads. One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan"]}
{"query": "How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?", "answer": "10,000", "gold_docs": ["County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei () was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing. Experts point out"]}
{"query": "What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?", "answer": "Eight schools", "gold_docs": ["County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei () was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing. Experts point out"]}
{"query": "What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?", "answer": "Health care", "gold_docs": ["that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said."]}
{"query": "Who was the Vice Minister of Health?", "answer": "Gao Qiang", "gold_docs": ["that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said."]}
{"query": "What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?", "answer": "public health care system in China is insufficient", "gold_docs": ["that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said."]}
{"query": "How economically forward has this area been?", "answer": "neglected and untouched", "gold_docs": ["that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said."]}
{"query": "Where is health care poor in China?", "answer": "inland areas", "gold_docs": ["that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said."]}
{"query": "What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?", "answer": "medical treatment", "gold_docs": ["that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said."]}
{"query": "How many school children died due to shoddy construction?", "answer": "thousands", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?", "answer": "1,700", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "How many school buildings collapsed in the province?", "answer": "7,000", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?", "answer": "700", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "What caused the deaths of many school children?", "answer": "shoddy construction", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "How many school buildings fell in the entire province?", "answer": "7,000", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?", "answer": "600", "gold_docs": ["In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School. According to Tan Zuoren, 5,600 pupils were dead or missing from the 64 schools Tan investigated in the quake zone. Tan was detained after he published such a casualties number. Details of school casualties"]}
{"query": "When did an investigation occur under school casualties?", "answer": "December 2008", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?", "answer": "May 7, 2009", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "How many students were killed in Xinhua?", "answer": "5,335", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "How many students were disabled in Xinhua?", "answer": "546", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?", "answer": "May 7, 2009", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "Who kept a blog about the school deaths?", "answer": "Ai Weiwei", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "What is the total of school children killed?", "answer": "5,335", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "How many children are disabled?", "answer": "546", "gold_docs": ["had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. Some parents believe the real figure is twice that officially cited. The executive vice governor of Sichuan Wei Hong said the student death toll is 19,065. Mr. Wei noted the toll was"]}
{"query": "Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?", "answer": "fertility clinics", "gold_docs": ["incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm"]}
{"query": "How many people were left without housing?", "answer": "5 million", "gold_docs": ["incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm"]}
{"query": "How many people could be potentially without housing?", "answer": "11 million", "gold_docs": ["incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm"]}
{"query": "How many animals were killed?", "answer": "12.5 million", "gold_docs": ["incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm"]}
{"query": "How many people might actually be homeless?", "answer": "11 million", "gold_docs": ["incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm"]}
{"query": "How much livestock was lost?", "answer": "12.5 million animals", "gold_docs": ["incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm"]}
{"query": "How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?", "answer": "a million", "gold_docs": ["incomplete as the officials were still tallying the final number. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities. The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm"]}
{"query": "Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech?", "answer": "Reginald DesRoches", "gold_docs": ["AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damage exceeded US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance. Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior"]}
{"query": "What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches?", "answer": "professor of civil and environmental engineering", "gold_docs": ["AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damage exceeded US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance. Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior"]}
{"query": "When did China create a seismic design code for building?", "answer": "1976", "gold_docs": ["AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damage exceeded US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance. Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior"]}
{"query": "What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code/ ", "answer": "Tangshan earthquake", "gold_docs": ["AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damage exceeded US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance. Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior"]}
{"query": "What happened days following the disaster?", "answer": "an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region", "gold_docs": ["to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\" In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just \"built;\" they were"]}
{"query": "What did the team of engineers do?", "answer": "make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings", "gold_docs": ["to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\" In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just \"built;\" they were"]}
{"query": "What did their findings show?", "answer": "a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.", "gold_docs": ["to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\" In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just \"built;\" they were"]}
{"query": "After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area?", "answer": "team of engineers", "gold_docs": ["to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\" In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just \"built;\" they were"]}
{"query": "What areas were the hardest hit?", "answer": "the poorer, rural villages", "gold_docs": ["to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\" In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just \"built;\" they were"]}
{"query": "Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology?", "answer": "Swaminathan Krishnan", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "What part of China did the earthquake occur in?", "answer": "rural part", "gold_docs": ["to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\" In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just \"built;\" they were"]}
{"query": "What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built?", "answer": "not designed", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "What were many of these old buildings built without?", "answer": "regulations", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "What damage did the major Sichuan cities have?", "answer": "minor damage", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "What is an estimate of losses to economics?", "answer": "US$75 billion", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of?", "answer": "Chinese history", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage?", "answer": "five largest cities", "gold_docs": ["not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\" Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history. Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock"]}
{"query": "How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks?", "answer": "420,000", "gold_docs": ["of 6.0 (6.4 according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1,000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 M in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 M in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 (5.8 and 5.5 , respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, the collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu"]}
{"query": "How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks?", "answer": "more than 420,000", "gold_docs": ["of 6.0 (6.4 according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1,000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 M in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 M in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 (5.8 and 5.5 , respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, the collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu"]}
{"query": "During the May 27 aftershock, how many people were injured?", "answer": "63", "gold_docs": ["of 6.0 (6.4 according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1,000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 M in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 M in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 (5.8 and 5.5 , respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, the collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu"]}
{"query": "Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides?", "answer": "Qingchuan, Sichuan", "gold_docs": ["County and Beichuan County, Sichuan, also northeast of Wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7.2 M earthquake in 1976, suffered a 6.1 aftershock (5.7 according to USGS) on August 1; it caused 2 deaths, 345 injuries, the collapse of 707 homes, damage to over 1,000 homes, and blocked of country roads. As late as August 5, yet another aftershock of 6.1 (6.2 according to USGS) hit Qingchuan, Sichuan, causing 1 death, 32 injuries, telecommunication interruptions, and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway. Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21, 2008,"]}
{"query": "Who was the executive vice governor?", "answer": "Wei Hong", "gold_docs": ["County and Beichuan County, Sichuan, also northeast of Wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7.2 M earthquake in 1976, suffered a 6.1 aftershock (5.7 according to USGS) on August 1; it caused 2 deaths, 345 injuries, the collapse of 707 homes, damage to over 1,000 homes, and blocked of country roads. As late as August 5, yet another aftershock of 6.1 (6.2 according to USGS) hit Qingchuan, Sichuan, causing 1 death, 32 injuries, telecommunication interruptions, and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway. Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21, 2008,"]}
{"query": "How many homes were rebuilt?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many homes were left without permanent shelter?", "answer": "1.94 million", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many schools were reconstructed?", "answer": "1,300", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?", "answer": "90,000", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many homes had been rebuilt?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many houses were still under construction?", "answer": "685,000", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many families were still without permanent homes?", "answer": "1.94 million", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?", "answer": "Premier Wen Jiabao", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?", "answer": "geomechanics", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?", "answer": "50,000", "gold_docs": ["earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health stated that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province. Premier Wen encouraged the People's Liberation Army by saying, \u201cIt is the people who have raised you. It's up to you to"]}
{"query": "How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?", "answer": "90 minutes after", "gold_docs": ["that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts. General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the"]}
{"query": "How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health stated that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province. Premier Wen encouraged the People's Liberation Army by saying, \u201cIt is the people who have raised you. It's up to you to"]}
{"query": "How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?", "answer": "50,000", "gold_docs": ["earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health stated that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province. Premier Wen encouraged the People's Liberation Army by saying, \u201cIt is the people who have raised you. It's up to you to"]}
{"query": "Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?", "answer": "proximity of the quake's epicenter", "gold_docs": ["earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health stated that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province. Premier Wen encouraged the People's Liberation Army by saying, \u201cIt is the people who have raised you. It's up to you to"]}
{"query": "What does a Level II emergency contingency plan cover?", "answer": "the most serious class of natural disasters", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "When did the plan rise to Level I?", "answer": "at 22:15 CST, May 12", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "What level alert was instated for the quake?", "answer": "Level II emergency", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "What class of disasters is a level II emergency?", "answer": "most serious", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "What level was the disaster set at 22:15 CST, May 12?", "answer": "Level II", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "What department initiated the emergency contingency plan?", "answer": "National Disaster Relief Commission", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team?", "answer": "184", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau?", "answer": "12", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "How many of the team were from the military?", "answer": "150", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "How many of the team were from the police?", "answer": "22", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?", "answer": "earthquake emergency relief", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "How many people comprised the relief team?", "answer": "184", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "Where did 22 of the relief team come from?", "answer": "Armed Police General Hospital", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county?", "answer": "in two military transport planes", "gold_docs": ["see what to do! Even with two legs, you must walk in there.(Chinese:\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u517b\u80b2\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec, \u4f60\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u7740\u529e! \u4f60\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u9760\u53cc\u817f\u8d70, \u4e5f\u8981\u7ed9\u6211\u8d70\u8fdb\u53bb)\" The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12. An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. Many rescue"]}
{"query": "What did the China Digital Times report?", "answer": "a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer", "gold_docs": ["in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away. In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as \u201cBook Blade\u201d (), who stated: \"...because of our nation\u2019s particular brand of education, our children are fed 20 years of Marxist philosophy with Chinese characteristics\u2014a philosophy that has nothing"]}
{"query": "Who was the construction engineer known as?", "answer": "Book Blade", "gold_docs": ["in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away. In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as \u201cBook Blade\u201d (), who stated: \"...because of our nation\u2019s particular brand of education, our children are fed 20 years of Marxist philosophy with Chinese characteristics\u2014a philosophy that has nothing"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?", "answer": "Book Blade", "gold_docs": ["in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away. In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as \u201cBook Blade\u201d (), who stated: \"...because of our nation\u2019s particular brand of education, our children are fed 20 years of Marxist philosophy with Chinese characteristics\u2014a philosophy that has nothing"]}
{"query": "What was June 1, 2008 called?", "answer": "Children's Day", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "Where were most of the surviving children?", "answer": "living in relief centres", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "What did these children do on that day?", "answer": "performed ceremonies", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "Where did parents go to mourn their children?", "answer": "rubble of schools", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "When is Children's Day?", "answer": "June 1", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "How much did central state-owned enterprises donate?", "answer": "more than $48.6 million", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?", "answer": "10 million yuan", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "How much have Central state enterprises donated?", "answer": "48.6 million", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate?", "answer": "10 million yuan each", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "How much did China receive in donated money and goods?", "answer": "$457 million", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "How many countries donated?", "answer": "19 countries", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "How many international organizations donated?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "How much financial assistance did Saudi Arabia give China?", "answer": "\u20ac40,000,000", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "How much money was donated from foreign sources?", "answer": "83 million", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "How many international organizations made donations?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "What did the State Council establish in 2008?", "answer": "a counterpart support plan", "gold_docs": ["Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest. In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget. In 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed: Wei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars),"]}
{"query": "How long did the plan last?", "answer": "3 years", "gold_docs": ["Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest. In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget. In 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed: Wei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars),"]}
{"query": "What did the state council set up in 2008?", "answer": "counterpart support plan", "gold_docs": ["Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest. In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget. In 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed: Wei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars),"]}
{"query": "What is the basis for this plan?", "answer": "one province to one affected county", "gold_docs": ["Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest. In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget. In 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed: Wei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars),"]}
{"query": "How long is the plan due to last?", "answer": "3 years", "gold_docs": ["Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest. In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget. In 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed: Wei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars),"]}
{"query": "What is the cost per province's budget?", "answer": "one percent", "gold_docs": ["Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest. In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget. In 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed: Wei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars),"]}
{"query": "What was concluded about the construction?", "answer": "that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture", "gold_docs": ["that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area."]}
{"query": "What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake?", "answer": "Zipingpu Dam", "gold_docs": ["that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area."]}
{"query": "What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area?", "answer": "25 times more", "gold_docs": ["that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area."]}
{"query": "What type of area is Sichuan?", "answer": "seismically active", "gold_docs": ["that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area."]}
{"query": "What have researchers been denied?", "answer": "access to seismological and geological data", "gold_docs": ["Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further. Malaysia-based \"Yazhou Zhoukan\" conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that"]}
{"query": "What did the professors predict?", "answer": "the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake", "gold_docs": ["predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of \u00b11 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the \"location\" of the quake could be accurately predicted. An article in \"Science\" suggested"]}
{"query": "What did they try to establish?", "answer": "time prediction method", "gold_docs": ["predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of \u00b11 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the \"location\" of the quake could be accurately predicted. An article in \"Science\" suggested"]}
{"query": "What did they collect to use in this method?", "answer": "statistics", "gold_docs": ["predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of \u00b11 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the \"location\" of the quake could be accurately predicted. An article in \"Science\" suggested"]}
{"query": "What was stated in the press conference?", "answer": "that earthquake prediction was a global issue", "gold_docs": ["date and time. In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence. The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake"]}
{"query": "What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?", "answer": "no proven methods exist", "gold_docs": ["date and time. In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence. The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake"]}
{"query": "What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?", "answer": "a global issue", "gold_docs": ["date and time. In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence. The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake"]}
{"query": "What did  seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?", "answer": "did not see anything", "gold_docs": ["date and time. In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence. The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake"]}
{"query": "When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?", "answer": "In 2002", "gold_docs": ["better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible. In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a \"Seismic Risk Analysis\" study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific"]}
{"query": "Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?", "answer": "Chen Xuezhong", "gold_docs": ["better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible. In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a \"Seismic Risk Analysis\" study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific"]}
{"query": "Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study?", "answer": "Chen Xuezhong", "gold_docs": ["better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible. In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a \"Seismic Risk Analysis\" study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific"]}
{"query": "What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be?", "answer": "over 7.0", "gold_docs": ["better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible. In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a \"Seismic Risk Analysis\" study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific"]}
{"query": "How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?", "answer": "over 30 years", "gold_docs": ["has been invested in post-quake reconstruction efforts, and 99 percent of 29,692 related projects have been completed. . . . Local governments have successfully helped more than 12 million people in rural and urban areas repair their houses, and have relocated 200,000 farmers who lost their farmlands, the vice governor added. The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in"]}
{"query": "How long since the Sichuan area has had  a severe quake?", "answer": "30 years", "gold_docs": ["has been invested in post-quake reconstruction efforts, and 99 percent of 29,692 related projects have been completed. . . . Local governments have successfully helped more than 12 million people in rural and urban areas repair their houses, and have relocated 200,000 farmers who lost their farmlands, the vice governor added. The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in"]}
{"query": "Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?", "answer": "no consensus", "gold_docs": ["better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible. In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a \"Seismic Risk Analysis\" study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific"]}
{"query": "People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?", "answer": "statistics", "gold_docs": ["has been invested in post-quake reconstruction efforts, and 99 percent of 29,692 related projects have been completed. . . . Local governments have successfully helped more than 12 million people in rural and urban areas repair their houses, and have relocated 200,000 farmers who lost their farmlands, the vice governor added. The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in"]}
{"query": "What is not an established science?", "answer": "Earthquake prediction", "gold_docs": ["better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible. In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a \"Seismic Risk Analysis\" study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific"]}
{"query": "What action did the Red Cross recommend ?", "answer": "donating cash", "gold_docs": ["teams, including that of the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan, were reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan as early as Wednesday. However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) \"it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter.\" The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas need tents, medical supplies, drinking water and food; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items, as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were"]}
{"query": "What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas?", "answer": "landslides", "gold_docs": ["blocked off by landslides. Landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men, each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies, from a motorized infantry brigade under commander Yang Wenyao, as they tried to reach the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county. The extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation, and over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded"]}
{"query": "Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go?", "answer": "Tibetan village of Sier", "gold_docs": ["blocked off by landslides. Landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men, each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies, from a motorized infantry brigade under commander Yang Wenyao, as they tried to reach the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county. The extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation, and over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded"]}
{"query": "What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?", "answer": "landslides", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "How many helicopters were deployed?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?", "answer": "15,600", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "How many survivors were found?", "answer": "around 3,000", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "How many troops parachuted into Mao County?", "answer": "15", "gold_docs": ["of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan. By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil"]}
{"query": "What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas?", "answer": "heavy rain and landslides", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "By May 13, how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts?", "answer": "15,600", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town?", "answer": "around 3,000", "gold_docs": ["villagers down the mountain. Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status"]}
{"query": "How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu?", "answer": "around 9,000", "gold_docs": ["of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan. By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil"]}
{"query": "What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?", "answer": "the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters", "gold_docs": ["of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan. By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil"]}
{"query": "How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?", "answer": "60", "gold_docs": ["of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan. By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil"]}
{"query": "How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan. By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil"]}
{"query": "How many aircraft were there in total?", "answer": "over 150", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation?", "answer": "over 150", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "How many helicopters came from the PLAAF?", "answer": "60", "gold_docs": ["of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan. By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil"]}
{"query": "What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce?", "answer": "non-combat airlifting", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing?", "answer": "the Tzu Chi Foundation", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "Where was the foundation based?", "answer": "Taiwan", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?", "answer": "late on May 13", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "What did China need help for?", "answer": "cope with the quake", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?", "answer": "China Airlines", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "What date did the cargo flight leave?", "answer": "May 15", "gold_docs": ["Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\""]}
{"query": "When did a rescue team depart?", "answer": "May 16", "gold_docs": ["Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\""]}
{"query": "How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?", "answer": "chartered cargo flight", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "From what airport did the chartered flight leave?", "answer": "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport", "gold_docs": ["aviation industry, bringing the total number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history. Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International"]}
{"query": "Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?", "answer": "Chengdu", "gold_docs": ["Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\""]}
{"query": "What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16", "answer": "rescue team", "gold_docs": ["Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\""]}
{"query": "Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?", "answer": "Chengdu", "gold_docs": ["Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\""]}
{"query": "How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?", "answer": "135,000", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?", "answer": "May 16", "gold_docs": ["in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The \"Economist\" noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake. On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the"]}
{"query": "What did the U.S. share with China?", "answer": "satellite images", "gold_docs": ["in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The \"Economist\" noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake. On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the"]}
{"query": "What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?", "answer": "tents and generators", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?", "answer": "135,000", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "What did the Xinhua news agency set up?", "answer": "an online rescue request center", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?", "answer": "to find the blind spots of disaster recovery", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?", "answer": "Wenchuan", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?", "answer": "The Internet", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?", "answer": "news agency Xinhua", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?", "answer": "a student", "gold_docs": ["weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities. The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as"]}
{"query": "What kind of information were websites set up to store?", "answer": "contact information", "gold_docs": ["the first touchdown place for the helicopters. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived. Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, \u201cThis is"]}
{"query": "On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?", "answer": "May 31", "gold_docs": ["the first touchdown place for the helicopters. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived. Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, \u201cThis is"]}
{"query": "What was done for the anniversary?", "answer": "a moment of silence", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "Where did the government open access to?", "answer": "the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "How long was it opened for?", "answer": "three days", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?", "answer": "a moment of silence", "gold_docs": ["May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14. On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials. On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across"]}
{"query": "What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?", "answer": "earthquake relic museum", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?", "answer": "several concerts", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?", "answer": "the terrible disaster", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "What was also donated?", "answer": "blood", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "What companies received the money?", "answer": "China Unicom and China Mobile", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "After the quake, people from where in China made donations?", "answer": "all over mainland China", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "What caused long lines in most major cities?", "answer": "donated blood", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones?", "answer": "text messaging", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "How many tents were flown to the region?", "answer": "557", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How many quilts were flown to the region?", "answer": "2,500", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How much were both supplies worth?", "answer": "788,000 yuan", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "What county were the supplies flown to?", "answer": "Wenchuan County", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?", "answer": "30,000", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?", "answer": "Red Cross Society of China", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?", "answer": "US$143,000", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?", "answer": "30,000", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "What were all these tents and quilts for?", "answer": "those left homeless", "gold_docs": ["Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless. Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area. Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By"]}
{"query": "What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?", "answer": "The Amity Foundation", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?", "answer": "7,000", "gold_docs": ["\"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims. Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal. The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered"]}
{"query": "What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?", "answer": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses", "gold_docs": ["schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: \"tofu-dregs schoolhouses\" (), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called \"illegal children\" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child"]}
{"query": "Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?", "answer": "inadequately engineered", "gold_docs": ["\"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims. Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal. The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered"]}
{"query": "What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?", "answer": "over 7,000", "gold_docs": ["\"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims. Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal. The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered"]}
{"query": "What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?", "answer": "legal replacements", "gold_docs": ["schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: \"tofu-dregs schoolhouses\" (), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called \"illegal children\" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child"]}
{"query": "Who was the show hosted by?", "answer": "Bai Yansong", "gold_docs": ["from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at \u00a550 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled"]}
{"query": "How large were the donations from the program?", "answer": "Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan", "gold_docs": ["from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at \u00a550 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?", "answer": "Promise", "gold_docs": ["\"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims. Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal. The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered"]}
{"query": "What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?", "answer": "The Giving of Love", "gold_docs": ["earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down. All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended. On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called \"The Giving of Love\" (), hosted by regulars"]}
{"query": "How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?", "answer": "1.57 million", "gold_docs": ["from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at \u00a550 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Chan's music video?", "answer": "Promise", "gold_docs": ["\"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims. Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal. The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered"]}
{"query": "What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?", "answer": "up to international standards", "gold_docs": ["the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards\u201d. \"Los Angeles Times\" praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\". Rescue efforts also came from Jet Li's One Foundation which saw the martial arts actor Wu Jing assisting in the efforts. As a result of the earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the"]}
{"query": "Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?", "answer": "Los Angeles Times", "gold_docs": ["the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards\u201d. \"Los Angeles Times\" praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\". Rescue efforts also came from Jet Li's One Foundation which saw the martial arts actor Wu Jing assisting in the efforts. As a result of the earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the"]}
{"query": "In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?", "answer": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", "gold_docs": ["the first touchdown place for the helicopters. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived. Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, \u201cThis is"]}
{"query": "How many quake lakes formed?", "answer": "34", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "How many of the lakes were a danger to people?", "answer": "28", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?", "answer": "7.9", "gold_docs": ["of 8.0 M and 7.9 M. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008, lasting for around 2 minutes; in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed. Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) : Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\""]}
{"query": "What blocked many of the area's rivers?", "answer": "large landslides", "gold_docs": ["the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards\u201d. \"Los Angeles Times\" praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\". Rescue efforts also came from Jet Li's One Foundation which saw the martial arts actor Wu Jing assisting in the efforts. As a result of the earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the"]}
{"query": "What formed behind the blocked rivers?", "answer": "quake lakes", "gold_docs": ["the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards\u201d. \"Los Angeles Times\" praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\". Rescue efforts also came from Jet Li's One Foundation which saw the martial arts actor Wu Jing assisting in the efforts. As a result of the earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the"]}
{"query": "By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?", "answer": "34", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?", "answer": "Entire villages", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "Where was the most precarious quake lake located?", "answer": "Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "How could you only get to this quake lake?", "answer": "by foot or air", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "What machinery was airlifted into the location?", "answer": "tractors", "gold_docs": ["belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottle-necked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting. The State Council"]}
{"query": "How many people were evacuated downstream?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottle-necked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting. The State Council"]}
{"query": "What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang?", "answer": "the dam bursting", "gold_docs": ["belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottle-necked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting. The State Council"]}
{"query": "Where was the worst of the quake lakes located?", "answer": "Mount Tangjia", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "Where is Mount Tangjia?", "answer": "Beichuan County, Sichuan", "gold_docs": ["blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding. The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter"]}
{"query": "How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot?", "answer": "1,200", "gold_docs": ["belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottle-necked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting. The State Council"]}
{"query": "Who declared the mourning period?", "answer": "The State Council", "gold_docs": ["date and time. In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence. The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake"]}
{"query": "What did the State Council declare a period of?", "answer": "national mourning", "gold_docs": ["declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes"]}
{"query": "This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who?", "answer": "Mao Zedong", "gold_docs": ["declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes"]}
{"query": "When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence?", "answer": "May 19, 2008", "gold_docs": ["declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes"]}
{"query": "What came to a halt during the moment of silence?", "answer": "Cars and trucks", "gold_docs": ["while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards. The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started"]}
{"query": "How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last?", "answer": "three-day period", "gold_docs": ["declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes"]}
{"query": "What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period?", "answer": "Olympic torch relay", "gold_docs": ["while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards. The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started"]}
{"query": "What was suspended during the period of mourning?", "answer": "Beijing Olympic torch relay", "gold_docs": ["while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards. The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started"]}
{"query": "Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?", "answer": "in Ningbo", "gold_docs": ["while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards. The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started"]}
{"query": "What part of the relay did they change?", "answer": "The route", "gold_docs": ["while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards. The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started"]}
{"query": "Where was there a minute of silence during the relay?", "answer": "Ruijin, Jiangxi", "gold_docs": ["in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake. Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for \"World of Warcraft\", had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to"]}
{"query": "What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?", "answer": "black and white", "gold_docs": ["in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake. Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for \"World of Warcraft\", had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to"]}
{"query": "What did internet portals remove from their home pages?", "answer": "all advertisements", "gold_docs": ["in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake. Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for \"World of Warcraft\", had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to"]}
{"query": "What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?", "answer": "burst out cheering", "gold_docs": ["earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down. All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended. On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called \"The Giving of Love\" (), hosted by regulars"]}
{"query": "What business closed in Macau?", "answer": "Casinos", "gold_docs": ["earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down. All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended. On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called \"The Giving of Love\" (), hosted by regulars"]}
{"query": "Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? ", "answer": "Ye Zhiping", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "What was the principal credited with?", "answer": "proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "How many students attended the school?", "answer": "2,323", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school?", "answer": "400,000 yuan", "gold_docs": ["major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\" However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to"]}
{"query": "Where is the Sangzao Middle School?", "answer": "Sangzao", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county?", "answer": "An County", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul?", "answer": "three-year period", "gold_docs": ["suffer from inadequate protection while the new buildings have been shoddily constructed.\" On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake. Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a"]}
{"query": "What was to be carried out at schools after the quake?", "answer": "safety checks", "gold_docs": ["gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake. \"The New York Times\" reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas."]}
{"query": "Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal?", "answer": "Chinese prosecutors", "gold_docs": ["major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\" However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to"]}
{"query": "What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing?", "answer": "professional crime", "gold_docs": ["gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake. \"The New York Times\" reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas."]}
{"query": "Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks?", "answer": "schools across China", "gold_docs": ["gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake. \"The New York Times\" reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas."]}
{"query": "What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses?", "answer": "Reuters", "gold_docs": ["major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\" However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to"]}
{"query": "What was given in exchange of signing the document?", "answer": "money", "gold_docs": ["Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media"]}
{"query": "What other methods were used to break up protests?", "answer": "riot police", "gold_docs": ["Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media"]}
{"query": "Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?", "answer": "government officials", "gold_docs": ["gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake. \"The New York Times\" reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas."]}
{"query": "What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?", "answer": "limit protests", "gold_docs": ["Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media"]}
{"query": "What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?", "answer": "money", "gold_docs": ["Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media"]}
{"query": "What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?", "answer": "were threatened", "gold_docs": ["Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media"]}
{"query": "What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?", "answer": "on school collapses", "gold_docs": ["to stop reporting on school collapses. Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d () in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights"]}
{"query": "Who was a Sichuan school teacher?", "answer": "Liu Shaokun", "gold_docs": ["to stop reporting on school collapses. Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d () in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights"]}
{"query": "What was Liu's family told?", "answer": "that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion", "gold_docs": ["to stop reporting on school collapses. Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d () in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights"]}
{"query": "What was Liu Shaokun's profession?", "answer": "Sichuan school teacher", "gold_docs": ["to stop reporting on school collapses. Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d () in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights"]}
{"query": "Why was he investigated?", "answer": "crime of inciting subversion", "gold_docs": ["to stop reporting on school collapses. Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d () in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights"]}
{"query": "What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?", "answer": "put them online", "gold_docs": ["to stop reporting on school collapses. Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d () in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights"]}
{"query": "Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?", "answer": "in a media interview", "gold_docs": ["to stop reporting on school collapses. Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008, for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d () in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights"]}
{"query": "When did the sentencing occur?", "answer": "in 2007", "gold_docs": ["that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989. Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families. By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7"]}
{"query": "When was the article published about the case?", "answer": "January 2010", "gold_docs": ["in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp. On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\" In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper \"The Standard\" reported"]}
{"query": "What did he think that the poor construction led to?", "answer": "massive casualties", "gold_docs": ["that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989. Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families. By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7"]}
{"query": "What did UNICEF report?", "answer": "that China formally requested the support of the international community", "gold_docs": ["that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989. Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families. By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7"]}
{"query": "What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?", "answer": "condolences and assistance", "gold_docs": ["that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989. Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families. By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7"]}
{"query": "When did China formally ask for help from the international community?", "answer": "May 14", "gold_docs": ["that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989. Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families. By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7"]}
{"query": "What organization reported that China asked for help?", "answer": "UNICEF", "gold_docs": ["that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989. Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families. By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7"]}
{"query": "Why did the world community notice the need for help?", "answer": "magnitude of the quake", "gold_docs": ["that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989. Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families. By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7"]}
{"query": "How much did Yao Ming donate?", "answer": "$214,000 and $71,000", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?", "answer": "$26 million", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "How much money had been donated by May 14?", "answer": "10.7 billion yuan", "gold_docs": ["Reactions to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake The 2008 Sichuan earthquake, magnitude 8. M, occurred at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC) on 12 May 2008, with its epicenter in Wenchuan County, Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China. The disaster galvanized the CANGOs into soliciting numerous monetary donations and other forms of aid from across the globe, which has exceeded a collective total of $456.9 million USD in cash contributions from sources outside the country. Inside mainland China, by May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public"]}
{"query": "How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?", "answer": "26 million", "gold_docs": ["billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations. The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan"]}
{"query": "What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?", "answer": "swift and very efficient", "gold_docs": ["Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\""]}
{"query": "What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?", "answer": "openness", "gold_docs": ["in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The \"Economist\" noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake. On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the"]}
{"query": "What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?", "answer": "secretive", "gold_docs": ["in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The \"Economist\" noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake. On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the"]}
{"query": "How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?", "answer": "10 days", "gold_docs": ["in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The \"Economist\" noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake. On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the"]}
{"query": "What organization did Francis Marcus represent?", "answer": "International Federation of the Red Cross", "gold_docs": ["Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\""]}
{"query": "What did stations replace programming with?", "answer": "live earthquake footage", "gold_docs": ["earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down. All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended. On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called \"The Giving of Love\" (), hosted by regulars"]}
{"query": "What was the source of the live feeds?", "answer": "CCTV-1", "gold_docs": ["earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down. All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended. On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called \"The Giving of Love\" (), hosted by regulars"]}
{"query": "What about pay TV channels?", "answer": "programmes suspended", "gold_docs": ["earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down. All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended. On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called \"The Giving of Love\" (), hosted by regulars"]}
{"query": "Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion?", "answer": "school construction scandal", "gold_docs": ["\"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims. Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal. The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered"]}
{"query": "What was the Chinese government first praised for?", "answer": "response to the quake", "gold_docs": ["\"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims. Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal. The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered"]}
{"query": "What did parents accuse builders of doing?", "answer": "cutting corners", "gold_docs": ["was illegal, no further outstanding fines would apply. Reimbursement would not, however, be offered for fines that were already levied. On May 29, 2008, government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed, searching for clues about why they crumbled. Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction, citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged. In the aftermath of the quake, many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses, but as of July 17, 2008, across Sichuan, parents of children lost"]}
{"query": "What kind of stories were being censored in the media?", "answer": "poorly built schools", "gold_docs": ["in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away. In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as \u201cBook Blade\u201d (), who stated: \"...because of our nation\u2019s particular brand of education, our children are fed 20 years of Marxist philosophy with Chinese characteristics\u2014a philosophy that has nothing"]}
{"query": "Who has ignored the school issue?", "answer": "state-controlled media", "gold_docs": ["major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\" However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to"]}
{"query": "Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?", "answer": "propaganda bureau", "gold_docs": ["major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\" However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to"]}
{"query": "What media source has reported this happening?", "answer": "The AP", "gold_docs": ["major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors. The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\" However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to"]}
{"query": "Why are the buildings so shoddily built?", "answer": "builders cut corners", "gold_docs": ["in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp. On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\" In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper \"The Standard\" reported"]}
{"query": "What did builder's use in place of steel rods as re-inforcement?", "answer": "thin iron wires", "gold_docs": ["in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp. On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\" In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper \"The Standard\" reported"]}
{"query": "Who was supposed to inspect building to see if they met national standards?", "answer": "supervising agencies", "gold_docs": ["in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp. On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\" In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper \"The Standard\" reported"]}
{"query": "Who has not been brought to justice?", "answer": "corrupt government officials", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "Who is still looking for compensation and justice?", "answer": "many families", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "What has the government threatened people with to keep them from protesting?", "answer": "threat of arrest", "gold_docs": ["Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest. In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central provinces and municipalities to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget. In 2012, vice governor Wei Hong announced that the restoration and reconstruction are completed: Wei said that 99.5 percent of the budget, or 865.8 billion yuan (137.5 billion U.S. dollars),"]}
{"query": "What did many families lose in the earthquake?", "answer": "their only child", "gold_docs": ["the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake. However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the"]}
{"query": "What city in the United States has the highest population?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described uniquely as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each"]}
{"query": "In what city is the United Nations based?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described uniquely as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each"]}
{"query": "What city has been called the cultural capital of the world?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described uniquely as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each"]}
{"query": "What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described uniquely as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each"]}
{"query": "The major gateway for immigration has been which US city?", "answer": "New York City", "gold_docs": ["estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described uniquely as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each"]}
{"query": "The most populated city in the United States is which city?", "answer": "New York City", "gold_docs": ["estimated 20,320,876 people in its 2017 Metropolitan Statistical Area and 23,876,155 residents in its Combined Statistical Area. A global power city, New York City has been described uniquely as the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, fashion, and sports. The city's fast pace has inspired the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each"]}
{"query": "How many boroughs comprise New York City?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["of which is a separate county of the State of New York. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world. In 2017, the New"]}
{"query": "In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?", "answer": "1898", "gold_docs": ["of which is a separate county of the State of New York. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world. In 2017, the New"]}
{"query": "In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?", "answer": "8,491,079", "gold_docs": ["in neighborhoods such as Flushing, Sunset Park, and Corona. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 8,491,079 people living in the city, according to U.S. Census estimates dating July 1, 2014 (up from 8,175,133 in 2010; 8.0 million in 2000; and 7.3 million in 1990). This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. New York's two key demographic features are its population density and cultural diversity. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km\u00b2), makes it the densest"]}
{"query": "The five boroughs of New York City are named what?", "answer": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island", "gold_docs": ["of which is a separate county of the State of New York. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world. In 2017, the New"]}
{"query": "All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?", "answer": "1898", "gold_docs": ["of which is a separate county of the State of New York. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world. In 2017, the New"]}
{"query": "What is the population of New York City as of 2014?", "answer": "8,491,079", "gold_docs": ["in neighborhoods such as Flushing, Sunset Park, and Corona. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 8,491,079 people living in the city, according to U.S. Census estimates dating July 1, 2014 (up from 8,175,133 in 2010; 8.0 million in 2000; and 7.3 million in 1990). This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. New York's two key demographic features are its population density and cultural diversity. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km\u00b2), makes it the densest"]}
{"query": "How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?", "answer": "800", "gold_docs": ["of which is a separate county of the State of New York. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world. In 2017, the New"]}
{"query": "What was the trading post that preceded New York City called?", "answer": "New Amsterdam", "gold_docs": ["York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of"]}
{"query": "What nation founded New Amsterdam?", "answer": "the Dutch Republic", "gold_docs": ["York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of"]}
{"query": "In what year did New York become the largest city in the United States?", "answer": "1790", "gold_docs": ["the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity. Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, with the city"]}
{"query": "When did the English take over the area from the Dutch?", "answer": "1664", "gold_docs": ["York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of"]}
{"query": "In what year did New York cease the be the capital of the United States?", "answer": "1790", "gold_docs": ["the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity. Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, with the city"]}
{"query": "When was New York City established?", "answer": "1624", "gold_docs": ["York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of"]}
{"query": "New Amsterdam became the title of New York City in what past date?", "answer": "1626", "gold_docs": ["York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of"]}
{"query": "The English occupied New York City beginning on what date?", "answer": "1664", "gold_docs": ["York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of"]}
{"query": "New York City is the biggest city in the United States since what historical date?", "answer": "1790", "gold_docs": ["the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity. Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, with the city"]}
{"query": "How many tourists visited New York in 2014?", "answer": "56 million", "gold_docs": ["million residents in 2013). In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion, while in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve nations and eleven nations, respectively. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. Tourism is vital to New York City, and many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known, as the city received a record high 56 million tourists in 2014,"]}
{"query": "In what borough is Wall Street located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["having three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 and receiving a record 62.8 million tourists in 2017. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's \"heart\" and its \"Crossroads\", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's landmarks, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. New York"]}
{"query": "How many school and universities are in NYC?", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["is home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is the largest single-operator rapid transit system worldwide, with rail stations. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top universities in the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, it has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and"]}
{"query": "NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?", "answer": "New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ", "gold_docs": ["the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. In 1664, the city was named in honor of the Duke of York, who would become King James II of England. James's older brother, King Charles II, had appointed the Duke proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, which England had recently seized from the Dutch. During the Wisconsinan glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over"]}
{"query": "What island was once a part of Long Island?", "answer": "Staten Island", "gold_docs": ["in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of regolith, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet contributed to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. In the precolonial era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley. The first"]}
{"query": "During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep?", "answer": "the Wisconsinan glaciation", "gold_docs": ["the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. In 1664, the city was named in honor of the Duke of York, who would become King James II of England. James's older brother, King Charles II, had appointed the Duke proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, which England had recently seized from the Dutch. During the Wisconsinan glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over"]}
{"query": "Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon?", "answer": "ice sheet", "gold_docs": ["in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of regolith, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet contributed to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. In the precolonial era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley. The first"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Lenape homeland?", "answer": "Lenapehoking", "gold_docs": ["in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of regolith, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet contributed to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. In the precolonial era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley. The first"]}
{"query": "In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?", "answer": "1524", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?", "answer": "Giovanni da Verrazzano", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?", "answer": "La Dauphine", "gold_docs": ["side of the bay, and the Wampanoags lived on the east side, occupying the land east to Cape Cod. It is accepted by most historians that first contact by Europeans was made by Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer who entered the bay in his ship \"La Dauphine\" in 1524 after visiting New York Bay. Verrazzano called the bay \"Refugio\", the \"Refuge\". It has several entrances, however, and historians can only speculate as to the exact route of his voyage and the location where he laid anchor, along with a corresponding uncertainty over which tribe made contact with him. Verrazzano"]}
{"query": "What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?", "answer": "Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?", "answer": "1524", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?", "answer": "1525", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "Who commanded the Spanish expedition?", "answer": "Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "What was the nationality of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes?", "answer": "Portuguese", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "What monarch did Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes serve?", "answer": "Charles V", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?", "answer": "Padr\u00f3n Real", "gold_docs": ["documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame). A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named \"R\u00edo de San Antonio\" (Saint Anthony's River). The Padr\u00f3n Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?", "answer": "Henry Hudson", "gold_docs": ["by Gomes' expedition and labeled the northeastern United States as \"Tierra de Esteban G\u00f3mez\" in his honor. In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered the New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the \"Mauritius\" after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as \"a very good Harbour for all windes\" and the river as \"a mile broad\" and \"full of fish.\" Hudson sailed"]}
{"query": "Who was Henry Hudson working for?", "answer": "Dutch East India Company", "gold_docs": ["roughly north, past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called \"Nieuw-Nederland\" (New Netherland). The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as \"Jan Rodrigues\"), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?", "answer": "1614", "gold_docs": ["roughly north, past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called \"Nieuw-Nederland\" (New Netherland). The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as \"Jan Rodrigues\"), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in"]}
{"query": "How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["roughly north, past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called \"Nieuw-Nederland\" (New Netherland). The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as \"Jan Rodrigues\"), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in"]}
{"query": "What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?", "answer": "North River", "gold_docs": ["by Gomes' expedition and labeled the northeastern United States as \"Tierra de Esteban G\u00f3mez\" in his honor. In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered the New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the \"Mauritius\" after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as \"a very good Harbour for all windes\" and the river as \"a mile broad\" and \"full of fish.\" Hudson sailed"]}
{"query": "Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?", "answer": "Dutch East India Company", "gold_docs": ["roughly north, past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called \"Nieuw-Nederland\" (New Netherland). The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as \"Jan Rodrigues\"), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in"]}
{"query": "Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?", "answer": "Henry Hudson", "gold_docs": ["by Gomes' expedition and labeled the northeastern United States as \"Tierra de Esteban G\u00f3mez\" in his honor. In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered the New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the \"Mauritius\" after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as \"a very good Harbour for all windes\" and the river as \"a mile broad\" and \"full of fish.\" Hudson sailed"]}
{"query": "Where was Juan Rodriguez born?", "answer": "Santo Domingo", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?", "answer": "Jan Rodrigues", "gold_docs": ["roughly north, past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called \"Nieuw-Nederland\" (New Netherland). The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as \"Jan Rodrigues\"), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in"]}
{"query": "What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?", "answer": "Juan Rodriguez Way", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?", "answer": "winter", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?", "answer": "Juan Rodriguez", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?", "answer": "Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?", "answer": "Governors Island", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?", "answer": "Manhattan Island", "gold_docs": ["called \"Nieuw Amsterdam\" (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island. The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the \"Canarsie\", a small Lenape band, for 60 guilders (about $1,000 in 2006). A disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (\"patroons\", or patrons) who"]}
{"query": "In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?", "answer": "1625", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?", "answer": "Peter Minuit", "gold_docs": ["called \"Nieuw Amsterdam\" (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island. The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the \"Canarsie\", a small Lenape band, for 60 guilders (about $1,000 in 2006). A disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (\"patroons\", or patrons) who"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?", "answer": "1626", "gold_docs": ["called \"Nieuw Amsterdam\" (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island. The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the \"Canarsie\", a small Lenape band, for 60 guilders (about $1,000 in 2006). A disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (\"patroons\", or patrons) who"]}
{"query": "New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?", "answer": "1624", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?", "answer": "1625", "gold_docs": ["Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor. A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later"]}
{"query": "What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?", "answer": "glass beads", "gold_docs": ["called \"Nieuw Amsterdam\" (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island. The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the \"Canarsie\", a small Lenape band, for 60 guilders (about $1,000 in 2006). A disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads. Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (\"patroons\", or patrons) who"]}
{"query": "What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (the future King James II of England). The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War. On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and"]}
{"query": "What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?", "answer": "James II", "gold_docs": ["Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (the future King James II of England). The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War. On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and"]}
{"query": "What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?", "answer": "Peter Stuyvesant", "gold_docs": ["brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swathes of land, along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success. Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In 1639\u20131640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies). In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began"]}
{"query": "What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?", "answer": "Director-General", "gold_docs": ["his tenure as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000. Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order in the colony; however, he also earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups (including Quakers, Jews, and Lutherans) from establishing houses of worship. The Dutch West India Company would eventually attempt to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam. In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance,"]}
{"query": "In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?", "answer": "1664", "gold_docs": ["York metropolitan area produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$1.73 trillion. If greater New York City were a sovereign state, it would have the 12th highest GDP in the world. New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York served as the capital of"]}
{"query": "What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?", "answer": "William III", "gold_docs": ["rechristened it \"New Orange\" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone. New York grew in importance as a trading port while"]}
{"query": "What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?", "answer": "August 24, 1673", "gold_docs": ["Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (the future King James II of England). The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War. On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and"]}
{"query": "What did Colve call New York after he captured it?", "answer": "New Orange", "gold_docs": ["rechristened it \"New Orange\" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone. New York grew in importance as a trading port while"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?", "answer": "1674", "gold_docs": ["rechristened it \"New Orange\" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone. New York grew in importance as a trading port while"]}
{"query": "The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?", "answer": "England", "gold_docs": ["rechristened it \"New Orange\" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone. New York grew in importance as a trading port while"]}
{"query": "After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?", "answer": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "gold_docs": ["Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (the future King James II of England). The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War. On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and"]}
{"query": "How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?", "answer": "200", "gold_docs": ["rechristened it \"New Orange\" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone. New York grew in importance as a trading port while"]}
{"query": "In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?", "answer": "200", "gold_docs": ["rechristened it \"New Orange\" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone. New York grew in importance as a trading port while"]}
{"query": "After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?", "answer": "Second Anglo-Dutch War", "gold_docs": ["Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (the future King James II of England). The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War. On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and"]}
{"query": "In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?", "answer": "42%", "gold_docs": ["under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the American South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had"]}
{"query": "In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?", "answer": "Charleston, South Carolina", "gold_docs": ["under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the American South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had"]}
{"query": "Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?", "answer": "Foley Square", "gold_docs": ["under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the American South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had"]}
{"query": "What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?", "answer": "courthouse", "gold_docs": ["under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the American South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had"]}
{"query": "Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?", "answer": "Charleston, South Carolina", "gold_docs": ["under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the American South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had"]}
{"query": "When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?", "answer": "1990s", "gold_docs": ["under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the American South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had"]}
{"query": "In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?", "answer": "1735", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "In what year was Columbia University chartered?", "answer": "1754", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?", "answer": "George II", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "What was the original name of Columbia University?", "answer": "King's College", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?", "answer": "John Peter Zenger", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?", "answer": "1754", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?", "answer": "Battle of Long Island", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement"]}
{"query": "In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "answer": "August 1776", "gold_docs": ["battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement"]}
{"query": "About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?", "answer": "10,000", "gold_docs": ["battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement"]}
{"query": "In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?", "answer": "1783", "gold_docs": ["battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement"]}
{"query": "Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?", "answer": "The Battle of Long Island", "gold_docs": ["been buried in the area in the colonial years. The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest"]}
{"query": "Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement"]}
{"query": "When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?", "answer": "1783", "gold_docs": ["battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement"]}
{"query": "On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?", "answer": "September 11, 1776", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?", "answer": "Lord Howe", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?", "answer": "Great Fire of New York", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?", "answer": "Trinity Church", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?", "answer": "Lord Howe", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?", "answer": "the Great Fire of New York", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "In what year did New York become the United States capital?", "answer": "1785", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "Who was the United States' first President?", "answer": "George Washington", "gold_docs": ["shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia to become the largest city in the United States. Under New York State's gradual abolition act"]}
{"query": "In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?", "answer": "Federal Hall", "gold_docs": ["shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia to become the largest city in the United States. Under New York State's gradual abolition act"]}
{"query": "On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?", "answer": "Wall Street", "gold_docs": ["shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia to become the largest city in the United States. Under New York State's gradual abolition act"]}
{"query": "Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?", "answer": "Congress of the Confederation", "gold_docs": ["in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church. In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital"]}
{"query": "New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?", "answer": "capital", "gold_docs": ["shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia to become the largest city in the United States. Under New York State's gradual abolition act"]}
{"query": "By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?", "answer": "1790", "gold_docs": ["shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia to become the largest city in the United States. Under New York State's gradual abolition act"]}
{"query": "What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued;"]}
{"query": "Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?", "answer": "Alexander Hamilton", "gold_docs": ["of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued;"]}
{"query": "In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?", "answer": "1827", "gold_docs": ["of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued;"]}
{"query": "In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?", "answer": "16,000", "gold_docs": ["among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840. In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became"]}
{"query": "The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?", "answer": "1799", "gold_docs": ["of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued;"]}
{"query": "When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?", "answer": "1827", "gold_docs": ["of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued;"]}
{"query": "What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?", "answer": "Commissioners' Plan", "gold_docs": ["among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840. In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?", "answer": "1825", "gold_docs": ["among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840. In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became"]}
{"query": "What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?", "answer": "Tammany Hall", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?", "answer": "Irish", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?", "answer": "Central Park", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "In what year was Central Park founded?", "answer": "1857", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?", "answer": "first landscaped", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?", "answer": "a quarter", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?", "answer": "25%", "gold_docs": ["the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860. Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300"]}
{"query": "What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?", "answer": "revolutions", "gold_docs": ["the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860. Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300"]}
{"query": "How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?", "answer": "Over 200,000", "gold_docs": ["dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of"]}
{"query": "Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861? ", "answer": "Fernando Wood", "gold_docs": ["the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860. Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300"]}
{"query": "What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?", "answer": "$300", "gold_docs": ["the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860. Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300"]}
{"query": "People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?", "answer": "Irish", "gold_docs": ["() commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120"]}
{"query": "About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["() commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120"]}
{"query": "What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?", "answer": "10,000", "gold_docs": ["people were killed. In all, eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history. In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city),"]}
{"query": "The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?", "answer": "Colored Orphan Asylum", "gold_docs": ["() commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120"]}
{"query": "In what year was the modern City of New York founded?", "answer": "1898", "gold_docs": ["people were killed. In all, eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history. In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city),"]}
{"query": "In what year did the subway begin operation?", "answer": "1904", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?", "answer": "the Bronx", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "The subway of New York was first available in what year?", "answer": "1904", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?", "answer": "1904", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "How many people died on the General Slocum?", "answer": "1,021", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?", "answer": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "answer": "146", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "answer": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union", "gold_docs": ["spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards. New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline. New York became the"]}
{"query": "A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?", "answer": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire", "gold_docs": ["the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship \"General Slocum\" caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and"]}
{"query": "How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?", "answer": "36,620", "gold_docs": ["spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards. New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline. New York became the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?", "answer": "Harlem Renaissance", "gold_docs": ["spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards. New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline. New York became the"]}
{"query": "What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?", "answer": "36,620", "gold_docs": ["spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards. New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline. New York became the"]}
{"query": "In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed"]}
{"query": "What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?", "answer": "megacity", "gold_docs": ["most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed"]}
{"query": "Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?", "answer": "Fiorello La Guardia", "gold_docs": ["most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed"]}
{"query": "For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?", "answer": "eighty", "gold_docs": ["most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed"]}
{"query": "In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?", "answer": "megacity", "gold_docs": ["most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed"]}
{"query": "When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?", "answer": "1952", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?", "answer": "abstract expressionism", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?", "answer": "United Nations", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "The Stonewall riots are named after what building?", "answer": "the Stonewall Inn", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur?", "answer": "Greenwich Village", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?", "answer": "June 28, 1969", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "What event provoked the Stonewall riots?", "answer": "a police raid", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "Where did the Stonewall riots happen?", "answer": "Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They"]}
{"query": "In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?", "answer": "2000", "gold_docs": ["gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census. The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into"]}
{"query": "In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census. The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into"]}
{"query": "What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?", "answer": "Silicon Alley", "gold_docs": ["gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census. The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into"]}
{"query": "In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?", "answer": "1990s", "gold_docs": ["are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities,"]}
{"query": "In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?", "answer": "1970s", "gold_docs": ["are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities,"]}
{"query": "Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?", "answer": "1970s", "gold_docs": ["are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?", "answer": "American Airlines Flight 11", "gold_docs": ["gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census. The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?", "answer": "United Airlines Flight 175", "gold_docs": ["gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census. The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into"]}
{"query": "How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?", "answer": "343", "gold_docs": ["the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The North Tower was subsequently the tallest building ever to be destroyed and still is. The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which had opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was"]}
{"query": "On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?", "answer": "July 19, 1909", "gold_docs": ["the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The North Tower was subsequently the tallest building ever to be destroyed and still is. The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which had opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was"]}
{"query": "How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census. The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into"]}
{"query": "What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?", "answer": "American Airlines Flight 11", "gold_docs": ["gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census. The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into"]}
{"query": "In what park did the Occupy Wall Street protests occur?", "answer": "Zuccotti Park", "gold_docs": ["built and opened on November 23, 2003. An permanent rail station designed by Santiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub, was completed in 2016. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the sixth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic in reference to the year of U.S. independence. The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality"]}
{"query": "In what borough did the Occupy Wall Street protests take place?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["built and opened on November 23, 2003. An permanent rail station designed by Santiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub, was completed in 2016. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the sixth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic in reference to the year of U.S. independence. The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality"]}
{"query": "In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests?", "answer": "Financial District", "gold_docs": ["built and opened on November 23, 2003. An permanent rail station designed by Santiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub, was completed in 2016. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the sixth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic in reference to the year of U.S. independence. The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality"]}
{"query": "What individual established the National Review?", "answer": "William F. Buckley, Jr.", "gold_docs": ["performances were good and some individual scenes very well-crafted, the movie as a whole was disappointing: \"the attentions of the filmmakers were concentrated so fiercely on individual moments that nobody ever stood back to ask what the story was about. It's frustrating to sit through a movie filled with clues and leads and motivations, only to discover at the end that the filmmakers can't be bothered with finishing the story.\" The film was panned by William F. Buckley, Jr., who had praised the original novel. In his review of the film in the \"National Review\", Buckley reportedly \"bemoaned the film's"]}
{"query": "In what year was the National Review founded?", "answer": "1955", "gold_docs": ["engaged in fraud. National Review National Review (NR) is an American semi-monthly editorial magazine focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs. The magazine was founded by the author William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955. It is currently edited by Rich Lowry. Since its founding, the magazine has played a significant role in the development of conservatism in the United States, helping to define its boundaries and promoting fusionism while establishing itself as a leading voice on the American right. The online version, National Review Online, is edited by Charles C. W. Cooke and includes free"]}
{"query": "What public figure defended New York in January 2016?", "answer": "Donald Trump", "gold_docs": ["first endorsed Scott Walker and later Jeb Bush. In May 2016, after both Walker and Bush had withdrawn from the race, Scaramucci signed on to Donald Trump's political campaign by joining the Trump Finance Committee. In November 2016, he was appointed to President-elect Trump's Presidential Transition Team Executive Committee. On January 12, 2017, Scaramucci was named Assistant to President Trump and director of the White House Office of Public Liaison and Intergovernmental Affairs. On January 23, he told \"New York\" magazine: the \"thing I have learned about these people in Washington is they have no money. So what happens when"]}
{"query": "A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism?", "answer": "Republican", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "In what geographical region of the United States is New York City located?", "answer": "Northeastern", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "In what geographical region of New York state is New York City located?", "answer": "southeastern", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "New York City is about half the distance between Washington DC and what city?", "answer": "Boston", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "What river is New York City located on?", "answer": "Hudson River", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "New York City is at the base of which American river?", "answer": "Hudson", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "The Hudson River flows into which body of water?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?", "answer": "New Jersey", "gold_docs": ["Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city. The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments"]}
{"query": "What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?", "answer": "Harlem River", "gold_docs": ["Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city. The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments"]}
{"query": "What is the city's sole fresh water river?", "answer": "Bronx River", "gold_docs": ["Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city. The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments"]}
{"query": "Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?", "answer": "New York Bay", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?", "answer": "Troy, New York", "gold_docs": ["worldwide. New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The"]}
{"query": "The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?", "answer": "New Jersey", "gold_docs": ["Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city. The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments"]}
{"query": "The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?", "answer": "The Bronx River", "gold_docs": ["Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city. The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments"]}
{"query": "What Manhattan development is the product of land reclamation?", "answer": "Battery Park City", "gold_docs": ["such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan. The city's total area is , including of land and of this is water. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt. New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods,"]}
{"query": "What is the name of New York City's highest point?", "answer": "Todt Hill", "gold_docs": ["such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan. The city's total area is , including of land and of this is water. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt. New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods,"]}
{"query": "On what island is New York City's highest point located?", "answer": "Staten Island", "gold_docs": ["such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan. The city's total area is , including of land and of this is water. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt. New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods,"]}
{"query": "The highest peak in the city is what location?", "answer": "Todt Hill", "gold_docs": ["such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan. The city's total area is , including of land and of this is water. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt. New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods,"]}
{"query": "How many feet above sea level is Todt Hil?", "answer": "409.8", "gold_docs": ["hilliness, especially in Upper Manhattan, while the East Side has been considerably flattened. Duffy's Hill in East Harlem is one notable exception to the East Side's relatively level grade. The city's land area is estimated to be . However, a more recent estimate calculates a total land area of 304.8 square miles (789.4 square kilometres). The highest natural point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which at 409.8 ft (124.9 m) above sea level is the highest hill on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is largely covered in woodlands as part"]}
{"query": "What structure is an example of saltbox architecture?", "answer": "Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House located?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "What building is the priciest office tower in the world?", "answer": "One World Trade Center", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "In what borough is One World Trade Center located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "In what year did construction on the oldest part of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House begin?", "answer": "1656", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "The most expensive office tower built in the world today is what?", "answer": "One World Trade Center", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "How many high-rises were present in New York City in 2011?", "answer": "5,937", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world?", "answer": "Hong Kong", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "How many structures in New York City are over 100m tall?", "answer": "550", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "How many buildings in New York City are over 200m high?", "answer": "50", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "NYC has the highest quantity of skyscrapers after which other world city?", "answer": "Hong Kong", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "How many buildings located in NYC are at least 330 feet in height?", "answer": "550", "gold_docs": ["from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost. Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. , New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Empire State Building completed?", "answer": "1931", "gold_docs": ["than. These include the Woolworth Building, an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built with massively scaled Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17 years it was the world's tallest building. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the"]}
{"query": "What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners?", "answer": "61st", "gold_docs": ["61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its fa\u00e7ade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Cond\u00e9 Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and"]}
{"query": "What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA?", "answer": "American Institute of Architects", "gold_docs": ["61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its fa\u00e7ade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Cond\u00e9 Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and"]}
{"query": "Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?", "answer": "eagles", "gold_docs": ["than. These include the Woolworth Building, an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built with massively scaled Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17 years it was the world's tallest building. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the"]}
{"query": "When was the Empire State Building constructed?", "answer": "1931", "gold_docs": ["than. These include the Woolworth Building, an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built with massively scaled Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17 years it was the world's tallest building. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the"]}
{"query": "When was the Chrysler building built in NYC?", "answer": "1930", "gold_docs": ["than. These include the Woolworth Building, an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built with massively scaled Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17 years it was the world's tallest building. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?", "answer": "the Bronx", "gold_docs": ["townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located?", "answer": "Queens", "gold_docs": ["townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's"]}
{"query": "Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year?", "answer": "1930", "gold_docs": ["townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's"]}
{"query": "Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?", "answer": "Victorian", "gold_docs": ["townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's"]}
{"query": "What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC?", "answer": "brownstone rowhouses", "gold_docs": ["61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its fa\u00e7ade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Cond\u00e9 Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and"]}
{"query": "What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City?", "answer": "the Great Fire of 1835", "gold_docs": ["townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's"]}
{"query": "In the 19th century, New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water tower. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights. According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a \"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings\" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking"]}
{"query": "What area was known for its garden apartments?", "answer": "Jackson Heights", "gold_docs": ["buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water tower. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights. According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a \"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings\" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking"]}
{"query": "After the Great Fire of 1835, what became the most widespread building materials?", "answer": "Stone and brick", "gold_docs": ["townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's"]}
{"query": "To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city's buildings?", "answer": "wooden roof-mounted water towers", "gold_docs": ["high crime, prompting many to consider these projects a failure. A distinctive feature of residential (and many commercial) buildings in New York City is the presence of wooden roof-mounted water towers, which were required on all buildings higher than six stories by city ordinance in the 19th century because the municipal water pipes could not withstand the extraordinarily high pressure necessary to deliver water to the top stories of high-rise buildings. New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are their own islands, while Queens and Brooklyn are"]}
{"query": "How many of New York's boroughs would be counted among the United States' ten most populated cities if they were independent?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city. is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, and in turn, there are throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States (Staten island would be ranked 37th) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in"]}
{"query": "How many boroughs does New York City have?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city. is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, and in turn, there are throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States (Staten island would be ranked 37th) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in"]}
{"query": "Which four boroughs of NYC would be among the the most populous cities in the US if they were independent cities?", "answer": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx", "gold_docs": ["near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city. is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, and in turn, there are throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States (Staten island would be ranked 37th) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in"]}
{"query": "What is the name of New York City's climate using the K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "answer": "humid subtropical", "gold_docs": ["the United States (New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens). Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (\"Dfa\"). Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine. The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating"]}
{"query": "How many sunny days does New York average each year?", "answer": "234", "gold_docs": ["the United States (New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens). Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (\"Dfa\"). Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine. The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating"]}
{"query": "How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?", "answer": "2,535", "gold_docs": ["(January through March) in the warmest months and in the coolest months of July through September, the months in which the gar\u00faa is most frequent. The impact on sunshine is even more substantial. Annually, only 34 percent of daylight hours in Lima have sunshine. On average, July and August receive less than one hour a day of sunshine. Lima receives only 1,230 hours of sunshine annually. By contrast, London, notoriously cloudy and foggy, gets 1,573 hours of sunshine annually and New York City receives 2,535 hours of sunshine annually. The climate of Lima is typical of the coasts of Peru"]}
{"query": "The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?", "answer": "humid continental", "gold_docs": ["the United States (New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens). Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (\"Dfa\"). Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine. The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating"]}
{"query": "What type of climate does NYC possess?", "answer": "humid subtropical", "gold_docs": ["the United States (New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens). Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (\"Dfa\"). Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine. The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating"]}
{"query": "How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?", "answer": "234", "gold_docs": ["the United States (New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens). Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (\"Dfa\"). Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine. The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating"]}
{"query": "What planting zone does the city land in?", "answer": "USDA 7b", "gold_docs": ["the United States (New York [Manhattan], Kings [Brooklyn], Bronx, and Queens). Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (\"Dfa\"). Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine. The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone. Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating"]}
{"query": "What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter?", "answer": "Appalachians", "gold_docs": ["effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is ; temperatures usually drop to several times per winter, and reach several days in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a"]}
{"query": "What is the average humidity in July as a percentage?", "answer": "72%", "gold_docs": ["was recorded with a temperature under the freezing mark, . Snow is very infrequent. Barcelona averages 78 rainy days per year (\u2265 1 mm), and annual average relative humidity is 72%, ranging from 69% in July to 75% in October. Rainfall totals are highest in late summer and autumn (September\u2013November) and lowest in early and mid-summer (June\u2013August), with a secondary winter minimum (February\u2013March). Sunshine duration is 2,524 hours per year, from 138 (average 4.5 hours of sunshine a day) in December to 310 (average 10 hours of sunshine a day) in July. According to Barcelona's City Council, Barcelona's population was"]}
{"query": "On average, how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year?", "answer": "17", "gold_docs": ["daily mean temperature of in July. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed . Extreme temperatures have ranged from , recorded on February 9, 1934, up to on July 9, 1936. The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from in February to in August. The city receives of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been ; this varies considerably between years. Hurricanes and tropical storms"]}
{"query": "On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever?", "answer": "July 9, 1936", "gold_docs": ["daily mean temperature of in July. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed . Extreme temperatures have ranged from , recorded on February 9, 1934, up to on July 9, 1936. The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from in February to in August. The city receives of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been ; this varies considerably between years. Hurricanes and tropical storms"]}
{"query": "What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC?", "answer": "106", "gold_docs": ["\u00b0F (-9 \u00b0C). Monroe does not normally have extremely hot or cold temperatures, as its climate is moderated by the lake. On average, the temperature only drops below 0 \u00b0F (-18 \u00b0C) a couple of times during a winter season, and it is even rarer for the temperature to rise above 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) during the summer. The coldest recorded temperature was -21 \u00b0F (-29 \u00b0C) on February 5, 1918. The highest recorded temperature was 106 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 24, 1934, with another equal temperature recorded on one occasion many years earlier. The city of Monroe is"]}
{"query": "When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC?", "answer": "1934", "gold_docs": ["daily mean temperature of in July. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed . Extreme temperatures have ranged from , recorded on February 9, 1934, up to on July 9, 1936. The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from in February to in August. The city receives of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been ; this varies considerably between years. Hurricanes and tropical storms"]}
{"query": "When did Hurricane Sandy strike New York?", "answer": "October 29, 2012", "gold_docs": ["are rare in the New York area. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future. The City of New York"]}
{"query": "Which natural disaster occurred on October 29, 2012 in NYC?", "answer": "Hurricane Sandy", "gold_docs": ["are rare in the New York area. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future. The City of New York"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the New York City department that operates the park system?", "answer": "New York City Department of Parks and Recreation", "gold_docs": ["has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the ninth best park system among the fifty most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of"]}
{"query": "What is the state office that operates New York City parks?", "answer": "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation", "gold_docs": ["has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the ninth best park system among the fifty most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of"]}
{"query": "What federal service operates New York City parks?", "answer": "National Park Service", "gold_docs": ["has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the ninth best park system among the fifty most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of"]}
{"query": "What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?", "answer": "Minneapolis", "gold_docs": ["Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board (MPRB) is an independent park district that owns, maintains, and programs activities in public parks in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It has 500 full-time and 1,300 part-time employees and an $111 million operating and capital budget. The Minneapolis park system has been called the best-designed, best-financed, and best-maintained in America. Minneapolis was rated the #1 park system in the country for the fifth year in a row by the Trust for Public Land in 2017. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board was created by an act of the Minnesota State Legislature"]}
{"query": "What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?", "answer": "New York City", "gold_docs": ["has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the ninth best park system among the fifty most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of"]}
{"query": "The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?", "answer": "Minneapolis", "gold_docs": ["its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Minneapolis had the best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. The 2018 version of ParkScore ranked the Minneapolis system as the best among the 100 most populous cities. Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary, is located within Theodore Wirth Park. Wirth Park is shared with Golden Valley and is about 90% the size of Central Park in New"]}
{"query": "What fort is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "answer": "Fort Tilden", "gold_docs": ["park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. Gateway National Recreation Area contains over in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over of salt marsh, wetlands, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, Gateway National Recreation Area includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park,"]}
{"query": "What park is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "answer": "Jacob Riis Park", "gold_docs": ["park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. Gateway National Recreation Area contains over in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over of salt marsh, wetlands, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, Gateway National Recreation Area includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park,"]}
{"query": "What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial?", "answer": "Grant's Tomb", "gold_docs": ["with beaches, trails, and a marina. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of"]}
{"query": "What movement is the Stonewall Inn most famously associated with?", "answer": "gay rights movement", "gold_docs": ["Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn, part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement. There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a facility that rises over the Hudson River. New York City has over of municipal parkland and of public beaches. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with ."]}
{"query": "The Statue of Liberty is taken care of by what organization?", "answer": "National Park Service", "gold_docs": ["with beaches, trails, and a marina. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of"]}
{"query": "The Statue of Liberty is also in what other US state?", "answer": "New Jersey", "gold_docs": ["with beaches, trails, and a marina. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of"]}
{"query": "Ellis Island is considered in New York state and which other?", "answer": "New Jersey", "gold_docs": ["with beaches, trails, and a marina. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of"]}
{"query": "Which landmark is considered the spark for LGBT rights?", "answer": "Stonewall Inn", "gold_docs": ["Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn, part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement. There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a facility that rises over the Hudson River. New York City has over of municipal parkland and of public beaches. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with ."]}
{"query": "The landmark, General Grant National Memorial, is also called what?", "answer": "Grant's Tomb", "gold_docs": ["with beaches, trails, and a marina. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of"]}
{"query": "How many state parks exist in New York City?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn, part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement. There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a facility that rises over the Hudson River. New York City has over of municipal parkland and of public beaches. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with ."]}
{"query": "How large is Riverbank State Park in acres?", "answer": "28", "gold_docs": ["D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel (officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn. New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America."]}
{"query": "How many meters is Riverbank State Park elevated above the Hudson River?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "How many New York state parks are within New York City?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn, part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement. There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a facility that rises over the Hudson River. New York City has over of municipal parkland and of public beaches. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with ."]}
{"query": "How many miles of public beach are located in New York City?", "answer": "14", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "What is the biggest public park in the city?", "answer": "Pelham Bay Park", "gold_docs": ["Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn, part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement. There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a facility that rises over the Hudson River. New York City has over of municipal parkland and of public beaches. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with ."]}
{"query": "How long are all the public beaches together in miles?", "answer": "14", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "What is the largest park in New York City?", "answer": "Pelham Bay Park", "gold_docs": ["Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn, part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement. There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a facility that rises over the Hudson River. New York City has over of municipal parkland and of public beaches. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with ."]}
{"query": "What is the name of the military base in New York City?", "answer": "Fort Hamilton", "gold_docs": ["New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. The Brooklyn facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized"]}
{"query": "In what year was Fort Hamilton founded?", "answer": "1825", "gold_docs": ["New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. The Brooklyn facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized"]}
{"query": "In what borough is Fort Hamilton located?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. The Brooklyn facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized"]}
{"query": "What brigade is headquartered at Fort Hamilton?", "answer": "1179th Transportation Brigade", "gold_docs": ["New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. The Brooklyn facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized"]}
{"query": "The U.S. military has only one active location in NYC named what?", "answer": "Fort Hamilton", "gold_docs": ["New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. The Brooklyn facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized"]}
{"query": "When was Fort Hamilton built?", "answer": "1825", "gold_docs": ["New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. The Brooklyn facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized"]}
{"query": "Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. The Brooklyn facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized"]}
{"query": "Fort Wadsworth and Fort Totten are located in which area of New York City?", "answer": "Queens", "gold_docs": ["for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,622,698 residents , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S."]}
{"query": "What was the population of New York City in 2014?", "answer": "8,491,079", "gold_docs": ["in neighborhoods such as Flushing, Sunset Park, and Corona. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 8,491,079 people living in the city, according to U.S. Census estimates dating July 1, 2014 (up from 8,175,133 in 2010; 8.0 million in 2000; and 7.3 million in 1990). This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. New York's two key demographic features are its population density and cultural diversity. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km\u00b2), makes it the densest"]}
{"query": "What is the US city with the second largest population?", "answer": "Los Angeles", "gold_docs": ["for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,622,698 residents , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S."]}
{"query": "How many people moved to New York City between April 2010 and July 2014?", "answer": "316,000", "gold_docs": ["for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,622,698 residents , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S."]}
{"query": "Approximately what percentage is New York City's population of the entire state's population?", "answer": "40%", "gold_docs": ["Demographics of New York City New York City's demographics show that it is a large and ethnically diverse metropolis. It is the largest city in the United States with a long history of international immigration. New York City was home to nearly 8.5 million people in 2014, accounting for over 40% of the population of New York State and a slightly lower percentage of the New York metropolitan area, home to approximately 23.6 million. Over the last decade the city has been growing faster than the region. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway"]}
{"query": "The second largest city in the US is what?", "answer": "Los Angeles", "gold_docs": ["for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,622,698 residents , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S."]}
{"query": "What percentage of people that live in the state of New York live in New York City?", "answer": "40", "gold_docs": ["which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and \"The New York Post\", founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. \"El Diario La Prensa\" is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. \"The New York Amsterdam News\", published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. \"The Village Voice\", historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture."]}
{"query": "What percentage of the city's population is Caucasian?", "answer": "44%", "gold_docs": ["county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Throughout its history, the city has been a major port"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the city's population is African-American?", "answer": "25.5%", "gold_docs": ["county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Throughout its history, the city has been a major port"]}
{"query": "What ethnicity is growing the quickest in New York City?", "answer": "Asians", "gold_docs": ["county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Throughout its history, the city has been a major port"]}
{"query": "By what percentage did the non-Hispanic white population decrease?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Throughout its history, the city has been a major port"]}
{"query": "As of 2010, what percentage made up white people in NYC?", "answer": "44", "gold_docs": ["county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Throughout its history, the city has been a major port"]}
{"query": "Which race of people made it the highest growing ethnicity between 2000-2010 in NYC?", "answer": "Asians", "gold_docs": ["county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Throughout its history, the city has been a major port"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Africans make up NYC?", "answer": "25.5", "gold_docs": ["county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade. Throughout its history, the city has been a major port"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the population was Caucasian in 1940?", "answer": "92%", "gold_docs": ["of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population. Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The"]}
{"query": "What was the ethnicity of the second largest group of immigrants in 1900?", "answer": "Irish", "gold_docs": ["of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population. Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The"]}
{"query": "In the year 1942, what percentage of white Americans made up New York City?", "answer": "92", "gold_docs": ["of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population. Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the population was born outside the United States?", "answer": "37%", "gold_docs": ["of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population. Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The"]}
{"query": "About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013?", "answer": "74,000", "gold_docs": ["ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011. Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American"]}
{"query": "What country was the second largest source of foreign-born New Yorkers in 2011?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011. Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the population of NYC was born in another country?", "answer": "37", "gold_docs": ["of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population. Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The"]}
{"query": "What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans?", "answer": "Queens", "gold_docs": ["population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown, in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves \u2013 while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County on Long Island, as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and"]}
{"query": "What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown, in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves \u2013 while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County on Long Island, as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and"]}
{"query": "As of 2012, what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese?", "answer": "6.3%", "gold_docs": ["surrounding areas, with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia, including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (\"Chaoxianzu\" or \"Joseonjok\") is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who"]}
{"query": "What borough is home to a large Tibetan population?", "answer": "Queens", "gold_docs": ["population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown, in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves \u2013 while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County on Long Island, as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?", "answer": "0.3%", "gold_docs": ["surrounding areas, with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia, including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (\"Chaoxianzu\" or \"Joseonjok\") is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who"]}
{"query": "How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?", "answer": "2.7 million", "gold_docs": ["made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, Filipinos, and Malaysians and other Southeast Asians; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and Asian Indian immigrants. New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1"]}
{"query": "What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston?", "answer": "550,000", "gold_docs": ["million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6 million in 1940. The non-Hispanic white population has begun to increase since 2010. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People"]}
{"query": "How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry?", "answer": "201,000", "gold_docs": ["million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6 million in 1940. The non-Hispanic white population has begun to increase since 2010. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People"]}
{"query": "How many New York City residents are of Greek heritage?", "answer": "65,000", "gold_docs": ["million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6 million in 1940. The non-Hispanic white population has begun to increase since 2010. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People"]}
{"query": "What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians?", "answer": "the Bronx", "gold_docs": ["of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000\u201314,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States, most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx. The wider New York City metropolitan statistical area, with over 20 million"]}
{"query": "NYC has the largest white population by how many people?", "answer": "2.7 million", "gold_docs": ["made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, Filipinos, and Malaysians and other Southeast Asians; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and Asian Indian immigrants. New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1"]}
{"query": "About how many people live in New York City's metropolitan area?", "answer": "20 million", "gold_docs": ["of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000\u201314,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States, most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx. The wider New York City metropolitan statistical area, with over 20 million"]}
{"query": "As of 2012, how many Jewish people lived in the New York metropolitan area?", "answer": "1.5 million", "gold_docs": ["people, about 50% greater than the second-place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States, is also ethnically diverse, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami. It is home to the largest Jewish and Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects predominantly from around the Middle East and"]}
{"query": "How many Hispanic people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "answer": "4.8 million", "gold_docs": ["Eastern Europe. The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million; and includes multiple established Chinatowns within New York City alone. Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to"]}
{"query": "Approximately how many Chinatowns exist in New York City?", "answer": "6", "gold_docs": ["average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans. New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City"]}
{"query": "Out of all African nations, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "answer": "Egypt", "gold_docs": ["the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America. Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area . The New York metropolitan area is home to a prominent self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at nearly 570,000 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24,"]}
{"query": "How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "answer": "568,903", "gold_docs": ["in the metropolitan area as of 2013. The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, ending at Greenwich Village, and rivals the Sao Paulo Gay Pride Parade as the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands"]}
{"query": "On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?", "answer": "June 24, 2011", "gold_docs": ["\"Fuck Ruben Diaz\" event. On June 24, 2011, D\u00edaz once again voted against same-sex marriage legislation; however, this time the measure successfully passed in the Senate by a vote of 33-29. Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bill minutes after the passage, making New York the sixth state in the United States to legalize same-sex marriage. The law went into effect on July 24, 2011, thirty days after it was signed, per state law. In 1994, while on the Civilian Complaint Review Board, D\u00edaz was critical of the city hosting the Gay Games, claiming that doing so would lead to an"]}
{"query": "How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. Charles Kaiser, author of \"The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America\", wrote that in the era after World War II, \"New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from within and without the United States: the place they chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and without shame.\" The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade rivals the Sao Paulo"]}
{"query": "Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?", "answer": "June 24, 2011", "gold_docs": ["ruling was on hold pending the outcome of an appeal filed by the state. See Judge Ling-Cohan's ruling in \"Hernandez v. Robles\" (PDF file) The decision was subsequently reversed by two appellate courts; however, same-sex marriage in the state of New York became legal on July 24, 2011, under the Marriage Equality Act, which was passed by the New York State Legislature on June 24, 2011 and signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo on the same day. Doris Ling-Cohan Doris Ling-Cohan () is a judge on the New York State Supreme Court, to which she was elected in 2002. In 2014,"]}
{"query": "Since Gay marriage became legal, how many days did people have to wait to marry?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. Charles Kaiser, author of \"The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America\", wrote that in the era after World War II, \"New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from within and without the United States: the place they chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and without shame.\" The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade rivals the Sao Paulo"]}
{"query": "What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians?", "answer": "59%", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith?", "answer": "33%", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "About how many Jews live in New York City?", "answer": "1.1 million", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "What borough has the largest population of Jewish people?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014?", "answer": "Christianity", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "The second most prominent religion in New York is what?", "answer": "Judaism", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion?", "answer": "24", "gold_docs": ["largest groups are followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious affiliation. New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. As of 2017, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city"]}
{"query": "The third most popular religion in NYC is what?", "answer": "Islam", "gold_docs": ["United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018. However, until the Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Christianity (59%) \u2014 made up of Roman Catholicism (33%), Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%) \u2014 is the most prevalent religion in New York, . It is followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents, over half of whom live in Brooklyn. The Jewish population makes up 18.4% of the city. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children. These three"]}
{"query": "What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?", "answer": "0.5", "gold_docs": ["largest groups are followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious affiliation. New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. As of 2017, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city"]}
{"query": "What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["largest groups are followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious affiliation. New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. As of 2017, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city"]}
{"query": "What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire?", "answer": "Michael R. Bloomberg", "gold_docs": ["based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria"]}
{"query": "What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan?", "answer": "$2,749", "gold_docs": ["largest groups are followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious affiliation. New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. As of 2017, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city"]}
{"query": "The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014?", "answer": "2,749", "gold_docs": ["largest groups are followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious affiliation. New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. As of 2017, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city"]}
{"query": "By 2013, which city had the most billionaires living in the city?", "answer": "New York City", "gold_docs": ["largest groups are followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious affiliation. New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. As of 2017, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city"]}
{"query": "What is the common name for New York's high technology sector?", "answer": "Silicon Alley", "gold_docs": ["in the world at 103, including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg. New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents. New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (currently about 3%) on its residents. New York is a global hub of business and commerce. The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley,"]}
{"query": "Who created the Global Economic Power Index that ranked New York first?", "answer": "The Atlantic", "gold_docs": ["effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is ; temperatures usually drop to several times per winter, and reach several days in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Port of New York and New Jersey deal with unprecedented cargo volume?", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["in the world at 103, including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg. New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents. New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (currently about 3%) on its residents. New York is a global hub of business and commerce. The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley,"]}
{"query": "In what year was New York ranked first on the Global Economic Power Index?", "answer": "2012", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "What fraction of New Yorkers in the private sector are employed by foreign companies?", "answer": "One out of ten", "gold_docs": ["metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine, handling record cargo volume in 2017, over 6.7 million TEUs. New York City's unemployment rate fell to its record low of 4.0% in September 2018. Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of multinational corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and"]}
{"query": "What was the 2015 assessed value of all the property in New York?", "answer": "US$914.8 billion", "gold_docs": ["City property was assessed at US$914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year. Manhattan has perennially been home to some of the nation's, as well as the world's, most valuable real estate, including the Time Warner Center, which had the highest-listed market value in the city in 2006 at US$1.1 billion, to be subsequently surpassed in October 2014 by the Waldorf Astoria New York, which became the most expensive hotel ever sold after being purchased by the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, for . When 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007, for US$510 million, about US$1,589 per"]}
{"query": "How much was Time Warner Center worth in 2006?", "answer": "US$1.1 billion", "gold_docs": ["tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013. Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year with 89% of the increase coming from market effects. The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New York City is home to some of the nation's\u2014and"]}
{"query": "Of the top 10 zip codes with the most expensive housing prices in the United States, how many are in Manhattan?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["the world's\u2014most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m\u00b2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m\u00b2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to \"Forbes\", in 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten ZIP Codes in the United States by median housing price. Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at US in 2017. , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic"]}
{"query": "Which building has the highest market value in NYC?", "answer": "Time Warner Center", "gold_docs": ["tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013. Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year with 89% of the increase coming from market effects. The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New York City is home to some of the nation's\u2014and"]}
{"query": "The previous record beaten by Park Avenue was for what real estate?", "answer": "660 Madison Avenue", "gold_docs": ["the world's\u2014most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m\u00b2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m\u00b2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to \"Forbes\", in 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten ZIP Codes in the United States by median housing price. Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at US in 2017. , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic"]}
{"query": "What is the popular name of New York's advertising industry?", "answer": "Madison Avenue", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "About how many people work in the New York fashion industry?", "answer": "180,000", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "About how much does it cost per year to pay workers in the New York fashion industry?", "answer": "$11 billion", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "With Interpublic Group, what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$21 billion?", "answer": "Omnicom Group", "gold_docs": ["the world's\u2014most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m\u00b2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m\u00b2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to \"Forbes\", in 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten ZIP Codes in the United States by median housing price. Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at US in 2017. , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic"]}
{"query": "NYC's fashion industry employs how many people?", "answer": "180,000", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?", "answer": "19,000", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?", "answer": "US$5 billion", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the garment business prominent?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "Where is the \"Chocolate District\" located?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "In what borough is Godiva based?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "What is the number one specialty food export of New York?", "answer": "Chocolate", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "What type of food is NYC's leading food export?", "answer": "Chocolate", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "Which one of the world's largest chocolate makers is stationed in Manhattan?", "answer": "Godiva", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "What percentage of New York private sector jobs are in the securities industry?", "answer": "5", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "How much tax revenue does the securities industry generate?", "answer": "US$3.8 billion", "gold_docs": ["(US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled"]}
{"query": "What is the average income in the New York securities industry?", "answer": "US$360,700", "gold_docs": ["(US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the city's wages does the securities industry provide?", "answer": "22", "gold_docs": ["(US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled"]}
{"query": "22 Percent of NYC's total wages are from what industry?", "answer": "The city's securities", "gold_docs": ["leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn , while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan. New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as \"Wall Street\". The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent"]}
{"query": "What is the street address of NASDAQ?", "answer": "165 Broadway", "gold_docs": ["(US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled"]}
{"query": "In 2012, how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street?", "answer": "$40 billion", "gold_docs": ["approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013\u201314, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy. In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association."]}
{"query": "Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?", "answer": "British Bankers Association", "gold_docs": ["approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013\u201314, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy. In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association."]}
{"query": "The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC?", "answer": "Wall Street", "gold_docs": ["approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013\u201314, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy. In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association."]}
{"query": "The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC?", "answer": "165 Broadway", "gold_docs": ["(US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled"]}
{"query": "How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have?", "answer": "46.5 million", "gold_docs": ["New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers. New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States. Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in the United States, while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m) in 2015,"]}
{"query": "About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan?", "answer": "400", "gold_docs": ["New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers. New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States. Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in the United States, while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m) in 2015,"]}
{"query": "How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015?", "answer": "500 million square feet", "gold_docs": ["New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers. New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States. Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in the United States, while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m) in 2015,"]}
{"query": "In what borough is Silicon Alley located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["is the largest central business district in the world. Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology (\"\"FinTech\"\"), and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$7.3 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises, most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High"]}
{"query": "What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations?", "answer": "140 West Street", "gold_docs": ["technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector. The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City,"]}
{"query": "How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City?", "answer": "US$3 billion", "gold_docs": ["technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector. The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City,"]}
{"query": "Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City?", "answer": "300,000", "gold_docs": ["technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector. The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City,"]}
{"query": "The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service?", "answer": "300,000", "gold_docs": ["technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector. The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City,"]}
{"query": "On what island is Cornell Tech located?", "answer": "Roosevelt Island", "gold_docs": ["based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria"]}
{"query": "About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014?", "answer": "US$30 million", "gold_docs": ["based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria"]}
{"query": "How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters?", "answer": "65,000", "gold_docs": ["million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6 million in 1940. The non-Hispanic white population has begun to increase since 2010. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People"]}
{"query": "In 2011, what school was built on Roosevelt Island?", "answer": "Cornell Tech", "gold_docs": ["based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria"]}
{"query": "How much money did tourism create for New York in 2014?", "answer": "US$61.3 billion", "gold_docs": ["of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017. Tourism had generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014, pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. \"I Love New York\" (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The"]}
{"query": "What English phrase does I \u2764 NY represent?", "answer": "I Love New York", "gold_docs": ["of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017. Tourism had generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014, pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. \"I Love New York\" (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The"]}
{"query": "When was I \u2764 NY first used in advertisements?", "answer": "1977", "gold_docs": ["of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017. Tourism had generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014, pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. \"I Love New York\" (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The"]}
{"query": "Who owns the trademark to I \u2764 NY?", "answer": "New York State Empire State Development", "gold_docs": ["trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York. Major tourist destinations include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations Headquarters; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day"]}
{"query": "What is the state song of New York?", "answer": "I Love New York", "gold_docs": ["of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017. Tourism had generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014, pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. \"I Love New York\" (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The"]}
{"query": "I Love New York was established as advertising in what year?", "answer": "1977", "gold_docs": ["of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017. Tourism had generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014, pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. \"I Love New York\" (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The"]}
{"query": "What is the state song of New York?", "answer": "I Love New York", "gold_docs": ["of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017. Tourism had generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014, pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. \"I Love New York\" (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The"]}
{"query": "What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade?", "answer": "Macy's", "gold_docs": ["trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York. Major tourist destinations include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations Headquarters; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day"]}
{"query": "At what location is a Christmas tree famously lit every year?", "answer": "Rockefeller Center", "gold_docs": ["Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower"]}
{"query": "Where in Central Park are performances offered at no cost?", "answer": "Summerstage", "gold_docs": ["Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the Unisphere located?", "answer": "Queens", "gold_docs": ["Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower"]}
{"query": "About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan?", "answer": "90,000", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "What was the percentage increase of Manhattan hotel rooms between 2013 and 2014?", "answer": "10%", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria?", "answer": "Anbang Insurance Group", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria?", "answer": "US$1.95 billion", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "The hotel that sold for the most money in 2014 was which in NYC?", "answer": "Waldorf Astoria New York", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014?", "answer": "90,000", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "Who bought the Waldorf Astoria hotel in NYC in 2014?", "answer": "Anbang Insurance Group", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars?", "answer": "1.95 billion", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "How many New Yorkers work in the television and film industry?", "answer": "130,000", "gold_docs": ["Manhattan skyline. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold. New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000"]}
{"query": "What United States city is the second most popular for pilot episode location filming?", "answer": "Los Angeles", "gold_docs": ["individuals; the filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York, contributing nearly US$9 billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015, and by volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production \u2013 one-third of all American independent films are produced in New York City. The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York. In the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013, with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American"]}
{"query": "Along with Warner Music Group, what top three record label is based in New York City?", "answer": "Sony Music Entertainment", "gold_docs": ["Warner Music Group Warner Music Group Inc. (WMG), also known as Warner Music or WEA International Inc., is an American multinational entertainment and record label conglomerate headquartered in New York City. It is one of the \"big three\" recording companies and the third largest in the global music industry, after Universal Music Group (UMG) and Sony Music Entertainment (SME). Formerly part of Time Warner (currently known as WarnerMedia), the company was publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange until May 2011, when it announced its privatization and sale to Access Industries, which was completed in July 2011. With a"]}
{"query": "What city is North America's biggest media market?", "answer": "New York City", "gold_docs": ["city for the same distinction during the 2013/2014 cycle. New York City is additionally a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony"]}
{"query": "Out of the top eight advertising agency networks in the world, how many are based in New York?", "answer": "Seven", "gold_docs": ["city for the same distinction during the 2013/2014 cycle. New York City is additionally a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony"]}
{"query": "How many people work in the New York publishing industry?", "answer": "25,000", "gold_docs": ["Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"The New York Times\", which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: \"The New York Daily News\","]}
{"query": "Which New York-based newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism?", "answer": "The New York Times", "gold_docs": ["Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"The New York Times\", which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: \"The New York Daily News\","]}
{"query": "Along with the New York Times, what national daily newspaper is based in New York?", "answer": "The Wall Street Journal", "gold_docs": ["Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"The New York Times\", which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: \"The New York Daily News\","]}
{"query": "What was the founding year of the New York Daily News?", "answer": "1919", "gold_docs": ["which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and \"The New York Post\", founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. \"El Diario La Prensa\" is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. \"The New York Amsterdam News\", published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. \"The Village Voice\", historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture."]}
{"query": "Who was the founder of the New York Post?", "answer": "Alexander Hamilton", "gold_docs": ["which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and \"The New York Post\", founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. \"El Diario La Prensa\" is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. \"The New York Amsterdam News\", published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. \"The Village Voice\", historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture."]}
{"query": "How many newspaper offices are located in New York?", "answer": "More than 200", "gold_docs": ["Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"The New York Times\", which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: \"The New York Daily News\","]}
{"query": "How many magazines can call NYC home?", "answer": "350", "gold_docs": ["Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"The New York Times\", which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: \"The New York Daily News\","]}
{"query": "Which two national newspapers are located in New York?", "answer": "The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times", "gold_docs": ["of the first financial research companies to effectively harness computing databases. Its two main products were Spectrum and Cadence Universe. Spectrum reported the holdings and transactions of investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, industry insiders and other institutional investors. Cadence Universe, for which it would become most well known, used portfolio analysis to measure the performance of those same money managers. By 1985, national newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times were reporting on its rankings of mutual funds and money managers. CDA grew to have offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Tokyo and"]}
{"query": "When was the New York Daily News founded?", "answer": "1919", "gold_docs": ["which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and \"The New York Post\", founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. \"El Diario La Prensa\" is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. \"The New York Amsterdam News\", published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. \"The Village Voice\", historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture."]}
{"query": "Along with ABC and NBC, what other major broadcaster is based in New York?", "answer": "CBS", "gold_docs": ["The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYC Media, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio"]}
{"query": "What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York?", "answer": "Comedy Central", "gold_docs": ["The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYC Media, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio"]}
{"query": "What cable news channel is based in New York?", "answer": "Fox News", "gold_docs": ["The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYC Media, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country?", "answer": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin?", "answer": "1971", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "What is the primary public television station in New York?", "answer": "WNET", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?", "answer": "WNYC", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?", "answer": "1997", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what?", "answer": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?", "answer": "1971", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York?", "answer": "WNYC", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "What city department runs the public school system?", "answer": "New York City Department of Education", "gold_docs": ["stations operating in the United States. New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United"]}
{"query": "How many students are in New York City public schools?", "answer": "1.1 million", "gold_docs": ["States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the"]}
{"query": "About how many public schools are there in New York City?", "answer": "1,700", "gold_docs": ["States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the"]}
{"query": "How many high schools for gifted students does New York City have?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the"]}
{"query": "How many students regularly attend schools in NYC?", "answer": "1.1 million", "gold_docs": ["States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the"]}
{"query": "How many highschools are specialized in NYC?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the"]}
{"query": "What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?", "answer": "New York City Charter School Center", "gold_docs": ["States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the"]}
{"query": "About how many private schools does New York have?", "answer": "900", "gold_docs": ["States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx. The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city. Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the"]}
{"query": "About how many students attend schools in the City University of New York system?", "answer": "half million", "gold_docs": ["United States and higher than other major global cities like London and Tokyo, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, Mercy College, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; several"]}
{"query": "What fraction of Manhattan residents graduated from college?", "answer": "three out of five", "gold_docs": ["United States and higher than other major global cities like London and Tokyo, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, Mercy College, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; several"]}
{"query": "What fraction of Manhattan residents have graduate degrees?", "answer": "one out of four", "gold_docs": ["United States and higher than other major global cities like London and Tokyo, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, Mercy College, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; several"]}
{"query": "The City University of New York system consists of how many institutions?", "answer": "24", "gold_docs": ["of these universities are ranked among the top universities in the world. The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, Fashion Institute of Technology, Parsons School of"]}
{"query": "What is the largest library in the United States?", "answer": "The New York Public Library", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "What is the second largest library in the US?", "answer": "Queens Borough Public Library", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the library system in Queens?", "answer": "Queens Borough Public Library", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "What is Brooklyn's public library system called?", "answer": "Brooklyn Public Library", "gold_docs": ["Brooklyn Public Library The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) is the public library system of the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City. It is the fifth largest public library system in the United States. Like the two other public library systems in New York City, it is an independent nonprofit organization that is funded by the New York City and State governments, the federal government, and private donors. In Fiscal Year 2009, Brooklyn Public Library had the highest program attendance of any public library system in the United States. The library currently promotes itself as Bklyn Public Library. In 1852,"]}
{"query": "Along with Staten Island and the Bronx, what borough is served by the New York Public Library?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "The largest municipal healthcare in the US is what?", "answer": "New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation", "gold_docs": ["College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, US$144,000 as of 2017. The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New"]}
{"query": "How many hospitals does HHC operate?", "answer": "11", "gold_docs": ["York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers. HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages. The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest"]}
{"query": "What is the yearly revenue of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation?", "answer": "$6.7 billion", "gold_docs": ["College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, US$144,000 as of 2017. The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New"]}
{"query": "How many patients are served annually by HHC?", "answer": "1.4 million", "gold_docs": ["College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, US$144,000 as of 2017. The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New"]}
{"query": "How many uninsured New Yorkers take advantage of HHC?", "answer": "475,000", "gold_docs": ["College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, US$144,000 as of 2017. The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New"]}
{"query": "In what year was the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation founded?", "answer": "1969", "gold_docs": ["York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers. HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages. The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest"]}
{"query": "How many nursing homes does HHC operate?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers. HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages. The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest"]}
{"query": "The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what?", "answer": "Bellevue Hospital", "gold_docs": ["York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers. HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages. The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest"]}
{"query": "Who is the president of HHC?", "answer": "Ramanathan Raju", "gold_docs": ["public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois. In August 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a"]}
{"query": "What was the first public hospital founded in the United States?", "answer": "Bellevue Hospital", "gold_docs": ["York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers. HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages. The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest"]}
{"query": "If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City, what hospital does he go to?", "answer": "Bellevue Hospital", "gold_docs": ["York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers. HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages. The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest"]}
{"query": "Who is the HHC president?", "answer": "Ramanathan Raju, MD", "gold_docs": ["public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois. In August 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a"]}
{"query": "In what state did the president of HHC previously work?", "answer": "Illinois", "gold_docs": ["public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois. In August 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a"]}
{"query": "What was the president of HHC's previous job title?", "answer": "CEO", "gold_docs": ["public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois. In August 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a"]}
{"query": "The largest police presence in the US is NYPD with how many people?", "answer": "35,000", "gold_docs": ["significant margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, \"New York's Finest\". Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New York City since the 1990s. In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program, which has undergone several policy revisions since then. In 2014, New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New"]}
{"query": "NYPD officers have a nickname that is known as what?", "answer": "New York's Finest", "gold_docs": ["significant margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, \"New York's Finest\". Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New York City since the 1990s. In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program, which has undergone several policy revisions since then. In 2014, New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New"]}
{"query": "About how many police work for the NYPD?", "answer": "35,000", "gold_docs": ["significant margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, \"New York's Finest\". Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New York City since the 1990s. In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program, which has undergone several policy revisions since then. In 2014, New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New"]}
{"query": "What is the nickname given to New York City Police Department officers?", "answer": "New York's Finest", "gold_docs": ["significant margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, \"New York's Finest\". Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New York City since the 1990s. In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program, which has undergone several policy revisions since then. In 2014, New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New"]}
{"query": "What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005?", "answer": "75%", "gold_docs": ["York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007, the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. In 2017, 60.1% of violent crime suspects were Black, 29.6% Hispanic, 6.5%"]}
{"query": "As of 2002, to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate?", "answer": "Provo, Utah", "gold_docs": ["York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007, the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. In 2017, 60.1% of violent crime suspects were Black, 29.6% Hispanic, 6.5%"]}
{"query": "In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007, the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. In 2017, 60.1% of violent crime suspects were Black, 29.6% Hispanic, 6.5%"]}
{"query": "The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what?", "answer": "Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards", "gold_docs": ["affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city. Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia,"]}
{"query": "What group controlled the Mafia in New York in the 20th century?", "answer": "the Five Families", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s?", "answer": "the Five Points", "gold_docs": ["affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city. Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia,"]}
{"query": "What was a notable 20th century gang in New York?", "answer": "the Black Spades", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "What is the largest fire department force in the world?", "answer": "Tokyo Fire Department", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "What is the second largest fire department force in the world?", "answer": "The New York City Fire Department", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "What is the The New York City Fire Department's motto?", "answer": "New York's Bravest", "gold_docs": ["and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is \"New York's Bravest\". The New York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in"]}
{"query": "What does FDNY stand for?", "answer": "New York City Fire Department", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "What city is home to the largest municipal fire department in the world?", "answer": "Tokyo", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "How many firefighters work for the New York City Fire Department?", "answer": "11,080", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs?", "answer": "3,300", "gold_docs": ["dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs"]}
{"query": "What is the motto of the New York City Fire Department?", "answer": "New York's Bravest", "gold_docs": ["and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is \"New York's Bravest\". The New York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in"]}
{"query": "New York is home to what largest transportation system in the world?", "answer": "subway systems", "gold_docs": ["and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is \"New York's Bravest\". The New York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in"]}
{"query": "What types of fires can start in parks and woodlands?", "answer": "brush fires", "gold_docs": ["and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is \"New York's Bravest\". The New York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in"]}
{"query": "What is the address for The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "answer": "9 MetroTech Center", "gold_docs": ["and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is \"New York's Bravest\". The New York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in"]}
{"query": "Which island is home to the Fire academy in NYC?", "answer": "Randalls Island", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "Which borough of NYC is home to the The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "What is the street address of the New York Fire Department headquarters?", "answer": "9 MetroTech Center", "gold_docs": ["and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is \"New York's Bravest\". The New York City Fire Department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the FDNY headquartered?", "answer": "Brooklyn", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "Where is the fire department's training academy located?", "answer": "Randalls Island", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "What is the street address of the Bureau of Fire Communications alarm office in Brooklyn?", "answer": "11 Metrotech Center", "gold_docs": ["Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings. The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public"]}
{"query": "Jazz became popular during which decade in NYC?", "answer": "1940s", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in"]}
{"query": "Which decade did hip hop start to surface in NYC?", "answer": "1970s", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the cultural development that defined the black American literary canon?", "answer": "the Harlem Renaissance", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in"]}
{"query": "What musical style was prominent in New York in the 1940s?", "answer": "jazz", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in"]}
{"query": "What artistic style was prominent in New York in the 1950s?", "answer": "abstract expressionism", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the new musical style that emerged from New York in the 1970s?", "answer": "hip hop", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in"]}
{"query": "The fashion capital of the world is what city in the US?", "answer": "New York City", "gold_docs": ["music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor. New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The"]}
{"query": "One of the biggest fashion shows in the world is named what in New York?", "answer": "New York Fashion Week", "gold_docs": ["music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor. New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The"]}
{"query": "By what other name is abstract expressionism known?", "answer": "the New York School", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the prominent fashion event that occurs in New York?", "answer": "New York Fashion Week", "gold_docs": ["music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor. New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The"]}
{"query": "Who ranked New York as the fashion capital of the world?", "answer": "the Global Language Monitor", "gold_docs": ["music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor. New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The"]}
{"query": "The Broadway Musical began in what decade?", "answer": "1880s", "gold_docs": ["city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George"]}
{"query": "Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City?", "answer": "500", "gold_docs": ["M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. New York City itself is the subject or background of many plays and musicals. Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square, also sometimes referred to as \"The Great White Way\". Forty-one venues in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013\u20132014 season, an"]}
{"query": "Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?", "answer": "42nd Street", "gold_docs": ["city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George"]}
{"query": "Who was Hart's writing partner?", "answer": "Harrigan", "gold_docs": ["city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George"]}
{"query": "About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City?", "answer": "2,000", "gold_docs": ["music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor. New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The"]}
{"query": "What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions? ", "answer": "electric lighting", "gold_docs": ["city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George"]}
{"query": "How many people attended Broadway shows during the 2013-2014 season?", "answer": "12.21 million", "gold_docs": ["11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million. Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and"]}
{"query": "What is the nickname of the Times Square Theater District?", "answer": "The Great White Way", "gold_docs": ["M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. New York City itself is the subject or background of many plays and musicals. Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square, also sometimes referred to as \"The Great White Way\". Forty-one venues in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013\u20132014 season, an"]}
{"query": "What was the dollar amount of the tickets sold on Broadway in 2013-14?", "answer": "US$1.27 billion", "gold_docs": ["M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. New York City itself is the subject or background of many plays and musicals. Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square, also sometimes referred to as \"The Great White Way\". Forty-one venues in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013\u20132014 season, an"]}
{"query": "What was the percentage increase in the Broadway ticket revenue from 2012-3 to 2013-4?", "answer": "11.4%", "gold_docs": ["11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million. Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and"]}
{"query": "How many people attended a Broadway show in the 2013-4 season?", "answer": "12.21 million", "gold_docs": ["11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million. Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and"]}
{"query": "How many mobile food vendors operate in New York City?", "answer": "4,000", "gold_docs": ["international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (or delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami and corned beef, respectively. Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs examples of modern New York street food."]}
{"query": "What public department inspects the restaurants of New York?", "answer": "New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene", "gold_docs": ["The city is home to \"nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world\", according to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results. New York City is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The majority of parades are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major"]}
{"query": "According to Michelin, about how many fine dining restaurants exist in New York?", "answer": "one thousand", "gold_docs": ["The city is home to \"nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world\", according to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results. New York City is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The majority of parades are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major"]}
{"query": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were created in what year?", "answer": "1882", "gold_docs": ["New Yorkers as it has been in the past. New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing"]}
{"query": "Which four of the world's most expensive stadiums are located in NYC?", "answer": "MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field", "gold_docs": ["leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues located in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas"]}
{"query": "Which two sports stadiums of New York City were featured on US stamps?", "answer": "the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field", "gold_docs": ["leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues located in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas"]}
{"query": "In what year were the Brooklyn Dodgers founded?", "answer": "1882", "gold_docs": ["New Yorkers as it has been in the past. New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing"]}
{"query": "What professional soccer organization is headquartered in New York?", "answer": "Major League Soccer", "gold_docs": ["New Yorkers as it has been in the past. New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing"]}
{"query": "How many professional sports leagues have their headquarters in New York?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues located in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas"]}
{"query": "NYC is known as the Capital of which sport?", "answer": "Baseball", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won?", "answer": "35", "gold_docs": ["leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues located in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas"]}
{"query": "It is one of only five areas to contain two teams of what sport?", "answer": "Baseball", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "How many minor league baseball teams are there in NYC?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "How many World Series have New York teams won?", "answer": "35", "gold_docs": ["leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues located in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas"]}
{"query": "How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won?", "answer": "73", "gold_docs": ["leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues located in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas"]}
{"query": "How many professional baseball teams are located in New York?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "How many times have two teams from New York played against each other in the World Series?", "answer": "14", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "What is the nickname for a World Series where two New York teams play against each other?", "answer": "Subway Series", "gold_docs": ["(Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in , St. Louis in , and the San Francisco Bay Area in ). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at"]}
{"query": "The New York Giants and the New York Jets place at which stadium in NYC?", "answer": "MetLife Stadium", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "When was the most recent superbowl held in NYC for football?", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "Along what the New York Jets, what NFL team is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Giants", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "What stadium do the New York Jets call home?", "answer": "MetLife Stadium", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "What city is MetLife Stadium located in?", "answer": "East Rutherford, New Jersey", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "What Super Bowl took place at MetLife Stadium?", "answer": "Super Bowl XLVIII", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "In what year did a Super Bowl occur at MetLife Stadium?", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play?", "answer": "Newark", "gold_docs": ["at Barclays Center in Brooklyn and are planning a return to Nassau County by way of a new arena just outside the border with Queens at Belmont Park. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market. The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the"]}
{"query": "In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?", "answer": "Newark, New Jersey", "gold_docs": ["at Barclays Center in Brooklyn and are planning a return to Nassau County by way of a new arena just outside the border with Queens at Belmont Park. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market. The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the"]}
{"query": "What sport do the New York Rangers play?", "answer": "Hockey", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "Along with the New York Rangers, what NHL franchise is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Islanders", "gold_docs": ["the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees. The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, currently play"]}
{"query": "New York City's women's basketball team is called what?", "answer": "New York Liberty", "gold_docs": ["at Barclays Center in Brooklyn and are planning a return to Nassau County by way of a new arena just outside the border with Queens at Belmont Park. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market. The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the"]}
{"query": "The first college basketball championship took place in NYC in what year?", "answer": "1938", "gold_docs": ["National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA. In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the"]}
{"query": "What Women's National Basketball Association team is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Liberty", "gold_docs": ["at Barclays Center in Brooklyn and are planning a return to Nassau County by way of a new arena just outside the border with Queens at Belmont Park. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market. The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the collegiate basketball championship that takes place in New York?", "answer": "National Invitation Tournament", "gold_docs": ["National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA. In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the"]}
{"query": "In what year was the inaugural National Invitation Tournament?", "answer": "1938", "gold_docs": ["National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA. In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the"]}
{"query": "Along with the Brooklyn Nets, what NBA team is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Knicks", "gold_docs": ["at Barclays Center in Brooklyn and are planning a return to Nassau County by way of a new arena just outside the border with Queens at Belmont Park. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market. The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the"]}
{"query": "Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships?", "answer": "Queens", "gold_docs": ["in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races,"]}
{"query": "The oldest, longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what?", "answer": "Belmont Stakes", "gold_docs": ["in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races,"]}
{"query": "Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships?", "answer": "1930 and 1939", "gold_docs": ["held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club. The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale, Bronx at Gaelic Park, home to the New York GAA, the only North American team to compete at the senior inter-county level. New York City's comprehensive transportation system is both complex and extensive. Mass transit in New York City, most of"]}
{"query": "The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC?", "answer": "Madison Square Garden", "gold_docs": ["in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races,"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the National Tennis Center located?", "answer": "Queens", "gold_docs": ["in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races,"]}
{"query": "How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?", "answer": "37,866", "gold_docs": ["the four annual Grand Slam tournaments. The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004\u20132006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized"]}
{"query": "What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?", "answer": "Millrose Games", "gold_docs": ["in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races,"]}
{"query": "At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place?", "answer": "Madison Square Garden", "gold_docs": ["in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races,"]}
{"query": "In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located?", "answer": "the Bronx", "gold_docs": ["million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present. New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of"]}
{"query": "Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?", "answer": "New York City Subway system", "gold_docs": ["which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area. The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with , and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York"]}
{"query": "How many stations does the  New York City Subway system contain?", "answer": "469", "gold_docs": ["to traverse the system was documented in a short film entitled \"New Lots\". A 2003 Class B attempt was the main topic of a Discovery Times Channel documentary on the subway. Subway Challenge The Subway Challenge is a challenge in which participants must navigate the entire New York City Subway system in the shortest time possible. This ride is also known as the Rapid Transit Challenge and the Ultimate Ride. Although the challenge requires competitors to stop at all stations, no person holds that record. One competitor holds the record for 469 stations, as he had competed before the January"]}
{"query": "What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?", "answer": "Grand Central Station", "gold_docs": ["City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015, while Grand Central Terminal, also referred to as \"Grand Central Station\", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms. Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace. According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an"]}
{"query": "What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work?", "answer": "54.6", "gold_docs": ["City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015, while Grand Central Terminal, also referred to as \"Grand Central Station\", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms. Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace. According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an"]}
{"query": "What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car?", "answer": "22", "gold_docs": ["average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans. New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City"]}
{"query": "In 2005, what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work?", "answer": "54.6%", "gold_docs": ["City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015, while Grand Central Terminal, also referred to as \"Grand Central Station\", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms. Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace. According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Americans drive cars to work?", "answer": "90%", "gold_docs": ["by car. The rise of suburbs and the need for workers to commute to cities brought about the popularity of automobiles. In 2001, 90% of Americans drove to work by car. Lower energy and land costs favor the production of relatively large, powerful cars. The culture in the 1950s and 1960s often catered to the automobile with motels and drive-in restaurants. Outside of the relatively few urban areas, it is considered a necessity for most Americans to own and drive cars. New York City is the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do"]}
{"query": "What percentage of New York households don't own an automobile?", "answer": "52%", "gold_docs": ["average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans. New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile?", "answer": "22%", "gold_docs": ["average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans. New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City"]}
{"query": "The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what?", "answer": "Port Authority Bus Terminal", "gold_docs": ["in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and"]}
{"query": "How many buses visit the Port Authority Bus Terminal each day?", "answer": "7,000", "gold_docs": ["in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and"]}
{"query": "How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and"]}
{"query": "What is New York's primary bus terminal?", "answer": "Port Authority Bus Terminal", "gold_docs": ["in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and"]}
{"query": "The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport", "gold_docs": ["one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; , JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by"]}
{"query": "In 2011, what airport did the most international travelers in North America visit?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy International Airport", "gold_docs": ["one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; , JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by"]}
{"query": "What city is Stewart International Airport located close to?", "answer": "Newburgh, New York", "gold_docs": ["one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; , JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by"]}
{"query": "The world's most popular ferry route is which in NYC? ", "answer": "The Staten Island Ferry", "gold_docs": ["the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities. Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton\u2013Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport. The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying over 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day. Other ferry"]}
{"query": "How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run?", "answer": "24", "gold_docs": ["the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities. Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton\u2013Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport. The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying over 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day. Other ferry"]}
{"query": "Staring in State Island, in what borough does the Staten Island Ferry's route terminate?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities. Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton\u2013Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport. The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying over 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day. Other ferry"]}
{"query": "How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually?", "answer": "20 million", "gold_docs": ["of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000\u201314,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States, most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx. The wider New York City metropolitan statistical area, with over 20 million"]}
{"query": "Which bridge in NYC is the busiest in the world?", "answer": "The George Washington Bridge", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "The biggest suspension bridge in the US is what?", "answer": "The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "The bridge made with steel-wire is which in NYC?", "answer": "The Brooklyn Bridge", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "The Brooklyn Bridge was the worlds largest until what date?", "answer": "1903", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "What is the busiest bridge for cars in the world?", "answer": "George Washington Bridge", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "Starting in Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county?", "answer": "Bergen", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "What is the longest suspension bridge in the United States?", "answer": "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "What style of architecture was used to design the Brooklyn Bridge?", "answer": "neo-Gothic", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Brooklyn Bridge cease to be the world's longest suspension bridge?", "answer": "1903", "gold_docs": ["an extensive infrastructure of well-known bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903,"]}
{"query": "Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC?", "answer": "The Lincoln Tunnel", "gold_docs": ["and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world; the Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism. Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New"]}
{"query": "The Holland Tunnel opened in what year?", "answer": "1927", "gold_docs": ["Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin"]}
{"query": "The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year?", "answer": "1940", "gold_docs": ["Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?", "answer": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt", "gold_docs": ["Authority's chief engineer, Ole Singstad, was tasked with designing the tunnel. By the end of the month, the first bids for the tunnel were advertised. A groundbreaking ceremony for the tunnel was held on the Queens side on October 1, 1936, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in attendance. Shortly afterward, the New York City Tunnel Authority awarded the first contracts for the tunnel's construction. Test bores for the tubes were started later that month. These exploratory bores utilized diamond-tipped drills, which were operated from flat-bottomed boats and drilled vertically downward into the riverbed. By November 1936, the test bores had"]}
{"query": "How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily?", "answer": "120,000", "gold_docs": ["and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world; the Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism. Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New"]}
{"query": "What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin"]}
{"query": "In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate?", "answer": "Jersey City", "gold_docs": ["Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin"]}
{"query": "Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else?", "answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "gold_docs": ["Authority's chief engineer, Ole Singstad, was tasked with designing the tunnel. By the end of the month, the first bids for the tunnel were advertised. A groundbreaking ceremony for the tunnel was held on the Queens side on October 1, 1936, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in attendance. Shortly afterward, the New York City Tunnel Authority awarded the first contracts for the tunnel's construction. Test bores for the tubes were started later that month. These exploratory bores utilized diamond-tipped drills, which were operated from flat-bottomed boats and drilled vertically downward into the riverbed. By November 1936, the test bores had"]}
{"query": "How many daily bicycle riders are there in NYC?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States, and in 2018, \"Stacker\" ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share"]}
{"query": "Each day, about how many New Yorkers bike?", "answer": "200,000", "gold_docs": ["New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States, and in 2018, \"Stacker\" ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share"]}
{"query": "About what percentage of New York City travel is done by bike or on foot?", "answer": "21%", "gold_docs": ["New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States, and in 2018, \"Stacker\" ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share"]}
{"query": "What company paid for 10,000 bikes for the city's bicycle sharing program?", "answer": "Citibank", "gold_docs": ["New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States, and in 2018, \"Stacker\" ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share"]}
{"query": "Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing?", "answer": "Quinnipiac University", "gold_docs": ["project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013. The city government was a petitioner in the landmark \"Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency\" Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014"]}
{"query": "From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?", "answer": "Catskill Mountains", "gold_docs": ["and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive \"Green Buildings\" plan. New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The city's municipal water system is the largest in the United States, moving over one billion gallons of water per day. The Croton Watershed north of"]}
{"query": "How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed?", "answer": "US$3.2 billion", "gold_docs": ["the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history, with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020. In 2018, New York City announced a US$1 billion"]}
{"query": "After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?", "answer": "290 million gallons", "gold_docs": ["the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history, with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020. In 2018, New York City announced a US$1 billion"]}
{"query": "What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished?", "answer": "20%", "gold_docs": ["the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history, with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020. In 2018, New York City announced a US$1 billion"]}
{"query": "In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed?", "answer": "north", "gold_docs": ["and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive \"Green Buildings\" plan. New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The city's municipal water system is the largest in the United States, moving over one billion gallons of water per day. The Croton Watershed north of"]}
{"query": "How many members are on the NYC city council?", "answer": "51", "gold_docs": ["New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor\u2013council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, which is reset after a four-year break. The \"New York"]}
{"query": "How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor\u2013council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, which is reset after a four-year break. The \"New York"]}
{"query": "What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?", "answer": "four-year", "gold_docs": ["New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor\u2013council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, which is reset after a four-year break. The \"New York"]}
{"query": "How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor\u2013council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, which is reset after a four-year break. The \"New York"]}
{"query": "What is the official journal of New York City?", "answer": "the City Record", "gold_docs": ["Department of Personnel. The New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS) is the department of the government of New York City that manages, leases and purchases city real property; operates manages and repairs courthouses and other city-owned public buildings; administers an energy conservation program; purchases supplies, materials and equipment for use by city agencies; is responsible for citywide fleet management including operation and maintenance of a motor vehicle pool; and supports government recruitment. It also publishes \"The City Record\", the official journal of New York City. Its regulations are compiled in title 55 of the \"New York City"]}
{"query": "If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor\u2013council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, which is reset after a four-year break. The \"New York"]}
{"query": "Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC?", "answer": "Democrats", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "In 2008, what percentage of voters were democrats?", "answer": "67", "gold_docs": ["as opposed to 9% for John McCain. Another Pew survey, conducted after the election, found that 67% of voters thought that the press fairly covered Obama, versus 30% who viewed the coverage as unfair. Regarding McCain, 53% of voters viewed his press coverage as fair versus 44% who characterized it as unfair. Among affiliated Democrats, 83% believed the press fairly covered Obama; just 22% of Republicans thought the press was fair to McCain. At the February debate, Tim Russert of NBC News was criticized for what some perceived as disproportionately tough questioning of Democratic presidential contender Hillary Clinton. Among the"]}
{"query": "Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?", "answer": "Barack Obama", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?", "answer": "1924", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "Which president won all of NYC in 1924?", "answer": "Calvin Coolidge", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "What party are most public officials of New York members of?", "answer": "Democratic Party", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City?", "answer": "1924", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?", "answer": "Republican", "gold_docs": ["also on Foley Square in Manhattan. The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993. He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any"]}
{"query": "As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?", "answer": "43,523", "gold_docs": ["Design, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College. Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions ; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan\u2013Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical"]}
{"query": "Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?", "answer": "Roosevelt Island", "gold_docs": ["College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, US$144,000 as of 2017. The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New"]}
{"query": "As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?", "answer": "127", "gold_docs": ["Design, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College. Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions ; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan\u2013Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical"]}
{"query": "How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year?", "answer": "one million", "gold_docs": ["ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011. Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American"]}
{"query": "What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC?", "answer": "one third", "gold_docs": ["of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency department and hospital-based clinic visits in New York City. The most well known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital - the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become ill or injured while in New York City. The current president and CEO of NYC Health + Hospitals is Dr. Mitchell Katz. The organization underwent a rebranding initiative in November 2015, shortening its name from 40 characters"]}
{"query": "Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?", "answer": "lead", "gold_docs": ["White, 3.6% Asian and 0.2% American Indian. New York City experienced 292 homicides in 2017, Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely"]}
{"query": "The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?", "answer": "crack", "gold_docs": ["White, 3.6% Asian and 0.2% American Indian. New York City experienced 292 homicides in 2017, Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely"]}
{"query": "In what library can the book New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 be found?", "answer": "the National Library of Australia", "gold_docs": ["Library serves Brooklyn. New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book containing a series of essays titled \"New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940\u20131965\" has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, \"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.\" Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in"]}
{"query": "What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world?", "answer": "Baruch College", "gold_docs": ["Library serves Brooklyn. New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book containing a series of essays titled \"New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940\u20131965\" has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, \"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.\" Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in"]}
{"query": "Along with Latvia, the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world?", "answer": "Iceland", "gold_docs": ["Library serves Brooklyn. New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book containing a series of essays titled \"New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940\u20131965\" has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, \"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.\" Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million. Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and"]}
{"query": "In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?", "answer": "Upper West Side", "gold_docs": ["11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million. Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and"]}
{"query": "In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located?", "answer": "Union Square", "gold_docs": ["Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park. New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than"]}
{"query": "At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located?", "answer": "New York University", "gold_docs": ["Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park. New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than"]}
{"query": "In what New York park can one find performances at no cost?", "answer": "Central Park", "gold_docs": ["Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park. New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than"]}
{"query": "What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on?", "answer": "Fifth Avenue", "gold_docs": ["one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, although its museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City. New York City's food culture includes an array of"]}
{"query": "In what borough is Museum Mile located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park. New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than"]}
{"query": "When was the Guggenheim built?", "answer": "1959", "gold_docs": ["one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, although its museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City. New York City's food culture includes an array of"]}
{"query": "In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street?", "answer": "2012", "gold_docs": ["one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, although its museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City. New York City's food culture includes an array of"]}
{"query": "In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located?", "answer": "Upper East Side", "gold_docs": ["Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park. New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than"]}
{"query": "Along with New Yorkese, what is another name for the New York dialect?", "answer": "Brooklynese", "gold_docs": ["Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan. The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as \"Brooklynese\" or \"New Yorkese\". It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; therefore the pronunciation of the city name as \"New Yawk.\" There is no in words like \"park\" or (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the"]}
{"query": "What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in?", "answer": "All in the Family", "gold_docs": ["and \"oil\" is pronounced \"erl\"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like \"Joizey\" (Jersey), \"Toidy-Toid Street\" (33rd St.) and \"terlet\" (toilet). The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom \"All in the Family\" (played by Carroll O'Connor) was an example of having used this pattern of speech. The classic version of the New York City dialect is generally centered on middle and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general"]}
{"query": "What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker?", "answer": "Carroll O'Connor", "gold_docs": ["and \"oil\" is pronounced \"erl\"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like \"Joizey\" (Jersey), \"Toidy-Toid Street\" (33rd St.) and \"terlet\" (toilet). The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom \"All in the Family\" (played by Carroll O'Connor) was an example of having used this pattern of speech. The classic version of the New York City dialect is generally centered on middle and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general"]}
{"query": "What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city?", "answer": "New Yawk", "gold_docs": ["Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan. The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as \"Brooklynese\" or \"New Yorkese\". It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; therefore the pronunciation of the city name as \"New Yawk.\" There is no in words like \"park\" or (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the"]}
{"query": "What Major League Soccer franchise is based in New York?", "answer": "New York City FC", "gold_docs": ["National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA. In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the"]}
{"query": "What stadium does the New York City FC call home?", "answer": "Yankee Stadium", "gold_docs": ["National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA. In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the"]}
{"query": "In what city are the New York Red Bulls based?", "answer": "Harrison, New Jersey", "gold_docs": ["National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA. In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the"]}
{"query": "What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos?", "answer": "Pel\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["1975 New York Cosmos season The 1975 New York Cosmos season was the fifth season for the New York Cosmos in the now-defunct North American Soccer League. In the Cosmos' fifth year of existence the club finished 3rd in the five-team Northern Division and 12th out of 20 in the overall league table. Despite Pel\u00e9 joining the club midseason in what English writer Gavin Newsham said was \"the transfer coup of the century,\" bringing unprecedented attention to soccer in the United States, the Cosmos missed the playoffs for the second straight year. \"Pld = Games Played, W = Wins, L"]}
{"query": "At what institution of higher education is James M. Shuart Stadium located?", "answer": "Hofstra University", "gold_docs": ["city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York. The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center"]}
{"query": "What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?", "answer": "two-thirds", "gold_docs": ["which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area. The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with , and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York"]}
{"query": "How many rail lines are there on New York City's commuter rail network?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems. For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station"]}
{"query": "About how many stations does New York City's commuter rail network have?", "answer": "250", "gold_docs": ["to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems. For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station"]}
{"query": "The AirTrain has a station at what airport?", "answer": "JFK International Airport", "gold_docs": ["to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems. For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station"]}
{"query": "In what borough is Pennsylvania Station located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities. The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly"]}
{"query": "How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities. The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly"]}
{"query": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia?", "answer": "PATCO Speedline", "gold_docs": ["in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and"]}
{"query": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States?", "answer": "Copenhagen Metro", "gold_docs": ["in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and"]}
{"query": "What does the acronym PATH stand for?", "answer": "Port Authority Trans-Hudson", "gold_docs": ["on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities. The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly"]}
{"query": "Along with the East Side Access project and 7 Subway Extension, what heavy-rail project is being built in New York City?", "answer": "the Second Avenue Subway", "gold_docs": ["in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro). Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension. New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world. New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and"]}
{"query": "About how many yellow cabs operate in New York?", "answer": "12,000", "gold_docs": ["systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area. NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017, with second graders choosing the names of the ferries. Meanwhile, Seastreak ferry announced construction of a 600-passenger high-speed luxury ferry in September 2016, to shuttle riders between the Jersey Shore and Manhattan, anticipated to start service in 2017; this would be the largest vessel in its class. Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs; various competing startup transportation network companies; and"]}
{"query": "Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate?", "answer": "Manhattan Island", "gold_docs": ["an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island. Ride-sharing services have become significant competition for cab drivers in New York. Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively. New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link"]}
{"query": "What industry is Broadway associated with?", "answer": "the theater", "gold_docs": ["an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island. Ride-sharing services have become significant competition for cab drivers in New York. Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively. New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link"]}
{"query": "What industry is Wall Street associated with?", "answer": "finance", "gold_docs": ["an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island. Ride-sharing services have become significant competition for cab drivers in New York. Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively. New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link"]}
{"query": "What industry is Madison Avenue associated with?", "answer": "advertising", "gold_docs": ["an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island. Ride-sharing services have become significant competition for cab drivers in New York. Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively. New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link"]}
{"query": "What New York street is associated with fashion?", "answer": "Seventh Avenue", "gold_docs": ["an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island. Ride-sharing services have become significant competition for cab drivers in New York. Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively. New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link"]}
{"query": "At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams?", "answer": "rush hour", "gold_docs": ["the city's boroughs to each other and to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour. New York City is also known for its rules regarding turning at red lights. Unlike the rest of the United States, New York State prohibits right or left turns on red in cities with a population greater than one"]}
{"query": "What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on?", "answer": "Long Island", "gold_docs": ["million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present. New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of"]}
{"query": "Queens is located on what part of Long Island?", "answer": "the west end", "gold_docs": ["million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present. New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of"]}
{"query": "What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?", "answer": "Structural Expressionism", "gold_docs": ["and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world; the Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism. Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New"]}
{"query": "How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010?", "answer": "3,715", "gold_docs": ["D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel (officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn. New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America."]}
{"query": "What percentage of the New York City cab fleet was clean diesel or hybrid in 2010?", "answer": "28%", "gold_docs": ["D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel (officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn. New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America."]}
{"query": "What percent reduction of greenhouse gases does Mayor de Blasio want to see by 2050?", "answer": "80%", "gold_docs": ["project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013. The city government was a petitioner in the landmark \"Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency\" Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a notable green office building in New York?", "answer": "Hearst Tower", "gold_docs": ["project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013. The city government was a petitioner in the landmark \"Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency\" Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014"]}
{"query": "What legal case sought to compel the Environmental Protection Agency to regular greenhouse gases?", "answer": "Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency", "gold_docs": ["project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013. The city government was a petitioner in the landmark \"Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency\" Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014"]}
{"query": "How long is Newtown Creek in kilometers?", "answer": "6", "gold_docs": ["average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans. New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City"]}
{"query": "What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek?", "answer": "the Greenpoint oil spill", "gold_docs": ["about 150 locations. Newtown Creek, a a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities. One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country, containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system, and other accumulation."]}
{"query": "In what year did New York City adopt the mayor-council form of government?", "answer": "1898", "gold_docs": ["New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor\u2013council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, which is reset after a four-year break. The \"New York"]}
{"query": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in Brooklyn?", "answer": "Second", "gold_docs": ["City Administrative Code\", the \"New York City Rules\", and the \"City Record\" are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively. Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."]}
{"query": "In what borough is the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["City Administrative Code\", the \"New York City Rules\", and the \"City Record\" are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively. Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."]}
{"query": "What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of?", "answer": "executive", "gold_docs": ["City Administrative Code\", the \"New York City Rules\", and the \"City Record\" are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively. Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System."]}
{"query": "In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York,"]}
{"query": "What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?", "answer": "the Eastern District of New York", "gold_docs": ["Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York,"]}
{"query": "What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?", "answer": "Foley Square", "gold_docs": ["Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York,"]}
{"query": "What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?", "answer": "the District Court for the Eastern District of New York", "gold_docs": ["Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York,"]}
{"query": "In what borough is the New York City Hall found?", "answer": "Manhattan", "gold_docs": ["Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York,"]}
{"query": "How much money in cents does New York City receive for every dollar paid in federal taxes?", "answer": "83", "gold_docs": ["of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also spent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009\u20132010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return. In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed \"New York City Global Partners\". Through this program, New York City has expanded its international outreach to a network of cities"]}
{"query": "How much more money does the city give to the state of New York annually than it receives?", "answer": "$11 billion", "gold_docs": ["Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's"]}
{"query": "What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.?", "answer": "New York City Global Partners", "gold_docs": ["of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also spent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009\u20132010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return. In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed \"New York City Global Partners\". Through this program, New York City has expanded its international outreach to a network of cities"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. have its name changed?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also spent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009\u20132010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return. In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed \"New York City Global Partners\". Through this program, New York City has expanded its international outreach to a network of cities"]}
{"query": "When did To Kill a Mockingbird first get circulated?", "answer": "1960", "gold_docs": ["book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the"]}
{"query": "Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Harper Lee", "gold_docs": ["book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Harper Lee", "gold_docs": ["book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the"]}
{"query": "What year was To Kill a Mockingbird first published?", "answer": "1960", "gold_docs": ["book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the"]}
{"query": "Whom did Lee base the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird on?", "answer": "her family and neighbors", "gold_docs": ["was the basis for the character Dill in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". The plot and characters of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel deals with the irrationality of adult attitudes towards race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s, as depicted through the eyes of two children. The novel was inspired by racist attitudes in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. Another novel, \"Go Set a Watchman\", was written in"]}
{"query": "To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?", "answer": "United States", "gold_docs": ["The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets. Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by several authors and public figures, calls the book \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked"]}
{"query": "Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?", "answer": "racial injustice and the destruction of innocence", "gold_docs": ["father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. Historian, J Crespino explains, \"In the twentieth century, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\" As a Southern Gothic and \"Bildungsroman\" novel, the primary themes of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South."]}
{"query": "Which region of America was the novel set in?", "answer": "Deep South", "gold_docs": ["father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. Historian, J Crespino explains, \"In the twentieth century, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\" As a Southern Gothic and \"Bildungsroman\" novel, the primary themes of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South."]}
{"query": "What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?", "answer": "racial epithets", "gold_docs": ["The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets. Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by several authors and public figures, calls the book \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked"]}
{"query": "Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people?", "answer": "Mary McDonough Murphy", "gold_docs": ["The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets. Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by several authors and public figures, calls the book \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked"]}
{"query": "In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets. Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by several authors and public figures, calls the book \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked"]}
{"query": "When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville, Alabama?", "answer": "1990", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?", "answer": "Robert Mulligan", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume?", "answer": "Bible", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film?", "answer": "Horton Foote", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "Who directed the 1962 film?", "answer": "Robert Mulligan", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "What is Harper Lee's hometown?", "answer": "Monroeville, Alabama", "gold_docs": ["book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the"]}
{"query": "When did Harper Lee pass away?", "answer": "February 2016", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Lee's second published work?", "answer": "Go Set a Watchman", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "When did Lee die?", "answer": "February 2016", "gold_docs": ["the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity"]}
{"query": "Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?", "answer": "Truman Capote", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?", "answer": "1950", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?", "answer": "Alabama", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "What year was Harper Lee born?", "answer": "1926", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?", "answer": "Truman Capote", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "Where did Lee attend college?", "answer": "Huntingdon College", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "Where did Lee attend law school?", "answer": "University of Alabama", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "J. B. Lippincott", "gold_docs": ["New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott, who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterruptedly for a year. After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", fell into"]}
{"query": "The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?", "answer": "Go Set a Watchman", "gold_docs": ["New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott, who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterruptedly for a year. After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", fell into"]}
{"query": "Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Tay Hohoff", "gold_docs": ["the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey, known professionally as Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed, \"[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,\" she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott, but as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, \"more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.\" During the following two and a half years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form. After the \"Watchman\" title was rejected, it was re-titled \"Atticus\""]}
{"query": "What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?", "answer": "Therese von Hohoff Torrey", "gold_docs": ["the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey, known professionally as Tay Hohoff. Hohoff was impressed, \"[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,\" she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott, but as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, \"more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.\" During the following two and a half years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form. After the \"Watchman\" title was rejected, it was re-titled \"Atticus\""]}
{"query": "What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?", "answer": "lawyer", "gold_docs": ["the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The \"Watchman\" manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed. \"Watchman\" contains early versions of many of the characters from \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, \"Mockingbird\" was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing \"Mockingbird\" first, \"Watchman\" last,"]}
{"query": "Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?", "answer": "Her father", "gold_docs": ["the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The \"Watchman\" manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed. \"Watchman\" contains early versions of many of the characters from \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, \"Mockingbird\" was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing \"Mockingbird\" first, \"Watchman\" last,"]}
{"query": "What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate?", "answer": "July 11, 1960", "gold_docs": ["but Lee renamed it \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to reflect that the story went beyond a character portrait. The book was published on July 11, 1960. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I"]}
{"query": "What publication's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure?", "answer": "Reader's Digest Condensed Books", "gold_docs": ["hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected. Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", \"Reader's Digest Condensed Books\" chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print. The story takes place during three years (1933\u201335) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise"]}
{"query": "How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["Finch (nicknamed Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jeremy (nicknamed Jem), and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and few of them have seen him for many years. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his"]}
{"query": "How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person. Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout"]}
{"query": "Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?", "answer": "Dill", "gold_docs": ["Finch (nicknamed Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jeremy (nicknamed Jem), and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and few of them have seen him for many years. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the town the story takes place in?", "answer": "Maycomb, Alabama", "gold_docs": ["hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected. Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", \"Reader's Digest Condensed Books\" chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print. The story takes place during three years (1933\u201335) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise"]}
{"query": "In what historical era does the book take place?", "answer": "the Great Depression", "gold_docs": ["hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected. Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", \"Reader's Digest Condensed Books\" chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print. The story takes place during three years (1933\u201335) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?", "answer": "Mayella Ewell", "gold_docs": ["house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person. Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?", "answer": "Tom Robinson", "gold_docs": ["house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person. Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout"]}
{"query": "Who stopped the mob by shaming them?", "answer": "Scout, Jem, and Dill", "gold_docs": ["is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's perspective. Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her"]}
{"query": "What are the names of Atticus Finch's children in the book?", "answer": "Jem and Scout", "gold_docs": ["is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's perspective. Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her"]}
{"query": "Where do Jem, Scout, and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson?", "answer": "balcony", "gold_docs": ["is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's perspective. Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her"]}
{"query": "Where do the three children watch the trial?", "answer": "the colored balcony", "gold_docs": ["is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's perspective. Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her"]}
{"query": "What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?", "answer": "shot and killed", "gold_docs": ["father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk\u2014are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom, and that her father caught her and beat her. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. Jem's faith in justice becomes badly shaken, as is Atticus', when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison. Despite Tom's conviction, Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial, Atticus explaining that he \"destroyed [Ewell's] last shred of credibility at that trial.\" Ewell vows revenge, spitting in Atticus' face, trying to break into"]}
{"query": "Who did Bob Ewell attack during the story?", "answer": "Jem and Scout", "gold_docs": ["the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley. Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be"]}
{"query": "What event did Jem and Scout attend right before they were attacked at night?", "answer": "Halloween pageant", "gold_docs": ["the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley. Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be"]}
{"query": "Who saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell?", "answer": "Boo Radley", "gold_docs": ["the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley. Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be"]}
{"query": "Who attacked Scout and Jem?", "answer": "Bob Ewell", "gold_docs": ["the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley. Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be"]}
{"query": "Who rescued Scout and Jem?", "answer": "Boo Radley", "gold_docs": ["the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley. Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the police officer who discovered Bob Ewell's body?", "answer": "Sheriff Tate", "gold_docs": ["the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley. Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be"]}
{"query": "According to Sheriff Tate's story, how did Ewell die?", "answer": "fell on his own knife", "gold_docs": ["responsible). Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again. While standing on the Radley porch, Scout imagines life from Boo's perspective, and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them. Scout then goes back home to Atticus and stays up with him for a while in Jem's room. Soon Atticus takes her to bed and tucks her in, before leaving to go back to Jem. Lee has"]}
{"query": "Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book?", "answer": "autobiography", "gold_docs": ["said that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author \"should write about what he knows and write truthfully\". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he"]}
{"query": "What year did Harper Lee's father represent two black men accused of murder?", "answer": "1919", "gold_docs": ["said that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author \"should write about what he knows and write truthfully\". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he"]}
{"query": "At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?", "answer": "25", "gold_docs": ["gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem. Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an"]}
{"query": "What titles did Lee's father maintain at the local newspaper?", "answer": "editor and publisher", "gold_docs": ["said that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author \"should write about what he knows and write truthfully\". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he"]}
{"query": "Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?", "answer": "next door", "gold_docs": ["gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem. Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an"]}
{"query": "What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together?", "answer": "1960", "gold_docs": ["impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote loved to read, and were atypical children in some ways: Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, and Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter that Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them \"apart people\". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis"]}
{"query": "Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote?", "answer": "In Cold Blood", "gold_docs": ["for Capote's nonfiction novel \"In Cold Blood\". Down the street from the Lees lived a family whose house was always boarded up; they served as the models for the fictional Radleys. The son of the family got into some legal trouble and the father kept him at home for 24 years out of shame. He was hidden until virtually forgotten; he died in 1952. The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named"]}
{"query": "Who was the character Dill modeled after?", "answer": "Truman Capote", "gold_docs": ["gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee's older brother Edwin was the inspiration for Jem. Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an"]}
{"query": "What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on?", "answer": "old Underwood typewriter", "gold_docs": ["impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote loved to read, and were atypical children in some ways: Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, and Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter that Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them \"apart people\". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis"]}
{"query": "What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself?", "answer": "apart people", "gold_docs": ["impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote loved to read, and were atypical children in some ways: Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, and Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter that Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them \"apart people\". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis"]}
{"query": "At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["for Capote's nonfiction novel \"In Cold Blood\". Down the street from the Lees lived a family whose house was always boarded up; they served as the models for the fictional Radleys. The son of the family got into some legal trouble and the father kept him at home for 24 years out of shame. He was hidden until virtually forgotten; he died in 1952. The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?", "answer": "Walter Lett", "gold_docs": ["Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served \"the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?", "answer": "Emmett Till", "gold_docs": ["same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson. The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in \"Time\" was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a"]}
{"query": "What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?", "answer": "display Southern prejudices", "gold_docs": ["same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson. The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in \"Time\" was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a"]}
{"query": "Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?", "answer": "Emmett Till", "gold_docs": ["same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson. The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in \"Time\" was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a"]}
{"query": " Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?", "answer": "parody, satire, and irony", "gold_docs": ["uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how"]}
{"query": "Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?", "answer": "church basement", "gold_docs": ["Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book's title: Lee is doing the mocking\u2014of education, the justice system, and her own society\u2014by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval. Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot. When Atticus is out of town, Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach. This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church,"]}
{"query": "How does Scout respond to the audience?", "answer": "distracted and embarrassed", "gold_docs": ["which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life. Scholars have characterized \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" as both a Southern Gothic and a \"Bildungsroman\". The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson, contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee"]}
{"query": "What saves Scout's life?", "answer": "ham costume", "gold_docs": ["which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life. Scholars have characterized \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" as both a Southern Gothic and a \"Bildungsroman\". The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson, contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee"]}
{"query": "Who does Scout revere above everyone else?", "answer": "Atticus", "gold_docs": ["used the term \"Gothic\" to describe the architecture of Maycomb's courthouse and in regard to Dill's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley. Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to \"Catcher in the Rye\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Despite challenging the town's systems, Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others, because he believes that following one's conscience is the highest priority, even when the result is social ostracism. However, scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification, noting"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson's trial?", "answer": "Miss Maudie", "gold_docs": ["that Boo Radley is in fact human, protective, and benevolent. Furthermore, in addressing themes such as alcoholism, incest, rape, and racial violence, Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically. She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society. As children coming of age, Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them. Lee seems to examine Jem's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout's. Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial, \"It's like bein' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon"]}
{"query": "What des Jem struggle to understand?", "answer": "separations of race and class", "gold_docs": ["... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that's what they seemed like\". This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class. Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces, it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood. As one scholar writes, \"\"To Kill a Mockingbird\" can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman, for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of"]}
{"query": "When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?", "answer": "1955", "gold_docs": ["characters. The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed \"the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro\". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it \"reasonable to believe\" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of"]}
{"query": "Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?", "answer": "race relations", "gold_docs": ["characters. The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed \"the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro\". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it \"reasonable to believe\" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of"]}
{"query": "The main jurors in Tom Robinson's trial were all which race?", "answer": "white", "gold_docs": ["the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced. Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the \"mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood\". Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused. Tom Robinson's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence, as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury's decision. Furthermore, the victim of racial injustice in \"To"]}
{"query": "How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?", "answer": "shot seventeen times", "gold_docs": ["Kill a Mockingbird\" was physically impaired, which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of, but also crippled him in other ways. Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as \"stupid, pathetic, defenseless, and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites, rather than his own intelligence to save him\". Although Tom is spared from being lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, being shot seventeen times. The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as"]}
{"query": "At the time of the novel's setting, what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman?", "answer": "death", "gold_docs": ["the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced. Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the \"mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood\". Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused. Tom Robinson's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence, as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury's decision. Furthermore, the victim of racial injustice in \"To"]}
{"query": "Who comprised Tom's jury?", "answer": "poor white farmers", "gold_docs": ["the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced. Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the \"mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood\". Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused. Tom Robinson's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence, as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury's decision. Furthermore, the victim of racial injustice in \"To"]}
{"query": "Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?", "answer": "a rabid dog", "gold_docs": ["well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, \"[t]he real"]}
{"query": "What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?", "answer": "fight against the town's racism", "gold_docs": ["well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, \"[t]he real"]}
{"query": "Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?", "answer": "Calpurnia", "gold_docs": ["in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\". Scholars argue that Lee's approach to class and race was more complex \"than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to 'poor white trash' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the"]}
{"query": "Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?", "answer": "Aunt Alexandra", "gold_docs": ["in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\". Scholars argue that Lee's approach to class and race was more complex \"than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to 'poor white trash' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the"]}
{"query": "Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?", "answer": "Walter Cunningham", "gold_docs": ["mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson ... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger.\" In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later"]}
{"query": "Which author did Lee aspire to be like?", "answer": "Jane Austen", "gold_docs": ["mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson ... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger.\" In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later"]}
{"query": "Both authors valued what over social standing?", "answer": "individual worth", "gold_docs": ["mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson ... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger.\" In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later"]}
{"query": "Are the Ewell's considered rich or poor?", "answer": "poor", "gold_docs": ["voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.\" Lee's use of the middle-class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader, regardless of class or cultural background, and fosters a sense of nostalgia. Sharing Scout and Jem's perspective, the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose; the lower-class Ewells, and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond; and Calpurnia and other members of the black"]}
{"query": "What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice?", "answer": "gender and class", "gold_docs": ["in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\". Scholars argue that Lee's approach to class and race was more complex \"than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to 'poor white trash' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the"]}
{"query": "The children's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what?", "answer": "people's motives and behavior", "gold_docs": ["community. The children internalize Atticus' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person's skin, gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior. The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage. Scout's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him. Atticus is the moral center of the novel, however, and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage. In a statement that both foreshadows Atticus' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose, who"]}
{"query": "Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what?", "answer": "morphine", "gold_docs": ["is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction, Atticus tells Jem that courage is \"when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what\". Charles J. Shields, who wrote the first book-length biography of Harper Lee, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that \"its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal\". Atticus' lesson to Scout that \"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view\u2014until you climb around in his skin and walk around in"]}
{"query": "Who is the moral center of the novel?", "answer": "Atticus", "gold_docs": ["community. The children internalize Atticus' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person's skin, gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior. The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage. Scout's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him. Atticus is the moral center of the novel, however, and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage. In a statement that both foreshadows Atticus' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose, who"]}
{"query": "The novel explores various forms of what trait?", "answer": "courage", "gold_docs": ["community. The children internalize Atticus' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person's skin, gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior. The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage. Scout's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him. Atticus is the moral center of the novel, however, and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage. In a statement that both foreshadows Atticus' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose, who"]}
{"query": "According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?", "answer": "human dignity and respect for others", "gold_docs": ["is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction, Atticus tells Jem that courage is \"when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what\". Charles J. Shields, who wrote the first book-length biography of Harper Lee, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that \"its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal\". Atticus' lesson to Scout that \"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view\u2014until you climb around in his skin and walk around in"]}
{"query": "Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?", "answer": "Mayella Ewell", "gold_docs": ["it\" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, \"... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings.\" Just"]}
{"query": "Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?", "answer": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie", "gold_docs": ["The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South,"]}
{"query": "Who are Scout's two primary female models?", "answer": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie", "gold_docs": ["The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South,"]}
{"query": "Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?", "answer": "Mrs. Dubose", "gold_docs": ["The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South,"]}
{"query": "Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?", "answer": "feminist", "gold_docs": ["The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South,"]}
{"query": "In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?", "answer": "Bob Ewell", "gold_docs": ["for with the use of first-person narration, she indicates that Scout/ Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child.\" Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house to the extent that Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob"]}
{"query": "Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?", "answer": "Atticus", "gold_docs": ["Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men, as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society, can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: \"It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight.\" Allusions to legal issues in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom, have drawn"]}
{"query": "Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman?", "answer": "Dolphus Raymond", "gold_docs": ["by people in symbolic courtrooms: Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson; by being turned into a non-person, Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him. Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them. For example, she refuses to wear frilly clothes, saying that Aunt Alexandra's \"fanatical\" attempts to place her in them made her feel \"a pink cotton penitentiary closing in"]}
{"query": "Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children?", "answer": "Lawyers", "gold_docs": ["the attention of legal scholars. Claudia Durst Johnson writes that \"a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals\". The opening quote by the 19th-century essayist Charles Lamb reads: \"Lawyers, I suppose, were children once.\" Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem's childhood world, compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one's palm, and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children: is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season? Many social codes are broken"]}
{"query": "What is another name for Scout's pink cotton penitentiary?", "answer": "frilly clothes", "gold_docs": ["by people in symbolic courtrooms: Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson; by being turned into a non-person, Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him. Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them. For example, she refuses to wear frilly clothes, saying that Aunt Alexandra's \"fanatical\" attempts to place her in them made her feel \"a pink cotton penitentiary closing in"]}
{"query": "Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book?", "answer": "Songbirds", "gold_docs": ["on [her]\". Johnson states, \"[t]he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of (their) small worlds.\" Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel. Their family name Finch is also Lee's mother's maiden name. The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme, which first appears when Atticus, having given his children air-rifles for Christmas, allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot. Atticus warns them that, although"]}
{"query": "Harper Lee's mother's maiden name was what?", "answer": "Finch", "gold_docs": ["on [her]\". Johnson states, \"[t]he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of (their) small worlds.\" Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel. Their family name Finch is also Lee's mother's maiden name. The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme, which first appears when Atticus, having given his children air-rifles for Christmas, allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot. Atticus warns them that, although"]}
{"query": "According to Atticus, which bird is it a sin to shoot?", "answer": "mockingbird", "gold_docs": ["they can \"shoot all the bluejays they want\", they must remember that \"it's a sin to kill a mockingbird\". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, \"They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.\" Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, \"'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless\u2014like Tom Robinson.\" Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make"]}
{"query": "According to Miss Maudie, which bird is never harmful?", "answer": "mockingbird", "gold_docs": ["they can \"shoot all the bluejays they want\", they must remember that \"it's a sin to kill a mockingbird\". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, \"They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.\" Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, \"'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless\u2014like Tom Robinson.\" Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make"]}
{"query": "Symbolically, killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell?", "answer": "that which is innocent and harmless", "gold_docs": ["they can \"shoot all the bluejays they want\", they must remember that \"it's a sin to kill a mockingbird\". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, \"They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.\" Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, \"'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless\u2014like Tom Robinson.\" Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make"]}
{"query": "Reader's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs?", "answer": "Book of the Month Club", "gold_docs": ["not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama. The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by \"Reader's Digest Condensed Books\". Initial reactions to the novel were varied. \"The New Yorker\" declared Lee \"a skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenuous writer\", and \"The Atlantic Monthly\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s reviewer rated the book \"pleasant, undemanding reading\", but found the narrative voice\u2014\"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult\"\u2014to be implausible. \"Time\""]}
{"query": "The book's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service?", "answer": "Book of the Month Club", "gold_docs": ["not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama. The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by \"Reader's Digest Condensed Books\". Initial reactions to the novel were varied. \"The New Yorker\" declared Lee \"a skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenuous writer\", and \"The Atlantic Monthly\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s reviewer rated the book \"pleasant, undemanding reading\", but found the narrative voice\u2014\"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult\"\u2014to be implausible. \"Time\""]}
{"query": "After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book \"melodramatic and contrived\". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, \"I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is.\" Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the \"Time\" magazine review, writing to a cousin: \"Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves.\" One year after its publication \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" had been translated into ten languages. In the"]}
{"query": "Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?", "answer": "40", "gold_docs": ["years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9\u201312 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was rated behind only the Bible in books that"]}
{"query": "How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?", "answer": "30 million", "gold_docs": ["years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9\u201312 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was rated behind only the Bible in books that"]}
{"query": "How many languages has the book been translated into?", "answer": "more than 40", "gold_docs": ["years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9\u201312 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was rated behind only the Bible in books that"]}
{"query": "Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?", "answer": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo", "gold_docs": ["McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled \"Scout, Atticus, and Boo\". One of the most significant impacts \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the"]}
{"query": "Who was Harper Lee's sister?", "answer": "Alice Lee", "gold_docs": ["McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled \"Scout, Atticus, and Boo\". One of the most significant impacts \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the"]}
{"query": "What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?", "answer": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo", "gold_docs": ["McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled \"Scout, Atticus, and Boo\". One of the most significant impacts \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the"]}
{"query": "Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?", "answer": "lawyer", "gold_docs": ["reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", and an article in the \"Michigan Law Review\" claims, \"No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession,\" before questioning whether \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun\". In 1992, an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus,"]}
{"query": "Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?", "answer": "integrity", "gold_docs": ["McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled \"Scout, Atticus, and Boo\". One of the most significant impacts \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the"]}
{"query": "What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?", "answer": "1997", "gold_docs": ["saying that as liberal as Atticus was, he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero. Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\". In 2008, Lee herself received"]}
{"query": "Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?", "answer": "Alabama State Bar", "gold_docs": ["saying that as liberal as Atticus was, he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero. Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\". In 2008, Lee herself received"]}
{"query": "What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?", "answer": "honorary special membership", "gold_docs": ["an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\". \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000\u20132009. Following"]}
{"query": "In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?", "answer": "1963", "gold_docs": ["an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\". \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000\u20132009. Following"]}
{"query": "According to The American Library Association, what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\". \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000\u20132009. Following"]}
{"query": "When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?", "answer": "1966", "gold_docs": ["power to \"challenge the way we think about things\" (Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" has attracted similar controversy). Arne Duncan, who served as Secretary of Education under President Obama, noted that removal of the book from reading lists was evidence of a nation with \"real problems\". In 1966, a parent in Hanover, Virginia protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon"]}
{"query": "What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?", "answer": "rape", "gold_docs": ["power to \"challenge the way we think about things\" (Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" has attracted similar controversy). Arne Duncan, who served as Secretary of Education under President Obama, noted that removal of the book from reading lists was evidence of a nation with \"real problems\". In 1966, a parent in Hanover, Virginia protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon"]}
{"query": "In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?", "answer": "Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson", "gold_docs": ["power to \"challenge the way we think about things\" (Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" has attracted similar controversy). Arne Duncan, who served as Secretary of Education under President Obama, noted that removal of the book from reading lists was evidence of a nation with \"real problems\". In 1966, a parent in Hanover, Virginia protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon"]}
{"query": "What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?", "answer": "civil rights movement", "gold_docs": ["novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it \"demoralizing\". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural \"white trash\". The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it \"arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement\". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper"]}
{"query": "Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?", "answer": "Uncle Tom's Cabin", "gold_docs": ["Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them. Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book's effectiveness is that it \"inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion\" and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set. Young views the novel as \"an act of humanity\" in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices. Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\", a book that is popularly implicated"]}
{"query": "What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?", "answer": "Uncle Tom's Cabin", "gold_docs": ["Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them. Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book's effectiveness is that it \"inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion\" and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set. Young views the novel as \"an act of humanity\" in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices. Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\", a book that is popularly implicated"]}
{"query": "Who was Truman Capote's father?", "answer": "Archulus Persons", "gold_docs": ["Mockingbird\" (1960). A milestone in popular culture, \"In Cold Blood\" was the peak of Capote's literary career. In the 1970s, he maintained his celebrity status by appearing on television talk shows. Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Capote was the son of 17-year-old Lillie Mae Faulk and salesman Archulus Persons. His parents divorced when he was 4, and he was sent to Monroeville, Alabama, where, for the following four to five years, he was raised by his mother's relatives. He formed a fast bond with his mother's distant relative, Nanny Rumbley Faulk, whom Truman called \"Sook\". \"Her face is remarkable \u2013"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?", "answer": "Alice", "gold_docs": ["McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled \"Scout, Atticus, and Boo\". One of the most significant impacts \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the"]}
{"query": "Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?", "answer": "Truman Capote", "gold_docs": ["for herself or the novel since 1964. Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: \"Huntress\" at Huntingdon and the humor magazine \"Rammer Jammer\" at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to"]}
{"query": "Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?", "answer": "1961", "gold_docs": ["schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from \"Bestsellers\" magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since then, she declined talking with reporters about the"]}
{"query": "Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from \"Bestsellers\" magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since then, she declined talking with reporters about the"]}
{"query": "When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?", "answer": "1964", "gold_docs": ["schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from \"Bestsellers\" magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since then, she declined talking with reporters about the"]}
{"query": "What major award did the book receive in 1961?", "answer": "the Pulitzer Prize", "gold_docs": ["schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from \"Bestsellers\" magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since then, she declined talking with reporters about the"]}
{"query": "In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?", "answer": "1964", "gold_docs": ["schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from \"Bestsellers\" magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since then, she declined talking with reporters about the"]}
{"query": "Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. \"Mockingbird\" still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\" In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", as the first title of"]}
{"query": "In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?", "answer": "25", "gold_docs": ["the One City, One Book program. Lee declared that \"there is no greater honor the novel could receive\". By 2004, the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program, more than any other novel. David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts, who supervised The Big Read, states \"people just seem to connect with it. It dredges up things in their own lives, their interactions across racial lines, legal encounters, and childhood. It's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people's lives, and they cherish it.\" In 2006, Lee was"]}
{"query": "Which city's mayor initiated a reading program with the book?", "answer": "Chicago", "gold_docs": ["book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. \"Mockingbird\" still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\" In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", as the first title of"]}
{"query": "By 2004, how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs?", "answer": "25", "gold_docs": ["the One City, One Book program. Lee declared that \"there is no greater honor the novel could receive\". By 2004, the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program, more than any other novel. David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts, who supervised The Big Read, states \"people just seem to connect with it. It dredges up things in their own lives, their interactions across racial lines, legal encounters, and childhood. It's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people's lives, and they cherish it.\" In 2006, Lee was"]}
{"query": "Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?", "answer": "University of Notre Dame", "gold_docs": ["awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to honor her. Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a"]}
{"query": "When did Lee receive a  Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to honor her. Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a"]}
{"query": "What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?", "answer": "Notre Dame", "gold_docs": ["awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to honor her. Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a"]}
{"query": "In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "answer": "George W. Bush", "gold_docs": ["awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to honor her. Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a"]}
{"query": "A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\" This assertion has been discredited, however, by rare-books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Nurnberg's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how \"Watchman\" was seen as just the first draft of \"Mockingbird\". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion. The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as"]}
{"query": "Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?", "answer": "Gregory Peck", "gold_docs": ["Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: \"They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'\" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote. It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best"]}
{"query": "Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?", "answer": "Gregory Peck", "gold_docs": ["Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: \"They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'\" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote. It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best"]}
{"query": "Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?", "answer": "grandson", "gold_docs": ["for Best Actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, she told him, \"Well, it's only a watch\". He said, \"Harper\u2014she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things\". Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor. In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: She's like a national"]}
{"query": "Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?", "answer": "grandson", "gold_docs": ["for Best Actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, she told him, \"Well, it's only a watch\". He said, \"Harper\u2014she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things\". Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor. In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: She's like a national"]}
{"query": "When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles  Public Library?", "answer": "May 2005", "gold_docs": ["for Best Actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, she told him, \"Well, it's only a watch\". He said, \"Harper\u2014she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things\". Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor. In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: She's like a national"]}
{"query": "Who turned the novel into a play?", "answer": "Christopher Sergel", "gold_docs": ["treasure. She's someone who has made a difference ... with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him. The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play"]}
{"query": "When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?", "answer": "1990", "gold_docs": ["treasure. She's someone who has made a difference ... with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him. The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play"]}
{"query": "What town labeled itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\"?", "answer": "Monroeville", "gold_docs": ["runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated. Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education\u2014what Monroeville aspires to be.\" Sergel's play toured"]}
{"query": "Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?", "answer": "townspeople", "gold_docs": ["runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated. Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education\u2014what Monroeville aspires to be.\" Sergel's play toured"]}
{"query": "During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?", "answer": "racially segregated", "gold_docs": ["runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated. Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education\u2014what Monroeville aspires to be.\" Sergel's play toured"]}
{"query": "What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?", "answer": "the UK", "gold_docs": ["in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK tour. According to a \"National Geographic\" article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from"]}
{"query": "Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?", "answer": "Duncan Preston", "gold_docs": ["in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production returned to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK tour. According to a \"National Geographic\" article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from"]}
{"query": "When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?", "answer": "July 14, 2015", "gold_docs": ["gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\" After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's \"The Great American Read\", chose \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of"]}
{"query": "Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?", "answer": "1957", "gold_docs": ["gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\" After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's \"The Great American Read\", chose \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of"]}
{"query": "How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\" After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's \"The Great American Read\", chose \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of"]}
{"query": "Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?", "answer": "Tonja Carter", "gold_docs": ["the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The \"Watchman\" manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed. \"Watchman\" contains early versions of many of the characters from \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, \"Mockingbird\" was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing \"Mockingbird\" first, \"Watchman\" last,"]}
{"query": "What is the earlier draft of the book titled?", "answer": "Go Set a Watchman", "gold_docs": ["gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\" After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's \"The Great American Read\", chose \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of"]}
{"query": "What year was Watchman completed?", "answer": "1957", "gold_docs": ["gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\" After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's \"The Great American Read\", chose \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of"]}
{"query": "How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\" After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's \"The Great American Read\", chose \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of"]}
{"query": "What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?", "answer": "rape and racial inequality", "gold_docs": ["To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's"]}
{"query": "Who is the protagonist of the novel?", "answer": "Atticus Finch", "gold_docs": ["father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. Historian, J Crespino explains, \"In the twentieth century, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\" As a Southern Gothic and \"Bildungsroman\" novel, the primary themes of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South."]}
{"query": "What is Lee's strongest style of writing?", "answer": "narration", "gold_docs": ["same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson. The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in \"Time\" was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a"]}
{"query": "What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??", "answer": "flashback", "gold_docs": ["scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition.\" Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a \"delightfully deceptive\" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville"]}
{"query": "According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?", "answer": "all Southerners", "gold_docs": ["it can't be any good.\") and that general readers seem to feel they do not require analytical interpretation. Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: \"Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners.\" When the"]}
{"query": "Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?", "answer": "the neighborhood", "gold_docs": ["book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior"]}
{"query": "Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?", "answer": "Southern romantic regionalism", "gold_docs": ["book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior"]}
{"query": "Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?", "answer": "fine folks", "gold_docs": ["in the novel. Scout's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb's inhabitants' faults and advantages to genealogy (families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks), and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb. This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson, and Scout's definition of \"fine folks\" being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have. The South itself, with its traditions and taboos, seems to drive the plot more than the"]}
{"query": "Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?", "answer": "Tom Robinson", "gold_docs": ["a moral point. Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'\u2014that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\" The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and, in allusions"]}
{"query": "What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?", "answer": "Boo Radley", "gold_docs": ["a moral point. Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'\u2014that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\" The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and, in allusions"]}
{"query": "According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?", "answer": "real nice", "gold_docs": ["to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson, states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\" The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge"]}
{"query": "Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?", "answer": "classical tragedy", "gold_docs": ["to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson, states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\" The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge"]}
{"query": "Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?", "answer": "Flannery O'Connor", "gold_docs": ["victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book \"melodramatic and contrived\". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, \"I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is.\" Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the \"Time\" magazine review, writing to a cousin: \"Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves.\" One year after its publication \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" had been translated into ten languages. In the"]}
{"query": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?", "answer": "William Faulkner", "gold_docs": ["in \"The Guardian\" states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's \"The Herald\" notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one's moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed. Native Alabamian sports writer Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in \"The Wall Street Journal\""]}
{"query": "Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?", "answer": "Jane Austen", "gold_docs": ["in \"The Guardian\" states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's \"The Herald\" notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one's moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed. Native Alabamian sports writer Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in \"The Wall Street Journal\""]}
{"query": "Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?", "answer": "Allen Barra", "gold_docs": ["in \"The Guardian\" states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's \"The Herald\" notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one's moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed. Native Alabamian sports writer Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in \"The Wall Street Journal\""]}
{"query": "Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?", "answer": "Akin Ajayi", "gold_docs": ["it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that \"the book has begun to cherish its own goodness\" by the time the case is over. Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice \"is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all.\" Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them. Many writers compare their perceptions of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary"]}
{"query": "According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?", "answer": "black students", "gold_docs": ["novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it \"demoralizing\". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural \"white trash\". The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it \"arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement\". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper"]}
{"query": "Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?", "answer": "poor rural \"white trash\"", "gold_docs": ["novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it \"demoralizing\". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural \"white trash\". The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it \"arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement\". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper"]}
{"query": "According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?", "answer": "the harsh reality of inequality", "gold_docs": ["historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, \"for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual\u2014by its very existence an act of protest.\" Author James McBride calls"]}
{"query": "McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?", "answer": "an act of protest", "gold_docs": ["historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, \"for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual\u2014by its very existence an act of protest.\" Author James McBride calls"]}
{"query": "How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?", "answer": "like Scripture", "gold_docs": ["it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because \"she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame\". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named \"Calpurnia's Cookbook\" not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in \"The Independent\" states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence \"makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart\". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made Monroeville their destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the"]}
{"query": "What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?", "answer": "Mockingbird groupies", "gold_docs": ["book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the"]}
{"query": "Where does solar energy come from?", "answer": "the Sun", "gold_docs": ["Solar energy Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a"]}
{"query": "What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?", "answer": "Solar energy", "gold_docs": ["Solar energy Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a"]}
{"query": "What is solar energy?", "answer": "radiant light and heat from the Sun", "gold_docs": ["Solar energy Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a"]}
{"query": "What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?", "answer": "30%", "gold_docs": ["increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared\". The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar"]}
{"query": "Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?", "answer": "clouds, oceans and land masses", "gold_docs": ["increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared\". The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar"]}
{"query": "The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?", "answer": "71", "gold_docs": ["light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of 150\u2013300 watts/m\u00b2, or 3.5\u20137.0 kWh/m\u00b2 per day. Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans \u2013 which cover about 71% of the globe \u2013 and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the"]}
{"query": "What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?", "answer": "14", "gold_docs": ["water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000"]}
{"query": "What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?", "answer": "photosynthesis", "gold_docs": ["water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000"]}
{"query": "How much of the earth is covered by oceans?", "answer": "about 71%", "gold_docs": ["light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of 150\u2013300 watts/m\u00b2, or 3.5\u20137.0 kWh/m\u00b2 per day. Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans \u2013 which cover about 71% of the globe \u2013 and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the"]}
{"query": "How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?", "answer": "When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds", "gold_docs": ["light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of 150\u2013300 watts/m\u00b2, or 3.5\u20137.0 kWh/m\u00b2 per day. Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans \u2013 which cover about 71% of the globe \u2013 and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the"]}
{"query": "What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?", "answer": "The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection", "gold_docs": ["water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000"]}
{"query": "What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?", "answer": "photosynthesis", "gold_docs": ["water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000"]}
{"query": "In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?", "answer": "one year", "gold_docs": ["EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined, The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. Geography"]}
{"query": "How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?", "answer": "3,000", "gold_docs": ["water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000"]}
{"query": "Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?", "answer": "one year", "gold_docs": ["EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined, The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. Geography"]}
{"query": "What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?", "answer": "approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year", "gold_docs": ["water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000"]}
{"query": "The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?", "answer": "coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined", "gold_docs": ["EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined, The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. Geography"]}
{"query": "Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?", "answer": "the Sun", "gold_docs": ["characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than Geothermal power and Tidal power, derive their energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun. Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties,"]}
{"query": "How are solar technologies defined?", "answer": "passive or active", "gold_docs": ["characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than Geothermal power and Tidal power, derive their energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun. Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties,"]}
{"query": "What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?", "answer": "depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight", "gold_docs": ["characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than Geothermal power and Tidal power, derive their energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun. Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties,"]}
{"query": "Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "answer": "Active", "gold_docs": ["designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The"]}
{"query": "Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "answer": "Passive", "gold_docs": ["designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The"]}
{"query": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?", "answer": "designing spaces that naturally circulate air", "gold_docs": ["designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The"]}
{"query": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?", "answer": "designing spaces that naturally circulate air", "gold_docs": ["designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The"]}
{"query": "What does an active solar technique do?", "answer": "increase the supply of energy", "gold_docs": ["designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The"]}
{"query": "What does a passive solar technique do?", "answer": "reduce the need for alternate resources", "gold_docs": ["designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?", "answer": "Frank Shuman", "gold_docs": ["estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year \"(see table below)\". Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. In 1878, at the Universal Exposition in Paris, Augustin Mouchot successfully demonstrated a solar steam engine, but couldn't continue development because of cheap coal and other factors. In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer, built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?", "answer": "1908", "gold_docs": ["were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912. Shuman built the world's first"]}
{"query": "Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?", "answer": "1912", "gold_docs": ["were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912. Shuman built the world's first"]}
{"query": "Who is Frank Shuman?", "answer": "a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer", "gold_docs": ["estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year \"(see table below)\". Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. In 1878, at the Universal Exposition in Paris, Augustin Mouchot successfully demonstrated a solar steam engine, but couldn't continue development because of cheap coal and other factors. In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer, built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and"]}
{"query": "In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?", "answer": "1897", "gold_docs": ["estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year \"(see table below)\". Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. In 1878, at the Universal Exposition in Paris, Augustin Mouchot successfully demonstrated a solar steam engine, but couldn't continue development because of cheap coal and other factors. In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer, built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and"]}
{"query": "What was the solar engine used to power?", "answer": "steam engine", "gold_docs": ["were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912. Shuman built the world's first"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Sun Power Company established?", "answer": "1908", "gold_docs": ["were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912. Shuman built the world's first"]}
{"query": "In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?", "answer": "1912", "gold_docs": ["were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912. Shuman built the world's first"]}
{"query": "Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?", "answer": "Maadi, Egypt", "gold_docs": ["solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a engine that pumped more than of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water."]}
{"query": "How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?", "answer": "22,000", "gold_docs": ["more than 22,000 litres of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman\u2019s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: Commercial plants using parabolic troughs may use thermal storage at night while some are hybrids and support natural gas as a secondary fuel source. In the United States the"]}
{"query": "In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?", "answer": "the 1970s", "gold_docs": ["solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a engine that pumped more than of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water."]}
{"query": "Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?", "answer": "Maadi, Egypt", "gold_docs": ["solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a engine that pumped more than of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water."]}
{"query": "What was used to power the plants engine?", "answer": "parabolic troughs", "gold_docs": ["solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a engine that pumped more than of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water."]}
{"query": "What slowed down the growth of solar energy?", "answer": "the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil", "gold_docs": ["solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a engine that pumped more than of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water."]}
{"query": "When was the interest in solar energy restored?", "answer": "the 1970s", "gold_docs": ["solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used parabolic troughs to power a engine that pumped more than of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water."]}
{"query": "According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GW). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and"]}
{"query": "What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?", "answer": "sunlight", "gold_docs": ["most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. Solar energy may be used in a water stabilization pond to"]}
{"query": "How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?", "answer": "60 to 70% of the domestic hot water", "gold_docs": ["In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GW). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and"]}
{"query": "What is a common type of solar water heater?", "answer": "evacuated tube collectors", "gold_docs": ["In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GW). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and"]}
{"query": "What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?", "answer": "unglazed plastic collectors", "gold_docs": ["In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GW). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and"]}
{"query": "What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?", "answer": "154", "gold_docs": ["In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GW). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and"]}
{"query": "Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?", "answer": "Israel and Cyprus", "gold_docs": ["a long-term goal of 210 GW by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005. In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"]}
{"query": "What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GW). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and"]}
{"query": "What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?", "answer": "over 90%", "gold_docs": ["a long-term goal of 210 GW by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005. In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"]}
{"query": "What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?", "answer": "50", "gold_docs": ["a long-term goal of 210 GW by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005. In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"]}
{"query": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?", "answer": "30% (4.65 EJ/yr)", "gold_docs": ["a long-term goal of 210 GW by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005. In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"]}
{"query": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?", "answer": "50% (10.1 EJ/yr)", "gold_docs": ["a long-term goal of 210 GW by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005. In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"]}
{"query": "What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?", "answer": "Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies", "gold_docs": ["a long-term goal of 210 GW by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005. In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"]}
{"query": "Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?", "answer": "Thermal", "gold_docs": ["can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as"]}
{"query": "What is thermal mass?", "answer": "any material that can be used to store heat", "gold_docs": ["can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as"]}
{"query": "What are typical thermal mass material?", "answer": "stone, cement and water", "gold_docs": ["can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as"]}
{"query": "How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?", "answer": "by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night", "gold_docs": ["can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as"]}
{"query": "What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?", "answer": "climates", "gold_docs": ["can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as"]}
{"query": "What kind of system is a solar chimney?", "answer": "passive solar ventilation", "gold_docs": ["climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses. Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means"]}
{"query": "What is a solar chimney?", "answer": "a passive solar ventilation system", "gold_docs": ["climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses. Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means"]}
{"query": "What is a solar chimney made of?", "answer": "a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building", "gold_docs": ["climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses. Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means"]}
{"query": "How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?", "answer": "by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses", "gold_docs": ["climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses. Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means"]}
{"query": "The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?", "answer": "winter", "gold_docs": ["of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator-facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar"]}
{"query": "What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?", "answer": "trees and plants", "gold_docs": ["climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses. Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means"]}
{"query": "How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?", "answer": "1/3 to 1/2", "gold_docs": ["of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator-facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar"]}
{"query": "What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?", "answer": "east and west", "gold_docs": ["availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of . Panel cookers use a reflective panel"]}
{"query": "Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?", "answer": "1767", "gold_docs": ["availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of . Panel cookers use a reflective panel"]}
{"query": "What are solar cookers used for?", "answer": "cooking, drying and pasteurization", "gold_docs": ["availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of . Panel cookers use a reflective panel"]}
{"query": "What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?", "answer": "box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers", "gold_docs": ["availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of . Panel cookers use a reflective panel"]}
{"query": "Who created the box cooker?", "answer": "Horace de Saussure", "gold_docs": ["availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of . Panel cookers use a reflective panel"]}
{"query": "The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?", "answer": "114", "gold_docs": ["to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun. Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, US where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process"]}
{"query": "Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?", "answer": "more", "gold_docs": ["wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the \"right to dry\" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to and deliver outlet temperatures of . The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of had been installed worldwide, including an collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a"]}
{"query": "What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?", "answer": "parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors", "gold_docs": ["to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun. Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, US where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process"]}
{"query": "What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?", "answer": "Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks", "gold_docs": ["heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from seawater is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by"]}
{"query": "What are Unglazed transpired collectors?", "answer": "perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air", "gold_docs": ["wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the \"right to dry\" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to and deliver outlet temperatures of . The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of had been installed worldwide, including an collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a"]}
{"query": "In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?", "answer": "1872", "gold_docs": ["collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds. Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of , could produce up to per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the"]}
{"query": "What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?", "answer": "Solar distillation", "gold_docs": ["collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds. Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of , could produce up to per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the"]}
{"query": "By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?", "answer": "16th-century Arab alchemists", "gold_docs": ["collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds. Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of , could produce up to per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the"]}
{"query": "When was the first large solar distillation plant created?", "answer": "1872", "gold_docs": ["collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds. Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of , could produce up to per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a solar distillation design?", "answer": "single-slope", "gold_docs": ["collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds. Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of , could produce up to per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the"]}
{"query": "Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?", "answer": "the World Health Organization", "gold_docs": ["most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. Solar energy may be used in a water stabilization pond to"]}
{"query": "How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?", "answer": "a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions", "gold_docs": ["most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. Solar energy may be used in a water stabilization pond to"]}
{"query": "What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?", "answer": "a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage", "gold_docs": ["most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. Solar energy may be used in a water stabilization pond to"]}
{"query": "How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?", "answer": "Over two million people in developing countries", "gold_docs": ["most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. Solar energy may be used in a water stabilization pond to"]}
{"query": "What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?", "answer": "toxic chemicals", "gold_docs": ["treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. Molten salt can be employed as a thermal energy storage method to retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar trough of a concentrated solar power plant, so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night. It was demonstrated in the Solar Two project from 1995\u20131999. The system is predicted to have an annual efficiency of 99%,"]}
{"query": "What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?", "answer": "algae may produce toxic chemicals", "gold_docs": ["treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. Molten salt can be employed as a thermal energy storage method to retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar trough of a concentrated solar power plant, so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night. It was demonstrated in the Solar Two project from 1995\u20131999. The system is predicted to have an annual efficiency of 99%,"]}
{"query": "By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?", "answer": "2050", "gold_docs": ["Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. The Mar\u00eda Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050,"]}
{"query": "When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?", "answer": "2050", "gold_docs": ["Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. The Mar\u00eda Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050,"]}
{"query": "The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?", "answer": "the Mojave Desert", "gold_docs": ["with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively. In 2016, after another year of rapid growth, solar generated 1.3% of global power. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large concentrated solar power plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United"]}
{"query": "Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["electricity use increased at an average rate of 2.5% a year. In 2008\u201309, a total of of electricity (including off-grid electricity) was generated in Australia. Between 2009 and 2013 NEM energy usage had decreased by 4.3% or almost . The main source of Australia's electricity generation is coal. In 2003, coal-fired plants produced 58.4% of the total capacity, followed by hydropower (19.1%, of which 17% is pumped storage), natural gas (13.5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5.4%), oil products (2.9%), wind power (0.4%), biomass (0.2%) and solar (0.1%). In 2003, coal-fired power plants generated 77.2% of the country's total electricity production,"]}
{"query": "What is the largest solar power plant in the world?", "answer": "354 MW SEGS CSP", "gold_docs": ["focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 354 MW SEGS CSP installation is the largest solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain. The over 200 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in the United States, and the 214 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world\u2019s"]}
{"query": "In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?", "answer": "Charles Fritts", "gold_docs": ["solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies"]}
{"query": "In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?", "answer": "1954", "gold_docs": ["solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies"]}
{"query": "What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?", "answer": "evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source", "gold_docs": ["States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world's largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are connected to the grid using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first"]}
{"query": "What is a solar cell?", "answer": "a device that converts light directly into electricity", "gold_docs": ["States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world's largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are connected to the grid using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first"]}
{"query": "Who created the first solar cell?", "answer": "Charles Fritts", "gold_docs": ["solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies"]}
{"query": "Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?", "answer": "Dr Bruno Lange", "gold_docs": ["solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies"]}
{"query": "Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?", "answer": "Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin", "gold_docs": ["solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies"]}
{"query": "In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?", "answer": "a working fluid", "gold_docs": ["exceeded 20%, and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics was in excess of 40%. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated"]}
{"query": "What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?", "answer": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems", "gold_docs": ["exceeded 20%, and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics was in excess of 40%. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated"]}
{"query": "What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?", "answer": "a heat source for a conventional power plant", "gold_docs": ["exceeded 20%, and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics was in excess of 40%. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated"]}
{"query": "What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?", "answer": "the Stirling dish", "gold_docs": ["exceeded 20%, and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics was in excess of 40%. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated"]}
{"query": "What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?", "answer": "a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight", "gold_docs": ["area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Biofuels, in the form of liquid fuels derived from plant materials, are entering the market. However,"]}
{"query": "Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?", "answer": "Megaron House", "gold_docs": ["comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those"]}
{"query": "What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?", "answer": "orientation relative to the Sun", "gold_docs": ["by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a"]}
{"query": "What is an example of passive solar design?", "answer": "Socrates' Megaron House", "gold_docs": ["comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those"]}
{"query": "What kind of equipment can improve system performance?", "answer": "pumps, fans and switchable windows", "gold_docs": ["comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those"]}
{"query": "UHI is an abbreviation of what?", "answer": "Urban heat islands", "gold_docs": ["comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those"]}
{"query": "A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white, and to plant trees in the area. Using these methods, a hypothetical \"cool communities\" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 \u00b0C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings. Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered"]}
{"query": "What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?", "answer": "Urban heat islands", "gold_docs": ["comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those"]}
{"query": "What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?", "answer": "asphalt and concrete", "gold_docs": ["comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those"]}
{"query": "Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?", "answer": "power grape presses", "gold_docs": ["suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vintners, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses. Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The"]}
{"query": "What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?", "answer": "employed fruit walls", "gold_docs": ["heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even"]}
{"query": "What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?", "answer": "acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm", "gold_docs": ["heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even"]}
{"query": "In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?", "answer": "the 16th", "gold_docs": ["first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers. Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was and by 2007 the winner's average speed"]}
{"query": "What is one purpose of a greenhouse?", "answer": "enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops", "gold_docs": ["suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vintners, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses. Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The"]}
{"query": "What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?", "answer": "produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius", "gold_docs": ["suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vintners, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses. Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The"]}
{"query": "Where were the first modern greenhouses built?", "answer": "Europe", "gold_docs": ["first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers. Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was and by 2007 the winner's average speed"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?", "answer": "The World Solar Challenge", "gold_docs": ["first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers. Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was and by 2007 the winner's average speed"]}
{"query": "What is The World Solar Challenge?", "answer": "a biannual solar-powered car race", "gold_docs": ["first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers. Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was and by 2007 the winner's average speed"]}
{"query": "When was The World Solar Challenge started?", "answer": "1987", "gold_docs": ["first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers. Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was and by 2007 the winner's average speed"]}
{"query": "What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?", "answer": "The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge", "gold_docs": ["had improved to . The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles. Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption. In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar-powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the \"Sun21\" catamaran made the first"]}
{"query": "When was the first solar powered boat made?", "answer": "1975", "gold_docs": ["had improved to . The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles. Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption. In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar-powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the \"Sun21\" catamaran made the first"]}
{"query": "Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?", "answer": "Kenichi Horie", "gold_docs": ["had improved to . The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles. Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption. In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar-powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the \"Sun21\" catamaran made the first"]}
{"query": "What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?", "answer": "40", "gold_docs": ["exceeded 20%, and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics was in excess of 40%. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?", "answer": "Solar Impulse", "gold_docs": ["using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the \"Pathfinder\" (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the \"Helios\" which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at in 2001. The \"Zephyr\", developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2016, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The design allows the aircraft"]}
{"query": "When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?", "answer": "1974", "gold_docs": ["solar-powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006\u20132007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010. In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise airplane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the \"Solar Riser\" made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man-carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of . In 1980, the \"Gossamer Penguin\" made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the \"Solar Challenger\" which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina"]}
{"query": "When was the first solar powered manned flight made?", "answer": "29 April 1979", "gold_docs": ["solar-powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006\u20132007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010. In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise airplane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the \"Solar Riser\" made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man-carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of . In 1980, the \"Gossamer Penguin\" made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the \"Solar Challenger\" which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina"]}
{"query": "When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?", "answer": "July 1981", "gold_docs": ["solar-powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006\u20132007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010. In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise airplane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the \"Solar Riser\" made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man-carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of . In 1980, the \"Gossamer Penguin\" made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the \"Solar Challenger\" which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina"]}
{"query": "Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?", "answer": "California to North Carolina", "gold_docs": ["solar-powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006\u20132007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010. In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise airplane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the \"Solar Riser\" made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man-carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of . In 1980, the \"Gossamer Penguin\" made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the \"Solar Challenger\" which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina"]}
{"query": "How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?", "answer": "36 hours", "gold_docs": ["off under their own power. The prototype, often referred to as Solar Impulse 1, was designed to remain airborne up to 36 hours. It conducted its first test flight in December 2009. In July 2010, it flew an entire diurnal solar cycle, including nearly nine hours of night flying, in a 26-hour flight. Piccard and Borschberg completed successful solar-powered flights from Switzerland to Spain and then Morocco in 2012, and conducted a multi-stage flight across the US in 2013. A second aircraft, completed in 2014 and named Solar Impulse 2, carries more solar cells and more powerful motors, among other"]}
{"query": "What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?", "answer": "hydrogen production from protons", "gold_docs": ["energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be"]}
{"query": "What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?", "answer": "Solar chemical processes", "gold_docs": ["to remain airborne for several days. A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar"]}
{"query": "What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?", "answer": "artificial photosynthesis", "gold_docs": ["energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?", "answer": "The Solzinc process", "gold_docs": ["of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute of Science uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above . This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen. Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available"]}
{"query": "The Solznic process produces what?", "answer": "pure zinc", "gold_docs": ["of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute of Science uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above . This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen. Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available"]}
{"query": "What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?", "answer": "uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures", "gold_docs": ["run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants. Hydrogen production technologies have been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?", "answer": "Solzinc process", "gold_docs": ["of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute of Science uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above . This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen. Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available"]}
{"query": "In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?", "answer": "heat", "gold_docs": ["materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately ). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have"]}
{"query": "What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?", "answer": "Thermal mass systems", "gold_docs": ["of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute of Science uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above . This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen. Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available"]}
{"query": "What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?", "answer": "water, earth and stone", "gold_docs": ["materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately ). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have"]}
{"query": "What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?", "answer": "reduce overall heating and cooling requirements", "gold_docs": ["materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately ). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have"]}
{"query": "Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?", "answer": "thermal", "gold_docs": ["materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately ). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have"]}
{"query": "The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?", "answer": "The \"Dover House\"", "gold_docs": ["materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately ). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have"]}
{"query": "What are some examples of phase change materials?", "answer": "paraffin wax and Glauber's salt", "gold_docs": ["materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately ). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?", "answer": "Dover House", "gold_docs": ["materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements. Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately ). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have"]}
{"query": "Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?", "answer": "rechargeable batteries", "gold_docs": ["a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two project used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store in its 68 m\u00b3 storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%. Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back'"]}
{"query": "What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?", "answer": "rechargeable batteries", "gold_docs": ["a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two project used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store in its 68 m\u00b3 storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%. Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back'"]}
{"query": "What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?", "answer": "Net metering programs", "gold_docs": ["a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two project used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store in its 68 m\u00b3 storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%. Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back'"]}
{"query": "Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?", "answer": "Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions", "gold_docs": ["the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy"]}
{"query": "When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?", "answer": "a hydroelectric power generator", "gold_docs": ["is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum. The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of"]}
{"query": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?", "answer": "water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one", "gold_docs": ["the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy"]}
{"query": "The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?", "answer": "1973", "gold_docs": ["is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum. The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of"]}
{"query": "What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?", "answer": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis", "gold_docs": ["is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum. The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?", "answer": "SERI, now NREL", "gold_docs": ["energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the U.S. and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the U.S. (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?", "answer": "NEDO", "gold_docs": ["energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the U.S. and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the U.S. (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?", "answer": "Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE", "gold_docs": ["energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the U.S. and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the U.S. (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed"]}
{"query": "The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?", "answer": "the 1920s", "gold_docs": ["energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the U.S. and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the U.S. (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed"]}
{"query": "When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?", "answer": "in the 1890s", "gold_docs": ["energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the U.S. and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the U.S. (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed"]}
{"query": "Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?", "answer": "falling petroleum prices", "gold_docs": ["attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and annual growth rates have averaged 20% since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: The development of affordable, inexhaustible"]}
{"query": "Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999", "answer": "20%", "gold_docs": ["attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and annual growth rates have averaged 20% since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: The development of affordable, inexhaustible"]}
{"query": "What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?", "answer": "154 GW", "gold_docs": ["attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and annual growth rates have averaged 20% since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: The development of affordable, inexhaustible"]}
{"query": "Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?", "answer": "The International Energy Agency", "gold_docs": ["attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and annual growth rates have averaged 20% since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: The development of affordable, inexhaustible"]}
{"query": "Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?", "answer": "The International Energy Agency", "gold_docs": ["attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and annual growth rates have averaged 20% since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: The development of affordable, inexhaustible"]}
{"query": "ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?", "answer": "materials used in solar water heaters", "gold_docs": ["provide a third of the world's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\". The International Organization for Standardization has established several standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. Solar energy Solar energy"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?", "answer": "ISO 9050", "gold_docs": ["provide a third of the world's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\". The International Organization for Standardization has established several standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. Solar energy Solar energy"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?", "answer": "ISO 10217", "gold_docs": ["provide a third of the world's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\". The International Organization for Standardization has established several standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. Solar energy Solar energy"]}
{"query": "What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?", "answer": "passive solar or active solar", "gold_docs": ["Solar energy Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a"]}
{"query": "What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?", "answer": "559.8 EJ", "gold_docs": ["building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that \"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will"]}
{"query": "What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>", "answer": "The large magnitude of solar energy available", "gold_docs": ["building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that \"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will"]}
{"query": "Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?", "answer": "The United Nations Development Programme", "gold_docs": ["building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that \"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will"]}
{"query": "How will solar energy increase energy security?", "answer": "through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource", "gold_docs": ["and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could"]}
{"query": "What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?", "answer": "learning investments", "gold_docs": ["and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could"]}
{"query": "What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?", "answer": "keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise", "gold_docs": ["and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could"]}
{"query": "Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?", "answer": "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans", "gold_docs": ["EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined, The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. Geography"]}
{"query": "What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?", "answer": "photovoltaics", "gold_docs": ["affects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can affect the potential of solar panels because clouds"]}
{"query": "Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?", "answer": "during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb", "gold_docs": ["affects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can affect the potential of solar panels because clouds"]}
{"query": "Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?", "answer": "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way", "gold_docs": ["block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells. In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is otherwise unused and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are not being used for businesses where solar plants can be established. Solar technologies are"]}
{"query": "What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?", "answer": "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans", "gold_docs": ["designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The"]}
{"query": "What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?", "answer": "1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year", "gold_docs": ["estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year \"(see table below)\". Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. In 1878, at the Universal Exposition in Paris, Augustin Mouchot successfully demonstrated a solar steam engine, but couldn't continue development because of cheap coal and other factors. In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer, built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and"]}
{"query": "What is solar power?", "answer": "conversion of sunlight into electricity", "gold_docs": ["Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. The Mar\u00eda Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050,"]}
{"query": "How is sunlight converted into electricity?", "answer": "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)", "gold_docs": ["Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. The Mar\u00eda Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050,"]}
{"query": "What does a concentrated solar power system use?", "answer": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems", "gold_docs": ["Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. The Mar\u00eda Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050,"]}
{"query": "What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?", "answer": "focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam", "gold_docs": ["Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. The Mar\u00eda Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050,"]}
{"query": "What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?", "answer": "photoelectric effect", "gold_docs": ["Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. The Mar\u00eda Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050,"]}
{"query": "What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?", "answer": "Sunlight", "gold_docs": ["by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a"]}
{"query": "Who first utilized solar architecture?", "answer": "Greeks and Chinese", "gold_docs": ["by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a"]}
{"query": "In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?", "answer": "toward the south", "gold_docs": ["by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a"]}
{"query": "What is a solar balloon?", "answer": "a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air", "gold_docs": ["to remain airborne for several days. A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar"]}
{"query": "What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?", "answer": "the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force", "gold_docs": ["to remain airborne for several days. A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar"]}
{"query": "Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?", "answer": "the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high", "gold_docs": ["to remain airborne for several days. A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar"]}
{"query": "Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?", "answer": "driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce", "gold_docs": ["is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum. The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of"]}
{"query": "What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?", "answer": "increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum", "gold_docs": ["is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum. The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of"]}
{"query": "According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?", "answer": "2060", "gold_docs": ["provide a third of the world's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\". The International Organization for Standardization has established several standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. Solar energy Solar energy"]}
{"query": "What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?", "answer": "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters", "gold_docs": ["provide a third of the world's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\". The International Organization for Standardization has established several standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. Solar energy Solar energy"]}
{"query": "What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?", "answer": "city of Sarazm", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of and an estimated population of /1e6 round 1 million people as of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the"]}
{"query": "When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?", "answer": "1991", "gold_docs": ["Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilisation, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Islam. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sasanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, the Russian Empire, and subsequently the Soviet Union. Within the Soviet Union, the country's modern borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic before becoming a full-fledged Soviet republic in 1929. On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan became an independent sovereign nation when"]}
{"query": "What years did the civil war take place?", "answer": "1998 and 1999", "gold_docs": ["independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution, the rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian, military, and political authorities resulted in considerable damage to the country's economic infrastructure, social order, and standard of living. After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying"]}
{"query": "What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?", "answer": "1991", "gold_docs": ["Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilisation, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Islam. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sasanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, the Russian Empire, and subsequently the Soviet Union. Within the Soviet Union, the country's modern borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic before becoming a full-fledged Soviet republic in 1929. On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan became an independent sovereign nation when"]}
{"query": "What years did the war last through?", "answer": "1992 to 1997", "gold_docs": ["the Soviet Union disintegrated. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Like all other Central Asian neighbouring states, the country, led by President Emomali Rahmon since 1994, has been criticised by a number of non-governmental organizations for authoritarian leadership, lack of religious freedom, corruption and widespread violations of human rights. Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Most of Tajikistan's /1e6 round 1 million people belong to the Tajik ethnic group,"]}
{"query": "How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?", "answer": "260,000 Tajik", "gold_docs": ["by Tursun Uljabayev (1956\u201361), Jabbor Rasulov (1961\u20131982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982\u20131985, 1991\u20131992). Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000 (4%) and 120,000 (8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957\u201358 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had"]}
{"query": "What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?", "answer": "living conditions, education and industry", "gold_docs": ["by Tursun Uljabayev (1956\u201361), Jabbor Rasulov (1961\u20131982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982\u20131985, 1991\u20131992). Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000 (4%) and 120,000 (8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957\u201358 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had"]}
{"query": "How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?", "answer": "by clan loyalties", "gold_docs": ["of the Soviet Union to declare its independence. On September 9 (1991), following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Tajikistan declared its independence. During this time, use of the Tajik language, an official language of the Tajikistan SSR next to Russian, was increasingly promoted. Ethnic Russians, who had held many governing posts, lost much of their influence and more Tajiks became politically active. The nation almost immediately fell into a civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. The non-Muslim population, particularly Russians and Jews, fled the"]}
{"query": "Who came into power in 1992?", "answer": "Emomali Rahmon", "gold_docs": ["clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties"]}
{"query": "Why did more than half a million people flee?", "answer": "because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities", "gold_docs": ["clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties"]}
{"query": "Who was stationed along the boarder?", "answer": "Russian border troops", "gold_docs": ["criticised it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers. Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik\u2013Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support"]}
{"query": "Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?", "answer": "at the Dushanbe Airport", "gold_docs": ["criticised it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers. Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik\u2013Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support"]}
{"query": "Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?", "answer": "to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.", "gold_docs": ["of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe. In 2010,"]}
{"query": "How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?", "answer": "28 Tajik soldiers", "gold_docs": ["there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted"]}
{"query": "When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["again in July 2012. In 2015, Russia sent more troops to Tajikistan. In May 2015, Tajikistan's national security suffered a serious setback when Colonel Gulmurod Khalimov, commander of the special-purpose police unit (OMON) of the Interior Ministry, defected to the Islamic State. Almost immediately after independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war that saw various factions, allegedly backed by Russia and Iran, fighting one another. All but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russians, who were mostly employed in industry, fled to Russia. By 1997, the war had cooled down, and a central government began to take form,"]}
{"query": "When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?", "answer": "November 2010", "gold_docs": ["there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted"]}
{"query": "Why was there concerns in 2010?", "answer": "that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August", "gold_docs": ["there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted"]}
{"query": "What type of government does Tajikistan have?", "answer": "a republic", "gold_docs": ["with peaceful elections in 1999. \"Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to the country\u2019s ruinous civil war,\" Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in \"The New York Times\" just before the country's November 2006 presidential election. Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of"]}
{"query": "Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?", "answer": "Kokhir Rasulzoda", "gold_docs": ["President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova. The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling \"failed to meet many key OSCE"]}
{"query": "Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?", "answer": "Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova", "gold_docs": ["President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova. The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling \"failed to meet many key OSCE"]}
{"query": "When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?", "answer": "November 1994", "gold_docs": ["President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova. The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling \"failed to meet many key OSCE"]}
{"query": "What kind of system is a dominant-party system?", "answer": "where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament", "gold_docs": ["with peaceful elections in 1999. \"Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to the country\u2019s ruinous civil war,\" Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in \"The New York Times\" just before the country's November 2006 presidential election. Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of"]}
{"query": "What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?", "answer": "no public criticism of the regime is tolerated", "gold_docs": ["outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.org and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media. Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36\u00b0 and 41\u00b0 N, and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 75\u00b0 E. It is covered"]}
{"query": "What is not covered by local media?", "answer": "all direct protest is severely suppressed", "gold_docs": ["outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.org and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media. Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36\u00b0 and 41\u00b0 N, and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 75\u00b0 E. It is covered"]}
{"query": "What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?", "answer": "Tajikistan", "gold_docs": ["by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley. The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres. Tajikistan consists"]}
{"query": "What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?", "answer": "the Pamir range", "gold_docs": ["by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley. The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres. Tajikistan consists"]}
{"query": "Where is Dushanbe located?", "answer": "on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley", "gold_docs": ["by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley. The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres. Tajikistan consists"]}
{"query": "What area is under sea level?", "answer": "in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys", "gold_docs": ["by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley. The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres. Tajikistan consists"]}
{"query": "Where did the word Tajik come from?", "answer": "the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe", "gold_docs": ["NATO PfP partner. \"Tajikistan\" means the \"Land of the Tajiks\". The suffix \"-stan\" is Persian for \"place of\" or \"country\" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word \"Tajik\" because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\" Tajikistan appeared as \"Tadjikistan\" or \"Tadzhikistan\" in English prior to 1991. This is due to a transliteration from the"]}
{"query": "What does Tajikistan mean?", "answer": "\"Land of the Tajiks\"", "gold_docs": ["NATO PfP partner. \"Tajikistan\" means the \"Land of the Tajiks\". The suffix \"-stan\" is Persian for \"place of\" or \"country\" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word \"Tajik\" because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\" Tajikistan appeared as \"Tadjikistan\" or \"Tadzhikistan\" in English prior to 1991. This is due to a transliteration from the"]}
{"query": "What does the suffix -stan mean?", "answer": "\"place of\" or \"country\"", "gold_docs": ["NATO PfP partner. \"Tajikistan\" means the \"Land of the Tajiks\". The suffix \"-stan\" is Persian for \"place of\" or \"country\" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word \"Tajik\" because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\" Tajikistan appeared as \"Tadjikistan\" or \"Tadzhikistan\" in English prior to 1991. This is due to a transliteration from the"]}
{"query": "Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?", "answer": "because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\"", "gold_docs": ["NATO PfP partner. \"Tajikistan\" means the \"Land of the Tajiks\". The suffix \"-stan\" is Persian for \"place of\" or \"country\" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word \"Tajik\" because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\" Tajikistan appeared as \"Tadjikistan\" or \"Tadzhikistan\" in English prior to 1991. This is due to a transliteration from the"]}
{"query": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?", "answer": "650\u2013680", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "Who took control of the regin in 710?", "answer": "Umayyads", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "Who restored Persian control of the region?", "answer": "The Samanid Empire,", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?", "answer": "Khorasan", "gold_docs": ["cultural centres of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999\u20131211. Their arrival in Transoxania signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region. During Genghis Khan's invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia. In less than a century the Mongol Empire broke up and modern Tajikistan came under the"]}
{"query": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?", "answer": "650\u2013680", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "Who took control of the regin in 710?", "answer": "Umayyads", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?", "answer": "650\u2013680", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "Who restored Persian control of the region?", "answer": "The Samanid Empire,", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "Who took control of the regin in 710?", "answer": "Umayyads", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "Who restored Persian control of the region?", "answer": "The Samanid Empire,", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?", "answer": "Khorasan", "gold_docs": ["cultural centres of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999\u20131211. Their arrival in Transoxania signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region. During Genghis Khan's invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia. In less than a century the Mongol Empire broke up and modern Tajikistan came under the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?", "answer": "Khorasan", "gold_docs": ["cultural centres of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999\u20131211. Their arrival in Transoxania signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region. During Genghis Khan's invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia. In less than a century the Mongol Empire broke up and modern Tajikistan came under the"]}
{"query": "When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?", "answer": "650\u2013680", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "Who conquered Tansaxania?", "answer": "The Kara-Khanid Khanate", "gold_docs": ["cultural centres of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999\u20131211. Their arrival in Transoxania signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region. During Genghis Khan's invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia. In less than a century the Mongol Empire broke up and modern Tajikistan came under the"]}
{"query": "When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?", "answer": "The Samanid Empire", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?", "answer": "during the late 19th century's Imperial Era", "gold_docs": ["Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets). By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks"]}
{"query": "Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?", "answer": "the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand", "gold_docs": ["Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets). By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks"]}
{"query": "What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?", "answer": "gaining access to a supply of cotton", "gold_docs": ["Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets). By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks"]}
{"query": "What did Russia do between 1864-1885?", "answer": "Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan", "gold_docs": ["Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets). By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks"]}
{"query": "In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?", "answer": "the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara", "gold_docs": ["Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets). By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks"]}
{"query": "What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?", "answer": "an Islamic social movement throughout the region", "gold_docs": ["felt little Russian influence. During the late 19th century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians viewed the movement as a threat. Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan. After the"]}
{"query": "Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?", "answer": "Russians", "gold_docs": ["felt little Russian influence. During the late 19th century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians viewed the movement as a threat. Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan. After the"]}
{"query": "When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?", "answer": "between 1910 and 1913", "gold_docs": ["felt little Russian influence. During the late 19th century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians viewed the movement as a threat. Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan. After the"]}
{"query": "Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?", "answer": "the threat of forced conscription during World War I", "gold_docs": ["dynasty of Bukhara next annexed Khojand, until it was taken over by the Kokand Khanate in 1802, however Bukhara regained it in 1842 until it was lost a few decades later to the Russia. In 1866, as most of Central Asia was occupied by Russian Empire, the city became part of the General Governorate of Turkestan, under Tsarist Russia. The threat of forced conscription during World War I led to protests in the city in July 1916, which turned violent when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers. In 1918 when Turkestan ASSR was dismantled, the city became a part of Uzbek Soviet"]}
{"query": "Who won the war?", "answer": "The Bolsheviks", "gold_docs": ["Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as \"basmachi\", waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularisation. Practising Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives. In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as"]}
{"query": "What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?", "answer": "Islam, Judaism, and Christianity", "gold_docs": ["Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as \"basmachi\", waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularisation. Practising Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives. In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as"]}
{"query": "In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?", "answer": "Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", "gold_docs": ["Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as \"basmachi\", waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularisation. Practising Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives. In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as"]}
{"query": "Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?", "answer": "in the southern region", "gold_docs": ["a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic; however, the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivisation of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivisation policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivisation and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure. Two rounds of Soviet"]}
{"query": "What happeded between 1927-1934?", "answer": "collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place", "gold_docs": ["and Tajiks were not appointed to leadership positions simply because of their ethnicity. Between 1927 and 1934 collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure. Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party"]}
{"query": "What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?", "answer": "Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement", "gold_docs": ["and Tajiks were not appointed to leadership positions simply because of their ethnicity. Between 1927 and 1934 collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure. Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party"]}
{"query": "Who directed the purges of Soviets?", "answer": "Moscow", "gold_docs": ["purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946\u20131956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office"]}
{"query": "Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?", "answer": "Ethnic Russians", "gold_docs": ["purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946\u20131956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office"]}
{"query": "What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?", "answer": "grew from less than 1% to 13%", "gold_docs": ["purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946\u20131956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office"]}
{"query": "What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?", "answer": "subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary", "gold_docs": ["purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946\u20131956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office"]}
{"query": "Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?", "answer": "accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment", "gold_docs": ["President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova. The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling \"failed to meet many key OSCE"]}
{"query": "Where is Tajikistan located?", "answer": "in Central Asia", "gold_docs": ["location of highest altitude where bandy has been played. Tajikistan has also one ski resort, called Safed Dara (formerly \"Takob\"), near the town of Varzob. Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of and an estimated population of /1e6 round 1 million people as of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan"]}
{"query": "What country lies to Tajikistans east?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["location of highest altitude where bandy has been played. Tajikistan has also one ski resort, called Safed Dara (formerly \"Takob\"), near the town of Varzob. Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of and an estimated population of /1e6 round 1 million people as of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan"]}
{"query": "What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?", "answer": "Wakhan Corridor", "gold_docs": ["Pakistan\u2013Tajikistan relations Pakistan\u2013Tajikistan relations are the foreign relations between Pakistan and Tajikistan. The two countries are only apart at their closest point. The Wakhan Corridor is a narrow strip of territory in northeastern Afghanistan that extends to China and separates Tajikistan from Pakistan. Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Tajikistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR. Trade and cooperation has steadily grown between the two nations, with several summits being held on how to improve bilateral trade. In March 2008 Said Saidbaig, the Tajik Ambassador, announced that his country would be able to"]}
{"query": "What country borders Tajikistan to the east?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["location of highest altitude where bandy has been played. Tajikistan has also one ski resort, called Safed Dara (formerly \"Takob\"), near the town of Varzob. Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of and an estimated population of /1e6 round 1 million people as of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan"]}
{"query": "How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?", "answer": "8 million", "gold_docs": ["Miao in China was estimated to be about 9.6 million. Outside of China, members of the Miao linguistic/cultural family sub-group or nations of the Hmong live in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Burma due to outward migrations starting in the 18th century. As a result of recent migrations in the aftermath of the Indochina and Vietnam Wars from 1949\u201375, many Hmong people now live in the United States, French Guiana, France and Australia. Altogether, there are approximately 8 million speakers in the Miao language family. This language family, which consists of 6 languages and around 35 dialects (some of which are"]}
{"query": "What country borders Tajikistan to the south?", "answer": "Afghanistan", "gold_docs": ["location of highest altitude where bandy has been played. Tajikistan has also one ski resort, called Safed Dara (formerly \"Takob\"), near the town of Varzob. Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of and an estimated population of /1e6 round 1 million people as of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan"]}
{"query": "What country borders Tajikistan to the west?", "answer": "Uzbekistan", "gold_docs": ["location of highest altitude where bandy has been played. Tajikistan has also one ski resort, called Safed Dara (formerly \"Takob\"), near the town of Varzob. Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of and an estimated population of /1e6 round 1 million people as of . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan"]}
{"query": "What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?", "answer": "the Achaemenid Empire", "gold_docs": ["site. The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states"]}
{"query": "Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?", "answer": "Alexander the Great", "gold_docs": ["site. The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states"]}
{"query": "What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?", "answer": "Yuezhi tribes", "gold_docs": ["which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141\u201387 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers. The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practised"]}
{"query": "When was Islam brought to the region?", "answer": "in the early eighth century", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "What empire brought Islam practices with them?", "answer": "Hephthalite Empire,", "gold_docs": ["in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the"]}
{"query": "What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?", "answer": "Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism", "gold_docs": ["which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141\u201387 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers. The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practised"]}
{"query": "What was the rate that the GDP expanded?", "answer": "an average rate of 9.6%", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000\u20132007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenia and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company \u2013 the"]}
{"query": "What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?", "answer": "aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000\u20132007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenia and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company \u2013 the"]}
{"query": "What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?", "answer": "60%", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000\u20132007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenia and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company \u2013 the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?", "answer": "Tajik Aluminum Company", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000\u20132007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenia and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company \u2013 the"]}
{"query": "Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?", "answer": "the government", "gold_docs": ["biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world. Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power"]}
{"query": "What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?", "answer": "hydropower potential", "gold_docs": ["biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world. Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power"]}
{"query": "What is the average amount lived on per day?", "answer": "US$1.25 per day", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan was the world's most remittance-dependent economy with remittances accounting for 49% of GDP and expected to fall by 40% in 2015 due to the economic crisis in the Russian Federation. Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in the Russian Federation, have become by far the main source of income for millions of Tajikistan's people and with the 2014\u20132015 downturn in the Russian economy the World Bank has predicted large numbers of young Tajik men will return home and face few economic prospects. According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from"]}
{"query": "What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?", "answer": "estimated $2.1 billion US dollars", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totalled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage \u2014 cheap labour. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's economic growth"]}
{"query": "What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?", "answer": "remittances", "gold_docs": ["Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totalled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage \u2014 cheap labour. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's economic growth"]}
{"query": "What is raised locally for the domestic market?", "answer": "opium poppy", "gold_docs": ["during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty. Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organisations, such as UNODC, and co-operation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world"]}
{"query": "Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?", "answer": "heroin and raw opium confiscations", "gold_docs": ["for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency. Tajikistan is an active member of the Economic Cooperation Organization"]}
{"query": "What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?", "answer": "strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency", "gold_docs": ["for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency. Tajikistan is an active member of the Economic Cooperation Organization"]}
{"query": "What are the majority of transportation options?", "answer": "via roads, air, and rail.", "gold_docs": ["(ECO). In 2013 Tajikistan, like many of the other Central Asian countries, was experiencing major development in its transportation sector. As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province"]}
{"query": "What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?", "answer": "Iran and Pakistan", "gold_docs": ["(ECO). In 2013 Tajikistan, like many of the other Central Asian countries, was experiencing major development in its transportation sector. As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province"]}
{"query": "What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?", "answer": "Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan", "gold_docs": ["(ECO). In 2013 Tajikistan, like many of the other Central Asian countries, was experiencing major development in its transportation sector. As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province"]}
{"query": "What year was the agreement signed?", "answer": "2012", "gold_docs": ["in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries. The railroad system totals only of track, all of it broad gauge. The principal segments are in the southern region and connect the capital with the industrial areas of the Hisor and Vakhsh valleys and with Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. Most international freight traffic is carried by train. The recently constructed Qurghonteppa\u2013Kulob railway connected the Kulob District with the central area"]}
{"query": "How many airports does Tajikistan have?", "answer": "26 airports", "gold_docs": ["of the country. In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and \u00dcr\u00fcmqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also"]}
{"query": "What is the country's main airport?", "answer": "Dushanbe International Airport", "gold_docs": ["of the country. In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and \u00dcr\u00fcmqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also"]}
{"query": "Where are the international flights maining going to?", "answer": "Russia", "gold_docs": ["of the country. In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and \u00dcr\u00fcmqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?", "answer": "Khorog Airport", "gold_docs": ["of the country. In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and \u00dcr\u00fcmqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also"]}
{"query": "What percent of the population is under 30 years old?", "answer": "70%", "gold_docs": ["different ethnic groups in the country and thereby fulfilling its stated constitutional role. Despite its poverty, Tajikistan has a high rate of literacy due to the old Soviet system of free education, with an estimated 99.5% of the population having the ability to read and write. In 2009 nearly one million Tajiks worked abroad (mainly in Russia). More than 70% of the female population lives in traditional villages. The Tajik language is the mother tongue of around 80% of the citizens of Tajikistan. The main urban centres in today's Tajikistan include Dushanbe (the capital), Khujand, Kulob, Panjakent, Qurghonteppa, Khorugh and"]}
{"query": "What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?", "answer": "35%", "gold_docs": ["30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizeable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis. In 1989, ethnic Russians in Tajikistan made up 7.6% of the population, but they are now less than 0.5%, after the civil war spurred Russian emigration."]}
{"query": "What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?", "answer": "Tajik", "gold_docs": ["30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizeable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis. In 1989, ethnic Russians in Tajikistan made up 7.6% of the population, but they are now less than 0.5%, after the civil war spurred Russian emigration."]}
{"query": "What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?", "answer": "Tajikistanis", "gold_docs": ["30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizeable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis. In 1989, ethnic Russians in Tajikistan made up 7.6% of the population, but they are now less than 0.5%, after the civil war spurred Russian emigration."]}
{"query": "What people live in the southeast area of the country?", "answer": "The Pamiri people", "gold_docs": ["Istaravshan. There are also Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Russian minorities. The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost"]}
{"query": "How are they different than most Tajiks?", "answer": "distinct linguistically and culturally", "gold_docs": ["Istaravshan. There are also Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Russian minorities. The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost"]}
{"query": "What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?", "answer": "Pamir Mountains", "gold_docs": ["Istaravshan. There are also Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Russian minorities. The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost"]}
{"query": "What school has been recognized by the government?", "answer": "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi", "gold_docs": ["elsewhere in the country. The Yaghnobi people live in mountainous areas of northern Tajikistan. The estimated number of Yaghnobis is now about 25,000. Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the Yaghnobi language, which is the only direct modern descendant of the ancient Sogdian language. Tajikistan artisans created the Dushanbe Tea House, which was presented in 1988 as a gift to the sister city of Boulder, Colorado. Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognised by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion."]}
{"query": "What percent of the population is muslim?", "answer": "98%", "gold_docs": ["The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, as state holidays. According to a US State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%\u201395% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions. Bukharan Jews had lived in Tajikistan since the"]}
{"query": "What type of religions concerns are there?", "answer": "minority religious groups undermine national unity", "gold_docs": ["2nd century BC, but today almost none are left. In the 1940s, the Jewish community of Tajikistan numbered nearly 30,000 people. Most were Persian-speaking Bukharan Jews who had lived in the region for millennia along with Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe who resettled there in the Soviet era. The Jewish population is now estimated at less than 500, about half of whom live in Dushanbe. Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?", "answer": "Hizb ut-Tahrir", "gold_docs": ["sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992\u20131997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some feel this is discriminatory. By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs"]}
{"query": "What does the SCRA require?", "answer": "a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location", "gold_docs": ["(SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice. As of January 2016, as part of an \"anti-radicalisation campaign\", police in the Khatlon"]}
{"query": "What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?", "answer": "a physical structure", "gold_docs": ["(SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice. As of January 2016, as part of an \"anti-radicalisation campaign\", police in the Khatlon"]}
{"query": "What can happen if you do not register?", "answer": "can result in large fines and closure of place of worship", "gold_docs": ["(SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice. As of January 2016, as part of an \"anti-radicalisation campaign\", police in the Khatlon"]}
{"query": "What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?", "answer": ", the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies", "gold_docs": ["region reportedly shaved the beards of 13,000 men and shut down 160 shops selling the hijab. Shaving beards and discouraging women from wearing hijab is part of a government campaign targeting trends that are deemed \"alien and inconsistent with Tajik culture\", and \"to preserve secular traditions\". Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan."]}
{"query": "How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?", "answer": "104,272", "gold_docs": ["region reportedly shaved the beards of 13,000 men and shut down 160 shops selling the hijab. Shaving beards and discouraging women from wearing hijab is part of a government campaign targeting trends that are deemed \"alien and inconsistent with Tajik culture\", and \"to preserve secular traditions\". Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan."]}
{"query": "What percent of the GDP was spent on health?", "answer": "1%", "gold_docs": ["The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004. Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.38 years in 2012. The infant mortality rate was approximately 37 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012. In 2011, there were 170 physicians per 100,000 people. In 2010 the country experienced an outbreak of polio that caused more than 457 cases of polio in both children and adults, and resulted in 29 deaths before"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?", "answer": "World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper", "gold_docs": ["The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004. Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.38 years in 2012. The infant mortality rate was approximately 37 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012. In 2011, there were 170 physicians per 100,000 people. In 2010 the country experienced an outbreak of polio that caused more than 457 cases of polio in both children and adults, and resulted in 29 deaths before"]}
{"query": "How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?", "answer": "11 years of primary and secondary education", "gold_docs": ["being brought under control. Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. tertiary education enrolment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education"]}
{"query": "What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?", "answer": "Khujand State University", "gold_docs": ["being brought under control. Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. tertiary education enrolment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education"]}
{"query": "What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?", "answer": "17%", "gold_docs": ["being brought under control. Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. tertiary education enrolment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?", "answer": "social", "gold_docs": ["Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies. Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States and Canada, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history. The abstract noun \"anthropology\" is first"]}
{"query": "What investigates the influence of language in social life?", "answer": "linguistic anthropology", "gold_docs": ["Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies. Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States and Canada, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history. The abstract noun \"anthropology\" is first"]}
{"query": "What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?", "answer": "physical", "gold_docs": ["Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies. Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States and Canada, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history. The abstract noun \"anthropology\" is first"]}
{"query": "Vienna created it's society in what year?", "answer": "1870", "gold_docs": ["young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist. Similar organizations in other countries followed: The Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that"]}
{"query": "When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?", "answer": "1869", "gold_docs": ["young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist. Similar organizations in other countries followed: The Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that"]}
{"query": "When was the American Anthropological Association founded?", "answer": "1902", "gold_docs": ["young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist. Similar organizations in other countries followed: The Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that"]}
{"query": "When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?", "answer": "1865", "gold_docs": ["young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist. Similar organizations in other countries followed: The Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that"]}
{"query": "What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?", "answer": "empirical foundation", "gold_docs": ["Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation. During the last three decades of the 19th century, a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology. This meager statistic expanded"]}
{"query": "What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?", "answer": "international", "gold_docs": ["Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation. During the last three decades of the 19th century, a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology. This meager statistic expanded"]}
{"query": "Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?", "answer": "The major theorists", "gold_docs": ["Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation. During the last three decades of the 19th century, a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology. This meager statistic expanded"]}
{"query": "How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?", "answer": "48", "gold_docs": ["Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation. During the last three decades of the 19th century, a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology. This meager statistic expanded"]}
{"query": "When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?", "answer": "late 19th and early 20th centuries", "gold_docs": ["currently contains members from about three dozen nations. Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, \"social\" anthropology in Great Britain and \"cultural\" anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology, in particular, has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against"]}
{"query": "What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?", "answer": "cross-cultural comparisons", "gold_docs": ["currently contains members from about three dozen nations. Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, \"social\" anthropology in Great Britain and \"cultural\" anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology, in particular, has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against"]}
{"query": "What did Boas' argue against?", "answer": "19th-century racial ideology", "gold_docs": ["19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork. In Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries, the British tradition of social anthropology tends to dominate. In the United States, anthropology has traditionally been divided into the four field approach developed by Franz Boas in the early 20th century: \"biological\" or \"physical\" anthropology; \"social\", \"cultural\", or \"sociocultural\" anthropology; and archaeology; plus anthropological linguistics. These fields frequently overlap but"]}
{"query": "What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?", "answer": "cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques", "gold_docs": ["currently contains members from about three dozen nations. Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, \"social\" anthropology in Great Britain and \"cultural\" anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology, in particular, has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against"]}
{"query": "What builds upon natural and social sciences?", "answer": "Anthropology", "gold_docs": ["its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. According to Clifford Geertz, Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an"]}
{"query": "What type of discipline is anthropology?", "answer": "global", "gold_docs": ["its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. According to Clifford Geertz, Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an"]}
{"query": "Where did early anthropology originate?", "answer": "Greece and Persia", "gold_docs": ["its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. According to Clifford Geertz, Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an"]}
{"query": "What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?", "answer": "cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies", "gold_docs": ["its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. According to Clifford Geertz, Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an"]}
{"query": "What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?", "answer": "structuralist and postmodern theories", "gold_docs": ["its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. According to Clifford Geertz, Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an"]}
{"query": "When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?", "answer": "During the 1970s and 1990s", "gold_docs": ["its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies. According to Clifford Geertz, Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an"]}
{"query": "What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?", "answer": "nature and production of knowledge", "gold_docs": ["epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline. During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people \"make sense\" of the world around them, while social anthropology"]}
{"query": "What two fields remained largely positivist? ", "answer": "archaeology and biological anthropology", "gold_docs": ["epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline. During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades. Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people \"make sense\" of the world around them, while social anthropology"]}
{"query": "What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?", "answer": "Sociocultural anthropology", "gold_docs": ["is the study of the \"relationships\" among individuals and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects the experience for self and group, contributing to a more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. In that, it helps develop an understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by"]}
{"query": "Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?", "answer": "social", "gold_docs": ["is the study of the \"relationships\" among individuals and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects the experience for self and group, contributing to a more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. In that, it helps develop an understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by"]}
{"query": "What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?", "answer": "social structures,", "gold_docs": ["is the study of the \"relationships\" among individuals and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects the experience for self and group, contributing to a more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. In that, it helps develop an understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by"]}
{"query": "What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?", "answer": "hard-and-fast", "gold_docs": ["is the study of the \"relationships\" among individuals and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects the experience for self and group, contributing to a more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. In that, it helps develop an understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by"]}
{"query": "What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?", "answer": "Cultural anthropology", "gold_docs": ["is the study of the \"relationships\" among individuals and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects the experience for self and group, contributing to a more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. In that, it helps develop an understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree. Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by"]}
{"query": "What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?", "answer": "Participant observation", "gold_docs": ["cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As a methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially"]}
{"query": "What is a needlessly complicated word which means \"conceptual\"?", "answer": "emic", "gold_docs": ["helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology,"]}
{"query": "What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?", "answer": "reductionism in cross-cultural comparison", "gold_docs": ["cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As a methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially"]}
{"query": "What is a human universal?", "answer": "kinship", "gold_docs": ["helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology,"]}
{"query": "What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?", "answer": "language", "gold_docs": ["helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology,"]}
{"query": "Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?", "answer": "resolution", "gold_docs": ["helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view. The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology). Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology,"]}
{"query": "What field studies human's past through material remains?", "answer": "Archaeology", "gold_docs": ["of past societies. Archaeologists examine this material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remain of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and"]}
{"query": "What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?", "answer": "human behavior and cultural practices", "gold_docs": ["of past societies. Archaeologists examine this material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remain of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and"]}
{"query": "What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?", "answer": "past human groups", "gold_docs": ["of past societies. Archaeologists examine this material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remain of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and"]}
{"query": "How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?", "answer": "in similar ways", "gold_docs": ["of past societies. Archaeologists examine this material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remain of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways. Linguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and"]}
{"query": "What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?", "answer": "anthropological", "gold_docs": ["culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To"]}
{"query": "What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?", "answer": "interpretation of sociocultural processes", "gold_docs": ["culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To"]}
{"query": "What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?", "answer": "sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis", "gold_docs": ["culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To"]}
{"query": "What is a cultural phenomenon? ", "answer": "art", "gold_docs": ["surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' \"Primitive Art\", Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss' \"The Way of the Masks\" (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts"]}
{"query": "What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?", "answer": "do not exist", "gold_docs": ["culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis. One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To"]}
{"query": "When was Art as Cultural System penned?", "answer": "1983", "gold_docs": ["surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' \"Primitive Art\", Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss' \"The Way of the Masks\" (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts"]}
{"query": "What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?", "answer": "culturally specific 'aesthetics'", "gold_docs": ["surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' \"Primitive Art\", Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss' \"The Way of the Masks\" (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'. Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts"]}
{"query": "Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?", "answer": "\u00c9tienne Serres", "gold_docs": ["which considers the body and the parts, and Psychology, which speaks of the soul. Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by \u00c9tienne Serres in 1839 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Br\u00e9au. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839."]}
{"query": "When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?", "answer": "1850", "gold_docs": ["which considers the body and the parts, and Psychology, which speaks of the soul. Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by \u00c9tienne Serres in 1839 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Br\u00e9au. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839."]}
{"query": "Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["which considers the body and the parts, and Psychology, which speaks of the soul. Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by \u00c9tienne Serres in 1839 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Br\u00e9au. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839."]}
{"query": "What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?", "answer": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris", "gold_docs": ["which considers the body and the parts, and Psychology, which speaks of the soul. Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by \u00c9tienne Serres in 1839 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Br\u00e9au. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839."]}
{"query": "What is anthropology the intellectual results of?", "answer": "comparative methods", "gold_docs": ["Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 was abandoned. Meanwhile, the Ethnological Society of New York, currently the American Ethnological Society, was founded on its model in 1842, as well as the Ethnological Society of London in 1843, a break-away group of the Aborigines' Protection Society. These anthropologists of the times were liberal, anti-slavery, and pro-human-rights activists. They maintained international connections. Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology,"]}
{"query": "What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?", "answer": "similarities", "gold_docs": ["making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of"]}
{"query": "What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?", "answer": "processes or laws unknown to them then", "gold_docs": ["making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of"]}
{"query": "What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?", "answer": "epiphany", "gold_docs": ["making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of"]}
{"query": "How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?", "answer": "comparison of species", "gold_docs": ["making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of"]}
{"query": "When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?", "answer": "late 1850s.", "gold_docs": ["making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of"]}
{"query": "What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?", "answer": "bring it into the social sciences", "gold_docs": ["making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of"]}
{"query": "Where did Paul Broca reside?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859. When he read Darwin, he became an immediate convert to \"Transformisme\", as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\". Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other"]}
{"query": "What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?", "answer": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie", "gold_docs": ["breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859. When he read Darwin, he became an immediate convert to \"Transformisme\", as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\". Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other"]}
{"query": "What did the French call evolutionism?", "answer": "Transformisme", "gold_docs": ["breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859. When he read Darwin, he became an immediate convert to \"Transformisme\", as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\". Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other"]}
{"query": "If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?", "answer": "neurosurgeon", "gold_docs": ["breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859. When he read Darwin, he became an immediate convert to \"Transformisme\", as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\". Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other"]}
{"query": "What particularly interested Broca?", "answer": "the pathology of speech", "gold_docs": ["breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859. When he read Darwin, he became an immediate convert to \"Transformisme\", as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\". Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other"]}
{"query": "What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?", "answer": "psychology", "gold_docs": ["animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled \"Die Anthropologie der Naturv\u00f6lker\", 1859\u20131864. The title was soon translated as \"The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples\". The last two volumes were published posthumously. Waitz defined anthropology as \"the science of the nature of man\". By nature he meant matter animated by \"the Divine breath\"; i.e., he was an"]}
{"query": "How many volumes was Waitz work?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled \"Die Anthropologie der Naturv\u00f6lker\", 1859\u20131864. The title was soon translated as \"The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples\". The last two volumes were published posthumously. Waitz defined anthropology as \"the science of the nature of man\". By nature he meant matter animated by \"the Divine breath\"; i.e., he was an"]}
{"query": "How did Waitz define anthropology?", "answer": "the science of the nature of man", "gold_docs": ["animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled \"Die Anthropologie der Naturv\u00f6lker\", 1859\u20131864. The title was soon translated as \"The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples\". The last two volumes were published posthumously. Waitz defined anthropology as \"the science of the nature of man\". By nature he meant matter animated by \"the Divine breath\"; i.e., he was an"]}
{"query": "What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?", "answer": "comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology", "gold_docs": ["animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization, as well as ethnology, are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\". Waitz was influential among"]}
{"query": "What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?", "answer": "empirical", "gold_docs": ["animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization, as well as ethnology, are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\". Waitz was influential among"]}
{"query": "What history was to be brought into the comparison?", "answer": "civilization", "gold_docs": ["animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization, as well as ethnology, are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\". Waitz was influential among"]}
{"query": "Who was Waitz influential among?", "answer": "British ethnologists", "gold_docs": ["the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\" were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, \"The Anthropological Review\", Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard. Among the first associates were the"]}
{"query": "In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?", "answer": "1863", "gold_docs": ["the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\" were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, \"The Anthropological Review\", Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard. Among the first associates were the"]}
{"query": "What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?", "answer": "anthropology", "gold_docs": ["the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\" were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, \"The Anthropological Review\", Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard. Among the first associates were the"]}
{"query": "Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?", "answer": "Waitz", "gold_docs": ["the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\" were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, \"The Anthropological Review\", Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard. Among the first associates were the"]}
{"query": "What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?", "answer": "majority of the world's higher educational institutions", "gold_docs": ["in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical Anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. The organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\","]}
{"query": "What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?", "answer": "subdivisions", "gold_docs": ["in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical Anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. The organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\","]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?", "answer": "Practical", "gold_docs": ["in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical Anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. The organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\","]}
{"query": "What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?", "answer": "recreate the final scene", "gold_docs": ["in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical Anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. The organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\","]}
{"query": "From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?", "answer": "about three dozen", "gold_docs": ["currently contains members from about three dozen nations. Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, \"social\" anthropology in Great Britain and \"cultural\" anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology, in particular, has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against"]}
{"query": "Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?", "answer": "ethnographic", "gold_docs": ["of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media, and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing"]}
{"query": "Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?", "answer": "early 1990s", "gold_docs": ["of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media, and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing"]}
{"query": "Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?", "answer": "media reception", "gold_docs": ["of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media, and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?", "answer": "cyber", "gold_docs": ["of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media, and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s. Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?", "answer": "Visual", "gold_docs": ["various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire. Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings,"]}
{"query": "What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?", "answer": "visual representation", "gold_docs": ["various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire. Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings,"]}
{"query": "What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?", "answer": "all", "gold_docs": ["various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire. Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings,"]}
{"query": "What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?", "answer": "ethnographic film", "gold_docs": ["various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire. Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings,"]}
{"query": "Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?", "answer": "Economic", "gold_docs": ["tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings, and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school"]}
{"query": "Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?", "answer": "historic, geographic and cultural", "gold_docs": ["tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings, and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school"]}
{"query": "What is economic anthropology highly critical of?", "answer": "discipline of economics", "gold_docs": ["tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings, and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school"]}
{"query": "Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?", "answer": "Bronislaw Malinowski", "gold_docs": ["Economic anthropology Economic anthropology is a field that attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It is practiced by anthropologists and has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology began with work by the Polish founder of anthropology Bronislaw Malinowski and the French Marcel Mauss on the nature of reciprocity as an alternative to market exchange. For the most part, studies in economic anthropology focus on exchange. In contrast, the Marxian school known as \"political economy\" focuses on production."]}
{"query": "What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?", "answer": "exchange", "gold_docs": ["tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings, and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology. Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school"]}
{"query": "What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?", "answer": "history and colonialism", "gold_docs": ["of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective. Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of"]}
{"query": "Who were the original affluent society?", "answer": "Hunter-gatherers", "gold_docs": ["these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes. Sahlin's work on hunter-gatherers as the \"original affluent society\" did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. Applied anthropology refers to the application of"]}
{"query": "What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?", "answer": "population", "gold_docs": ["these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes. Sahlin's work on hunter-gatherers as the \"original affluent society\" did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. Applied anthropology refers to the application of"]}
{"query": "What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?", "answer": "industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism", "gold_docs": ["these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes. Sahlin's work on hunter-gatherers as the \"original affluent society\" did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world. Applied anthropology refers to the application of"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?", "answer": "Applied", "gold_docs": ["the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a \"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy\". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to development anthropology (distinct from the more critical anthropology of development). Anthropology of development tends to view development from a \"critical\" perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications"]}
{"query": "What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?", "answer": "direct", "gold_docs": ["the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a \"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy\". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to development anthropology (distinct from the more critical anthropology of development). Anthropology of development tends to view development from a \"critical\" perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications"]}
{"query": "What perspective does development anthropology view development from?", "answer": "critical", "gold_docs": ["the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a \"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy\". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to development anthropology (distinct from the more critical anthropology of development). Anthropology of development tends to view development from a \"critical\" perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications"]}
{"query": "What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?", "answer": "pondering", "gold_docs": ["for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short, why does so much planned development fail? \"Kinship\" can refer both to \"the study of\" the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to \"the patterns of social relationships\" themselves. Over its history,"]}
{"query": "Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?", "answer": "increasing", "gold_docs": ["for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short, why does so much planned development fail? \"Kinship\" can refer both to \"the study of\" the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to \"the patterns of social relationships\" themselves. Over its history,"]}
{"query": "When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?", "answer": "gap", "gold_docs": ["for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short, why does so much planned development fail? \"Kinship\" can refer both to \"the study of\" the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to \"the patterns of social relationships\" themselves. Over its history,"]}
{"query": "What does a lot of planned development apparently do?", "answer": "fail", "gold_docs": ["for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short, why does so much planned development fail? \"Kinship\" can refer both to \"the study of\" the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to \"the patterns of social relationships\" themselves. Over its history,"]}
{"query": "What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?", "answer": "Kinship", "gold_docs": ["anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such"]}
{"query": "What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?", "answer": "anthropology", "gold_docs": ["anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such"]}
{"query": "When has anthropology developed related terms?", "answer": "Over its history", "gold_docs": ["for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short, why does so much planned development fail? \"Kinship\" can refer both to \"the study of\" the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to \"the patterns of social relationships\" themselves. Over its history,"]}
{"query": "What does it mean if people are related by descent?", "answer": "one's social relations during development", "gold_docs": ["anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such"]}
{"query": "Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?", "answer": "marriage", "gold_docs": ["anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such"]}
{"query": "What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?", "answer": "male bias", "gold_docs": ["anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such"]}
{"query": "What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?", "answer": "systematic bias", "gold_docs": ["'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization. The first African-American female anthropologist and Caribbeanist is said to be Vera Mae Green who studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean as well as the United States, and thereby tried to improve the way black life, experiences, and culture were"]}
{"query": "What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?", "answer": "gender", "gold_docs": ["'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization. The first African-American female anthropologist and Caribbeanist is said to be Vera Mae Green who studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean as well as the United States, and thereby tried to improve the way black life, experiences, and culture were"]}
{"query": "What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?", "answer": "Nutritional", "gold_docs": ["result of illness. On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as \"cultural psychiatry\" and \"transcultural psychiatry\" or \"ethnopsychiatry\". Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects"]}
{"query": "Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?", "answer": "food security", "gold_docs": ["result of illness. On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as \"cultural psychiatry\" and \"transcultural psychiatry\" or \"ethnopsychiatry\". Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects"]}
{"query": "If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?", "answer": "globalization", "gold_docs": ["result of illness. On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as \"cultural psychiatry\" and \"transcultural psychiatry\" or \"ethnopsychiatry\". Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects"]}
{"query": "What affects overall health status?", "answer": "Nutritional status", "gold_docs": ["result of illness. On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as \"cultural psychiatry\" and \"transcultural psychiatry\" or \"ethnopsychiatry\". Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects"]}
{"query": "What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?", "answer": "economic", "gold_docs": ["result of illness. On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as \"cultural psychiatry\" and \"transcultural psychiatry\" or \"ethnopsychiatry\". Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects"]}
{"query": "What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? ", "answer": "Psychological", "gold_docs": ["overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people. Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group \u2013 with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories \u2013 shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes"]}
{"query": "What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?", "answer": "humans' development and enculturation", "gold_docs": ["overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people. Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group \u2013 with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories \u2013 shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes"]}
{"query": "What aspects define a cultural group?", "answer": "its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories", "gold_docs": ["overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people. Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group \u2013 with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories \u2013 shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes"]}
{"query": "What shapes processes of human cognition?", "answer": "cultural group", "gold_docs": ["overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people. Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group \u2013 with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories \u2013 shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes"]}
{"query": "Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?", "answer": "understanding", "gold_docs": ["overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people. Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group \u2013 with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories \u2013 shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes"]}
{"query": "What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?", "answer": "Cognitive", "gold_docs": ["inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes. Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them. Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states"]}
{"query": "What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?", "answer": "cognitive sciences", "gold_docs": ["inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes. Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them. Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states"]}
{"query": "What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?", "answer": "experimental psychology and evolutionary biology", "gold_docs": ["inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes. Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them. Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states"]}
{"query": "Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?", "answer": "implicit knowledge", "gold_docs": ["inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes. Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them. Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?", "answer": "Political", "gold_docs": ["study more \"complex\" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. Firstly, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Secondly, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field"]}
{"query": "From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?", "answer": "structure of societies", "gold_docs": ["of consciousness and culture. As with transpersonal psychology, the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and transpersonal experience. However, the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psychology in taking more cognizance of cross-cultural issues \u2013 for instance, the roles of myth, ritual, diet, and texts in evoking and interpreting extraordinary experiences. Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to"]}
{"query": "When did the new development of a stateless society come about?", "answer": "the 1960s", "gold_docs": ["of consciousness and culture. As with transpersonal psychology, the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and transpersonal experience. However, the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psychology in taking more cognizance of cross-cultural issues \u2013 for instance, the roles of myth, ritual, diet, and texts in evoking and interpreting extraordinary experiences. Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to"]}
{"query": "The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?", "answer": "\"complex\"", "gold_docs": ["study more \"complex\" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. Firstly, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Secondly, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field"]}
{"query": "Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?", "answer": "Geertz", "gold_docs": ["today. Geertz' comparative work on \"Negara\", the Balinese state, is an early, famous example. Legal anthropology or anthropology of law specializes in \"the cross-cultural study of social ordering\". Earlier legal anthropological research often focused more narrowly on conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation. More recent applications include issues such as human rights, legal pluralism, and political uprisings. Public anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky, a professor at Hawaii Pacific University, to \"demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline \u2013 illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?", "answer": "Cyborg", "gold_docs": ["conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change\". Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 \"Cyborg Manifesto\" could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings."]}
{"query": "When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?", "answer": "1993", "gold_docs": ["conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change\". Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 \"Cyborg Manifesto\" could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings."]}
{"query": "Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?", "answer": "Donna Haraway", "gold_docs": ["conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change\". Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 \"Cyborg Manifesto\" could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings."]}
{"query": "What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?", "answer": "its relations", "gold_docs": ["conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change\". Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 \"Cyborg Manifesto\" could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings."]}
{"query": "Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?", "answer": "Environmental", "gold_docs": ["cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part"]}
{"query": "What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?", "answer": "political ecology", "gold_docs": ["cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part"]}
{"query": "What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?", "answer": "culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.", "gold_docs": ["in this perspective, obfuscation of aspects of analyze and designated terms. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles,"]}
{"query": "The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?", "answer": "corporate", "gold_docs": ["cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part"]}
{"query": "How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?", "answer": "by examining historical records", "gold_docs": ["of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park. Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music,"]}
{"query": "Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?", "answer": "ethnic", "gold_docs": ["of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park. Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music,"]}
{"query": "What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?", "answer": "its foundation", "gold_docs": ["of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park. Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music,"]}
{"query": "What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?", "answer": "documents and manuscripts", "gold_docs": ["of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park. Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music,"]}
{"query": "Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?", "answer": "Practitioners", "gold_docs": ["of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park. Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music,"]}
{"query": "What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?", "answer": "Urban", "gold_docs": ["Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes. There are two main approaches to urban anthropology: examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also"]}
{"query": "Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?", "answer": "Ulf Hannerz", "gold_docs": ["paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names. The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product, created by the human community that worships it. Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were \"a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition\"."]}
{"query": "What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? ", "answer": "notoriously agoraphobic", "gold_docs": ["paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names. The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product, created by the human community that worships it. Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were \"a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition\"."]}
{"query": "How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes. There are two main approaches to urban anthropology: examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also"]}
{"query": "One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?", "answer": "social issues", "gold_docs": ["Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes. There are two main approaches to urban anthropology: examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also"]}
{"query": "What is Anthrozoology also known as?", "answer": "human\u2013animal studies", "gold_docs": ["be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy. Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture."]}
{"query": "What is the study of interaction between living things?", "answer": "Anthrozoology", "gold_docs": ["be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy. Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture."]}
{"query": "What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?", "answer": "number of other disciplines", "gold_docs": ["be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy. Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture."]}
{"query": "What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?", "answer": "positive", "gold_docs": ["be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy. Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture."]}
{"query": "What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?", "answer": "anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy", "gold_docs": ["be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy. Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture."]}
{"query": "What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?", "answer": "Evolutionary", "gold_docs": ["Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differences lead to cultural differences. After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture plays in shaping human biology. Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological"]}
{"query": "What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?", "answer": "natural science and social science", "gold_docs": ["Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differences lead to cultural differences. After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture plays in shaping human biology. Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological"]}
{"query": "Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?", "answer": "past and present", "gold_docs": ["and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present. Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated"]}
{"query": "What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?", "answer": "scientific", "gold_docs": ["and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present. Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated"]}
{"query": "What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?", "answer": "many lines", "gold_docs": ["and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present. Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?", "answer": "Ethical", "gold_docs": ["by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately on their own terms. There should be no notions, in good anthropology, of one culture being better or worse than another culture. Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take"]}
{"query": "What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?", "answer": "racism, slavery, and human sacrifice", "gold_docs": ["by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately on their own terms. There should be no notions, in good anthropology, of one culture being better or worse than another culture. Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take"]}
{"query": "Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?", "answer": "man", "gold_docs": ["by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately on their own terms. There should be no notions, in good anthropology, of one culture being better or worse than another culture. Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take"]}
{"query": "Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?", "answer": "depth of an anthropological approach", "gold_docs": ["by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately on their own terms. There should be no notions, in good anthropology, of one culture being better or worse than another culture. Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take"]}
{"query": "What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?", "answer": "active in the allied war effort", "gold_docs": ["just one of these topics, such as \"racism\" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields. Anthropologists' involvement with the U.S. government, in particular, has caused bitter controversy within the discipline. Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I, and after the war he published a brief expose and condemnation of the participation of several American archaeologists in espionage in Mexico under their cover as scientists. But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and"]}
{"query": "What did many anthropologists serve in?", "answer": "the armed forces", "gold_docs": ["Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies. Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years have turned up surprisingly little. Many anthropologists (students and teachers) were active in the antiwar movement. Numerous resolutions condemning the war in all its aspects"]}
{"query": "The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?", "answer": "intelligence", "gold_docs": ["Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies. Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years have turned up surprisingly little. Many anthropologists (students and teachers) were active in the antiwar movement. Numerous resolutions condemning the war in all its aspects"]}
{"query": "What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?", "answer": "the state", "gold_docs": ["were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\" Anthropologists, along with"]}
{"query": "What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?", "answer": "secret", "gold_docs": ["were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\" Anthropologists, along with"]}
{"query": "What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?", "answer": "certain scholarship", "gold_docs": ["were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\" Anthropologists, along with"]}
{"query": "Who penned a \"Statement of Professional Responsibility\"?", "answer": "The AAA", "gold_docs": ["were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\" Anthropologists, along with"]}
{"query": "Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?", "answer": "given", "gold_docs": ["were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\" Anthropologists, along with"]}
{"query": "Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? ", "answer": "the US military", "gold_docs": ["other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The \"Christian Science Monitor\" reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the \"Human Terrain System\" (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in"]}
{"query": "What are the anthropologists part of?", "answer": "US Army's strategy in Afghanistan", "gold_docs": ["other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The \"Christian Science Monitor\" reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the \"Human Terrain System\" (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in"]}
{"query": "What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?", "answer": "Counterinsurgency", "gold_docs": ["other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The \"Christian Science Monitor\" reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the \"Human Terrain System\" (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in"]}
{"query": "Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?", "answer": "Iraq", "gold_docs": ["other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The \"Christian Science Monitor\" reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the \"Human Terrain System\" (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in"]}
{"query": "What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?", "answer": "ethics", "gold_docs": ["the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment \u2013 all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application \u2013 it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of \"anthropology\" within DoD.\" Before WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology'"]}
{"query": "What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?", "answer": "Biological", "gold_docs": ["different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular"]}
{"query": "What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?", "answer": "human universals", "gold_docs": ["the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological. Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many"]}
{"query": "Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?", "answer": "into the field", "gold_docs": ["different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular"]}
{"query": "To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?", "answer": "a community in its own setting", "gold_docs": ["different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular"]}
{"query": "Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?", "answer": "genetic", "gold_docs": ["different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular"]}
{"query": "How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?", "answer": "relevant time periods and geographic regions", "gold_docs": ["different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular"]}
{"query": "How has human time on Earth been divided up?", "answer": "cultural traditions based on material", "gold_docs": ["different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs. Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular"]}
{"query": "Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?", "answer": "tool", "gold_docs": ["use in archaeology. Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past. Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science. Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see History of anthropology), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship,"]}
{"query": "Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?", "answer": "geographers", "gold_docs": ["use in archaeology. Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past. Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science. Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see History of anthropology), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship,"]}
{"query": "What is a central part of the science of anthropology?", "answer": "comparative method", "gold_docs": ["use in archaeology. Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past. Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science. Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see History of anthropology), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship,"]}
{"query": "What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?", "answer": "\"other cultures", "gold_docs": ["philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made. Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal \"Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology\" mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other"]}
{"query": "A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?", "answer": "time", "gold_docs": ["philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made. Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal \"Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology\" mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other"]}
{"query": "What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?", "answer": "non-European/non-Western societies", "gold_docs": ["philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made. Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal \"Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology\" mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other"]}
{"query": "Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, \"Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology\"?", "answer": "Ulf Hannerz", "gold_docs": ["philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made. Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal \"Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology\" mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other"]}
{"query": "When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to \"look across the tracks\"?", "answer": "only in late 1960s", "gold_docs": ["cultures\" looked for them far away and started to look \"across the tracks\" only in late 1960s. Now there exist many works focusing on peoples and topics very close to the author's \"home\". It is also argued that other fields of study, like History and Sociology, on the contrary focus disproportionately on the West. In France, the study of Western societies has been traditionally left to sociologists, but this is increasingly changing, starting in the 1970s from scholars like Isac Chiva and journals like \"Terrain\" (\"fieldwork\"), and developing with the center founded by Marc Aug\u00e9 (\"Le Centre d'anthropologie des mondes"]}
{"query": "What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?", "answer": "set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region", "gold_docs": ["contemporains\", the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies). Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses. Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural"]}
{"query": "Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?", "answer": "research to a single locale", "gold_docs": ["contemporains\", the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies). Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses. Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural"]}
{"query": "What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?", "answer": "daily life of ordinary people", "gold_docs": ["contemporains\", the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies). Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses. Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural"]}
{"query": "What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?", "answer": "scientific laboratories", "gold_docs": ["contemporains\", the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies). Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses. Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural"]}
{"query": "Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?", "answer": "research", "gold_docs": ["contemporains\", the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies). Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses. Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology and cultural"]}
{"query": "What happened to Joseph I in 1758?", "answer": "wounded in an attempted assassination", "gold_docs": ["Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. In 1762,"]}
{"query": "Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?", "answer": "The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro", "gold_docs": ["Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. In 1762,"]}
{"query": "Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?", "answer": "The Jesuits", "gold_docs": ["Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. In 1762,"]}
{"query": "What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children", "gold_docs": ["Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. In 1762,"]}
{"query": "In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?", "answer": "1770", "gold_docs": ["Spain invaded Portuguese territory as part of the Seven Years' War, but by 1763 the \"status quo\" between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored. Following the T\u00e1vora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made \"Marquis of Pombal\" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. The new ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked the Marquis because of the power he amassed, and never forgave him for the ruthlessness with which he dispatched the T\u00e1vora family, and upon her accession to the throne, she withdrew all his political offices. The"]}
{"query": "How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?", "answer": "until Joseph I's death in 1779", "gold_docs": ["Spain invaded Portuguese territory as part of the Seven Years' War, but by 1763 the \"status quo\" between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored. Following the T\u00e1vora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made \"Marquis of Pombal\" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. The new ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked the Marquis because of the power he amassed, and never forgave him for the ruthlessness with which he dispatched the T\u00e1vora family, and upon her accession to the throne, she withdrew all his political offices. The"]}
{"query": "Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?", "answer": "knew no opposition", "gold_docs": ["Spain invaded Portuguese territory as part of the Seven Years' War, but by 1763 the \"status quo\" between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored. Following the T\u00e1vora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made \"Marquis of Pombal\" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. The new ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked the Marquis because of the power he amassed, and never forgave him for the ruthlessness with which he dispatched the T\u00e1vora family, and upon her accession to the throne, she withdrew all his political offices. The"]}
{"query": "What was Pombal's \"enlightenment\" an apparatus for?", "answer": "crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation", "gold_docs": ["Marquis of Pombal died on his estate at Pombal in 1782. However, historians also argue that Pombal's \"enlightenment,\" while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit. In the autumn of 1807, Napoleon moved French troops through Spain to invade Portugal. From 1807 to 1811, British-Portuguese forces would successfully fight against the French invasion of Portugal, while the royal family and the Portuguese nobility, including Maria I, relocated"]}
{"query": "Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?", "answer": "Napoleon", "gold_docs": ["to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, at that time a colony of the Portuguese Empire, in South America. This episode is known as the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent Jo\u00e3o VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815,"]}
{"query": "In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?", "answer": "1822", "gold_docs": ["to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, at that time a colony of the Portuguese Empire, in South America. This episode is known as the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent Jo\u00e3o VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815,"]}
{"query": "To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?", "answer": "Brazil", "gold_docs": ["to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, at that time a colony of the Portuguese Empire, in South America. This episode is known as the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent Jo\u00e3o VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?", "answer": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves", "gold_docs": ["Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained"]}
{"query": "How long did Portugal's decline last?", "answer": "until the 20th century", "gold_docs": ["to the Portuguese territory of Brazil, at that time a colony of the Portuguese Empire, in South America. This episode is known as the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent Jo\u00e3o VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815,"]}
{"query": "Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained"]}
{"query": "Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?", "answer": "until the Liberal Revolution of 1820", "gold_docs": ["in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821. Thus he returned to Portugal but left his son Pedro in charge of Brazil. When the Portuguese Government attempted the following year to return the Kingdom of Brazil to subordinate status, his son Pedro, with the overwhelming support of the Brazilian elites, declared Brazil's independence from Portugal. Cisplatina (today's sovereign state of Uruguay), in the south, was one of the last additions to the territory of Brazil under Portuguese rule. Brazilian independence was recognized in 1825, whereby Emperor Pedro I granted"]}
{"query": "By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?", "answer": "1815", "gold_docs": ["Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained"]}
{"query": "What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?", "answer": "the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family", "gold_docs": ["Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained"]}
{"query": "When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?", "answer": "before the turn of the 20th century", "gold_docs": ["Nacala and Porto Am\u00e9lia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions. Other episodes during this period of the Portuguese presence in Africa include the 1890 British Ultimatum. This forced the Portuguese military to retreat from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola (most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia), which had been claimed by Portugal and included in its \"Pink Map\", which clashed with British aspirations to create"]}
{"query": "When was the Conference of Berlin held?", "answer": "1884", "gold_docs": ["this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, S\u00e1 da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo,"]}
{"query": "During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?", "answer": "Scramble for Africa", "gold_docs": ["this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, S\u00e1 da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo,"]}
{"query": "Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?", "answer": "to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa", "gold_docs": ["this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, S\u00e1 da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo,"]}
{"query": "On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?", "answer": "1 February 1908", "gold_docs": ["a Cape to Cairo Railway. The Portuguese territories in Africa were Cape Verde, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, Portuguese Guinea, Angola, and Mozambique. The tiny fortress of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Baptista de Ajud\u00e1 on the coast of Dahomey, was also under Portuguese rule. In addition, Portugal still ruled the Asian territories of Portuguese India, Portuguese Timor and Macau. On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Lu\u00eds Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt \u2013 on 14 June 1892, and again on"]}
{"query": "On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?", "answer": "5 October 1910", "gold_docs": ["10 May 1902 \u2013 causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'\u00e9tat, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (\"Ditadura Nacional\"). This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo"]}
{"query": "During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?", "answer": "Political instability and economic weaknesses", "gold_docs": ["10 May 1902 \u2013 causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'\u00e9tat, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (\"Ditadura Nacional\"). This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo"]}
{"query": "Who led the Estado Novo?", "answer": "Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar", "gold_docs": ["under Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire. After India"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Estado Novo established?", "answer": "1933", "gold_docs": ["under Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire. After India"]}
{"query": "How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["under Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire. After India"]}
{"query": "What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?", "answer": "relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa", "gold_docs": ["under Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire. After India"]}
{"query": "What form of government does Portugal maintain?", "answer": "unitary semi-presidential republican", "gold_docs": ["living standards. It is the 4th most peaceful country in the world, and its state is the 15th most stable one, maintained under a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government. Additionally, the country ranks highly in terms of democracy (10th), social progress (20th), prosperity (25th), press freedom (14th), moral freedom (3rd), LGBTI rights (7th in Europe), ease of doing business (29th) and road network (2nd). The word Portugal derives from the Roman-Celtic place name Portus Cale. Portus, the Latin word for port or harbour, Cala or Cailleach was the name of a Celtic goddess - in Scotland she is known"]}
{"query": "In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?", "answer": "decriminalized the usage of all common drugs", "gold_docs": ["the major influence for those countries. Portugal was the first country in the world to abolish life imprisonment (in 1884) and was one of the first countries to abolish the death penalty. Maximum jail sentences are limited to 25 years. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than \"10 days worth of personal"]}
{"query": "Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?", "answer": "Moors", "gold_docs": ["as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the \"Reconquista Crist\u00e3\". At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal, between the rivers Minho and Douro, was freed or reconquered from the Moors by V\u00edmara"]}
{"query": "In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?", "answer": "Battle of Covadonga", "gold_docs": ["as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the \"Reconquista Crist\u00e3\". At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal, between the rivers Minho and Douro, was freed or reconquered from the Moors by V\u00edmara"]}
{"query": "What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?", "answer": "Reconquista Crist\u00e3", "gold_docs": ["as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the \"Reconquista Crist\u00e3\". At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal, between the rivers Minho and Douro, was freed or reconquered from the Moors by V\u00edmara"]}
{"query": "Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?", "answer": "King Alfonso III", "gold_docs": ["who also stopped further advances into (the County of) Portugal. V\u00edmara Peres organized the region he had reconquered, and elevated it to the status of County, naming it the County of Portugal after the region's major port city \u2013 \"Portus Cale\"' or modern Porto. One of the first cities Vimara Peres founded at this time is Vimaranes, known today as Guimar\u00e3es \u2013 the \"birthplace of the Portuguese nation\" or the \"cradle city\" (Cidade Ber\u00e7o in Portuguese). After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias"]}
{"query": "What was Vimara knighted as?", "answer": "First Count of Portus Cale", "gold_docs": ["knighted V\u00edmara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as \"Portucale\", \"Portugale\", and simultaneously \"Portug\u00e1lia\" \u2013 the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Iberia due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the king's offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 under the crown of Le\u00f3n. In 1093, Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n bestowed the"]}
{"query": "The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Portugal", "gold_docs": ["Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained"]}
{"query": "Portugese diverged from which language? ", "answer": "Galician", "gold_docs": ["Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the formation of Portugal. There are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Portuguese"]}
{"query": "Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo", "gold_docs": ["1738, Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast"]}
{"query": "What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?", "answer": "Queen consort of Portugal", "gold_docs": ["1738, Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast"]}
{"query": "Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?", "answer": "Queen consort of Portugal", "gold_docs": ["1738, Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast"]}
{"query": "What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?", "answer": "earthquakes", "gold_docs": ["within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country. Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebasti\u00e3o de"]}
{"query": "How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?", "answer": "marching troops around the models", "gold_docs": ["within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country. Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebasti\u00e3o de"]}
{"query": "Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?", "answer": "Lisbon suffered no epidemics", "gold_docs": ["especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart. Disaster fell upon Portugal in the morning of 1 November 1755, when Lisbon was struck by a violent earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.5\u20139. The city was razed to the ground by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami and ensuing fires. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo survived by a stroke of luck and then immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: \"What now? We bury the dead and take care of the living.\" Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and"]}
{"query": "What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?", "answer": "The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre", "gold_docs": ["within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country. Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebasti\u00e3o de"]}
{"query": "How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?", "answer": "by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country", "gold_docs": ["within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country. Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebasti\u00e3o de"]}
{"query": "What is the official name of Portugal?", "answer": "Portuguese", "gold_docs": ["Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the formation of Portugal. There are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Portuguese"]}
{"query": "Which ocean does Portugal border?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean", "gold_docs": ["history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and personal reasons. Portugal, long a country"]}
{"query": "What is the official name of Portugal?", "answer": "Portuguese", "gold_docs": ["Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the formation of Portugal. There are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Portuguese"]}
{"query": "What other country does Portugal border?", "answer": "Spain", "gold_docs": ["awards by the World Golf Awards. Portugal Portugal (), officially the Portuguese Republic ( ), is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe. It is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain. Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. Portugal is the oldest state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and"]}
{"query": "What ocean does Portugal border?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean", "gold_docs": ["awards by the World Golf Awards. Portugal Portugal (), officially the Portuguese Republic ( ), is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe. It is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain. Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. Portugal is the oldest state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and"]}
{"query": "What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?", "answer": "Portugal\u2013Spain", "gold_docs": ["the border exists between Sanlucar de Guadiana in Spain and Alcoutim in Portugal; it is the first and currently only zip line over an international border. Portugal\u2013Spain border The Portugal\u2013Spain border is the international boundary between Portugal and Spain. Referred to as \"la Raya\" in Spanish and \"A Raia\" in Portuguese (the stripe), the current demarcation is almost identical to that defined in 1297 by the Treaty of Alca\u00f1ices. It is one of the oldest borders in the world. The Portugal\u2013Spain border is 1,214 km (754 miles) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The border"]}
{"query": "By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?", "answer": "1139", "gold_docs": ["Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such, by neighbouring kingdoms, on the Treaty of Zamora, in 1143. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers. During this period, today referred to as the Age of Discovery, Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King John II, with such notable voyages as Bartolomeu Dias' sailing beyond the Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperan\u00e7a) (1488), Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India (1497\u201398)"]}
{"query": "What age did Portugal pioneer?", "answer": "Age of Discovery", "gold_docs": ["Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such, by neighbouring kingdoms, on the Treaty of Zamora, in 1143. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers. During this period, today referred to as the Age of Discovery, Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King John II, with such notable voyages as Bartolomeu Dias' sailing beyond the Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperan\u00e7a) (1488), Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India (1497\u201398)"]}
{"query": "In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?", "answer": "15th and 16th centuries", "gold_docs": ["Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such, by neighbouring kingdoms, on the Treaty of Zamora, in 1143. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers. During this period, today referred to as the Age of Discovery, Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration, notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King John II, with such notable voyages as Bartolomeu Dias' sailing beyond the Cape of Good Hope (Cabo da Boa Esperan\u00e7a) (1488), Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India (1497\u201398)"]}
{"query": "In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?", "answer": "Lisbon", "gold_docs": ["and the European discovery of Brazil (1500). During this time Portugal monopolized the spice trade, and the empire expanded with military campaigns in Asia. However, events such as the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, the Industrial Revolution, the Seven Years' War, the country's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil (1822), erased to an extent Portugal's prior opulence. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the \"Estado Novo\" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, ending the"]}
{"query": "In which year did Brazel become independent?", "answer": "1822", "gold_docs": ["and the European discovery of Brazil (1500). During this time Portugal monopolized the spice trade, and the empire expanded with military campaigns in Asia. However, events such as the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, the Industrial Revolution, the Seven Years' War, the country's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil (1822), erased to an extent Portugal's prior opulence. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the \"Estado Novo\" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, ending the"]}
{"query": "In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?", "answer": "1910", "gold_docs": ["and the European discovery of Brazil (1500). During this time Portugal monopolized the spice trade, and the empire expanded with military campaigns in Asia. However, events such as the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, the Industrial Revolution, the Seven Years' War, the country's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil (1822), erased to an extent Portugal's prior opulence. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the \"Estado Novo\" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, ending the"]}
{"query": "Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?", "answer": "Macau", "gold_docs": ["Portuguese Colonial War. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories. The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the end of what can be considered the longest-lived colonial empire. Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe, a legacy of 300 million Portuguese speakers, and many Portuguese-based creoles. A member of the United Nations and the European Union, Portugal was also one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. It is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and high"]}
{"query": "By what group was the Portugal region settled?", "answer": "Pre-Celts and Celts", "gold_docs": ["by the 9th century, that term was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho. By the 11th and 12th centuries, \"Portugale\", \"Portugallia\" or \"Portvgalliae\" was already referred to as Portugal. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians, Ancient Greeks and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as"]}
{"query": "To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?", "answer": "Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes", "gold_docs": ["by the 9th century, that term was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho. By the 11th and 12th centuries, \"Portugale\", \"Portugallia\" or \"Portvgalliae\" was already referred to as Portugal. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians, Ancient Greeks and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as"]}
{"query": "During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "45 BC until 298 AD", "gold_docs": ["Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD. The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by \"Homo sapiens\", who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, did form organized societies. Neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. It is believed by some scholars that early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local populations, forming different"]}
{"query": "What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?", "answer": "Con\u00edmbriga and Mirobriga", "gold_docs": ["all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Con\u00edmbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Con\u00edmbriga lies from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient \"Aeminium\"). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations. Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circus, theatres and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, some of which coined in Lusitanian"]}
{"query": "What are castros?", "answer": "hill forts", "gold_docs": ["legions and its best generals to Lusitania to quell the rebellion, but to no avail \u2013 the Lusitanians kept conquering territory. The Roman leaders decided to change their strategy. They bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him. In 139 BC, Viriathus was assassinated, and Tautalus became leader. Rome installed a colonial regime. The complete Romanization of Lusitania only took place in the Visigothic era. In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts)"]}
{"query": "How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?", "answer": "a few months", "gold_docs": ["to five centuries in the South. After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its"]}
{"query": "In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?", "answer": "711", "gold_docs": ["to five centuries in the South. After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its"]}
{"query": "In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?", "answer": "750", "gold_docs": ["to five centuries in the South. After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its"]}
{"query": "Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?", "answer": "Abd-ar-Rahman", "gold_docs": ["to five centuries in the South. After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its"]}
{"query": "How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?", "answer": "almost two centuries", "gold_docs": ["to five centuries in the South. After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its"]}
{"query": "What were the governors of the taifas called?", "answer": "Emir", "gold_docs": ["dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms. The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive"]}
{"query": "Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?", "answer": "the Christian kingdoms of the north", "gold_docs": ["dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms. The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive"]}
{"query": "To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?", "answer": "Taifa of Badajoz", "gold_docs": ["dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms. The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive"]}
{"query": "In which year did the taifa period end?", "answer": "1086", "gold_docs": ["dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms. The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive"]}
{"query": "Which battle took place in 1147?", "answer": "Battle of Sagrajas", "gold_docs": ["victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh. Al-Andaluz was divided into different districts called \"Kura\". Gharb Al-Andalus at its largest was constituted of ten kuras, each with a distinct capital and governor. The main cities of the period in Portugal were Beja, Silves, Alc\u00e1cer do Sal, Santar\u00e9m and Lisbon. The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called \"Muwallad\" or \"Muladi\") and berbers. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Syria and Oman; and though few in"]}
{"query": "Where were the Berbers originally from?", "answer": "Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa", "gold_docs": ["numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were nomads. An Asturian Visigothic noble named Pelagius of Asturias in 718 was elected leader by many of the ousted Visigoth nobles. Pelagius called for the remnant of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and regroup in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, better known today as the Cantabrian Mountains, in what is today the small mountain region in North-western Spain, adjacent to the Bay of Biscay. Pelagius' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains"]}
{"query": "How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?", "answer": "800", "gold_docs": ["arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Galician, and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as \". Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as"]}
{"query": "Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "answer": "Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n", "gold_docs": ["conspired against him, under the influence of Garc\u00eda's father-in-law. Alfonso had Garc\u00eda imprisoned but they were able to eject him and he fled to Boiges. However, he returned and convinced Garc\u00eda to join him in a campaign against the Moors. Alfonso died in Zamora of natural causes in 910, having reigned for 44 years. Ibn Hayyan likewise tells of an uprising, but says that Alfonso himself had been imprisoned. Following his death there was a partition of his realm: his eldest son, Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n. The second son, Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia, while Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo"]}
{"query": "Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "answer": "Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia", "gold_docs": ["conspired against him, under the influence of Garc\u00eda's father-in-law. Alfonso had Garc\u00eda imprisoned but they were able to eject him and he fled to Boiges. However, he returned and convinced Garc\u00eda to join him in a campaign against the Moors. Alfonso died in Zamora of natural causes in 910, having reigned for 44 years. Ibn Hayyan likewise tells of an uprising, but says that Alfonso himself had been imprisoned. Following his death there was a partition of his realm: his eldest son, Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n. The second son, Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia, while Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo"]}
{"query": "In which year did Alfonso III likely die?", "answer": "910", "gold_docs": ["knighted V\u00edmara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as \"Portucale\", \"Portugale\", and simultaneously \"Portug\u00e1lia\" \u2013 the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Iberia due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the king's offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 under the crown of Le\u00f3n. In 1093, Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n bestowed the"]}
{"query": "In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?", "answer": "1230", "gold_docs": ["so because it was where the Kingdom of Castile was formed, and New Castile, which was called the Kingdom of Toledo in the Middle Ages. The Leonese region, while being in the Crown of Castile from 1230 was considered a region in its own right from medieval times on par with the two Castiles and appeared on maps alongside Old Castile until the two joined into one region, Castilla-y-Leon in the 1980s. However, in 1833, Spain was organised into administrative provinces. Two non administrative nominally \"Castilian\" regions existed from 1833 to 1982: Old Castile, including Santander (autonomous community of Cantabria"]}
{"query": "In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?", "answer": "England", "gold_docs": ["Christian kingdoms of Iberia. In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. Over time, this went far beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day. In 1383, John I of Castile, husband of Beatrice of Portugal and"]}
{"query": "What is the longest standing alliance in the world?", "answer": "Portugal made an alliance with England", "gold_docs": ["Christian kingdoms of Iberia. In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. Over time, this went far beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day. In 1383, John I of Castile, husband of Beatrice of Portugal and"]}
{"query": "The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?", "answer": "NATO", "gold_docs": ["Portuguese Colonial War. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories. The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the end of what can be considered the longest-lived colonial empire. Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe, a legacy of 300 million Portuguese speakers, and many Portuguese-based creoles. A member of the United Nations and the European Union, Portugal was also one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. It is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and high"]}
{"query": "In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?", "answer": "Oporto region", "gold_docs": ["Christian kingdoms of Iberia. In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. Over time, this went far beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day. In 1383, John I of Castile, husband of Beatrice of Portugal and"]}
{"query": "What European age did Portugal spearhead?", "answer": "the Age of Discovery", "gold_docs": ["son-in-law of Ferdinand I of Portugal, claimed the throne of Portugal. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later King John I of Portugal) and commanded by General Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. With this battle, the House of Aviz became the ruling house of Portugal. Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like"]}
{"query": "Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?", "answer": "King Jo\u00e3o I", "gold_docs": ["son-in-law of Ferdinand I of Portugal, claimed the throne of Portugal. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later King John I of Portugal) and commanded by General Nuno \u00c1lvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. With this battle, the House of Aviz became the ruling house of Portugal. Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like"]}
{"query": "What South American country did Portugal discover?", "answer": "Brazil", "gold_docs": ["the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan. In 1415, Portugal acquired the first of its overseas colonies by conquering Ceuta, the first prosperous Islamic trade centre in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements. Throughout the 15th"]}
{"query": "Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?", "answer": "increased", "gold_docs": ["to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from his time as an Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination"]}
{"query": "What title was given to de Melo in 1755?", "answer": "Prime Minister", "gold_docs": ["to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from his time as an Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination"]}
{"query": "With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?", "answer": "British", "gold_docs": ["to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from his time as an Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination"]}
{"query": "Who abolished slavery in Portugal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo", "gold_docs": ["to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from his time as an Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination"]}
{"query": "Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo", "gold_docs": ["to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from his time as an Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination"]}
{"query": "What were de Melo's greatest reforms?", "answer": "economic and financial", "gold_docs": ["against different Christian sects in Portugal. But Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes,"]}
{"query": "Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?", "answer": "to ensure the wine's quality", "gold_docs": ["against different Christian sects in Portugal. But Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes,"]}
{"query": "Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?", "answer": "especially among the high nobility", "gold_docs": ["especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart. Disaster fell upon Portugal in the morning of 1 November 1755, when Lisbon was struck by a violent earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.5\u20139. The city was razed to the ground by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami and ensuing fires. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo survived by a stroke of luck and then immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: \"What now? We bury the dead and take care of the living.\" Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo", "gold_docs": ["against different Christian sects in Portugal. But Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes,"]}
{"query": "Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?", "answer": "upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class", "gold_docs": ["against different Christian sects in Portugal. But Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes,"]}
{"query": "Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?", "answer": "April 1974", "gold_docs": ["of 2,168,071 km\u00b2. The Portuguese government and army resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (\"Processo Revolucion\u00e1rio Em Curso\"). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives"]}
{"query": "What was the Carnation Revolution?", "answer": "left-wing military coup in Lisbon", "gold_docs": ["of 2,168,071 km\u00b2. The Portuguese government and army resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (\"Processo Revolucion\u00e1rio Em Curso\"). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives"]}
{"query": "By what was the PREC characterized by?", "answer": "social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces", "gold_docs": ["of 2,168,071 km\u00b2. The Portuguese government and army resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (\"Processo Revolucion\u00e1rio Em Curso\"). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives"]}
{"query": "What entity governed Portugal until 1976?", "answer": "Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional", "gold_docs": ["a Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and M\u00e1rio Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. M\u00e1rio Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early"]}
{"query": "Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?", "answer": "Socialist Party", "gold_docs": ["a Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and M\u00e1rio Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. M\u00e1rio Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early"]}
{"query": "Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?", "answer": "M\u00e1rio Soares", "gold_docs": ["a Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and M\u00e1rio Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. M\u00e1rio Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early"]}
{"query": "Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?", "answer": "1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985", "gold_docs": ["a Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and M\u00e1rio Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. M\u00e1rio Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early"]}
{"query": "Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?", "answer": "socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model", "gold_docs": ["as 1977. Portugal bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977\u201378 and 1983\u201385. In 1986, Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC) that later"]}
{"query": "For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?", "answer": "to accommodate socialist and communist principles", "gold_docs": ["as 1977. Portugal bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977\u201378 and 1983\u201385. In 1986, Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC) that later"]}
{"query": "What type of climate does Portugal have?", "answer": "Mediterranean", "gold_docs": ["summer while on the south coast it ranges from in winter and rises in the summer to about occasionally reaching . Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both \"Csa\" and \"Csb\""]}
{"query": "What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?", "answer": "subtropical", "gold_docs": ["summer while on the south coast it ranges from in winter and rises in the summer to about occasionally reaching . Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both \"Csa\" and \"Csb\""]}
{"query": "What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?", "answer": "rough topography", "gold_docs": ["summer while on the south coast it ranges from in winter and rises in the summer to about occasionally reaching . Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both \"Csa\" and \"Csb\""]}
{"query": "What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?", "answer": "Mediterranean", "gold_docs": ["summer while on the south coast it ranges from in winter and rises in the summer to about occasionally reaching . Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both \"Csa\" and \"Csb\""]}
{"query": "What two types of forests can be found in Geres?", "answer": "deciduous and coniferous", "gold_docs": ["of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Ger\u00eas both mature deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature Mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arr\u00e1bida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, and the Iberian wild goat, are reported to have expanded greatly during recent decades."]}
{"query": "To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?", "answer": "the Tertiary period", "gold_docs": ["of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Ger\u00eas both mature deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature Mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arr\u00e1bida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, and the Iberian wild goat, are reported to have expanded greatly during recent decades."]}
{"query": "What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?", "answer": "Pyrenean", "gold_docs": ["of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Ger\u00eas both mature deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature Mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arr\u00e1bida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, and the Iberian wild goat, are reported to have expanded greatly during recent decades."]}
{"query": "What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?", "answer": "Boars", "gold_docs": ["Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (), 12 natural parks (), nine natural reserves (), five natural monuments (), and seven protected landscapes (), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Ger\u00eas, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila. These natural environments are shaped by diverse flora, and include widespread species of pine (especially the \"Pinus pinaster\" and \"Pinus pinea\" species), the English oak (\"Quercus robur\"), the Pyrenean oak (\"Quercus pyrenaica\") the chestnut (\"Castanea sativa\"), the cork-oak (\"Quercus suber\"), the holm"]}
{"query": "How many national parks does Portugal have?", "answer": "12", "gold_docs": ["Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (), 12 natural parks (), nine natural reserves (), five natural monuments (), and seven protected landscapes (), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Ger\u00eas, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila. These natural environments are shaped by diverse flora, and include widespread species of pine (especially the \"Pinus pinaster\" and \"Pinus pinea\" species), the English oak (\"Quercus robur\"), the Pyrenean oak (\"Quercus pyrenaica\") the chestnut (\"Castanea sativa\"), the cork-oak (\"Quercus suber\"), the holm"]}
{"query": "What is Laurisilva?", "answer": "a unique type of subtropical rainforest", "gold_docs": ["oak (\"Quercus ilex\") or the Portuguese oak (\"Quercus faginea\"). Due to their economic value, some species of the genus \"Eucalyptus\" were introduced and are now common, despite their environmental impact. Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest, which nowadays, in Europe, is only restricted to the Iberian Peninsula: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic \"Laurisilva\" forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (\"Capra pyrenaica\"), wild cat (\"Felis silvestris\"),"]}
{"query": "What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?", "answer": "migratory birds", "gold_docs": ["hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Ger\u00eas) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration). Most of the avian species congregate along the Iberian Peninsula since it is the closest stopover between Northern Europe and Africa. Six hundred bird species occur in Portugal (either for nesting or during the course of migration), and annually there are new registries of nesting"]}
{"query": "How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?", "answer": "more than 100", "gold_docs": ["species. The archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are transient stopover for American, European, and African birds, while continental Portugal mostly encounters European and African bird species. There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse"]}
{"query": "In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?", "answer": "in the Tagus International Natural Park", "gold_docs": ["species. The archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are transient stopover for American, European, and African birds, while continental Portugal mostly encounters European and African bird species. There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse"]}
{"query": "Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?", "answer": "because of habitat loss, pollution and drought", "gold_docs": ["species. The archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are transient stopover for American, European, and African birds, while continental Portugal mostly encounters European and African bird species. There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse"]}
{"query": "Who is the current president of Portugal?", "answer": "An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva", "gold_docs": ["An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva An\u00edbal Ant\u00f3nio Cavaco Silva, GCC, GColL (; born 15 July 1939), is an economist who was the 19th President of Portugal, in office from 9 March 2006 to 9 March 2016. He had been previously Prime Minister of Portugal from 6 November 1985 to 28 October 1995. His 10-year tenure was the longest of any prime minister since Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar, and he was the first Portuguese prime minister to win an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system. He is best known for leading Portugal into the European Union. He won the 22 January"]}
{"query": "For how long of a term are deputies elected?", "answer": "four-year", "gold_docs": ["has an executive role: the current President is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently Ant\u00f3nio Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws. Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly"]}
{"query": "How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?", "answer": "thirteen", "gold_docs": ["has an executive role: the current President is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently Ant\u00f3nio Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws. Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly"]}
{"query": "What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?", "answer": "Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party", "gold_docs": ["of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly. The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister"]}
{"query": "What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?", "answer": "Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party", "gold_docs": ["of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly. The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?", "answer": "5 and 15%", "gold_docs": ["of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly. The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister"]}
{"query": "For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the \"ex officio\" Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President is advised on issues of importance by the Council of State, which is composed of six senior civilian officers, any former Presidents elected under the 1976 Constitution, five-members chosen by the Assembly, and five selected by the"]}
{"query": "By what means is the President of the Republic elected?", "answer": "by direct, universal suffrage", "gold_docs": ["of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly. The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister"]}
{"query": "Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?", "answer": "President of the Republic", "gold_docs": ["of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly. The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister"]}
{"query": "What group acts as the presidential cabinet?", "answer": "The Council of Ministers", "gold_docs": ["president. The Government is headed by the presidentially appointed Prime Minister, also including one or more Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers, Secretaries of State and Under-Secretaries of State. The Government is both the organ of sovereignty that conducts the general politics of the country and the superior body of the public administration. It has essentially Executive powers, but has also limited Legislative powers. The Government can legislate about its own organization, about areas covered by legislative authorizations conceded by the Assembly of the Republic and about the specific regulation of generalist laws issued by the Assembly. The Council of Ministers \u2013"]}
{"query": "What process is required of each government's policies?", "answer": "define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate", "gold_docs": ["under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) \u2013 acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office. The Assembly of the Republic, in Lisbon is the national parliament of Portugal. It is the main Legislative body,"]}
{"query": "What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?", "answer": "an absolute majority of deputies", "gold_docs": ["under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) \u2013 acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office. The Assembly of the Republic, in Lisbon is the national parliament of Portugal. It is the main Legislative body,"]}
{"query": "Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?", "answer": "former colonies and territories", "gold_docs": ["the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976, as amended), the Portuguese Civil Code (1966, as amended) and the Penal Code of Portugal (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are the \"Commercial Code\" (1888, as amended) and the \"Civil Procedure Code\" (1961, as amended). The supreme national courts are the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court. The Public Ministry, headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors. Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be"]}
{"query": "What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?", "answer": "a civilian police force who work in urban areas", "gold_docs": ["Portugal's main police organizations are the \"Guarda Nacional Republicana \u2013 GNR\" (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the \"Pol\u00edcia de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica \u2013 PSP\" (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the \"Pol\u00edcia Judici\u00e1ria \u2013 PJ\" (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry. Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government"]}
{"query": "What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?", "answer": "a highly specialized criminal investigation police", "gold_docs": ["Portugal's main police organizations are the \"Guarda Nacional Republicana \u2013 GNR\" (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the \"Pol\u00edcia de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica \u2013 PSP\" (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the \"Pol\u00edcia Judici\u00e1ria \u2013 PJ\" (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry. Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government"]}
{"query": "In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["the major influence for those countries. Portugal was the first country in the world to abolish life imprisonment (in 1884) and was one of the first countries to abolish the death penalty. Maximum jail sentences are limited to 25 years. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than \"10 days worth of personal"]}
{"query": "What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?", "answer": "go to a rehab facility", "gold_docs": ["use\" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group. LGBT+ rights have increased substantially in the past years. On 31 May 2010,"]}
{"query": "By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?", "answer": "50 percent", "gold_docs": ["use\" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group. LGBT+ rights have increased substantially in the past years. On 31 May 2010,"]}
{"query": "How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?", "answer": "308", "gold_docs": ["Portugal's main police organizations are the \"Guarda Nacional Republicana \u2013 GNR\" (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the \"Pol\u00edcia de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica \u2013 PSP\" (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the \"Pol\u00edcia Judici\u00e1ria \u2013 PJ\" (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry. Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government"]}
{"query": "How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?", "answer": "3,092", "gold_docs": ["Portugal's main police organizations are the \"Guarda Nacional Republicana \u2013 GNR\" (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the \"Pol\u00edcia de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica \u2013 PSP\" (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the \"Pol\u00edcia Judici\u00e1ria \u2013 PJ\" (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry. Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government"]}
{"query": "How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?", "answer": "18", "gold_docs": ["of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government). Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal () and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira). The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: Aveiro, Beja, Braga,"]}
{"query": "How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. , the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years. The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a"]}
{"query": "What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?", "answer": "Navy, Army and Air Force", "gold_docs": ["first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations on 26 June 1945. In addition, Portugal is a full member of the Latin Union (1983) and the Organization of Ibero-American States (1949). It has a friendship alliance and dual citizenship treaty with its former colony, Brazil. Portugal and England (subsequently, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) share the world's oldest active military accord through their Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (Treaty of Windsor), which was signed in 1373. There are two international territorial disputes, both with Spain: The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They"]}
{"query": "What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?", "answer": "primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security", "gold_docs": ["serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. , the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years. The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a"]}
{"query": "How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?", "answer": "7,500", "gold_docs": ["serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. , the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years. The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a"]}
{"query": "What is the number of personnel in the army?", "answer": "21,000", "gold_docs": ["serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. , the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years. The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a"]}
{"query": "With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?", "answer": "Pandur II APC", "gold_docs": ["serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. , the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years. The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a"]}
{"query": "What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?", "answer": "Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC", "gold_docs": ["serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. , the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years. The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a"]}
{"query": "What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?", "answer": "paratroopers, commandos and rangers", "gold_docs": ["Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of Paratroopers, commandos and Rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines), the world's oldest surviving naval force, has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft. In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a security force subject to military law and organization (gendarmerie) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the authority of both the Defense and the Interior"]}
{"query": "How many personnel does the Navy have?", "answer": "10,700", "gold_docs": ["Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of Paratroopers, commandos and Rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines), the world's oldest surviving naval force, has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft. In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a security force subject to military law and organization (gendarmerie) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the authority of both the Defense and the Interior"]}
{"query": "In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?", "answer": "World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War", "gold_docs": ["Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor. The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in the Azores. The Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon (JFC Lisbon) \u2013 one of the three main subdivisions of NATO's Allied Command Operations \u2013 it is based in Oeiras, near Lisbon. In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961\u20131974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping"]}
{"query": "During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?", "answer": "1961\u20131974", "gold_docs": ["Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor. The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in the Azores. The Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon (JFC Lisbon) \u2013 one of the three main subdivisions of NATO's Allied Command Operations \u2013 it is based in Oeiras, near Lisbon. In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961\u20131974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping"]}
{"query": "What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?", "answer": "Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998", "gold_docs": ["missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah), Lebanon, Mali and Central African Republic. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts. The Portuguese government is heavily indebted, and received a 78 billion euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in May 2011. The ratio of Portugal's debt to its overall economy, was 107"]}
{"query": "Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?", "answer": "Pedro Passos Coelho", "gold_docs": ["percent when it received the bailout. As part of the deal, the country agreed to cut its budget deficit from 9.8 percent of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 percent in 2011, 4.5 percent in 2012 and 3 percent in 2013. After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improving the state's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal"]}
{"query": "What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?", "answer": "improve the State's financial situation", "gold_docs": ["package in a bid to stabilise its public finances, as decades-long governmental overspending and an over-bureaucratised civil service was no longer tenable. After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government\u2014headed by Pedro Passos Coelho\u2014managed to implement measures to improve the State's financial situation and the country was seen to be moving in the right direction; however, this also led to heavy social costs such as a prominent rise in the unemployment rate to over 15 per cent in the second quarter of 2012. The expectations of a further increase were fulfilled, as the first quarter of 2013 signified a new"]}
{"query": "How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?", "answer": "tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts", "gold_docs": ["percent when it received the bailout. As part of the deal, the country agreed to cut its budget deficit from 9.8 percent of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 percent in 2011, 4.5 percent in 2012 and 3 percent in 2013. After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improving the state's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal"]}
{"query": "Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?", "answer": "20%", "gold_docs": ["Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions. In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month. The IMF, the European Commission (EC) and the European Central Bank (ECB) said in September 2012 that Portugal's debt would peak at 124 percent of gross domestic product in 2014. The IMF previously said in July 2012 that Portugal's debt would peak at about 118.5 percent of GDP in 2013. In September 2013, the Portuguese Government reviewed again the"]}
{"query": "Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?", "answer": "unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms", "gold_docs": ["public debt of Portugal for 2013 to 127.8 percent, after a peak of 130.9 percent in that month. A report released in January 2011 by the Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment"]}
{"query": "By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?", "answer": "Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias", "gold_docs": ["public debt of Portugal for 2013 to 127.8 percent, after a peak of 130.9 percent in that month. A report released in January 2011 by the Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment"]}
{"query": "In what two years was there a financial crisis?", "answer": "2007\u201308", "gold_docs": ["policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades. After the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, it was known in 2008\u20132009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications \u2013 Portugal's then President, Cavaco Silva and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the"]}
{"query": "Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?", "answer": "Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)", "gold_docs": ["policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades. After the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, it was known in 2008\u20132009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications \u2013 Portugal's then President, Cavaco Silva and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the"]}
{"query": "What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?", "answer": "bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud", "gold_docs": ["policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades. After the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, it was known in 2008\u20132009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications \u2013 Portugal's then President, Cavaco Silva and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the"]}
{"query": "Why was the case of BPN more serious?", "answer": "its size, market share, and the political implications", "gold_docs": ["policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades. After the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, it was known in 2008\u20132009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications \u2013 Portugal's then President, Cavaco Silva and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the"]}
{"query": "On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?", "answer": "fraud", "gold_docs": ["policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades. After the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, it was known in 2008\u20132009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications \u2013 Portugal's then President, Cavaco Silva and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the"]}
{"query": "What currency does Portugal use?", "answer": "the euro (\u20ac)", "gold_docs": ["capita, according to OECD's report. The national currency of Portugal is the euro (\u20ac), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the \"Banco de Portugal\", an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas \u2013 the Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas. According to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe's Leading Golf Destination in 2012 and 2013. Since"]}
{"query": "What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?", "answer": "Portuguese Escudo", "gold_docs": ["capita, according to OECD's report. The national currency of Portugal is the euro (\u20ac), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the \"Banco de Portugal\", an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas \u2013 the Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas. According to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe's Leading Golf Destination in 2012 and 2013. Since"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Portugal's central bank?", "answer": "Banco de Portugal", "gold_docs": ["capita, according to OECD's report. The national currency of Portugal is the euro (\u20ac), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the \"Banco de Portugal\", an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas \u2013 the Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas. According to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe's Leading Golf Destination in 2012 and 2013. Since"]}
{"query": "In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?", "answer": "Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas", "gold_docs": ["capita, according to OECD's report. The national currency of Portugal is the euro (\u20ac), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the \"Banco de Portugal\", an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas \u2013 the Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas. According to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe's Leading Golf Destination in 2012 and 2013. Since"]}
{"query": "According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?", "answer": "Golf", "gold_docs": ["capita, according to OECD's report. The national currency of Portugal is the euro (\u20ac), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the \"Banco de Portugal\", an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas \u2013 the Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas. According to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe's Leading Golf Destination in 2012 and 2013. Since"]}
{"query": "What period followed the Carnation Revolution?", "answer": "PREC period", "gold_docs": ["the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth. After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional"]}
{"query": "Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?", "answer": "changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector", "gold_docs": ["the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth. After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional"]}
{"query": "What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?", "answer": "textiles, clothing, footwear and cork", "gold_docs": ["industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages. In the second decade of the 21st century, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of \u20ac78,000,000,000. In May 2014, the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At"]}
{"query": "By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?", "answer": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund", "gold_docs": ["industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages. In the second decade of the 21st century, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of \u20ac78,000,000,000. In May 2014, the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At"]}
{"query": "In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages. In the second decade of the 21st century, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of \u20ac78,000,000,000. In May 2014, the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At"]}
{"query": "When did Portugal exit the bailout?", "answer": "May 2014", "gold_docs": ["industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages. In the second decade of the 21st century, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of \u20ac78,000,000,000. In May 2014, the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At"]}
{"query": "Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?", "answer": "small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units", "gold_docs": ["small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, wheat, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef. Forestry has also played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry (namely paper industry that includes Portucel Soporcel Group, engineered wood that includes Sonae Ind\u00fastria, and furniture that includes"]}
{"query": "What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?", "answer": "Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro", "gold_docs": ["small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, wheat, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef. Forestry has also played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry (namely paper industry that includes Portucel Soporcel Group, engineered wood that includes Sonae Ind\u00fastria, and furniture that includes"]}
{"query": "What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?", "answer": "dairy products, poultry and beef", "gold_docs": ["small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, wheat, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef. Forestry has also played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry (namely paper industry that includes Portucel Soporcel Group, engineered wood that includes Sonae Ind\u00fastria, and furniture that includes"]}
{"query": "Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?", "answer": "Ramirez", "gold_docs": ["a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the world's oldest active canned fish producer. Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves \u2013 mainly in the north \u2013 after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in"]}
{"query": "What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?", "answer": "fish", "gold_docs": ["several manufacturing plants in and around Pa\u00e7os de Ferreira, the core of Portugal's major industrial operations of IKEA). In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the national GDP. Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olh\u00e3o, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portim\u00e3o and Madeira. Portuguese-processed fish products are exported through several companies, under"]}
{"query": "What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?", "answer": "copper", "gold_docs": ["a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the world's oldest active canned fish producer. Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves \u2013 mainly in the north \u2013 after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in"]}
{"query": "What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?", "answer": "tin, tungsten and uranium", "gold_docs": ["a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the world's oldest active canned fish producer. Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves \u2013 mainly in the north \u2013 after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in"]}
{"query": "What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?", "answer": "hydrocarbon", "gold_docs": ["a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the world's oldest active canned fish producer. Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves \u2013 mainly in the north \u2013 after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in"]}
{"query": "In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?", "answer": "north", "gold_docs": ["a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the world's oldest active canned fish producer. Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves \u2013 mainly in the north \u2013 after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in"]}
{"query": "What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?", "answer": "1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization", "gold_docs": ["a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez, the world's oldest active canned fish producer. Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves \u2013 mainly in the north \u2013 after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in"]}
{"query": "What automotive brands exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen", "gold_docs": ["the mineral. W Resources stated in 2018 that it had started a new drilling campaign at its S\u00e3o Martinho gold project in Portugal. The so-called reverse circulation drilling program included 15 holes with around 2,000 metres of total drilling. The objective is to extend resources by integrating the data from 2016 drilling results with the expansion expected with the ongoing campaign. Wine has been one of the most noted Portuguese exports. The country is the seventh largest exporter of the product worldwide, by value. Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics"]}
{"query": "What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Embraer and OGMA", "gold_docs": ["the mineral. W Resources stated in 2018 that it had started a new drilling campaign at its S\u00e3o Martinho gold project in Portugal. The so-called reverse circulation drilling program included 15 holes with around 2,000 metres of total drilling. The objective is to extend resources by integrating the data from 2016 drilling results with the expansion expected with the ongoing campaign. Wine has been one of the most noted Portuguese exports. The country is the seventh largest exporter of the product worldwide, by value. Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics"]}
{"query": "Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?", "answer": "Palmela", "gold_docs": ["and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilh\u00e3, \u00c9vora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas"]}
{"query": "Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?", "answer": "Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro", "gold_docs": ["of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro. The banking and insurance sectors performed well until the late-2000s financial crisis, and this partly reflected a rapid deepening of the market in Portugal. While sensitive to various types of market and underwriting risks, it has been estimated that overall both the life and non-life sectors will be able to withstand a number of severe shocks, even though the impact on individual insurers varies widely. Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal. It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and"]}
{"query": "Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?", "answer": "increase", "gold_docs": ["use\" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group. LGBT+ rights have increased substantially in the past years. On 31 May 2010,"]}
{"query": "How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?", "answer": "focus upon its niche attractions", "gold_docs": ["of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro. The banking and insurance sectors performed well until the late-2000s financial crisis, and this partly reflected a rapid deepening of the market in Portugal. While sensitive to various types of market and underwriting risks, it has been estimated that overall both the life and non-life sectors will be able to withstand a number of severe shocks, even though the impact on individual insurers varies widely. Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal. It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and"]}
{"query": "What magazine described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe?\"", "answer": "The Economist", "gold_docs": ["the time of exiting the bailout, the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014; however, unemployment, while still high, had fallen to 15.3%. The average salary in Portugal is \u20ac910 per month, excluding self-employed individuals and the minimum wage, which is regulated by law, is \u20ac580 per month (paid 14 times per annum). The Global Competitiveness Report for 2014\u20132015, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal on the 36th position on the economic index. The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality of life index placed Portugal as the country with the 19th-best quality of life in the"]}
{"query": "Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?", "answer": "65%", "gold_docs": ["rate - US$9.74 billion (in 2006) GDP - real growth rate: NA% GDP - per capita: real exchange rate - US$21,780 (in 2006) GDP - composition by sector: \"agriculture:\" 15% \"industry:\" 17% \"services:\" 68% (2002 est.) Population below poverty line: NA% Household income or consumption by percentage share: \"lowest 10%:\" NA% \"highest 10%:\" NA% Labour force: 125,900 (1997) Labour force - by occupation: agriculture 15%, industry 20%, services 65% (2002) Unemployment rate: 27.8% (1998) Budget: \"revenues:\" $296,3 million \"expenditures:\" $296,3 million, including capital expenditures of $112,5 million (1996) Industries: construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity"]}
{"query": "In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?", "answer": "negative", "gold_docs": ["was mainly due to the decrease in neonatal mortality, from 15.5 to 2.4 per 1000 live births. People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in"]}
{"query": "In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah), Lebanon, Mali and Central African Republic. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts. The Portuguese government is heavily indebted, and received a 78 billion euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in May 2011. The ratio of Portugal's debt to its overall economy, was 107"]}
{"query": "How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["2.1. In 2016, 52.8% of births were to unmarried women. Like most Western countries, Portugal has to deal with low fertility levels: the country has experienced a sub-replacement fertility rate since the 1980s. The structure of Portuguese society is characterized by an increasing inequality which at present (2015) places the country in the lowest third of the Social Justice Index for the European Union. Portugal's parliament in 2018 approved a budget plan for 2019 that includes tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to lure back those who left during the global financial crisis that hit the country. The"]}
{"query": "In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?", "answer": "slow and inefficient", "gold_docs": ["the following decades did not produce increased efficiency in the legal system. The proliferation of both private and public law schools created a massive increase of numerus clausus vacancies for new law students across the whole country year after year, together with lower admission selectivity and a downgrade of academic integrity. Already internationally known for decades as excruciatingly slow and inefficient for European Union and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was by 2011 the second slowest in Western Europe after Italy's, even though it has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors, over 30 per 100,000 people, a"]}
{"query": "Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?", "answer": "Italy", "gold_docs": ["Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, and East Timor. These countries, plus Macau Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China) where Portuguese is co-official with Cantonese, make up the Lusosphere, a term derived from the ancient Roman province of \"Lusitania\", which currently matches the Portuguese territory south of the Douro river. Mirandese is also recognized as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal. According to International English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than in countries like Italy, France or Spain."]}
{"query": "Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?", "answer": "Passos Coelho", "gold_docs": ["percent when it received the bailout. As part of the deal, the country agreed to cut its budget deficit from 9.8 percent of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 percent in 2011, 4.5 percent in 2012 and 3 percent in 2013. After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improving the state's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal"]}
{"query": "From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?", "answer": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund", "gold_docs": ["industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages. In the second decade of the 21st century, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of \u20ac78,000,000,000. In May 2014, the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At"]}
{"query": "To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?", "answer": "66", "gold_docs": ["2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy. In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's consumption of electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts. As of June 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports. In the period between January and May 2010, 70% of the national production of energy came from renewable sources. Portugal's national energy transmission company, Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy"]}
{"query": "Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?", "answer": "English", "gold_docs": ["Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, and East Timor. These countries, plus Macau Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China) where Portuguese is co-official with Cantonese, make up the Lusosphere, a term derived from the ancient Roman province of \"Lusitania\", which currently matches the Portuguese territory south of the Douro river. Mirandese is also recognized as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal. According to International English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than in countries like Italy, France or Spain."]}
{"query": "Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?", "answer": "third quarter of 2014", "gold_docs": ["unemployed people trend that had been recorded since the 2000s. This negative trend had been pronounced with the impact of the Financial Crisis of 2008, causing the unemployment rate to climb, achieving a record of 17.7% in the early 2013. The decrease of the unemployment is related with the expanding of the Portuguese Economy registered since the third quarter of 2014 (after shrinking in 2011, 2012 and 2013), with a yearly GDP growth of 1.5% registered in the second quarter of 2015. The increase of the number of people that emigrated to work in other countries also impacted positively the"]}
{"query": "By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?", "answer": "December 2009", "gold_docs": ["and occupation. On 26 March 1995, Portugal started to implement Schengen Area rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members while simultaneously strengthening border controls with non-member states. In 1996 the country was a co-founder of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) headquartered in Lisbon. Expo '98 took place in Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the founding countries of the euro and the eurozone. On 5 July 2004, Jos\u00e9 Manuel Barroso, then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of the European Commission, the most powerful office in the European Union. On 1 December 2009, the"]}
{"query": "Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?", "answer": "F\u00e1tima", "gold_docs": ["terms of the transitory regime, but was incomplete due to a sunset clause of 8 September 2001. The shrine attracts every year a large number of Roman Catholic pilgrims, from Portugal and all around the world. This international stature gave F\u00e1tima the title of \"Shrine of the World\". Every year pilgrims fill the country road that leads to the shrine with crowds that approach one million on May 13 and October 13, the significant dates of the F\u00e1tima apparitions. Overall, about four million pilgrims visit the basilica every year. The Sanctuary at F\u00e1tima was constructed over time in or near"]}
{"query": "What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?", "answer": "Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children", "gold_docs": ["of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. The legend of the Rooster of Barcelos tells the story of a dead rooster's miraculous intervention in proving the innocence of a man who had been falsely accused and sentenced to death. The story is associated with the 17th-century calvary that is part of the"]}
{"query": "What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?", "answer": "Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo", "gold_docs": ["of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. The legend of the Rooster of Barcelos tells the story of a dead rooster's miraculous intervention in proving the innocence of a man who had been falsely accused and sentenced to death. The story is associated with the 17th-century calvary that is part of the"]}
{"query": "What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?", "answer": "Lisbon", "gold_docs": ["rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors. Portugal is among the top 20 most-visited countries in the world, receiving an average of 20,000,000 foreign tourists each year. In 2014, Portugal was elected \"The Best European Country\" by the USA Today. In 2017, Portugal was elected both \"Europe's Leading Destination\" and \"World's Leading Destination\" Tourist hotspots in Portugal are: Lisbon, Cascais, Fatima, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra. Lisbon attracts the sixteenth-most tourists among European cities (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006). Also, between 5\u20136 million religious pilgrims visit Fatima each year, where apparitions"]}
{"query": "What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?", "answer": "fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles", "gold_docs": ["and legal advice through to marketing and technological support. Egas Moniz, a Portuguese physician who developed the cerebral angiography and leucotomy, received in 1949 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \u2013 he is the first Portuguese recipient of a Nobel Prize and the only in the sciences. The European Innovation Scoreboard 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation in the 15th position, with an impressive increase in innovation expenditure and output. By the early-1970s, Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic"]}
{"query": "After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?", "answer": "new motorways", "gold_docs": ["Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a road network, of which almost are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). Although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded"]}
{"query": "In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?", "answer": "1944", "gold_docs": ["Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a road network, of which almost are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). Although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded"]}
{"query": "How many national airports does Portugal have?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["to handle the management of many of the region's motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe. Continental Portugal's territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Air Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete,"]}
{"query": "Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?", "answer": "Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja", "gold_docs": ["to handle the management of many of the region's motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe. Continental Portugal's territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Air Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete,"]}
{"query": "Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?", "answer": "geographical position", "gold_docs": ["to handle the management of many of the region's motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe. Continental Portugal's territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Air Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete,"]}
{"query": "What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?", "answer": "TAP Portugal", "gold_docs": ["privatised are: CTT (postal service), TAP Portugal (airline) and ANA (airports). Companies listed on Euronext Lisbon stock exchange like EDP, Galp, Jer\u00f3nimo Martins, Mota-Engil, Novabase, Semapa, Portucel Soporcel, Portugal Telecom and Sonae, are amongst the largest corporations of Portugal by number of employees, net income or international market share. The Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange of Portugal and is part of the NYSE Euronext, the first global stock exchange. The PSI-20 is Portugal's most selective and widely known stock index. The International Monetary Fund issued an update report on the economy of Portugal in late-June 2017 with a"]}
{"query": "Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?", "answer": "Spain", "gold_docs": ["in use to the present day. A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the of railway lines currently in service, of which are electrified and about allow train speeds greater than . The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and of goods. The major seaports are located in Sines, Lisbon, Leix\u00f5es, Set\u00fabal,"]}
{"query": "What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?", "answer": "Comboios de Portugal", "gold_docs": ["in use to the present day. A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the of railway lines currently in service, of which are electrified and about allow train speeds greater than . The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and of goods. The major seaports are located in Sines, Lisbon, Leix\u00f5es, Set\u00fabal,"]}
{"query": "For how long has the Libon tram service existed?", "answer": "over a century", "gold_docs": ["Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, and Faro. The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and \"Metro Sul do Tejo\" in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the \"Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa\" (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own"]}
{"query": "What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?", "answer": "INETI \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o", "gold_docs": ["autonomous research institutions like the INETI \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o and the INRB \u2013 Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular"]}
{"query": "What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?", "answer": "Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation", "gold_docs": ["and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779. Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis"]}
{"query": "What is the Champalimaud Foundation?", "answer": "neuroscience and oncology research centre", "gold_docs": ["and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779. Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis"]}
{"query": "What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?", "answer": "one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world", "gold_docs": ["and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779. Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?", "answer": "1779", "gold_docs": ["and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute. Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779. Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the largest European aquarium?", "answer": "Lisbon Oceanarium", "gold_docs": ["distributed computing platform, which are joint research programmes of both Portugal and Spain. Portugal is a member of several pan-European scientific organizations. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency \"Ci\u00eancia Viva\", a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of"]}
{"query": "What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?", "answer": "scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population", "gold_docs": ["distributed computing platform, which are joint research programmes of both Portugal and Spain. Portugal is a member of several pan-European scientific organizations. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency \"Ci\u00eancia Viva\", a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of"]}
{"query": "What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?", "answer": "the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world", "gold_docs": ["the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium. With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilh\u00e3). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial"]}
{"query": "What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?", "answer": "Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)", "gold_docs": ["the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium. With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilh\u00e3). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial"]}
{"query": "For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?", "answer": "take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support", "gold_docs": ["inova\u00e7\u00e3o Parque (in Coimbra), the Biocant park (in Cantanhede), the Tecmaia (in Maia), the Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Porto (in Santa Maria da Feira and Guimar\u00e3es), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines) and Parkurbis (in Covilh\u00e3). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support. Some examples of notable Portuguese people who had made important contributions to science and technology, becoming in their time internationally known within their respective field, include: Science and technology in Portugal Science"]}
{"query": "What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?", "answer": "wind and river power", "gold_docs": ["local urban transport network, as well as taxi services. Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable energy sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuels. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Agu\u00e7adoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of"]}
{"query": "Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?", "answer": "Moura, in the south", "gold_docs": ["local urban transport network, as well as taxi services. Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable energy sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuels. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Agu\u00e7adoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of"]}
{"query": "Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?", "answer": "Norte region", "gold_docs": ["local urban transport network, as well as taxi services. Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable energy sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuels. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Agu\u00e7adoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?", "answer": "Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN)", "gold_docs": ["2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy. In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's consumption of electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts. As of June 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports. In the period between January and May 2010, 70% of the national production of energy came from renewable sources. Portugal's national energy transmission company, Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy"]}
{"query": "Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?", "answer": "hydropower plants on its rivers", "gold_docs": ["from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity. The Statistics Portugal ()"]}
{"query": "What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?", "answer": "wind-driven turbines", "gold_docs": ["from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity. The Statistics Portugal ()"]}
{"query": "How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?", "answer": "setting a premium price", "gold_docs": ["from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity. The Statistics Portugal ()"]}
{"query": "What was the Portuguese population in 2011?", "answer": "10,562,178", "gold_docs": ["estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). In 2017 and according to more up-to-date figures, the population decreased to 10,291,027. This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Roman Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A number of those minorities nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they convert to Catholicism, after which they became known as \"Mouriscos\" and \"Marranos\" or more commonly \"Crist\u00e3os Novos\""]}
{"query": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?", "answer": "52%", "gold_docs": ["estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). In 2017 and according to more up-to-date figures, the population decreased to 10,291,027. This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Roman Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A number of those minorities nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they convert to Catholicism, after which they became known as \"Mouriscos\" and \"Marranos\" or more commonly \"Crist\u00e3os Novos\""]}
{"query": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?", "answer": "48%", "gold_docs": ["estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). In 2017 and according to more up-to-date figures, the population decreased to 10,291,027. This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Roman Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A number of those minorities nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they convert to Catholicism, after which they became known as \"Mouriscos\" and \"Marranos\" or more commonly \"Crist\u00e3os Novos\""]}
{"query": "What is the dominant religion in Portugal?", "answer": "Catholicism", "gold_docs": ["estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). In 2017 and according to more up-to-date figures, the population decreased to 10,291,027. This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Roman Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A number of those minorities nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they convert to Catholicism, after which they became known as \"Mouriscos\" and \"Marranos\" or more commonly \"Crist\u00e3os Novos\""]}
{"query": "What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?", "answer": "Mouriscos", "gold_docs": ["estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). In 2017 and according to more up-to-date figures, the population decreased to 10,291,027. This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Roman Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A number of those minorities nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they convert to Catholicism, after which they became known as \"Mouriscos\" and \"Marranos\" or more commonly \"Crist\u00e3os Novos\""]}
{"query": "When did people first start arriving in the European continent?", "answer": "45,000 years ago", "gold_docs": ["kept Scandinavian ancestry in Aveiro, Porto and Braga regions. The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations. Portuguese people have a preponderancy of Iberian genetics (Iron Age Period) which belong"]}
{"query": "What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?", "answer": "colonial history", "gold_docs": ["Brazilian Portuguese is shown to be surprisingly lesser than that commonly expected of the said variant by the local Africanist and Indianist academia (that also has to some degree influenced the common sense of what gives a different cultural identity of Brazilians in relation to the Portuguese), so that its lexicon is almost identical (about 99%) to that of European Portuguese. Many Portuguese settlers to Colonial Brazil were from northern and insular Portugal, apart from some historically important illegal immigrants from elsewhere in Europe, such as Galicia, France and the Netherlands. Brazil received more European immigrants in its colonial history"]}
{"query": "Which ocean does Portugal border?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean", "gold_docs": ["history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and personal reasons. Portugal, long a country"]}
{"query": "What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?", "answer": "Angola and Mozambique", "gold_docs": ["history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and personal reasons. Portugal, long a country"]}
{"query": "The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?", "answer": "Portuguese", "gold_docs": ["of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. Since the 1990s, along with a boom in construction, several new waves of Ukrainian, Brazilian, Lusophone Africans and other Africans have settled in the country. Romanian, Moldovans, Kosovar and Chinese have also migrated to the country. Portugal's Romani population is estimated to be"]}
{"query": "How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?", "answer": "10,617,575", "gold_docs": ["to the Irish one - as well as Portugal struggles with the low birth rate and an ageing population. According to projections by the national statistics office, Portugal's population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 from 10.3 million now. There are two Greater Metropolitan Areas (GAMs): Lisbon and Porto. !align=right| Rank !align=left| City name !align=left| MetroArea !align=left| Population !align=left| Subregion !align=left| Population !align=center|FUA Population In 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants. As of 2015, Portugal had 10,341,330 inhabitants of whom about 383,759 were legal migrants, making up 3.7% of the population. Portugal's colonial"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?", "answer": "81.0%", "gold_docs": ["at about 40,000. Numbers of Venezuelan, Pakistani and Indian migrants are also significant. In addition, a number of EU citizens, mostly from the United Kingdom, other northern European or Nordic countries, have become permanent residents in the country (with the British community being mostly composed of retired pensioners who live in the Algarve and Madeira). According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population is Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also"]}
{"query": "What other religious communities exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist", "gold_docs": ["at about 40,000. Numbers of Venezuelan, Pakistani and Indian migrants are also significant. In addition, a number of EU citizens, mostly from the United Kingdom, other northern European or Nordic countries, have become permanent residents in the country (with the British community being mostly composed of retired pensioners who live in the Algarve and Madeira). According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population is Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?", "answer": "6.8%", "gold_docs": ["felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion. Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?", "answer": "8.3%", "gold_docs": ["felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion. Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with"]}
{"query": "In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?", "answer": "Christian", "gold_docs": ["felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion. Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with"]}
{"query": "In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?", "answer": "13th and 14th", "gold_docs": ["felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion. Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with"]}
{"query": "What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?", "answer": "formation of the First Portuguese Republic", "gold_docs": ["early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including its first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910\u201326) changed the role and importance of organized religion. Portugal is a secular state: church and state were formally separated during the Portuguese First Republic, and later reiterated in the 1976 Portuguese Constitution. Other than the"]}
{"query": "During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?", "answer": "1910\u201326", "gold_docs": ["early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including its first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910\u201326) changed the role and importance of organized religion. Portugal is a secular state: church and state were formally separated during the Portuguese First Republic, and later reiterated in the 1976 Portuguese Constitution. Other than the"]}
{"query": "Afonso heard Jesus promising what?", "answer": "victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso", "gold_docs": ["heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks. Boosted by this spiritual experience, Afonso won the battle against an outnumbering enemy. Legend has it that Afonso killed the five Moorish kings of the Seville, Badajoz, Elvas, \u00c9vora and Beja taifas, before decimating the enemy troops. Hence, in gratitude to Jesus, he incorporated five shields arranged in a cross\u2014representing his divine-led victory over the five enemy kings\u2014with"]}
{"query": "Why did God want to act through Afonso?", "answer": "in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands", "gold_docs": ["heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks. Boosted by this spiritual experience, Afonso won the battle against an outnumbering enemy. Legend has it that Afonso killed the five Moorish kings of the Seville, Badajoz, Elvas, \u00c9vora and Beja taifas, before decimating the enemy troops. Hence, in gratitude to Jesus, he incorporated five shields arranged in a cross\u2014representing his divine-led victory over the five enemy kings\u2014with"]}
{"query": "What is the official name of Portugal?", "answer": "Portuguese", "gold_docs": ["Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the formation of Portugal. There are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Portuguese"]}
{"query": "What type of language is Portuguese?", "answer": "Romance", "gold_docs": ["Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the formation of Portugal. There are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Portuguese"]}
{"query": "Where did Portuguese originate?", "answer": "Galicia and Northern Portugal", "gold_docs": ["Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the formation of Portugal. There are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Portuguese"]}
{"query": "What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?", "answer": "Galician-Portuguese", "gold_docs": ["Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the formation of Portugal. There are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. The Portuguese"]}
{"query": "From what language is Portuguese derived?", "answer": "Latin", "gold_docs": ["language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago \u2013 particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (209,5 million speakers in 2016)., In 2013 the Portuguese language is the official language spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe,"]}
{"query": "By what group of people is Portuguese derived?", "answer": "Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula", "gold_docs": ["language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago \u2013 particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (209,5 million speakers in 2016)., In 2013 the Portuguese language is the official language spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe,"]}
{"query": "In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago \u2013 particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (209,5 million speakers in 2016)., In 2013 the Portuguese language is the official language spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe,"]}
{"query": "What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?", "answer": "Brazil", "gold_docs": ["language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago \u2013 particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (209,5 million speakers in 2016)., In 2013 the Portuguese language is the official language spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe,"]}
{"query": "What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?", "answer": "99 percent", "gold_docs": ["The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age 6), basic education (9 years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (3 years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and polytechnic education). Universities are usually organized into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions. The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are 100 percent. According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed"]}
{"query": "Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?", "answer": "100 percent", "gold_docs": ["The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age 6), basic education (9 years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (3 years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and polytechnic education). Universities are usually organized into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions. The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are 100 percent. According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed"]}
{"query": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?", "answer": "Over 35%", "gold_docs": ["Policiais e Seguran\u00e7a Interna\". Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college"]}
{"query": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?", "answer": "50%", "gold_docs": ["significantly above the OECD's average, at a similar level as those students from Norway, Poland, Denmark and Belgium, with 501 points (493 is the average). The PISA results of the Portuguese students have been continuously improving, overcoming a number of other highly developed western countries like the US, Austria, France and Sweden. About 40% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international"]}
{"query": "Since when have Portuguese universities existed?", "answer": "1290", "gold_docs": ["students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005. Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the \"Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho\" of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the \"Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica\" of Goa) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon. The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by"]}
{"query": "Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?", "answer": "Lisbon", "gold_docs": ["students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005. Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the \"Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho\" of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the \"Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica\" of Goa) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon. The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by"]}
{"query": "Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?", "answer": "Coimbra", "gold_docs": ["students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005. Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the \"Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho\" of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the \"Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica\" of Goa) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon. The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by"]}
{"query": "When was the Bologna process adopted?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005. Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the \"Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho\" of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the \"Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica\" of Goa) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon. The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by"]}
{"query": "What are most higher education student costs supported with?", "answer": "public money", "gold_docs": ["supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.). Portugal has entered into cooperation agreements with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other US"]}
{"query": "Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?", "answer": "over 23 years old", "gold_docs": ["Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of \"numerus clausus\" is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are"]}
{"query": "What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?", "answer": "developing health policy as well as managing the SNS", "gold_docs": ["is covered by the health subsystems, 10% by private insurance schemes and another 7% by mutual funds. The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including"]}
{"query": "How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Five", "gold_docs": ["is covered by the health subsystems, 10% by private insurance schemes and another 7% by mutual funds. The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including"]}
{"query": "What are the regional health administrations in charge of?", "answer": "implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery", "gold_docs": ["is covered by the health subsystems, 10% by private insurance schemes and another 7% by mutual funds. The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including"]}
{"query": "What do most Portuguese people die from?", "answer": "noncommunicable diseases", "gold_docs": ["the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding. Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is"]}
{"query": "What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?", "answer": "ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease", "gold_docs": ["the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding. Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is"]}
{"query": "What is the biggest killer in Portugal?", "answer": "cerebrovascular disease", "gold_docs": ["the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding. Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?", "answer": "12%", "gold_docs": ["the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding. Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is"]}
{"query": "Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?", "answer": "children as well as among women younger than 44 years", "gold_docs": ["not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s. Portugal's infant mortality rate has dropped sharply since the late 1970s, when 24 of 1000 newborns died in the first year of life. It is now around 2 deaths per a 1000 newborns. This improvement"]}
{"query": "What survey results complement on data on health status?", "answer": "self-reporting at the household level", "gold_docs": ["was mainly due to the decrease in neonatal mortality, from 15.5 to 2.4 per 1000 live births. People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in"]}
{"query": "What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?", "answer": "one third", "gold_docs": ["was mainly due to the decrease in neonatal mortality, from 15.5 to 2.4 per 1000 live births. People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in"]}
{"query": "Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?", "answer": "1990s and 2000s", "gold_docs": ["Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity. Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?", "answer": "1956", "gold_docs": ["Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity. Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and"]}
{"query": "Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?", "answer": "Lisbon", "gold_docs": ["Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity. Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and"]}
{"query": "How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?", "answer": "fifteen", "gold_docs": ["the Casa da M\u00fasica, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world. Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given"]}
{"query": "What is the Manueline style also known as?", "answer": "Portuguese late Gothic", "gold_docs": ["the Casa da M\u00fasica, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world. Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given"]}
{"query": "What is the Manueline style?", "answer": "a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century", "gold_docs": ["the Casa da M\u00fasica, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world. Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given"]}
{"query": "What is Soft Portuguese style?", "answer": "A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture", "gold_docs": ["the Casa da M\u00fasica, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world. Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given"]}
{"query": "Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?", "answer": "Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne", "gold_docs": ["the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. In Portugal Tom\u00e1s Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design. Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Edgar P\u00eara, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, Jo\u00e3o Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Nuno Lopes, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia"]}
{"query": "For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?", "answer": "stadium design", "gold_docs": ["the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. In Portugal Tom\u00e1s Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design. Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Edgar P\u00eara, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, Jo\u00e3o Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Nuno Lopes, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia"]}
{"query": "In which period was cinema born?", "answer": "late 19th century", "gold_docs": ["the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. In Portugal Tom\u00e1s Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design. Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Edgar P\u00eara, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, Jo\u00e3o Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Nuno Lopes, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia"]}
{"query": "In which period was cinema born?", "answer": "late 19th century", "gold_docs": ["the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. In Portugal Tom\u00e1s Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design. Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Edgar P\u00eara, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, Jo\u00e3o Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Nuno Lopes, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia"]}
{"query": "Who was Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es?", "answer": "Adventurer and poet", "gold_docs": ["Moniz, and Diogo Morgado. Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician troubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula. Gil Vicente (c. 1465\u2013c. 1536) was one of the founders of Portuguese dramatic traditions. Adventurer and poet Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es (c. 1524\u20131580) wrote the epic poem \"Os Lus\u00edadas\" (\"The Lusiads\"), with Virgil's \"Aeneid\" as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888\u20131935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo"]}
{"query": "What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?", "answer": "neoclassic and contemporary styles", "gold_docs": ["Moniz, and Diogo Morgado. Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician troubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula. Gil Vicente (c. 1465\u2013c. 1536) was one of the founders of Portuguese dramatic traditions. Adventurer and poet Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es (c. 1524\u20131580) wrote the epic poem \"Os Lus\u00edadas\" (\"The Lusiads\"), with Virgil's \"Aeneid\" as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888\u20131935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo"]}
{"query": "Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?", "answer": "grilled sardines and caldeirada", "gold_docs": ["Branco, E\u00e7a de Queir\u00f3s, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Ant\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is Jos\u00e9 Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature. Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (\"bacalhau\" in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough \"bacalhau\" dishes; over one for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of beef, pork,"]}
{"query": "What is caldeirada?", "answer": "a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish", "gold_docs": ["Branco, E\u00e7a de Queir\u00f3s, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Ant\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is Jos\u00e9 Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature. Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (\"bacalhau\" in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough \"bacalhau\" dishes; over one for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of beef, pork,"]}
{"query": "What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?", "answer": "arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)", "gold_docs": ["lamb, or chicken include \"cozido \u00e0 portuguesa\", \"feijoada\", \"frango de churrasco\", \"leit\u00e3o\" (roast suckling pig) and \"carne de porco \u00e0 alentejana\". A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood). Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, \"Tripas \u00e0 moda do Porto\" which is also a traditional plate from Porto, and \"bifanas\" (grilled pork) or \"prego\" (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval"]}
{"query": "What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?", "answer": "almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor", "gold_docs": ["Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (or \"past\u00e9is de nata\") originally from Lisbon, and \"ovos moles\" from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small \"tasquinhas\". Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with"]}
{"query": "Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?", "answer": "since the times of the Romans", "gold_docs": ["Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (or \"past\u00e9is de nata\") originally from Lisbon, and \"ovos moles\" from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small \"tasquinhas\". Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with"]}
{"query": "With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?", "answer": "Bacchus", "gold_docs": ["their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet Port Wine, Madeira Wine, and the Moscatel from Set\u00fabal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world. Portuguese music encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local costumes having as instruments bagpipes, drums, flutes,"]}
{"query": "Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?", "answer": "Port and Madeira", "gold_docs": ["their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet Port Wine, Madeira Wine, and the Moscatel from Set\u00fabal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world. Portuguese music encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local costumes having as instruments bagpipes, drums, flutes,"]}
{"query": "What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?", "answer": "Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto", "gold_docs": ["more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 \u2013 Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of \"Queima das Fitas\" are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilh\u00e3o Atl\u00e2ntico, Lisbon. Furthermore, Portugal won the Eurovision"]}
{"query": "In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 \u2013 Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of \"Queima das Fitas\" are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilh\u00e3o Atl\u00e2ntico, Lisbon. Furthermore, Portugal won the Eurovision"]}
{"query": "What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?", "answer": "Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa", "gold_docs": ["tambourines, accordions and small guitars (\"cavaquinho\"). Apart Portuguese folk music other renowned genre is Fado, a melancholic urban music originated in Lisbon in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and \"saudade\", or longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of \"troubadour serenading\" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Am\u00e1lia Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, Jos\u00e9 Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, Ant\u00f3nio Chainho, M\u00edsia, Dulce Pontes and Madredeus. In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and"]}
{"query": "What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?", "answer": "Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro", "gold_docs": ["tambourines, accordions and small guitars (\"cavaquinho\"). Apart Portuguese folk music other renowned genre is Fado, a melancholic urban music originated in Lisbon in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and \"saudade\", or longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of \"troubadour serenading\" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Am\u00e1lia Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, Jos\u00e9 Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, Ant\u00f3nio Chainho, M\u00edsia, Dulce Pontes and Madredeus. In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and"]}
{"query": "Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos", "gold_docs": ["in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Gra\u00e7a, Emmanuel Nunes and S\u00e9rgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing. In addition to Folk, Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and"]}
{"query": "Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?", "answer": "Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira", "gold_docs": ["in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Gra\u00e7a, Emmanuel Nunes and S\u00e9rgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing. In addition to Folk, Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and"]}
{"query": "What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?", "answer": "Can\u00e7\u00e3o Popular a Russa e o F\u00edgaro", "gold_docs": ["Braga and Antero de Quental) were both references in naturalist painting. The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the Delaunays (Robert and Sonia). Among his best-known works is \"Can\u00e7\u00e3o Popular a Russa e o F\u00edgaro\". Another great modernist painters/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva,"]}
{"query": "What is the most popular sport in Portugal?", "answer": "Football", "gold_docs": ["J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego. Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eus\u00e9bio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo, who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, are two world-class Portuguese football players. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho and Fernando Santos being among the most renowned. The Portugal national football team \u2013 \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional\" \u2013 have won one UEFA European Championship"]}
{"query": "What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?", "answer": "Eus\u00e9bio", "gold_docs": ["J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego. Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eus\u00e9bio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo, who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, are two world-class Portuguese football players. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho and Fernando Santos being among the most renowned. The Portugal national football team \u2013 \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional\" \u2013 have won one UEFA European Championship"]}
{"query": "Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?", "answer": "Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo", "gold_docs": ["J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego. Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eus\u00e9bio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo, who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, are two world-class Portuguese football players. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho and Fernando Santos being among the most renowned. The Portugal national football team \u2013 \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional\" \u2013 have won one UEFA European Championship"]}
{"query": "What award did both Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?", "answer": "FIFA World Player of the Year", "gold_docs": ["J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego. Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eus\u00e9bio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo, who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or, are two world-class Portuguese football players. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho and Fernando Santos being among the most renowned. The Portugal national football team \u2013 \"Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional\" \u2013 have won one UEFA European Championship"]}
{"query": "How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have \"the big three\" won?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["title: the UEFA Euro 2016, with a 1\u20130 victory in the final over France, the tournament hosts. In addition, Portugal finished second in the Euro 2004 (held in Portugal), third in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, and fourth in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. At youth level, Portugal have won two FIFA World Youth Championships (in 1989 and 1991) and several UEFA European Youth Championships. S.L. Benfica, Sporting CP and FC Porto are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as \"\"os tr\u00eas grandes\"\" (\"the big three\"). They have won eight titles in"]}
{"query": "Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?", "answer": "roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball", "gold_docs": ["the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the \"big three\", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) \u2013 \"Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Futebol\" \u2013 annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women's football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal. The Portuguese national rugby union team qualified for the 2007 Rugby World"]}
{"query": "What kind of music does Kanye West perform?", "answer": "hip hop", "gold_docs": ["Kanye West Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur and fashion designer. His musical career has been marked by dramatic changes in styles, incorporating an eclectic range of influences from soul, baroque-pop, electro, indie rock, synth-pop, industrial and gospel. Over the course of his career, West has been responsible for cultural movements and progressions within mainstream hip hop and popular music at large. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West first became known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for recording artists"]}
{"query": "What is Kanye West's middle name?", "answer": "Omari", "gold_docs": ["Kanye West Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur and fashion designer. His musical career has been marked by dramatic changes in styles, incorporating an eclectic range of influences from soul, baroque-pop, electro, indie rock, synth-pop, industrial and gospel. Over the course of his career, West has been responsible for cultural movements and progressions within mainstream hip hop and popular music at large. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West first became known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for recording artists"]}
{"query": "When is Kanye West's birthday?", "answer": "June 8, 1977", "gold_docs": ["Kanye West Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur and fashion designer. His musical career has been marked by dramatic changes in styles, incorporating an eclectic range of influences from soul, baroque-pop, electro, indie rock, synth-pop, industrial and gospel. Over the course of his career, West has been responsible for cultural movements and progressions within mainstream hip hop and popular music at large. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West first became known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for recording artists"]}
{"query": "What was the first label that Kanye produced for?", "answer": "Roc-A-Fella Records", "gold_docs": ["Kanye West Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur and fashion designer. His musical career has been marked by dramatic changes in styles, incorporating an eclectic range of influences from soul, baroque-pop, electro, indie rock, synth-pop, industrial and gospel. Over the course of his career, West has been responsible for cultural movements and progressions within mainstream hip hop and popular music at large. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West first became known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for recording artists"]}
{"query": "How many albums has Kanye released since starting his solo career in 2004?", "answer": "7", "gold_docs": ["of the same name. West also completed production work on \"Nasir\" and \"K.T.S.E.\". In August 2018, West released the non-album single \"XTCY\" which was originally slated to be included in \"Ye\". On September 7, 2018, West released a collaboration with American rapper Lil Pump titled \"I Love It\". On September 9, 2018, West announced via Twitter that \"Watch the Throne 2\" would be coming soon. Later that month, West also announced his ninth studio album \"Yandhi\" to be released by the end of the month and a collaborative album with Chicagoan rapper Chance the Rapper titled \"Good Ass Job\". West"]}
{"query": "With which artists that Kanye formerly produced for did he go on to collaborate with?", "answer": "Jay-Z", "gold_docs": ["such as Jay-Z, Ludacris and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album \"The College Dropout\" in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success, and founded the record label GOOD Music. He went on to experiment with a variety of musical genres on subsequent acclaimed studio albums, including \"Late Registration\" (2005), \"Graduation\" (2007), and the polarizing but influential \"808s & Heartbreak\" (2008). He released his fifth album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" in 2010 to further rave reviews, and has since succeeded it with \"Yeezus\" (2013) and \"The Life of Pablo\" (2016),"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye West live as a child?", "answer": "Chicago", "gold_docs": ["Kanye West Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur and fashion designer. His musical career has been marked by dramatic changes in styles, incorporating an eclectic range of influences from soul, baroque-pop, electro, indie rock, synth-pop, industrial and gospel. Over the course of his career, West has been responsible for cultural movements and progressions within mainstream hip hop and popular music at large. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West first became known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for recording artists"]}
{"query": "What was Kanye West's first job title after art school?", "answer": "producer", "gold_docs": ["Kanye West Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur and fashion designer. His musical career has been marked by dramatic changes in styles, incorporating an eclectic range of influences from soul, baroque-pop, electro, indie rock, synth-pop, industrial and gospel. Over the course of his career, West has been responsible for cultural movements and progressions within mainstream hip hop and popular music at large. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West first became known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for recording artists"]}
{"query": "What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["such as Jay-Z, Ludacris and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album \"The College Dropout\" in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success, and founded the record label GOOD Music. He went on to experiment with a variety of musical genres on subsequent acclaimed studio albums, including \"Late Registration\" (2005), \"Graduation\" (2007), and the polarizing but influential \"808s & Heartbreak\" (2008). He released his fifth album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" in 2010 to further rave reviews, and has since succeeded it with \"Yeezus\" (2013) and \"The Life of Pablo\" (2016),"]}
{"query": "How many total CDs has Kanye West released in his career so far?", "answer": "7", "gold_docs": ["of the same name. West also completed production work on \"Nasir\" and \"K.T.S.E.\". In August 2018, West released the non-album single \"XTCY\" which was originally slated to be included in \"Ye\". On September 7, 2018, West released a collaboration with American rapper Lil Pump titled \"I Love It\". On September 9, 2018, West announced via Twitter that \"Watch the Throne 2\" would be coming soon. Later that month, West also announced his ninth studio album \"Yandhi\" to be released by the end of the month and a collaborative album with Chicagoan rapper Chance the Rapper titled \"Good Ass Job\". West"]}
{"query": "How many downloads do Kanye's tracks have across the globe?", "answer": "100 million", "gold_docs": ["on the Canadian Hot 100 and \"All Mine\" was the second single to released from the album, which performed best in New Zealand by reaching number 5 on the NZ Top 40 chart. Kanye West singles discography American rapper and record producer Kanye West has released one hundred and thirty seven singles, four promotional singles and charted with sixty five other songs. West has sold 32.7 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide. As of May 2012, six of his songs have each exceeded three million digital downloads. In 2003, West collaborated with rapper Twista and singer Jamie Foxx"]}
{"query": "Kanye is known for having the most of what type of award for his age?", "answer": "Grammy", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "How many albums does Kanye have on the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["the record for most appearances on MTV's Hottest MCs in the Game list as well as the most wins. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012 placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. West has the fourth most RIAA singles certificates in history with 68 and is the highest selling rapper in the Gold, Platinum and Multi-Platinum list's. On top of that he has sold over 50 million singles in the United States making him the second highest male and sixth highest selling artist of all time in"]}
{"query": "What popular magazine placed Kanye on their annual list in 2005 and 2015?", "answer": "Time", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "How many Grammy Awards has Kanye West won?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "How many of Kanye West's albums were recognized by Rolling Stone Magazine?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["the record for most appearances on MTV's Hottest MCs in the Game list as well as the most wins. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012 placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. West has the fourth most RIAA singles certificates in history with 68 and is the highest selling rapper in the Gold, Platinum and Multi-Platinum list's. On top of that he has sold over 50 million singles in the United States making him the second highest male and sixth highest selling artist of all time in"]}
{"query": "Which years was Kanye West mentioned in Time Magazine?", "answer": "2005 and 2015", "gold_docs": ["update of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list and he ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. \"Time\" magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015. Kanye Omari West was born on June 8, 1977, in Atlanta, Georgia. After his parents divorced when he was three years old he moved with his mother to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first"]}
{"query": "What subject did Kanye's mother teach at her university?", "answer": "English", "gold_docs": ["black photojournalists at \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\". Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University, before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China,"]}
{"query": "What Georgia city was Kanye West born?", "answer": "Atlanta", "gold_docs": ["black photojournalists at \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\". Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University, before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the business that Kanye West helped fund in 2006?", "answer": "Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["black photojournalists at \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\". Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University, before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China,"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye West's mother work before becoming his manager?", "answer": "Chicago State University", "gold_docs": ["black photojournalists at \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\". Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University, before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye West's high school?", "answer": "Polaris High School", "gold_docs": ["black photojournalists at \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\". Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University, before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China,"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye and his mother relocate when he was 10?", "answer": "Nanjing, China", "gold_docs": ["black photojournalists at \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\". Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University, before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China,"]}
{"query": "While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in his class?", "answer": "foreigner", "gold_docs": ["where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\" West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when"]}
{"query": "How well did Kanye do in high school?", "answer": "A's and B's", "gold_docs": ["where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\" West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when"]}
{"query": "At what age did Kanye West relocate to China?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["black photojournalists at \"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution\". Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University, before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois, after living in Chicago. At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China,"]}
{"query": "What University was the cause of West's mother moving the family to China?", "answer": "Nanjing University", "gold_docs": ["where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\" West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when"]}
{"query": "What was Kanye creating when he was five?", "answer": "poetry", "gold_docs": ["where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\" West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when"]}
{"query": "What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?", "answer": "\"Green Eggs and Ham\"", "gold_docs": ["he was in the third grade. West started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called \"Green Eggs and Ham\" and persuaded his mother to pay for time in a recording studio. Accompanying him to the studio and despite discovering it being \"a little basement studio\" where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger, West's mother nonetheless supported and encouraged him. West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close"]}
{"query": "Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?", "answer": "DJ No I.D.", "gold_docs": ["he was in the third grade. West started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called \"Green Eggs and Ham\" and persuaded his mother to pay for time in a recording studio. Accompanying him to the studio and despite discovering it being \"a little basement studio\" where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger, West's mother nonetheless supported and encouraged him. West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close"]}
{"query": "What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?", "answer": "writing poetry", "gold_docs": ["where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\" West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?", "answer": "Green Eggs and Ham", "gold_docs": ["he was in the third grade. West started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called \"Green Eggs and Ham\" and persuaded his mother to pay for time in a recording studio. Accompanying him to the studio and despite discovering it being \"a little basement studio\" where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger, West's mother nonetheless supported and encouraged him. West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye receive a scholarship to attend?", "answer": "American Academy of Art", "gold_docs": ["friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15. After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also"]}
{"query": "How old was Kanye when he dropped out of college?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15. After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also"]}
{"query": "What school did Kanye West go to in 1997?", "answer": "Chicago's American Academy of Art", "gold_docs": ["friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15. After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also"]}
{"query": "At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15. After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the CD that Kanye recorded based on his failed college experience?", "answer": "College Dropout", "gold_docs": ["a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called \"College Dropout\" it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\" Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, creating beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records. His first official production credits came at"]}
{"query": "Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90's originally intended for?", "answer": "local artists", "gold_docs": ["a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called \"College Dropout\" it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\" Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, creating beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records. His first official production credits came at"]}
{"query": "What types of records did Kanye sample in his early career.", "answer": "classic soul records", "gold_docs": ["a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called \"College Dropout\" it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\" Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, creating beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records. His first official production credits came at"]}
{"query": "What music group did Kanye join when he couldn't release his solo album?", "answer": "Go-Getters", "gold_docs": ["the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on \"Down to Earth\", the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series"]}
{"query": "In what time period did Kanye begin producing?", "answer": "mid-1990s", "gold_docs": ["a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called \"College Dropout\" it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\" Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, creating beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records. His first official production credits came at"]}
{"query": "For which artist did Kanye West act as a ghost producer? ", "answer": "Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie", "gold_docs": ["the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on \"Down to Earth\", the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series"]}
{"query": "What late 1990s Chicago rap group was Kanye West a member of?", "answer": "Go-Getters", "gold_docs": ["the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on \"Down to Earth\", the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series"]}
{"query": "What firm managed Kanye West's rap group? ", "answer": "Hustle Period", "gold_docs": ["the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on \"Down to Earth\", the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series"]}
{"query": "What year was the first Go-Getters album released? ", "answer": "1999", "gold_docs": ["of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances, The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album \"World Record Holders\" in 1999. The album featured other Chicago-based rappers such as Rhymefest, Mikkey Halsted, Miss Criss, and Shayla G. Meanwhile, the production was handled by West, Arrowstar, Boogz, and Brian \"All Day\" Miller. West spent much of the late 1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album \"Chyna Doll\" was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper"]}
{"query": "Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?", "answer": "Foxy Brown", "gold_docs": ["of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances, The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album \"World Record Holders\" in 1999. The album featured other Chicago-based rappers such as Rhymefest, Mikkey Halsted, Miss Criss, and Shayla G. Meanwhile, the production was handled by West, Arrowstar, Boogz, and Brian \"All Day\" Miller. West spent much of the late 1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album \"Chyna Doll\" was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper"]}
{"query": "What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd?", "answer": "Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.", "gold_docs": ["U Madd\", an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album \"Life After Death\". West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem. West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album \"The Blueprint\". \"The Blueprint\" is consistently ranked among the"]}
{"query": "Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for?", "answer": "Foxy Brown", "gold_docs": ["of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances, The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album \"World Record Holders\" in 1999. The album featured other Chicago-based rappers such as Rhymefest, Mikkey Halsted, Miss Criss, and Shayla G. Meanwhile, the production was handled by West, Arrowstar, Boogz, and Brian \"All Day\" Miller. West spent much of the late 1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album \"Chyna Doll\" was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper"]}
{"query": "What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001?", "answer": "The Blueprint", "gold_docs": ["U Madd\", an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album \"Life After Death\". West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem. West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album \"The Blueprint\". \"The Blueprint\" is consistently ranked among the"]}
{"query": "In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known?", "answer": "2000", "gold_docs": ["U Madd\", an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album \"Life After Death\". West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem. West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album \"The Blueprint\". \"The Blueprint\" is consistently ranked among the"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001?", "answer": "The Blueprint", "gold_docs": ["U Madd\", an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album \"Life After Death\". West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem. West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album \"The Blueprint\". \"The Blueprint\" is consistently ranked among the"]}
{"query": "What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?", "answer": "Capitol Records", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?", "answer": "rapper", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?", "answer": "gangsta image", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?", "answer": "Capitol Records", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?", "answer": "Joe Weinberger", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?", "answer": "Roc-A-Fella", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?", "answer": "a producer", "gold_docs": ["claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates. West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel causing a head on crash with another car. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The crash broke both legs of the other driver. The accident inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded a song at"]}
{"query": "What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?", "answer": "Joe Weinberger", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "What record company eventually signed Kanye West?", "answer": "Roc-A-Fella", "gold_docs": ["deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the 'gangsta image' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal. According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper,"]}
{"query": "What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident?", "answer": "Through The Wire", "gold_docs": ["the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's \"Get Well Soon...\" mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called \"The College Dropout\", whose overall theme was to"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital?", "answer": "Get Well Soon...", "gold_docs": ["the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's \"Get Well Soon...\" mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called \"The College Dropout\", whose overall theme was to"]}
{"query": "After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?", "answer": "The College Dropout", "gold_docs": ["the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's \"Get Well Soon...\" mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called \"The College Dropout\", whose overall theme was to"]}
{"query": "What was the date of Kanye's car wreck?", "answer": "October 23, 2002", "gold_docs": ["claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates. West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel causing a head on crash with another car. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The crash broke both legs of the other driver. The accident inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded a song at"]}
{"query": "What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?", "answer": "\"Through The Wire\"", "gold_docs": ["the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's \"Get Well Soon...\" mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called \"The College Dropout\", whose overall theme was to"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002?", "answer": "Get Well Soon", "gold_docs": ["the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's \"Get Well Soon...\" mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called \"The College Dropout\", whose overall theme was to"]}
{"query": "What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?", "answer": "it was leaked", "gold_docs": ["\"make your own decisions. Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do.'\" West recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was leaked months before its release date. However, West decided to use the opportunity to review the album, and \"The College Dropout\" was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released. As a result, certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted, among them \"Keep the Receipt\" with Ol' Dirty Bastard and \"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\""]}
{"query": "How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["More Parties in LA\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which he releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from \"SWISH\" to \"Waves\", and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the track list for the new album. Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to \"The Life of Pablo\"."]}
{"query": "In what city did West finish recording his first album?", "answer": "Los Angeles", "gold_docs": ["\"make your own decisions. Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do.'\" West recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was leaked months before its release date. However, West decided to use the opportunity to review the album, and \"The College Dropout\" was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released. As a result, certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted, among them \"Keep the Receipt\" with Ol' Dirty Bastard and \"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\""]}
{"query": "How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["More Parties in LA\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which he releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from \"SWISH\" to \"Waves\", and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the track list for the new album. Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to \"The Life of Pablo\"."]}
{"query": "What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?", "answer": "August 2003", "gold_docs": ["with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led \"The College Dropout\" to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003. \"The College Dropout\" was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one"]}
{"query": "What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?", "answer": "Jesus Walks", "gold_docs": ["hit. \"The College Dropout\" received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. \"Jesus Walks\", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity. The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the \"Billboard\" pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio. \"The College Dropout\" would eventually be certified triple"]}
{"query": "What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?", "answer": "GOOD Music", "gold_docs": ["platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of \"The College Dropout\", such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he"]}
{"query": "When was The College Dropout finally released?", "answer": "February 2004", "gold_docs": ["with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led \"The College Dropout\" to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003. \"The College Dropout\" was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one"]}
{"query": "What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?", "answer": "\"Slow Jamz\"", "gold_docs": ["with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led \"The College Dropout\" to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003. \"The College Dropout\" was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one"]}
{"query": "How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of \"The College Dropout\", such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the record label that West founded?", "answer": "GOOD Music", "gold_docs": ["platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of \"The College Dropout\", such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he"]}
{"query": "What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album?", "answer": "string orchestra", "gold_docs": ["to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album \"Late Registration\". West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. \"Late Registration\" sold over 2.3 million units in"]}
{"query": "What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album's production?", "answer": "Jon Brion", "gold_docs": ["to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album \"Late Registration\". West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. \"Late Registration\" sold over 2.3 million units in"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's second studio album?", "answer": "Late Registration", "gold_docs": ["to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album \"Late Registration\". West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. \"Late Registration\" sold over 2.3 million units in"]}
{"query": "How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year?", "answer": "2.3 million", "gold_docs": ["to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album \"Late Registration\". West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. \"Late Registration\" sold over 2.3 million units in"]}
{"query": "What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album?", "answer": "Portishead", "gold_docs": ["had become too dependent on the technique, he decided to find a new sound. During this time, he also produced singles for Brandy, Common, John Legend, and Slum Village. Beginning his second effort that fall, West would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album. West was significantly inspired by \"Roseland NYC Live\", a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead, produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Early in his career, the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip-hop production. Though West had not been able"]}
{"query": "What was the name of West's second album?", "answer": "Late Registration", "gold_docs": ["to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album \"Late Registration\". West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. \"Late Registration\" sold over 2.3 million units in"]}
{"query": "How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States?", "answer": "2.3 million", "gold_docs": ["to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album \"Late Registration\". West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. \"Late Registration\" sold over 2.3 million units in"]}
{"query": "The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?", "answer": "Best New Artist", "gold_docs": ["the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales. While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, his first large-scale controversy came just days following \"Late Registration\" release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor"]}
{"query": "Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?", "answer": "Hurricane Katrina", "gold_docs": ["the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales. While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, his first large-scale controversy came just days following \"Late Registration\" release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor"]}
{"query": "What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?", "answer": "Rolling Stone", "gold_docs": ["Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" wearing a crown of thorns. Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired"]}
{"query": "In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?", "answer": "Best New Artist", "gold_docs": ["the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales. While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, his first large-scale controversy came just days following \"Late Registration\" release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor"]}
{"query": "Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?", "answer": "Mike Myers", "gold_docs": ["Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" wearing a crown of thorns. Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired"]}
{"query": "What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?", "answer": "Rolling Stone", "gold_docs": ["Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" wearing a crown of thorns. Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired"]}
{"query": "What band did Kanye tour with for a year?", "answer": "U2", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?", "answer": "large arenas", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?", "answer": "Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?", "answer": "U2", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?", "answer": "1980s", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?", "answer": "The Rolling Stones", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?", "answer": "Bob Dylan", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's third album?", "answer": "Graduation", "gold_docs": ["encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of \"XXL\" cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's \"Curtis\" and West's \"Graduation\" as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album"]}
{"query": "Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?", "answer": "50 Cent", "gold_docs": ["encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of \"XXL\" cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's \"Curtis\" and West's \"Graduation\" as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album"]}
{"query": "How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release? ", "answer": "957,000", "gold_docs": ["hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability. West's third studio album, \"Graduation\", garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's \"Curtis\". Upon their September 2007 releases, \"Graduation\" outsold \"Curtis\" by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. \"Graduation\" continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, \"Stronger\", garnered his third number-one hit. \"Stronger\", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only"]}
{"query": "What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?", "answer": "Daft Punk", "gold_docs": ["hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability. West's third studio album, \"Graduation\", garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's \"Curtis\". Upon their September 2007 releases, \"Graduation\" outsold \"Curtis\" by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. \"Graduation\" continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, \"Stronger\", garnered his third number-one hit. \"Stronger\", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?", "answer": "Graduation", "gold_docs": ["encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of \"XXL\" cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's \"Curtis\" and West's \"Graduation\" as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album"]}
{"query": "What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?", "answer": "50 Cent", "gold_docs": ["encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of \"XXL\" cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's \"Curtis\" and West's \"Graduation\" as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album"]}
{"query": "What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?", "answer": "Daft Punk", "gold_docs": ["hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability. West's third studio album, \"Graduation\", garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's \"Curtis\". Upon their September 2007 releases, \"Graduation\" outsold \"Curtis\" by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. \"Graduation\" continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, \"Stronger\", garnered his third number-one hit. \"Stronger\", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only"]}
{"query": "Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?", "answer": "Alexis Phifer", "gold_docs": ["would claim superior sales.\" West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously"]}
{"query": "What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?", "answer": "Auto-Tune", "gold_docs": ["would claim superior sales.\" West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously"]}
{"query": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["would claim superior sales.\" West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?", "answer": "Alexis Phifer", "gold_docs": ["would claim superior sales.\" West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?", "answer": "Glow in the Dark Tour", "gold_docs": ["would claim superior sales.\" West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously"]}
{"query": "In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?", "answer": "Hawaii", "gold_docs": ["experimented with the technology on his debut album \"The College Dropout\" for the background vocals of \"Jesus Walks\" and \"Never Let Me Down.\" Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, \"808s & Heartbreak\", at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, \"Love Lockdown\". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record. \"808s & Heartbreak\", which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was"]}
{"query": "What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?", "answer": "\"Love Lockdown\"", "gold_docs": ["experimented with the technology on his debut album \"The College Dropout\" for the background vocals of \"Jesus Walks\" and \"Never Let Me Down.\" Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, \"808s & Heartbreak\", at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, \"Love Lockdown\". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record. \"808s & Heartbreak\", which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was"]}
{"query": "What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?", "answer": "Island Def Jam", "gold_docs": ["released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, \"808s & Heartbreak\" had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers"]}
{"query": "Which album by Kanye West featured the song \"Love Lockdown\"?", "answer": "808s & Heartbreak", "gold_docs": ["released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, \"808s & Heartbreak\" had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers"]}
{"query": "When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? ", "answer": "November 2008", "gold_docs": ["released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, \"808s & Heartbreak\" had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers"]}
{"query": "What was the second song released off of 808s? ", "answer": "Heartless", "gold_docs": ["released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, \"808s & Heartbreak\" had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers"]}
{"query": "The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?", "answer": "Roland TR-808 drum machine", "gold_docs": ["experimented with the technology on his debut album \"The College Dropout\" for the background vocals of \"Jesus Walks\" and \"Never Let Me Down.\" Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, \"808s & Heartbreak\", at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, \"Love Lockdown\". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record. \"808s & Heartbreak\", which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?", "answer": "Matthew Trammell", "gold_docs": ["synthesizers, lengthy strings, somber piano, and tribal rhythms. Prior to its release, West cited inspiration from 1980s synthpop artists such as Phil Collins, Gary Numan, and Boy George and confessed an affinity with the work of post-punk and new wave groups such as Joy Division, The Police and TJ Swan. He would later described \"808s & Heartbreak\" as \"the first black new wave album.\" Discussing the album's subsequent influence on popular music, journalist Matthew Trammell for \"Rolling Stone\" described \"808s\" as \"Kanye's most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\" West recorded his fifth album, \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\""]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye's famous mic-grab incident occur at?", "answer": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement?", "answer": "Taylor Swift", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "Kanye's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA's?", "answer": "Lady Gaga", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with, but couldn't due to the Taylor Swift controversy?", "answer": "Lady Gaga", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy?", "answer": "52nd Grammy Awards", "gold_docs": ["the Year but lost to Kings of Leon's \"Use Somebody\" (2008), and for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance but lost to Knowles' \"Halo\" (2009). \"You Belong with Me\" won Favorite Song at the 2010 Kids Choice Awards and was nominated for Song of the Year at the 45th Academy of Country Music Awards, but lost to Lady Antebellum's \"Need You Now\" (2009). Although \"You Belong with Me\" did not receive an award for any of the nominations it received at the 52nd Grammy Awards, Swift did win album of the year for \"Fearless\", which the song"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album?", "answer": "Hawaii", "gold_docs": ["response to the controversy. Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments. Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for \"Complex\", was present during the sessions and described the \"communal\" atmosphere as thus: \"With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and"]}
{"query": "What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music?", "answer": "fashion", "gold_docs": ["response to the controversy. Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments. Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for \"Complex\", was present during the sessions and described the \"communal\" atmosphere as thus: \"With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and"]}
{"query": "What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album?", "answer": "Hawaii", "gold_docs": ["response to the controversy. Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments. Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for \"Complex\", was present during the sessions and described the \"communal\" atmosphere as thus: \"With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Kanye's album released in 2010?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "gold_docs": ["we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire.\" A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver. \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\", West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to widespread acclaim from critics, many of whom considered it his best work and said it solidified his comeback. In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, \"Dark Fantasy\" adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess. The record included"]}
{"query": "What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from?", "answer": "Album of the Year", "gold_docs": ["the international hit \"All of the Lights\", and \"Billboard\" hits \"Power\", \"Monster\", and \"Runaway\", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name directed by and starring West. During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album. This promotion ran from August 20 \u2013 December 17, 2010. \"Dark Fantasy\" went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's fifth album?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "gold_docs": ["we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire.\" A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver. \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\", West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to widespread acclaim from critics, many of whom considered it his best work and said it solidified his comeback. In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, \"Dark Fantasy\" adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess. The record included"]}
{"query": "When was Kanye West's fifth album debuted? ", "answer": "November 2010", "gold_docs": ["we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire.\" A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver. \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\", West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to widespread acclaim from critics, many of whom considered it his best work and said it solidified his comeback. In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, \"Dark Fantasy\" adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess. The record included"]}
{"query": "What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?", "answer": "\"All of the Lights\"", "gold_docs": ["the international hit \"All of the Lights\", and \"Billboard\" hits \"Power\", \"Monster\", and \"Runaway\", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name directed by and starring West. During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album. This promotion ran from August 20 \u2013 December 17, 2010. \"Dark Fantasy\" went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye's website in 2010?", "answer": "GOOD Fridays", "gold_docs": ["the international hit \"All of the Lights\", and \"Billboard\" hits \"Power\", \"Monster\", and \"Runaway\", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name directed by and starring West. During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album. This promotion ran from August 20 \u2013 December 17, 2010. \"Dark Fantasy\" went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy"]}
{"query": "With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with?", "answer": "Jay-Z", "gold_docs": ["Awards was viewed as a \"snub\" by several media outlets. 2011 saw West embark on a festival tour to commemorate the release of \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" performing and headlining numerous festivals including; SWU Music & Arts, Austin City Limits, Oya Festival, Flow Festival, Live Music Festival, The Big Chill, Essence Music Festival, Lollapalooza and Coachella which was described by \"The Hollywood Reporter\" as \"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time\", West released the collaborative album \"Watch the Throne\" with Jay-Z in August 2011. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012?", "answer": "Cannes Film Festival", "gold_docs": ["half-phoenix creature. In 2012, West wrote and directed another short film, titled \"Cruel Summer\", which premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens constructed for the film. The film was inspired by the compilation album of the same name. West made a cameo appearance in the comedy \"\" (2013) as a MTV News representative in the film's fight scene. In September 2018, West announced starting of film production company named Half Beast, LLC. West expressed interest in starting an architecture firm in May 2013, saying \"\u201cI want to do product, I am a"]}
{"query": "What event did Kanye headline in 2011?", "answer": "Coachella", "gold_docs": ["Awards was viewed as a \"snub\" by several media outlets. 2011 saw West embark on a festival tour to commemorate the release of \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" performing and headlining numerous festivals including; SWU Music & Arts, Austin City Limits, Oya Festival, Flow Festival, Live Music Festival, The Big Chill, Essence Music Festival, Lollapalooza and Coachella which was described by \"The Hollywood Reporter\" as \"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time\", West released the collaborative album \"Watch the Throne\" with Jay-Z in August 2011. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z?", "answer": "Watch the Throne", "gold_docs": ["counterpart, \"Watch the Throne\" became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The co-headlining Watch the Throne Tour kicked off in October 2011 and concluded in June 2012. In 2012, West released the compilation album \"Cruel Summer\", a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. \"Cruel Summer\" produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film"]}
{"query": "What was the top single off the album \"Watch the Throne\"?", "answer": "\"Niggas in Paris\"", "gold_docs": ["counterpart, \"Watch the Throne\" became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The co-headlining Watch the Throne Tour kicked off in October 2011 and concluded in June 2012. In 2012, West released the compilation album \"Cruel Summer\", a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. \"Cruel Summer\" produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film"]}
{"query": "In what year was \"Cruel Summer\" released?", "answer": "2012", "gold_docs": ["counterpart, \"Watch the Throne\" became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The co-headlining Watch the Throne Tour kicked off in October 2011 and concluded in June 2012. In 2012, West released the compilation album \"Cruel Summer\", a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. \"Cruel Summer\" produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film"]}
{"query": "What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called \"Cruel Summer\"?", "answer": "2012 Cannes Film Festival", "gold_docs": ["half-phoenix creature. In 2012, West wrote and directed another short film, titled \"Cruel Summer\", which premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens constructed for the film. The film was inspired by the compilation album of the same name. West made a cameo appearance in the comedy \"\" (2013) as a MTV News representative in the film's fight scene. In September 2018, West announced starting of film production company named Half Beast, LLC. West expressed interest in starting an architecture firm in May 2013, saying \"\u201cI want to do product, I am a"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens. Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel. Determined to \"undermine the commercial\", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music. Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more"]}
{"query": "What became the name of his sixth studio album?", "answer": "Yeezus", "gold_docs": ["minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. \"Yeezus\", West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics. It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. In September 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support \"Yeezus\", with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as supporting act. The tour was"]}
{"query": "Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?", "answer": "Kendrick Lamar", "gold_docs": ["minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. \"Yeezus\", West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics. It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. In September 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support \"Yeezus\", with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as supporting act. The tour was"]}
{"query": "In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. \"Yeezus\", West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics. It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. In September 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support \"Yeezus\", with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as supporting act. The tour was"]}
{"query": "What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?", "answer": "architecture", "gold_docs": ["of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens. Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel. Determined to \"undermine the commercial\", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music. Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?", "answer": "Yeezus", "gold_docs": ["minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. \"Yeezus\", West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics. It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. In September 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support \"Yeezus\", with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as supporting act. The tour was"]}
{"query": "On what date was Yeezus released?", "answer": "June 18, 2013", "gold_docs": ["minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. \"Yeezus\", West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics. It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. In September 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support \"Yeezus\", with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as supporting act. The tour was"]}
{"query": "What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?", "answer": "Kendrick Lamar", "gold_docs": ["minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. \"Yeezus\", West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics. It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. In September 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support \"Yeezus\", with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as supporting act. The tour was"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's first child with Kim Kardashian?", "answer": "North", "gold_docs": ["Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. In April 2012, West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014, at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have three children: daughters North \"Nori\" West (born June 2013) and Chicago West (born January 2018 of a surrogate pregnancy); and son Saint West (born December 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to"]}
{"query": "What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye?", "answer": "Adidas", "gold_docs": ["in January 2015. West also appeared on the \"Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special\", where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan,"]}
{"query": "What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles?", "answer": "Paul McCartney", "gold_docs": ["in January 2015. West also appeared on the \"Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special\", where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan,"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye perform his single \"All Day\" with a menagerie of other artists?", "answer": "2015 BRIT Awards", "gold_docs": ["in January 2015. West also appeared on the \"Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special\", where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan,"]}
{"query": "Who is the mother of Kanye's first child?", "answer": "Kim Kardashian", "gold_docs": ["Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. In April 2012, West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014, at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have three children: daughters North \"Nori\" West (born June 2013) and Chicago West (born January 2018 of a surrogate pregnancy); and son Saint West (born December 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to"]}
{"query": "What is Kanye West's first child's name?", "answer": "North", "gold_docs": ["Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. In April 2012, West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014, at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have three children: daughters North \"Nori\" West (born June 2013) and Chicago West (born January 2018 of a surrogate pregnancy); and son Saint West (born December 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to"]}
{"query": "In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed?", "answer": "Florence", "gold_docs": ["engagement in October to widespread media attention. In November, West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album, hoping to release it by mid-2014, with production by Rick Rubin and Q-Tip. In December 2013, Adidas announced the beginning of their official apparel collaboration with West, to be premiered the following year. In May 2014, West and Kardashian were married in a private ceremony in Florence, Italy, with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance. West released a single, \"Only One\", featuring Paul McCartney, in December. \"FourFiveSeconds\", a single jointly produced with Rihanna and McCartney, was released"]}
{"query": "What musician joined Kanye West on the song \"Only One\"?", "answer": "Paul McCartney", "gold_docs": ["in January 2015. West also appeared on the \"Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special\", where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013?", "answer": "Yeezy Season 1", "gold_docs": ["in January 2015. West also appeared on the \"Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special\", where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan,"]}
{"query": "What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to?", "answer": "SWISH", "gold_docs": ["Stormzy, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London and Vic Mensa. He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line, Yeezy Season 2, in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week. Having initially announced a new album entitled \"So Help Me God\" slated for a 2014 release, in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called \"SWISH\". On May 11, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture, officially making him an honorary DFA. The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury"]}
{"query": "From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate?", "answer": "Art Institute of Chicago", "gold_docs": ["Stormzy, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London and Vic Mensa. He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line, Yeezy Season 2, in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week. Having initially announced a new album entitled \"So Help Me God\" slated for a 2014 release, in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called \"SWISH\". On May 11, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture, officially making him an honorary DFA. The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury"]}
{"query": "How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival?", "answer": "135,000", "gold_docs": ["Festival in the UK, despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance. Toward the end of the set, West proclaimed himself: \"the greatest living rock star on the planet.\" Media outlets, including social media sites such as Twitter, were divided on his performance. \"NME\" stated, \"The decision to book West for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement, and the show itself appeared to polarise both Glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their TVs.\" The publication added that \"he's letting his music speak for and prove itself.\" \"The Guardian\" said that \"his"]}
{"query": "What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate?", "answer": "School of the Art Institute of Chicago", "gold_docs": ["Stormzy, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London and Vic Mensa. He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line, Yeezy Season 2, in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week. Having initially announced a new album entitled \"So Help Me God\" slated for a 2014 release, in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called \"SWISH\". On May 11, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture, officially making him an honorary DFA. The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury"]}
{"query": "How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK?", "answer": "135,000", "gold_docs": ["Festival in the UK, despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance. Toward the end of the set, West proclaimed himself: \"the greatest living rock star on the planet.\" Media outlets, including social media sites such as Twitter, were divided on his performance. \"NME\" stated, \"The decision to book West for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement, and the show itself appeared to polarise both Glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their TVs.\" The publication added that \"he's letting his music speak for and prove itself.\" \"The Guardian\" said that \"his"]}
{"query": "What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?", "answer": "February 11", "gold_docs": ["On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line. Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public, and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track \"Waves\" at the behest of co-writer Chance the Rapper. He released the album exclusively on Tidal on February 14, 2016, following a performance on \"SNL\". Following its official streaming release, West continued to tinker with mixes of several tracks, describing the work as \"a"]}
{"query": "What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?", "answer": "Waves", "gold_docs": ["More Parties in LA\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which he releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from \"SWISH\" to \"Waves\", and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the track list for the new album. Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to \"The Life of Pablo\"."]}
{"query": "With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?", "answer": "Wiz Khalifa", "gold_docs": ["West posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby and became involved in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child. The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West, and received significant media attention. The track \"Famous\" met with scrutiny on social media for a controversial lyrical reference to American singer Taylor Swift, partially in relation to West's interruption of"]}
{"query": "What became the final title of Kanye's next album?", "answer": "The Life of Pablo", "gold_docs": ["More Parties in LA\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which he releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from \"SWISH\" to \"Waves\", and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the track list for the new album. Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to \"The Life of Pablo\"."]}
{"query": "What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?", "answer": "Tidal", "gold_docs": ["On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line. Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public, and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track \"Waves\" at the behest of co-writer Chance the Rapper. He released the album exclusively on Tidal on February 14, 2016, following a performance on \"SNL\". Following its official streaming release, West continued to tinker with mixes of several tracks, describing the work as \"a"]}
{"query": "What song  by West was debuted in December 2015?", "answer": "\"Facts\"", "gold_docs": ["set has a potent ferocity \u2013 but there are gaps and stutters, and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd.\" In September 2015, West performed \"808s & Heartbreak\" in its entirety two nights in a row to rave reviews at Hollywood Bowl. The performance featured a 60-person orchestra, a live band, guests from the album and 70 plus dancers. In December 2015, West released a song titled \"Facts\". West announced in January 2016 that \"SWISH\" would be released on February 11, and later that month, released new songs \"Real Friends\" and a snippet of \"No"]}
{"query": "On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?", "answer": "Waves", "gold_docs": ["More Parties in LA\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which he releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from \"SWISH\" to \"Waves\", and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the track list for the new album. Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to \"The Life of Pablo\"."]}
{"query": "What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?", "answer": "Wiz Khalifa", "gold_docs": ["West posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby and became involved in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child. The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West, and received significant media attention. The track \"Famous\" met with scrutiny on social media for a controversial lyrical reference to American singer Taylor Swift, partially in relation to West's interruption of"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?", "answer": "Yeezy Season 3", "gold_docs": ["More Parties in LA\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which he releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from \"SWISH\" to \"Waves\", and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the track list for the new album. Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to \"The Life of Pablo\"."]}
{"query": "What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations?", "answer": "David Bowie", "gold_docs": ["include David Bowie, Miles Davis and Gil-Scott Heron. West was formatively mentored by Chicago producer No I.D., who introduced him to hip hop production in the early 1990s, allowing a teenage West to sit in on recording sessions. West has cited Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA as a prominent influence on his style. He stated, \"Me and my friends talk about this all the time... We think Wu-Tang had one of the biggest impacts as far as a movement. From slang to style of dress, skits, the samples. Similar to the [production] style I use, RZA has been doing that.\" On"]}
{"query": "What name did Kanye's early production style coin.", "answer": "chipmunk soul", "gold_docs": ["RZA is CEO, or has high position within these labels, considering that he was never known to have a CEO position of any recording label. RZA's production technique, specifically the manner of chopping up and/or speeding or slowing soul samples to fit his beats, has been imitated by hip hop producers including Kanye West and Just Blaze. West's own take on RZA's style briefly flooded the rap market with what was dubbed \"chipmunk soul,\" the speeding of a vocal sample to where it sounded as though the singer had inhaled helium. Several producers at the time copied the style, creating"]}
{"query": "What artist was named by Kanye West to be his \"most important inspiration\"?", "answer": "David Bowie", "gold_docs": ["include David Bowie, Miles Davis and Gil-Scott Heron. West was formatively mentored by Chicago producer No I.D., who introduced him to hip hop production in the early 1990s, allowing a teenage West to sit in on recording sessions. West has cited Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA as a prominent influence on his style. He stated, \"Me and my friends talk about this all the time... We think Wu-Tang had one of the biggest impacts as far as a movement. From slang to style of dress, skits, the samples. Similar to the [production] style I use, RZA has been doing that.\" On"]}
{"query": "Who was Kanye's greatest cultural figure?", "answer": "Puff Daddy", "gold_docs": ["the UK, it became West's second top-20 single of 2015; \"FourFiveSeconds\" peaked at number three in March 2015. Additionally, these songs became his first US top-20 singles since 2013's \"Bound 2\". In the United States, it debuted at number 15 on the Hot 100, selling 140,000 downloads in its first week. The song was certified Gold in the US on 28 July 2015. All Day (Kanye West song) \"All Day\" is a single by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West. The song features Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom, and Paul McCartney and was produced by West, Puff Daddy, French Montana,"]}
{"query": "What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record?", "answer": "Jon Brion", "gold_docs": ["of his words. After a rough version was leaked, West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming. The album saw West diverge from the then-dominant gangster persona in hip hop in favor of more diverse, topical lyrical subjects including higher education, materialism, self-consciousness, minimum-wage labor, institutional prejudice, family, sexuality, and his personal struggles in the music industry. For his second album, \"Late Registration\" (2005), he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead. Blending West's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion's"]}
{"query": "What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?", "answer": "Jon Brion", "gold_docs": ["of his words. After a rough version was leaked, West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming. The album saw West diverge from the then-dominant gangster persona in hip hop in favor of more diverse, topical lyrical subjects including higher education, materialism, self-consciousness, minimum-wage labor, institutional prejudice, family, sexuality, and his personal struggles in the music industry. For his second album, \"Late Registration\" (2005), he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead. Blending West's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion's"]}
{"query": "What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album?", "answer": "Portishead", "gold_docs": ["of his words. After a rough version was leaked, West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming. The album saw West diverge from the then-dominant gangster persona in hip hop in favor of more diverse, topical lyrical subjects including higher education, materialism, self-consciousness, minimum-wage labor, institutional prejudice, family, sexuality, and his personal struggles in the music industry. For his second album, \"Late Registration\" (2005), he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead. Blending West's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion's"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye's third record?", "answer": "Graduation", "gold_docs": ["beats, electro-disco rhythms, and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio-effects. In addition, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin. In comparison to previous albums, \"Graduation\" is more introspective, exploring West's own fame and personal issues. West's fourth studio album, \"808s & Heartbreak\" (2008), marked a radical departure from his previous releases. He largely abandoned rapping over hip-hop beats in favor of emotive, melodic singing and a stark synth-driven electropop soundscape. On \"808s\", West juxtaposed Auto-Tuned sung vocals and the distorted Roland TR-808 drum machine with droning"]}
{"query": "Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in what ways?", "answer": "melody and chord progression", "gold_docs": ["to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in"]}
{"query": "What year was Kanye West's third album released?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["elaborate chamber pop orchestration, the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs, amid a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments. Critic Robert Christgau wrote that \"there's never been hip-hop so complex and subtle musically.\" With his third album, \"Graduation\" (2007), West moved toward a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced style, drawing on European Britpop and Euro-disco, American alternative and indie-rock, and his native Chicago house. West retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with distorted, gothic synthesizers, house"]}
{"query": "What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album?", "answer": "electropop", "gold_docs": ["beats, electro-disco rhythms, and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio-effects. In addition, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin. In comparison to previous albums, \"Graduation\" is more introspective, exploring West's own fame and personal issues. West's fourth studio album, \"808s & Heartbreak\" (2008), marked a radical departure from his previous releases. He largely abandoned rapping over hip-hop beats in favor of emotive, melodic singing and a stark synth-driven electropop soundscape. On \"808s\", West juxtaposed Auto-Tuned sung vocals and the distorted Roland TR-808 drum machine with droning"]}
{"query": "What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye's fourth album?", "answer": "Boy George", "gold_docs": ["synthesizers, lengthy strings, somber piano, and tribal rhythms. Prior to its release, West cited inspiration from 1980s synthpop artists such as Phil Collins, Gary Numan, and Boy George and confessed an affinity with the work of post-punk and new wave groups such as Joy Division, The Police and TJ Swan. He would later described \"808s & Heartbreak\" as \"the first black new wave album.\" Discussing the album's subsequent influence on popular music, journalist Matthew Trammell for \"Rolling Stone\" described \"808s\" as \"Kanye's most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\" West recorded his fifth album, \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\""]}
{"query": "What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?", "answer": "post-punk", "gold_docs": ["synthesizers, lengthy strings, somber piano, and tribal rhythms. Prior to its release, West cited inspiration from 1980s synthpop artists such as Phil Collins, Gary Numan, and Boy George and confessed an affinity with the work of post-punk and new wave groups such as Joy Division, The Police and TJ Swan. He would later described \"808s & Heartbreak\" as \"the first black new wave album.\" Discussing the album's subsequent influence on popular music, journalist Matthew Trammell for \"Rolling Stone\" described \"808s\" as \"Kanye's most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\" West recorded his fifth album, \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\""]}
{"query": "The article about Kanye's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine?", "answer": "Rolling Stone", "gold_docs": ["synthesizers, lengthy strings, somber piano, and tribal rhythms. Prior to its release, West cited inspiration from 1980s synthpop artists such as Phil Collins, Gary Numan, and Boy George and confessed an affinity with the work of post-punk and new wave groups such as Joy Division, The Police and TJ Swan. He would later described \"808s & Heartbreak\" as \"the first black new wave album.\" Discussing the album's subsequent influence on popular music, journalist Matthew Trammell for \"Rolling Stone\" described \"808s\" as \"Kanye's most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\" West recorded his fifth album, \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\""]}
{"query": "What is Kanye's fifth album titled? ", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "gold_docs": ["such as Jay-Z, Ludacris and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album \"The College Dropout\" in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success, and founded the record label GOOD Music. He went on to experiment with a variety of musical genres on subsequent acclaimed studio albums, including \"Late Registration\" (2005), \"Graduation\" (2007), and the polarizing but influential \"808s & Heartbreak\" (2008). He released his fifth album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" in 2010 to further rave reviews, and has since succeeded it with \"Yeezus\" (2013) and \"The Life of Pablo\" (2016),"]}
{"query": "What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?", "answer": "Simon Vozick-Levinson", "gold_docs": ["(2010), with a wide range of collaborators. The album engages with themes of excess, celebrity, and decadence, has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West's previous four albums. \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Simon Vozick-Levinson noted that such elements \"all recur at various points\", namely \"the luxurious soul of 2004's \"The College Dropout\", the symphonic pomp of \"Late Registration\", the gloss of 2007's \"Graduation\", and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008's \"808s & Heartbreak\".\" In a positive review, Andy Gill of \"The Independent\" called it \"one of pop's gaudiest, most grandiose efforts of recent years,"]}
{"query": "What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation?", "answer": "DJ Toomp", "gold_docs": ["Big Brother (Kanye West song) \"Big Brother\" is a song by American hip-hop artist Kanye West. It was released on his 2007 studio album, \"Graduation\". The song was produced by Atlanta record producer DJ Toomp. \"Big Brother\" is a tribute by Kanye dedicated to Jay-Z, containing lyrics that discuss the ups and downs of their friendship. The song received very positive reviews from music critics, who praised West's lyricism and storytelling ability. Though not released as a single, \"Big Brother\" managed to enter and peak at number nineteen on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. \"Big Brother\" was"]}
{"query": "Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album?", "answer": "808s & Heartbreak", "gold_docs": ["(2010), with a wide range of collaborators. The album engages with themes of excess, celebrity, and decadence, has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West's previous four albums. \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Simon Vozick-Levinson noted that such elements \"all recur at various points\", namely \"the luxurious soul of 2004's \"The College Dropout\", the symphonic pomp of \"Late Registration\", the gloss of 2007's \"Graduation\", and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008's \"808s & Heartbreak\".\" In a positive review, Andy Gill of \"The Independent\" called it \"one of pop's gaudiest, most grandiose efforts of recent years,"]}
{"query": "Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "gold_docs": ["such as Jay-Z, Ludacris and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album \"The College Dropout\" in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success, and founded the record label GOOD Music. He went on to experiment with a variety of musical genres on subsequent acclaimed studio albums, including \"Late Registration\" (2005), \"Graduation\" (2007), and the polarizing but influential \"808s & Heartbreak\" (2008). He released his fifth album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" in 2010 to further rave reviews, and has since succeeded it with \"Yeezus\" (2013) and \"The Life of Pablo\" (2016),"]}
{"query": "What did Kanye state that Yeezus was?", "answer": "a protest to music", "gold_docs": ["a no-holds-barred musical extravaganza in which any notion of good taste is abandoned at the door\". Describing his sixth studio album \"Yeezus\" (2013) as \"a protest to music,\" West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated a variety of unconventional influences. Music critic Greg Kot described it as \"a hostile, abrasive and intentionally off-putting\" album that combines \"the worlds of\" 1980s acid-house and contemporary Chicago drill music, 1990s industrial music, and the \"avant-rap\" of Saul Williams, Death Grips and Odd Future. The album also incorporates elements of trap music, as well as dancehall, punk, and electro. Inspired by the minimalist design"]}
{"query": "What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus?", "answer": "Le Corbusier", "gold_docs": ["of Le Corbusier and primarily electronic in nature, Yeezus also continues West's practice of eclectic and unusual samples. \"Rolling Stone\" called the album a \"brilliant, obsessive-compulsive career auto-correct\". West's seventh album \"The Life of Pablo\" was noted for its \"raw, occasionally even intentionally messy, composition\" in distinction to West's previous album. \"Rolling Stone\" wrote that \"It's designed to sound like a work in progress.\" Carl Wilson of \"Slate\" characterized the album as creating \"strange links between Kanye's many iterations\u2014soul-sample enthusiast, heartbroken Auto-Tune crooner, hedonistic avant-pop composer, industrial-rap shit-talker.\" West initially characterized the release as \"a gospel album.\" Greg Kot of"]}
{"query": "In what year was Kanye West's sixth album released?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["a no-holds-barred musical extravaganza in which any notion of good taste is abandoned at the door\". Describing his sixth studio album \"Yeezus\" (2013) as \"a protest to music,\" West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated a variety of unconventional influences. Music critic Greg Kot described it as \"a hostile, abrasive and intentionally off-putting\" album that combines \"the worlds of\" 1980s acid-house and contemporary Chicago drill music, 1990s industrial music, and the \"avant-rap\" of Saul Williams, Death Grips and Odd Future. The album also incorporates elements of trap music, as well as dancehall, punk, and electro. Inspired by the minimalist design"]}
{"query": "What was the title of Kanye's sixth album?", "answer": "Yeezus", "gold_docs": ["a no-holds-barred musical extravaganza in which any notion of good taste is abandoned at the door\". Describing his sixth studio album \"Yeezus\" (2013) as \"a protest to music,\" West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated a variety of unconventional influences. Music critic Greg Kot described it as \"a hostile, abrasive and intentionally off-putting\" album that combines \"the worlds of\" 1980s acid-house and contemporary Chicago drill music, 1990s industrial music, and the \"avant-rap\" of Saul Williams, Death Grips and Odd Future. The album also incorporates elements of trap music, as well as dancehall, punk, and electro. Inspired by the minimalist design"]}
{"query": "What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?", "answer": "clothing line", "gold_docs": ["the \"Chicago Tribune\" wrote in his review of \"The Life of Pablo\", \"West's version of gospel touches on some of those sonic cues \u2014 heavy organ, soaring choirs \u2014 but seems more preoccupied with gospel text and the notion of redemption.\" Early in his career, West made clear his interest in fashion and desire to work in the clothing design industry. In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006, claiming \"Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and \"Late Registration\" is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line"]}
{"query": "When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line?", "answer": "September 2005", "gold_docs": ["the \"Chicago Tribune\" wrote in his review of \"The Life of Pablo\", \"West's version of gospel touches on some of those sonic cues \u2014 heavy organ, soaring choirs \u2014 but seems more preoccupied with gospel text and the notion of redemption.\" Early in his career, West made clear his interest in fashion and desire to work in the clothing design industry. In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006, claiming \"Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and \"Late Registration\" is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line"]}
{"query": "What year was Kanye's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years \u2013 with multiple pieces teased by West himself \u2013 before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti. In fall 2009 West moved to Rome and did an internship at Italian fashion brand"]}
{"query": "What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?", "answer": "Nike", "gold_docs": ["next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years \u2013 with multiple pieces teased by West himself \u2013 before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti. In fall 2009 West moved to Rome and did an internship at Italian fashion brand"]}
{"query": "For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week?", "answer": "Louis Vuitton", "gold_docs": ["next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years \u2013 with multiple pieces teased by West himself \u2013 before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti. In fall 2009 West moved to Rome and did an internship at Italian fashion brand"]}
{"query": "Form whom was Kanye's 2011 fashion label designed for?", "answer": "women", "gold_docs": ["Fendi where he gave ideas for the men's collection. In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\". On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary in \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The New"]}
{"query": "What kind of reviews did Kanye's fashion line spark?", "answer": "mixed-to-negative reviews", "gold_docs": ["Fendi where he gave ideas for the men's collection. In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\". On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary in \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The New"]}
{"query": "When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world?", "answer": "March 6, 2012", "gold_docs": ["York Times\", the \"International Herald Tribune\", Elleuk.com, \"The Daily Telegraph\", \"Harper's Bazaar\" and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort. On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the"]}
{"query": "On what day was Kanye's women's clothing line debuted?", "answer": "October 1, 2011", "gold_docs": ["Fendi where he gave ideas for the men's collection. In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\". On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary in \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The New"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Kanye West's women's clothing line?", "answer": "DW Kanye West", "gold_docs": ["Fendi where he gave ideas for the men's collection. In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\". On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary in \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The New"]}
{"query": "On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week? ", "answer": "October 1, 2011", "gold_docs": ["Fendi where he gave ideas for the men's collection. In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\". On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary in \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The New"]}
{"query": "What was the name of West's fashion line for women?", "answer": "DW Kanye West", "gold_docs": ["Fendi where he gave ideas for the men's collection. In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\". On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary in \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The New"]}
{"query": "The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?", "answer": "mixed-to-negative", "gold_docs": ["Fendi where he gave ideas for the men's collection. In March 2011, West collaborated with M/M Paris for a series of silk scarves featuring artwork from \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\". On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary in \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"The New"]}
{"query": "On what day did West release his second fashion line?", "answer": "March 6, 2012", "gold_docs": ["York Times\", the \"International Herald Tribune\", Elleuk.com, \"The Daily Telegraph\", \"Harper's Bazaar\" and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort. On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the"]}
{"query": "What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line?", "answer": "Adidas", "gold_docs": ["year. The line received positive critical reviews, with \"Vogue\" observing \"a protective toughness, a body-conscious severity that made the clothes more than a simple accessory.\" The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February"]}
{"query": "How many \"seasons\" of clothing did Kanye release?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["28, 2015, were limited to select boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores. He followed with Season 2 later that year at New York Fashion Week. On February 11, West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album \"The Life of Pablo\". In June 2016, Adidas announced a new long-term contract with Kanye West which sees the Yeezy line extend to a number of stores and enter sports performance products. The Yeezys will be seen in basketball, football, soccer, and more. In February 2017, West unveiled the Yeezy Season"]}
{"query": "What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called?", "answer": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts", "gold_docs": ["year. The line received positive critical reviews, with \"Vogue\" observing \"a protective toughness, a body-conscious severity that made the clothes more than a simple accessory.\" The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February"]}
{"query": "How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City?", "answer": "9000", "gold_docs": ["year. The line received positive critical reviews, with \"Vogue\" observing \"a protective toughness, a body-conscious severity that made the clothes more than a simple accessory.\" The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February"]}
{"query": "What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West?", "answer": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts", "gold_docs": ["year. The line received positive critical reviews, with \"Vogue\" observing \"a protective toughness, a body-conscious severity that made the clothes more than a simple accessory.\" The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February"]}
{"query": "In what year did Kanye premier his Season line?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["year. The line received positive critical reviews, with \"Vogue\" observing \"a protective toughness, a body-conscious severity that made the clothes more than a simple accessory.\" The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February"]}
{"query": "What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?", "answer": "Fatburger", "gold_docs": ["The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered. On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left"]}
{"query": "How many restaurants did Kanye open?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["of the same name. West also completed production work on \"Nasir\" and \"K.T.S.E.\". In August 2018, West released the non-album single \"XTCY\" which was originally slated to be included in \"Ye\". On September 7, 2018, West released a collaboration with American rapper Lil Pump titled \"I Love It\". On September 9, 2018, West announced via Twitter that \"Watch the Throne 2\" would be coming soon. Later that month, West also announced his ninth studio album \"Yandhi\" to be released by the end of the month and a collaborative album with Chicagoan rapper Chance the Rapper titled \"Good Ass Job\". West"]}
{"query": "What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?", "answer": "shut down", "gold_docs": ["The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered. On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?", "answer": "Fatburger", "gold_docs": ["The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered. On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Kanye West's food company?", "answer": "KW Foods LLC", "gold_docs": ["The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered. On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left"]}
{"query": "As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?", "answer": "Pusha T", "gold_docs": ["and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I.D., Jeff Bhasker, and S1. GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music. In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park."]}
{"query": "What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["5 collection to favorable responses from critics. In May 2017, West, alongside wife Kim Kardashian, launched a clothing line for children titled \"Kids Supply\". A second collection was released in July 2017. In February, West tweeted \"\"Yeezy is no longer a fashion company we should be referred to as apparel or clothing or simply YEEZY.\" West's Yeezy shoe line is considered one of the most influential sneaker brands in the world. West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, \"The College Dropout\". John Legend, Common,"]}
{"query": "Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?", "answer": "Pusha T", "gold_docs": ["and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I.D., Jeff Bhasker, and S1. GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music. In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park."]}
{"query": "What was the goal of Kanye's new creative company DONDA?", "answer": "to make products and experiences that people want and can afford", "gold_docs": ["off\"; DONDA would operate as \"a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas\" with the \"goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford.\" West is notoriously secretive about the company's operations, maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence. In stating DONDA's creative philosophy, West articulated the need to \"put creatives in a room together with like minds\" in order to \"simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see, taste, touch, and feel.\". Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout DONDA creative"]}
{"query": "Kanye's creative content company DONDA was named after who?", "answer": "mother Donda West", "gold_docs": ["The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered. On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left"]}
{"query": "On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company?", "answer": "January 5, 2012", "gold_docs": ["The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered. On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left"]}
{"query": "What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?", "answer": "Jay-Z", "gold_docs": ["projects. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Sixteen artist stakeholders in Jay-Z, Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and"]}
{"query": "What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?", "answer": "low payout of royalties", "gold_docs": ["to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal. On June 6, 2016, West announced the Yeezy Season 2 Zine. The Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 sneakers were released to retailers the following week, on June 11. They are high-top shoes with a glow in the dark sole. In an interview with Vogue, he stated that there will be Yeezy stores, with the first located in California. In an interview with"]}
{"query": "What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?", "answer": "Tidal", "gold_docs": ["projects. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Sixteen artist stakeholders in Jay-Z, Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and"]}
{"query": "What is Tidal's specialization?", "answer": "lossless audio and high definition music videos", "gold_docs": ["projects. On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay-Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Sixteen artist stakeholders in Jay-Z, Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and"]}
{"query": "Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?", "answer": "Jay Z", "gold_docs": ["Harris was announced as a co-owner, along with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Rapper Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z, 16 artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin and Nicki Minaj) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having a completely artist-owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music"]}
{"query": "What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?", "answer": "Spotify", "gold_docs": ["to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal. On June 6, 2016, West announced the Yeezy Season 2 Zine. The Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 sneakers were released to retailers the following week, on June 11. They are high-top shoes with a glow in the dark sole. In an interview with Vogue, he stated that there will be Yeezy stores, with the first located in California. In an interview with"]}
{"query": "With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?", "answer": "Kanye West Foundation", "gold_docs": ["\"Fader\" in September 2018, West announced that he was considering plans of opening an automobile factory in Chicago with the focus of developing a flying car with the help of Tesla alums. West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs"]}
{"query": "What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?", "answer": "battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education", "gold_docs": ["\"Fader\" in September 2018, West announced that he was considering plans of opening an automobile factory in Chicago with the focus of developing a flying car with the help of Tesla alums. West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs"]}
{"query": "What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?", "answer": "Kanye West Foundation", "gold_docs": ["\"Fader\" in September 2018, West announced that he was considering plans of opening an automobile factory in Chicago with the focus of developing a flying car with the help of Tesla alums. West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs"]}
{"query": "In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools? ", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["\"Fader\" in September 2018, West announced that he was considering plans of opening an automobile factory in Chicago with the focus of developing a flying car with the help of Tesla alums. West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs"]}
{"query": "Where was the \"Kanye West Foundation\" founded?", "answer": "Chicago", "gold_docs": ["\"Fader\" in September 2018, West announced that he was considering plans of opening an automobile factory in Chicago with the focus of developing a flying car with the help of Tesla alums. West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs"]}
{"query": "What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?", "answer": "music education", "gold_docs": ["\"Fader\" in September 2018, West announced that he was considering plans of opening an automobile factory in Chicago with the focus of developing a flying car with the help of Tesla alums. West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs"]}
{"query": "What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?", "answer": "\"Ed in '08\"", "gold_docs": ["\"Fader\" in September 2018, West announced that he was considering plans of opening an automobile factory in Chicago with the focus of developing a flying car with the help of Tesla alums. West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs"]}
{"query": "What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?", "answer": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation", "gold_docs": ["for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year. In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\" The foundation ceased operations in 2011. Kanye West and friend, Rhymefest, also founded \"Donda's House, Inc\". Got Bars is the Donda's House signature music/lyric composition and performance program. Participants are selected through an application and audition process. Got Bars is a free music writing program with the goal of helping at-risk Chicago youth. It is aimed at students between 15 and 24, and includes lessons on how to write"]}
{"query": "What year did the foundation end its run?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year. In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\" The foundation ceased operations in 2011. Kanye West and friend, Rhymefest, also founded \"Donda's House, Inc\". Got Bars is the Donda's House signature music/lyric composition and performance program. Participants are selected through an application and audition process. Got Bars is a free music writing program with the goal of helping at-risk Chicago youth. It is aimed at students between 15 and 24, and includes lessons on how to write"]}
{"query": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away? ", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year. In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\" The foundation ceased operations in 2011. Kanye West and friend, Rhymefest, also founded \"Donda's House, Inc\". Got Bars is the Donda's House signature music/lyric composition and performance program. Participants are selected through an application and audition process. Got Bars is a free music writing program with the goal of helping at-risk Chicago youth. It is aimed at students between 15 and 24, and includes lessons on how to write"]}
{"query": "Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death? ", "answer": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation", "gold_docs": ["for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year. In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\" The foundation ceased operations in 2011. Kanye West and friend, Rhymefest, also founded \"Donda's House, Inc\". Got Bars is the Donda's House signature music/lyric composition and performance program. Participants are selected through an application and audition process. Got Bars is a free music writing program with the goal of helping at-risk Chicago youth. It is aimed at students between 15 and 24, and includes lessons on how to write"]}
{"query": "What year did the foundation stop operating? ", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year. In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\" The foundation ceased operations in 2011. Kanye West and friend, Rhymefest, also founded \"Donda's House, Inc\". Got Bars is the Donda's House signature music/lyric composition and performance program. Participants are selected through an application and audition process. Got Bars is a free music writing program with the goal of helping at-risk Chicago youth. It is aimed at students between 15 and 24, and includes lessons on how to write"]}
{"query": "What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?", "answer": "100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally", "gold_docs": ["and record music. Their curriculum is based on the teaching philosophy and pedagogy of Dr. Donda West with a focus on collaborative and experiential learning. West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, a , and an MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home. West made cameo appearances as himself"]}
{"query": "During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?", "answer": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? ", "answer": "George W. Bush", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "Which President did Kanye West accuse of \"Not caring for black people\"?", "answer": "George W. Bush", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "Who did Kanye West say doesn't care about black people?", "answer": "George Bush", "gold_docs": ["Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" wearing a crown of thorns. Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired"]}
{"query": "To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush?", "answer": "Matt Lauer", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?", "answer": "Kazakhstan", "gold_docs": ["his criticism of Bush. Reactions were mixed, but some felt that West had no need to apologize. \"It was not the particulars of your words that mattered, it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long,\" argued Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons. In 2008 he said he will go down in history as \"the voice of this generation\", a comment that was widely ridiculed, notably in the \"South Park\" episode \"Fishsticks\". In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan,"]}
{"query": "How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?", "answer": "$3 million", "gold_docs": ["reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police. Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that \"fascism has come to Russia. ... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\" In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained"]}
{"query": "How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?", "answer": "one of the poorest", "gold_docs": ["which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against the Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens. During a November 26, 2013, radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies"]}
{"query": "Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?", "answer": "Arizona", "gold_docs": ["which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against the Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens. During a November 26, 2013, radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies"]}
{"query": "For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan? ", "answer": "human rights concerns", "gold_docs": ["which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against the Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens. During a November 26, 2013, radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies"]}
{"query": "What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?", "answer": "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "gold_docs": ["Want It All\" during a XFM radio show, and exclusively played \"One for the Road\" on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show. The waveform depicted is characteristic of an amplitude modulated (AM) signal. Arctic Monkeys were scheduled to perform on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" on 9 October 2013, but had to cancel as Kimmel's guest, rapper Kanye West, talked for too long. The band performed \"Do I Wanna Know?\" and \"R U Mine?\" on the show's outdoor stage a week later, on 16 October 2013. The first single from the album, \"R U Mine?\", was released digitally on 27 February 2012."]}
{"query": "The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?", "answer": "Zane Lowe", "gold_docs": ["Want It All\" during a XFM radio show, and exclusively played \"One for the Road\" on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show. The waveform depicted is characteristic of an amplitude modulated (AM) signal. Arctic Monkeys were scheduled to perform on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" on 9 October 2013, but had to cancel as Kimmel's guest, rapper Kanye West, talked for too long. The band performed \"Do I Wanna Know?\" and \"R U Mine?\" on the show's outdoor stage a week later, on 16 October 2013. The first single from the album, \"R U Mine?\", was released digitally on 27 February 2012."]}
{"query": "What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office?", "answer": "Obama", "gold_docs": ["in Washington: \"Man, let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money. People want to say Obama can't make these moves or he's not executing. That's because he ain't got those connections. Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people...We ain't Jewish. We don't got family that got money like that.\" In response to his comments, the Anti-Defamation League stated: \"There it goes again, the age-old canard that Jews are all-powerful and control the levers of power in government.\" On December 21, 2013, West backed off of the original"]}
{"query": "What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people?", "answer": "Jewish people", "gold_docs": ["in Washington: \"Man, let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money. People want to say Obama can't make these moves or he's not executing. That's because he ain't got those connections. Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people...We ain't Jewish. We don't got family that got money like that.\" In response to his comments, the Anti-Defamation League stated: \"There it goes again, the age-old canard that Jews are all-powerful and control the levers of power in government.\" On December 21, 2013, West backed off of the original"]}
{"query": "On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington?", "answer": "November 26, 2013", "gold_docs": ["which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against the Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens. During a November 26, 2013, radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies"]}
{"query": "On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews?", "answer": "December 21, 2013", "gold_docs": ["in Washington: \"Man, let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money. People want to say Obama can't make these moves or he's not executing. That's because he ain't got those connections. Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people...We ain't Jewish. We don't got family that got money like that.\" In response to his comments, the Anti-Defamation League stated: \"There it goes again, the age-old canard that Jews are all-powerful and control the levers of power in government.\" On December 21, 2013, West backed off of the original"]}
{"query": "What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet?", "answer": "Bill Cosby", "gold_docs": ["comment and told a Chicago radio station that \"I thought I was giving a compliment, but if anything it came off more ignorant. I don't know how being told you have money is an insult.\" In February 2016, West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby. In May 2018, West caused controversy when he said, \"When you hear about slavery for 400 years ... for 400 years? That sounds like a choice. You were there for 400"]}
{"query": "What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016?", "answer": "Bill Cosby", "gold_docs": ["comment and told a Chicago radio station that \"I thought I was giving a compliment, but if anything it came off more ignorant. I don't know how being told you have money is an insult.\" In February 2016, West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby. In May 2018, West caused controversy when he said, \"When you hear about slavery for 400 years ... for 400 years? That sounds like a choice. You were there for 400"]}
{"query": "To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004?", "answer": "Gretchen Wilson", "gold_docs": ["Stern, Donald Trump, Andy Warhol, Anna Wintour, and Willy Wonka. In 2004, West had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events. At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson. He later commented, \"I felt like I was definitely robbed [...] I was the best new artist this year.\" After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released, West said he would \"really have a problem\" if he did not win the Album of the Year, saying, \"I don't care"]}
{"query": "The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006, leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye?", "answer": "Touch the Sky", "gold_docs": ["what I do, I don't care how much I stunt \u2013 you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized"]}
{"query": "What artist did Kanye West lose \"Best New Artist\" to at the 2004 AMAs?", "answer": "Gretchen Wilson", "gold_docs": ["Stern, Donald Trump, Andy Warhol, Anna Wintour, and Willy Wonka. In 2004, West had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events. At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson. He later commented, \"I felt like I was definitely robbed [...] I was the best new artist this year.\" After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released, West said he would \"really have a problem\" if he did not win the Album of the Year, saying, \"I don't care"]}
{"query": "Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards?", "answer": "Touch the Sky", "gold_docs": ["what I do, I don't care how much I stunt \u2013 you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized"]}
{"query": "On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards?", "answer": "November 7, 2006", "gold_docs": ["what I do, I don't care how much I stunt \u2013 you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized"]}
{"query": "What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards?", "answer": "Saturday Night Live", "gold_docs": ["for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane. He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd-season premiere of \"Saturday Night Live\" in September 2007. On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin's not right.\" West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After"]}
{"query": "What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs?", "answer": "race", "gold_docs": ["for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane. He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd-season premiere of \"Saturday Night Live\" in September 2007. On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin's not right.\" West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After"]}
{"query": "With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with?", "answer": "Stronger", "gold_docs": ["the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings. On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female"]}
{"query": "What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs?", "answer": "his race", "gold_docs": ["for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane. He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd-season premiere of \"Saturday Night Live\" in September 2007. On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin's not right.\" West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After"]}
{"query": "What song was Kanye's dream to perform on the VMAs?", "answer": "\"Stronger\"", "gold_docs": ["the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings. On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female"]}
{"query": "What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?", "answer": "Taylor Swift", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?", "answer": "Obama", "gold_docs": ["Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on \"The Jay Leno Show\". After Swift"]}
{"query": "Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?", "answer": "President Barack Obama", "gold_docs": ["November 2005. He often anchors ABC News broadcasts. In September 2009, Moran used the social networking service Twitter to publicly share an off-the-record portion of an interview with President Barack Obama and criticize him for not being \"presidential.\" The interview was being conducted by another journalist, and Moran wrote that the President had called Kanye West a \"jackass\" for his behavior during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. ABC News apologized for releasing the portion of the interview. Moran has had pieces published in, among other periodicals, \"The New York Times\", \"The Washington Post\", \"The American Lawyer\" and \"The New"]}
{"query": "To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?", "answer": "Taylor Swift", "gold_docs": ["the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings. On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female"]}
{"query": "What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift?", "answer": "Famous", "gold_docs": ["the GOOD Music album \"Cruel Winter\", which has yet to be released. Later that month, West released a controversial video for \"Famous\", which depicted wax figures of several celebrities (including West, Kardashian, Taylor Swift, businessman and then-presidential candidate Donald Trump, comedian Bill Cosby, and former president George W. Bush) sleeping nude in a shared bed. In August 2016, West embarked on the Saint Pablo Tour in support of \"The Life of Pablo.\" The performances featured a mobile stage suspended from the ceiling. West postponed several dates in October following the Paris robbery of several of his wife's effects. On November"]}
{"query": "When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift?", "answer": "September 2010", "gold_docs": ["appeared on \"The View\" two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology. In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with"]}
{"query": "When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift, saying that he was being \"selfless\"?", "answer": "November 8, 2010", "gold_docs": ["appeared on \"The View\" two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology. In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with"]}
{"query": "What album by Kanye was released in 2016?", "answer": "The Life of Pablo", "gold_docs": ["his concerts. In his song \"FML\" and his featured verse on Vic Mensa's song \"U Mad\", he refers to using the antidepressant medication Lexapro, and in his song \"I Feel Like That\", which has not been officially released, he mentions feeling many common symptoms of depression and anxiety. These songs had all been recorded during West's recording sessions for \"The Life of Pablo\". On November 20, 2016, soon before abruptly ending a concert prematurely, he said, \"Jay-Z\u2014call me, bruh. You still ain't called me. Jay-Z, I know you got killers. Please don't send them at my head. Please call me."]}
{"query": "Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Beck", "gold_docs": ["a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, leaving the audience to think he was joking. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyonc\u00e9\". On"]}
{"query": "To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, leaving the audience to think he was joking. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyonc\u00e9\". On"]}
{"query": "What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?", "answer": "Beck", "gold_docs": ["a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, leaving the audience to think he was joking. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyonc\u00e9\". On"]}
{"query": "What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?", "answer": "February 26, 2015", "gold_docs": ["February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter. On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\" At the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, West was given four minutes to do"]}
{"query": "What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs?", "answer": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award", "gold_docs": ["February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter. On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\" At the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, West was given four minutes to do"]}
{"query": "When does Kanye intend to run for president?", "answer": "2020", "gold_docs": ["February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter. On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\" At the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, West was given four minutes to do"]}
{"query": "What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30, 2015?", "answer": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award", "gold_docs": ["February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter. On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\" At the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, West was given four minutes to do"]}
{"query": "For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it?", "answer": "Glastonbury Festival 2015", "gold_docs": ["\"whatever he wanted\". He chose to debut his new music video for \"Fade\", but first, delivered a speech in which he discussed recent shootings in Chicago, why he included Ray J and Donald Trump in his \"Famous\" video, the Taylor Swift situation, his love of Beyonc\u00e9 and Steve Jobs amongst others. Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West's participation at various events. The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000+ voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline. On July 20, 2015, within five days of"]}
{"query": "What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye's removal of headliner status?", "answer": "2015 Pan American Games", "gold_docs": ["West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner, on the grounds that the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage. West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber"]}
{"query": "What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West's performance at different events?", "answer": "Change.org", "gold_docs": ["West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner, on the grounds that the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage. West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber"]}
{"query": "What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing?", "answer": "Glastonbury Festival", "gold_docs": ["\"whatever he wanted\". He chose to debut his new music video for \"Fade\", but first, delivered a speech in which he discussed recent shootings in Chicago, why he included Ray J and Donald Trump in his \"Famous\" video, the Taylor Swift situation, his love of Beyonc\u00e9 and Steve Jobs amongst others. Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West's participation at various events. The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000+ voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline. On July 20, 2015, within five days of"]}
{"query": "How many signatures were gathered for Kanye's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games?", "answer": "50,000", "gold_docs": ["West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner, on the grounds that the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage. West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber"]}
{"query": "Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?", "answer": "Kim Kardashian", "gold_docs": ["Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. In April 2012, West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014, at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have three children: daughters North \"Nori\" West (born June 2013) and Chicago West (born January 2018 of a surrogate pregnancy); and son Saint West (born December 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to"]}
{"query": "How many children does Kanye have with Kim?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?", "answer": "2002", "gold_docs": ["West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner, on the grounds that the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage. West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber"]}
{"query": "When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?", "answer": "August 2006", "gold_docs": ["West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner, on the grounds that the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage. West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber"]}
{"query": "When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?", "answer": "April 2012", "gold_docs": ["Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. In April 2012, West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014, at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have three children: daughters North \"Nori\" West (born June 2013) and Chicago West (born January 2018 of a surrogate pregnancy); and son Saint West (born December 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to"]}
{"query": "Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?", "answer": "Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James", "gold_docs": ["have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high-profile status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; \"The New York Times\" referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\" In September 2018, West announced that he will be permanently moving to Chicago and will establish his Yeezy company headquarters in the city. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died at age 58. In January 2008 the Los Angeles County coroner's office said that West had died of coronary artery disease and"]}
{"query": "How old was Kanye's mother when she died?", "answer": "58", "gold_docs": ["have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high-profile status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; \"The New York Times\" referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\" In September 2018, West announced that he will be permanently moving to Chicago and will establish his Yeezy company headquarters in the city. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died at age 58. In January 2008 the Los Angeles County coroner's office said that West had died of coronary artery disease and"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West?", "answer": "Jan Adams", "gold_docs": ["for help naming the album. Lang replied, \"LOVE EVERYONE\", to which West replied \"I love that.\" The presented cover art showed plastic surgeon Jan Adams who performed a liposuction and mammoplasty operation on West's mother, Donda West, which led to complications and eventually her death a day after. Within the texts, West explains that he wants to \"forgive and stop hating\", implying that the situation regarding his mother's death led to him harboring hatred for the plastic surgeon. On April 30, Adams responded to the news of the cover in the form of an open letter, asking West to \"cease"]}
{"query": "On what show did Adams appear to \"defend himself\"?", "answer": "Larry King Live", "gold_docs": ["Adams walked off \"Larry King Live\", telling host Larry King he did not wish to answer any questions, citing a request by the West family for privacy. He returned on January 22, 2008, stating he was there to \"defend himself\" rather than discuss the specifics of West's death. He claimed his business had been \"almost destroyed\" by the publicity surrounding the case, and he took responsibility for multiple DUI offenses. On June 26, 2008, Adams was arrested again for driving under the influence of alcohol and for driving without a license in Solano County, California. He pleaded no contest to"]}
{"query": "On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?", "answer": "January 10, 2008", "gold_docs": ["has appeared on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\". Adams was the plastic surgeon who performed breast reduction surgery, along with other procedures, on Donda West, the mother of rapper Kanye West. Donda West died at home the next day, November 10, 2007, while under the care of her nephew, a nurse. The final coroner's report January 10, 2008 said Donda West died of \"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty.\" Records also indicate that in 2001, two malpractice lawsuits against Adams ended in judgments of $217,337 and $250,000. On November 20,"]}
{"query": "What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?", "answer": "\"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\"", "gold_docs": ["multiple post-operative factors from, or as a consequence of, liposuction and mammoplasty\". West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger subsequently signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to receive medical clearance through a physical examination before undergoing elective cosmetic surgery. In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West"]}
{"query": "On what tour did Kanye perform \"Hey Mama\" and his version of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believing\" in memory of his mother?", "answer": "Glow in the Dark tour", "gold_docs": ["multiple post-operative factors from, or as a consequence of, liposuction and mammoplasty\". West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger subsequently signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to receive medical clearance through a physical examination before undergoing elective cosmetic surgery. In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye first speak on his mother's death?", "answer": "New Zealand", "gold_docs": ["everything. And he wants everybody else to do the same: to engage, question, push boundaries. Now that he's a pop-culture juggernaut, he has the platform to achieve just that. He's not afraid of being judged or ridiculed in the process. Kanye's been playing the long game all along, and we're only just beginning to see why. Drake, Nicki Minaj, Lil Uzi Vert and Casey Veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by West. He has been cited as a direct influence by artists and musical groups outside of hip-hop as English singer-songwriters Adele and Lily Allen, New Zealand artist Lorde, American"]}
{"query": "Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother's death?", "answer": "New Zealand", "gold_docs": ["everything. And he wants everybody else to do the same: to engage, question, push boundaries. Now that he's a pop-culture juggernaut, he has the platform to achieve just that. He's not afraid of being judged or ridiculed in the process. Kanye's been playing the long game all along, and we're only just beginning to see why. Drake, Nicki Minaj, Lil Uzi Vert and Casey Veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by West. He has been cited as a direct influence by artists and musical groups outside of hip-hop as English singer-songwriters Adele and Lily Allen, New Zealand artist Lorde, American"]}
{"query": "What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?", "answer": "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "gold_docs": ["multiple post-operative factors from, or as a consequence of, liposuction and mammoplasty\". West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger subsequently signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to receive medical clearance through a physical examination before undergoing elective cosmetic surgery. In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "\"Donda West Law\"", "gold_docs": ["multiple post-operative factors from, or as a consequence of, liposuction and mammoplasty\". West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger subsequently signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to receive medical clearance through a physical examination before undergoing elective cosmetic surgery. In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West"]}
{"query": "What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?", "answer": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel", "gold_docs": ["multiple post-operative factors from, or as a consequence of, liposuction and mammoplasty\". West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger subsequently signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to receive medical clearance through a physical examination before undergoing elective cosmetic surgery. In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West"]}
{"query": "Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?", "answer": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel", "gold_docs": ["multiple post-operative factors from, or as a consequence of, liposuction and mammoplasty\". West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger subsequently signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to receive medical clearance through a physical examination before undergoing elective cosmetic surgery. In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video \"Touch the Sky\"?", "answer": "Evel Kanyevel", "gold_docs": ["for trademark infringement in West's video for \"Touch the Sky\". Knievel took issue with a \"sexually charged video\" in which West takes on the persona of \"Evel Kanyevel\" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked name and likeness. Knievel also claimed that the \"vulgar and offensive\" images depicted in the video damaged his reputation. The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video. West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment. Just days before his death in"]}
{"query": "What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?", "answer": "$20,000", "gold_docs": ["each magnet was a varying amount of money, ranging from $1,000 to $20,000. After the contestant's first launch of the pendulum, they would win whatever amount of money the pendulum landed on. Before the contestant's second launch, Dawn would replace the dollar amount on the pendulum's current location with a 'Lose Half' sign. If the contestant landed on that spot on the second or third launch, they would lose half of their current winnings. After the second launch, Dawn would replace the dollar amount sign on the pendulum's location with another 'Lose Half' sign, then the highest dollar amount remaining"]}
{"query": "How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["what I do, I don't care how much I stunt \u2013 you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized"]}
{"query": "He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?", "answer": "anger management", "gold_docs": ["November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, \"I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman.\" In 2014, after an altercation with a paparazzo at Los Angeles Airport, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for a misdemeanor battery conviction, and was required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service, and pay restitution to the photographer. After the success of his song \"Jesus Walks\" from the album \"The College Dropout\", West was questioned on his beliefs and said, \"I will say that I'm spiritual."]}
{"query": "How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?", "answer": "250", "gold_docs": ["November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, \"I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman.\" In 2014, after an altercation with a paparazzo at Los Angeles Airport, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for a misdemeanor battery conviction, and was required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service, and pay restitution to the photographer. After the success of his song \"Jesus Walks\" from the album \"The College Dropout\", West was questioned on his beliefs and said, \"I will say that I'm spiritual."]}
{"query": "\"Jesus Walks\" was on which of Kanye's albums?", "answer": "The College Dropout", "gold_docs": ["November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, \"I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman.\" In 2014, after an altercation with a paparazzo at Los Angeles Airport, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for a misdemeanor battery conviction, and was required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service, and pay restitution to the photographer. After the success of his song \"Jesus Walks\" from the album \"The College Dropout\", West was questioned on his beliefs and said, \"I will say that I'm spiritual."]}
{"query": "September of 2014, Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts?", "answer": "Christian", "gold_docs": ["I have accepted Jesus as my Savior. And I will say that I fall short every day.\" In a 2008 interview with \"The Fader\", West stated that \"I'm like a vessel, and God has chosen me to be the voice and the connector.\" In a 2009 interview with online magazine Bossip, West clarified that he believed in God, but \"would never go into a religion,\" explaining that \"I feel like religion is more about separation and judgment than bringing people together and understanding. That's all I'm about.\" However, in 2014, West referred to himself as a Christian during one of"]}
{"query": "How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?", "answer": "among the most critically acclaimed", "gold_docs": ["that he was misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder and was in fact just sleep deprived. West said he thinks about \"killing myself all the time.\" On September 29, 2018, West announced on Twitter that being \u201cformally [sic] known as Kanye West,\" he was now \"YE.\" He had been using that name for some time as a nickname and as an album title. West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. Over the course of his career, West has been responsible for"]}
{"query": "What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?", "answer": "David Bowie", "gold_docs": ["hop artist of all time, writing that \"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure,\" while \"Complex\" called him the 21st century's \"most important artist of any art form, of any genre.\" In 2016, \"The Guardian\" compared West to David Bowie within the \"modern mainstream\", arguing that \"there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does [...] while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically.\" \"Rolling Stone\" credited West with transforming hip hop's mainstream, \"establishing a style of"]}
{"query": "Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?", "answer": "Ben Westhoff", "gold_docs": ["cultural movements and musical progressions within mainstream hip-hop and popular music at large. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, \"As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold.\" Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" said that West has been \"a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements.\" Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip"]}
{"query": "What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?", "answer": "The Guardian", "gold_docs": ["hop artist of all time, writing that \"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure,\" while \"Complex\" called him the 21st century's \"most important artist of any art form, of any genre.\" In 2016, \"The Guardian\" compared West to David Bowie within the \"modern mainstream\", arguing that \"there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does [...] while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically.\" \"Rolling Stone\" credited West with transforming hip hop's mainstream, \"establishing a style of"]}
{"query": "What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career?", "answer": "homophobia in hip hop", "gold_docs": ["homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's \"Curtis\" and West's \"Graduation\" altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of \"The Guardian\" viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it \"highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative.\" West's 2008 album \"808s & Heartbreak\" polarized listeners upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically,"]}
{"query": "The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for?", "answer": "gangsta rap", "gold_docs": ["homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's \"Curtis\" and West's \"Graduation\" altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of \"The Guardian\" viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it \"highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative.\" West's 2008 album \"808s & Heartbreak\" polarized listeners upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically,"]}
{"query": "What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in?", "answer": "middle-class", "gold_docs": ["introspective yet glossy rap [...]\", and called him \"as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced\u2014a rapper who mastered, upped and moved beyond the hip-hop game, a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators, a flashy, free-spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college, culture and economics, an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up.\" West's middle-class background, flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have set him apart from other rappers. Early in his career, he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of"]}
{"query": "Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation?", "answer": "50 Cent", "gold_docs": ["homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's \"Curtis\" and West's \"Graduation\" altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of \"The Guardian\" viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it \"highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative.\" West's 2008 album \"808s & Heartbreak\" polarized listeners upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically,"]}
{"query": "Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that weren't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing?", "answer": "Ben Detrick", "gold_docs": ["as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection, including Drake, Frank Ocean, Future, Kid Cudi, Childish Gambino, Chief Keef, and The Weeknd. According to Ben Detrick of \"XXL\" magazine, West effectively led a new wave of artists, including Kid Cudi, Wale, Lupe Fiasco, Kidz in the Hall, and Drake, who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug-dealing. In 2013, Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of \"Spin\" described West as fronting a \"new art-pop era\" in contemporary music, in which musicians draw widely on"]}
{"query": "A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them?", "answer": "influential", "gold_docs": ["Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for \"Time\"'s 100 most influential people list, writing that: Kanye West would be the first person to tell you he belongs on this list. The dude doesn't believe in false modesty, and he shouldn't [...] He fought for his place in the cultural pantheon with a purpose. In his debut album, over a decade ago, Kanye issued what amounted to a social critique and a call to arms (with a beat): \"We rappers is role models: we rap, we don't think.\" But Kanye does think. Constantly. About"]}
{"query": "Who complimented West in Time Magazine?", "answer": "inventor Elon Musk", "gold_docs": ["Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for \"Time\"'s 100 most influential people list, writing that: Kanye West would be the first person to tell you he belongs on this list. The dude doesn't believe in false modesty, and he shouldn't [...] He fought for his place in the cultural pantheon with a purpose. In his debut album, over a decade ago, Kanye issued what amounted to a social critique and a call to arms (with a beat): \"We rappers is role models: we rap, we don't think.\" But Kanye does think. Constantly. About"]}
{"query": "How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?", "answer": "6", "gold_docs": ["York Times\", the \"International Herald Tribune\", Elleuk.com, \"The Daily Telegraph\", \"Harper's Bazaar\" and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort. On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the"]}
{"query": "How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?", "answer": "6", "gold_docs": ["York Times\", the \"International Herald Tribune\", Elleuk.com, \"The Daily Telegraph\", \"Harper's Bazaar\" and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort. On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the"]}
{"query": "What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?", "answer": "Yeezus", "gold_docs": ["minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. \"Yeezus\", West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013, to rave reviews from critics. It became his sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. In September 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support \"Yeezus\", with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him as supporting act. The tour was"]}
{"query": "What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["the record for most appearances on MTV's Hottest MCs in the Game list as well as the most wins. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012 placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. West has the fourth most RIAA singles certificates in history with 68 and is the highest selling rapper in the Gold, Platinum and Multi-Platinum list's. On top of that he has sold over 50 million singles in the United States making him the second highest male and sixth highest selling artist of all time in"]}
{"query": "How many Grammies has Kanye won as of 2013?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "With which artist does Kanye tie with for reaching the top of the annual Pazz & Jop Critic Poll?", "answer": "Bob Dylan", "gold_docs": ["Vanguard Award for his lifetime contributions to MTV culture through performing arts. About.com ranked West eighth on their \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list. \"Billboard\" ranked him third on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade. West is tenth on the list of most Billboard Hot 100 top 40 hits. Furthermore, he is tied with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as"]}
{"query": "How many times has Kanye placed in the annual Time Magazine people list?", "answer": "twice", "gold_docs": ["Vanguard Award for his lifetime contributions to MTV culture through performing arts. About.com ranked West eighth on their \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list. \"Billboard\" ranked him third on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade. West is tenth on the list of most Billboard Hot 100 top 40 hits. Furthermore, he is tied with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as"]}
{"query": "In 2013, West had won how many total Grammy Awards?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "What rank did About.com give Kanye \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list?", "answer": "8", "gold_docs": ["update of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list and he ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. \"Time\" magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015. Kanye Omari West was born on June 8, 1977, in Atlanta, Georgia. After his parents divorced when he was three years old he moved with his mother to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first"]}
{"query": "On what day did MTV name Kanye as the year's Number 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\"?", "answer": "May 16, 2008", "gold_docs": ["Tour, MTV crowned West as the year's #1 Hottest MC in the Game on May 16, 2008. On the first day of its release, \"Graduation\" sold over 437,000 copies. The album debuted at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart, grossing a total of over 957,000 copies in its first week in the United States alone. \"Graduation\" became West's second consecutive studio album to top the \"Billboard\" 200 and also debuted at number-one on the album charts in the United Kingdom and Canada. It was within the very same week that \"Stronger\" topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, selling over"]}
{"query": "What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each?", "answer": "Bob Dylan", "gold_docs": ["Vanguard Award for his lifetime contributions to MTV culture through performing arts. About.com ranked West eighth on their \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list. \"Billboard\" ranked him third on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade. West is tenth on the list of most Billboard Hot 100 top 40 hits. Furthermore, he is tied with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as"]}
{"query": "How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["More Parties in LA\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which he releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from \"SWISH\" to \"Waves\", and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In the weeks leading up to the album's release, West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the track list for the new album. Several days ahead of its release, West again changed the title, this time to \"The Life of Pablo\"."]}
{"query": "Which one of Kanye's albums won The Pitchfork's Album of the Decade (so far) award?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "gold_docs": ["well as being listed in a number of \"Forbes\" annual lists. In 2014, \"NME\" named him the third most influential artist in music, and was only rapper to make the top 30. In its 2012 list of \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time, \"Rolling Stone\" included three of West's albums \"The College Dropout\" at number 298, \"Late Registration\" at number 118, and \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" at number 353. \"Pitchfork\" ranked \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" as the world's best album of the decade \"so far\"\u2014between 2010 and 2014\u2014on August 19, 2014, while \"Yeezus\" was ranked in the eighth"]}
{"query": "What place did Yeezus secure on the list of 100 albums?", "answer": "eighth", "gold_docs": ["well as being listed in a number of \"Forbes\" annual lists. In 2014, \"NME\" named him the third most influential artist in music, and was only rapper to make the top 30. In its 2012 list of \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time, \"Rolling Stone\" included three of West's albums \"The College Dropout\" at number 298, \"Late Registration\" at number 118, and \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" at number 353. \"Pitchfork\" ranked \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" as the world's best album of the decade \"so far\"\u2014between 2010 and 2014\u2014on August 19, 2014, while \"Yeezus\" was ranked in the eighth"]}
{"query": "What album was ranked 8 on a list of 100 albums?", "answer": "Yeezus", "gold_docs": ["well as being listed in a number of \"Forbes\" annual lists. In 2014, \"NME\" named him the third most influential artist in music, and was only rapper to make the top 30. In its 2012 list of \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time, \"Rolling Stone\" included three of West's albums \"The College Dropout\" at number 298, \"Late Registration\" at number 118, and \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" at number 353. \"Pitchfork\" ranked \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" as the world's best album of the decade \"so far\"\u2014between 2010 and 2014\u2014on August 19, 2014, while \"Yeezus\" was ranked in the eighth"]}
{"query": "What song was ranked third in a list of 200 \"best tracks\" since 2010?", "answer": "\"Runaway\"", "gold_docs": ["position of a list of 100 albums. During the same week, the song \"Runaway\" was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 \"best tracks\" released since 2010. According to Acclaimed Music, a site which aggregates critics' reception, West is the 15th most celebrated artist in popular music history and its seventh most celebrated solo artist. In 2017, West became the first recording artist to have an album go Platinum and Gold in the United States and the United Kingdom respectively from streaming alone with \"The Life of Pablo\". Headlining Supporting Kanye West Kanye Omari West"]}
{"query": "What President did Kanye West insult on air in 2005?", "answer": "George W. Bush", "gold_docs": ["the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC (\"A Concert for Hurricane Relief\"), he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of, and the federal response to, black victims of the hurricane. He criticized President George W. Bush for not \"car[ing] about black people\". Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the \"Today\" show, West expressed regret for"]}
{"query": "Whose speech did Kanye West ruin at the 2009 MTV Awards?", "answer": "Taylor Swift", "gold_docs": ["to take more creative risks with their productions. West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's with Lady Gaga was cancelled in"]}
{"query": "What fashion items does Kanye West design?", "answer": "clothing and footwear", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "What company did Kanye West begin?", "answer": "DONDA", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "What year did Kanye West begin working with Adidas?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. West is among the most critically acclaimed musicians of the 21st century and one of the best-selling music artists of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his generation. Three of his albums have been included and ranked on \"Rolling Stone\"s 2012"]}
{"query": "What are the practices of Buddhism based on?", "answer": "teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism and violence Buddhism and violence refers to acts of violence and aggression committed by Buddhists with religious, political, or socio-cultural motivations, as well as self-inflicted violence by ascetics or for religious purposes. Buddhism is generally seen as among the religious traditions least associated with violence. However, in the history of Buddhism, there have been acts of violence directed, promoted, or inspired by Buddhists. As far as Buddha's teachings and scriptures are concerned, Buddhism forbids violence for resolving conflicts. Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha. Ahimsa, a term"]}
{"query": "Who's teaching is Buddhism based upon?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "When was Buddha alive?", "answer": "between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as \"Buddhists\". An Indian religion, Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: \"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: \"The Great Vehicle\"). All Buddhist traditions share"]}
{"query": "Who's teachings is Buddhism based upon?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "Where was Buddha thought to live?", "answer": "Nepal", "gold_docs": ["\"Siddh\u0101rtha,\" (\"Achieved the Goal\") which appears to have been a kind of honorific title when it does appear. The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent, and his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. The evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born as Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama in Lumbini and grew up in Kapilavasthu, a town in the plains region of the modern Nepal-India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Some hagiographic legends state that"]}
{"query": "Buddhism is based on the teaching of who?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "Buddha was part of what subcontinent?", "answer": "Indian", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as \"Buddhists\". An Indian religion, Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: \"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: \"The Great Vehicle\"). All Buddhist traditions share"]}
{"query": "Who is \"the awakened one\"", "answer": "Buddha", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as \"Buddhists\". An Indian religion, Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: \"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: \"The Great Vehicle\"). All Buddhist traditions share"]}
{"query": "What is sometimes viewed as the third branch of Buddhism?", "answer": "Vajrayana", "gold_docs": ["Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tiantai (Tendai), is found throughout East Asia. Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India, is practiced in the countries of the Himalayan region, Mongolia, and Kalmykia. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of the Buddha, supposedly born Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama, and also known as the \"Tath\u0101gata\" (\"thus-gone\") and \"Sakyamuni\" (\"sage of the Sakyas\"). Early texts have his personal name as \"Gautama\" or \"Gotama\" (Pali) without any mention of"]}
{"query": "Where does Theravada have the largest following?", "answer": "Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia", "gold_docs": ["the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, monasticism, meditation, and the cultivation of the Paramitas (virtues). Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen,"]}
{"query": "Which branch practices the teachings of Zen?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tiantai (Tendai), is found throughout East Asia. Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India, is practiced in the countries of the Himalayan region, Mongolia, and Kalmykia. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of the Buddha, supposedly born Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama, and also known as the \"Tath\u0101gata\" (\"thus-gone\") and \"Sakyamuni\" (\"sage of the Sakyas\"). Early texts have his personal name as \"Gautama\" or \"Gotama\" (Pali) without any mention of"]}
{"query": "What minor branch is sometimes attributed to Mahayana?", "answer": "Vajrayana", "gold_docs": ["Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tiantai (Tendai), is found throughout East Asia. Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India, is practiced in the countries of the Himalayan region, Mongolia, and Kalmykia. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of the Buddha, supposedly born Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama, and also known as the \"Tath\u0101gata\" (\"thus-gone\") and \"Sakyamuni\" (\"sage of the Sakyas\"). Early texts have his personal name as \"Gautama\" or \"Gotama\" (Pali) without any mention of"]}
{"query": "What kind of teachings does Tibetan Buddhism preserve?", "answer": "Vajrayana", "gold_docs": ["Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tiantai (Tendai), is found throughout East Asia. Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India, is practiced in the countries of the Himalayan region, Mongolia, and Kalmykia. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of the Buddha, supposedly born Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama, and also known as the \"Tath\u0101gata\" (\"thus-gone\") and \"Sakyamuni\" (\"sage of the Sakyas\"). Early texts have his personal name as \"Gautama\" or \"Gotama\" (Pali) without any mention of"]}
{"query": "Theravada means what?", "answer": "The School of the Elders", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as \"Buddhists\". An Indian religion, Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: \"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: \"The Great Vehicle\"). All Buddhist traditions share"]}
{"query": "In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?", "answer": "Theravada", "gold_docs": ["the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, monasticism, meditation, and the cultivation of the Paramitas (virtues). Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen,"]}
{"query": "What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?", "answer": "Tibetan", "gold_docs": ["motif of the triple refuge, found in the \"Rigveda\" 9.97.47, \"Rigveda\" 6.46.9 and \"Chandogya Upanishad\" 2.22.3\u20134. Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the \"lama\". The three refuges are believed by Buddhists to be protective and a form of reverence. The Three Jewels are: Reciting the three refuges is considered in Buddhism not as a place to hide, rather a thought that purifies, uplifts and strengthens. An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way (\"madhyamapratipad\"). It was a part of Buddha's first sermon, where he presented the Noble Eightfold Path that was a 'middle way' between"]}
{"query": "The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?", "answer": "the Middle Way", "gold_docs": ["motif of the triple refuge, found in the \"Rigveda\" 9.97.47, \"Rigveda\" 6.46.9 and \"Chandogya Upanishad\" 2.22.3\u20134. Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the \"lama\". The three refuges are believed by Buddhists to be protective and a form of reverence. The Three Jewels are: Reciting the three refuges is considered in Buddhism not as a place to hide, rather a thought that purifies, uplifts and strengthens. An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way (\"madhyamapratipad\"). It was a part of Buddha's first sermon, where he presented the Noble Eightfold Path that was a 'middle way' between"]}
{"query": "Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?", "answer": "bodhisattva", "gold_docs": ["rebirth and suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into three basic divisions, as follows: Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a Bodhisattva. A \"Bodhisattva\" refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. The term \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" was originally a synonym for \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" or \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" In the earliest texts of Mahayana Buddhism, the path of a bodhisattva was to awaken the \"bodhicitta\". Between the 1st and 3rd century CE, this tradition introduced the \"Ten Bhumi\" doctrine, which means ten levels or stages of awakening. This development was followed by the acceptance that it is impossible"]}
{"query": "Theravada escapes what cycle?", "answer": "suffering and rebirth", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "Buddhism denies what kind of deity?", "answer": "creator", "gold_docs": ["and relations of being, becoming, existence and ultimate reality. Buddhism asserts that there is nothing independent, except the state of nirvana. All physical and mental states depend on and arise from other pre-existing states, and in turn from them arise other dependent states while they cease. The 'dependent arisings' have a causal conditioning, and thus \"Pratityasamutpada\" is the Buddhist belief that causality is the basis of ontology, not a creator God nor the ontological Vedic concept called universal Self (Brahman) nor any other 'transcendent creative principle'. However, the Buddhist thought does not understand causality in terms of Newtonian mechanics, rather"]}
{"query": "Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, monasticism, meditation, and the cultivation of the Paramitas (virtues). Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen,"]}
{"query": "When was the Buddhagohosa written?", "answer": "5th century CE", "gold_docs": ["Mongolia. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. The Theravada school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to southeast Asia after the 5th century CE (Myanmar,"]}
{"query": "Who founded a monastic order in his life?", "answer": "Buddha", "gold_docs": ["\"Siddh\u0101rtha,\" (\"Achieved the Goal\") which appears to have been a kind of honorific title when it does appear. The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent, and his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. The evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born as Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama in Lumbini and grew up in Kapilavasthu, a town in the plains region of the modern Nepal-India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Some hagiographic legends state that"]}
{"query": "Scholars do not make claims without evidence about who's life?", "answer": "Buddha", "gold_docs": ["\"Siddh\u0101rtha,\" (\"Achieved the Goal\") which appears to have been a kind of honorific title when it does appear. The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent, and his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. The evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born as Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama in Lumbini and grew up in Kapilavasthu, a town in the plains region of the modern Nepal-India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Some hagiographic legends state that"]}
{"query": "Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order?", "answer": "monastic", "gold_docs": ["In central and west Asia, Buddhist influence grew, through Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs and ancient Asian trade routes. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as \"Milindapanha\" and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandh\u0101ra. The \"Milindapanha\" describes a conversation between a Buddhist monk and the 2nd-century BCE Greek king Menander, after which Menander abdicates and himself goes into monastic life in the pursuit of nirvana. Some scholars have questioned the \"Milindapanha\" version, expressing doubts whether Menander was Buddhist or just favourably disposed to Buddhist monks. The Kushans (mid 1st\u20133rd century CE) came to control the Silk"]}
{"query": "Who said \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\"?", "answer": "Michael Carrithers", "gold_docs": ["India which can be corroborated from the Jain scriptures, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in Indian history for which significant accounts exist. British author Karen Armstrong writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure. Michael Carrithers goes a bit further by stating that the most general outline of \"birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death\" must be true. The Buddhist tradition regards Lumbini, in present-day Nepal to be the birthplace of the Buddha. He grew"]}
{"query": "What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?", "answer": "disciples", "gold_docs": ["others such as \u0100j\u012bvika. Several \u015arama\u1e47a movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira), and these influenced both the \u0101stika and n\u0101stika traditions of Indian philosophy. According to Martin Wilshire, the \u015arama\u1e47a tradition evolved in India over two phases, namely Paccekabuddha and Savaka phases, the former being the tradition of individual ascetic and the latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and Jainism ultimately emerged from these. Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical ascetic groups shared and used several similar ideas, but the \u015arama\u1e47a traditions also drew upon already established Brahmanical concepts and philosophical roots, states Wiltshire,"]}
{"query": "Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?", "answer": "the Buddha", "gold_docs": ["in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. According to Bronkhorst, the \"Four Dhyanas\" was a Buddhist invention. Bronkhorst notes that the Buddhist canon has a mass of contradictory statements, little is known about their relative chronology, and \"there can be no doubt that the canon \u2013 including the older parts, the Sutra and Vinaya Pitaka \u2013 was composed over a long period of time\". Meditative practices were incorporated from other sramanic movements;"]}
{"query": "Where did we find proof of his existence?", "answer": "early texts", "gold_docs": ["\"Siddh\u0101rtha,\" (\"Achieved the Goal\") which appears to have been a kind of honorific title when it does appear. The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent, and his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. The evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born as Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama in Lumbini and grew up in Kapilavasthu, a town in the plains region of the modern Nepal-India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Some hagiographic legends state that"]}
{"query": "What was most likely Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's father?", "answer": "an oligarchy", "gold_docs": ["of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians. The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama was born into the Shakya clan, a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. One of his usual names was \"Sakamuni\" or \"Sakyamun\u012b\" (\"Sage of the Shakyas\"). It was either a small republic, or an oligarchy, and his father was an elected chieftain, or oligarch. According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in Lumbini, now in modern-day Nepal,"]}
{"query": "Who was born in a northeastern part of India/", "answer": "Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama", "gold_docs": ["\"Siddh\u0101rtha,\" (\"Achieved the Goal\") which appears to have been a kind of honorific title when it does appear. The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent, and his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. The evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born as Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama in Lumbini and grew up in Kapilavasthu, a town in the plains region of the modern Nepal-India border, and that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Some hagiographic legends state that"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?", "answer": "Asita", "gold_docs": ["Katyayana (Buddhist) K\u0101ty\u0101yana was a disciple of Gautama Buddha. In Sanskrit his name is K\u0101ty\u0101yana or Mah\u0101k\u0101ty\u0101yana; in P\u0101li Kacc\u0101na (means 'gold'), Kacc\u0101yana, or Mah\u0101kacc\u0101na; in Japanese \u8fe6\u65c3\u5ef6 Kasennen, and in Thai he is called Phra Maha Katchaina (; Sinhala: \"\u0db8\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0da0\u0dca\u0da0\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1 \u0db8\u0dc4 \u0dbb\u0dc4\u0dad\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dc4\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dda\"). K\u0101ty\u0101yana was born in a Brahmin family at Ujjayini (Ujjain) and received a classical Brahminical education studying the Vedas. Katyayana studied assiduously under Asita, who had predicted that Prince Siddharta would become either a chakravartin, a great worldly ruler, or a Buddha. With a group of seven friends he invited the Buddha to visit, and"]}
{"query": "What was the name of his father?", "answer": "Suddhodana", "gold_docs": ["his father was a king named Suddhodana, his mother was queen Maya, and he was born in Lumbini gardens. However, scholars such as Richard Gombrich consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the \"Shakyas\" community \u2013 one that later gave him the title \"Shakyamuni\", and the \"Shakya\" community was governed by a small oligarchy or republic-like council where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead. Some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated"]}
{"query": "What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?", "answer": "a great king", "gold_docs": ["read the future. All gave a dual prediction that the baby would either become a great king or a great holy man. Konda\u00f1\u00f1a, the youngest, and later to be the first arhat other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a Buddha. While later tradition and legend characterised \u015auddhodana as a hereditary monarch, the descendant of the Suryavansha (Solar dynasty) of (P\u0101li: Okk\u0101ka), many scholars think that \u015auddhodana was the elected chief of a tribal confederacy. Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of"]}
{"query": "What is Gautama's fathers name?", "answer": "Suddhodana", "gold_docs": ["his father was a king named Suddhodana, his mother was queen Maya, and he was born in Lumbini gardens. However, scholars such as Richard Gombrich consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the \"Shakyas\" community \u2013 one that later gave him the title \"Shakyamuni\", and the \"Shakya\" community was governed by a small oligarchy or republic-like council where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead. Some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated"]}
{"query": "Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?", "answer": "holy man", "gold_docs": ["read the future. All gave a dual prediction that the baby would either become a great king or a great holy man. Konda\u00f1\u00f1a, the youngest, and later to be the first arhat other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a Buddha. While later tradition and legend characterised \u015auddhodana as a hereditary monarch, the descendant of the Suryavansha (Solar dynasty) of (P\u0101li: Okk\u0101ka), many scholars think that \u015auddhodana was the elected chief of a tribal confederacy. Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of"]}
{"query": "How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?", "answer": "29", "gold_docs": ["Kapilavastu (ancient city) Kapilavastu was an ancient city on the Indian subcontinent which was the capital of Shakya. King \u015auddhodana and Queen M\u0101y\u0101 are believed to have lived at Kapilavastu, as did their son Prince Siddartha Gautama until he left the palace at the age of 29. Buddhist texts such as the P\u0101li Canon claim that Kapilavastu was the childhood home of Gautama Buddha, on account of it being the capital of the Shakyas, over whom his father ruled. Kapilavastu is the place where Siddhartha Gautama spent his 29 years of his life. The 19th-century search for the historical site"]}
{"query": "By what age was he venturing outside?", "answer": "29", "gold_docs": ["previously known as the National Venturing Cabinet, are the youth leaders of the Venturing program. These youth are the National Venturing President, the National Venturing Vice President, and the four regional Venturing presidents. Dominic Wolters was selected by a 16-member panel of youth from around the country on March 29, 2018. He is the 2018-19 National Venturing President. He attended VenturingFest 2018 at the Summit Bechtel Reserve and the 2018 National Order of the Arrow Conference in Bloomington, IN. Dominic has been active in Scouting since 2007, beginning when he joined Pack 9012 of Northern Star Council in Saint Paul,"]}
{"query": "What were his first four encounters called?", "answer": "the four sights", "gold_docs": ["Four sights The four sights are four events described in the legendary account of Gautama Buddha's life which led to his realization of the impermanence and ultimate dissatisfaction of conditioned existence. According to this legend, before these encounters Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama had been confined to his palace by his father, who feared that he would become an ascetic if he came into contact with sufferings of life according to a prediction. However, his first venture out of the palace affected him deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all humans,and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey as a wandering"]}
{"query": "Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?", "answer": "a king", "gold_docs": ["his father was a king named Suddhodana, his mother was queen Maya, and he was born in Lumbini gardens. However, scholars such as Richard Gombrich consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the \"Shakyas\" community \u2013 one that later gave him the title \"Shakyamuni\", and the \"Shakya\" community was governed by a small oligarchy or republic-like council where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead. Some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated"]}
{"query": "At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?", "answer": "29", "gold_docs": ["Kapilavastu (ancient city) Kapilavastu was an ancient city on the Indian subcontinent which was the capital of Shakya. King \u015auddhodana and Queen M\u0101y\u0101 are believed to have lived at Kapilavastu, as did their son Prince Siddartha Gautama until he left the palace at the age of 29. Buddhist texts such as the P\u0101li Canon claim that Kapilavastu was the childhood home of Gautama Buddha, on account of it being the capital of the Shakyas, over whom his father ruled. Kapilavastu is the place where Siddhartha Gautama spent his 29 years of his life. The 19th-century search for the historical site"]}
{"query": "How many \"sights\" did Gautama have that are well known?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["rebirth of earliest Buddhism. According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (\"amata/amrta\"), which is concerned with the here and now. Only later did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. Another core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between \"dhyana\" and insight. Schmithausen states that the four noble truths"]}
{"query": "Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?", "answer": "corpse", "gold_docs": ["said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer Channa explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an ascetic. These depressed him, and he initially strove to overcome ageing, sickness, and death by living the life of an ascetic. Accompanied by Channa and riding his horse Kanthaka, Gautama quit his palace for the life of a mendicant. It's said that \"the horse's hooves were muffled by the gods\" to prevent guards from knowing of his departure. Gautama initially"]}
{"query": "What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?", "answer": "the Middle Way", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What was the first skill Gautama learnt?", "answer": "meditation", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?", "answer": "asceticism", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What is the path of moderation called he followed?", "answer": "Middle Way", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What did Gautama accept from a village girl?", "answer": "milk and rice", "gold_docs": ["starved and weakened, he is said to have accepted milk and rice pudding from a village girl named Sujata. Such was his emaciated appearance that she wrongly believed him to be a spirit that had granted her a wish. Following this incident, Gautama was famously seated under a pipal tree\u2014now known as the Bodhi tree\u2014in Bodh Gaya, India, when he vowed never to arise until he had found the truth. Kaundinya and four other companions, believing that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined, ceased to stay with him, and went to somewhere else. After a reputed 49 days"]}
{"query": "Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?", "answer": "anapanasati", "gold_docs": ["with \"what seems to be thinly disguised sectarian polemics against the Nyingma Great Completeness [Dzogchen] and Kagyu Great Seal [mah\u0101mudr\u0101] meditations.\" In the \"Pa\u00f1cakrama\" tantric tradition ascribed to (the Vajrayana) Nagarjuna, \u0101n\u0101p\u0101nasm\u1e5bti counting breaths is said to be sufficient to provoke an experience of vipa\u015byan\u0101 (although it occurs in the context of \"formal tantric practice of the completion stage in highest yogatantra\"). Anapanasati \u0100n\u0101p\u0101nasati (Pali; Sanskrit \"\u0101n\u0101p\u0101nasm\u1e5bti\"), meaning \"mindfulness of breathing\" (\"sati\" means mindfulness; \"\u0101n\u0101p\u0101na\" refers to inhalation and exhalation), is a form of Buddhist meditation originally taught by Gautama Buddha in several suttas including the \"\u0100n\u0101p\u0101nasati Sutta\". (MN 118)"]}
{"query": "Buddhists call anapanasati what?", "answer": "the Middle Way", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?", "answer": "35", "gold_docs": ["China (18%), Japan (36%), Taiwan (35%), Macau (17%), North Korea (14%), Nepal (11%), Vietnam (10%), Singapore (33%), Hong Kong (15%) and South Korea (23%). Buddhism is also growing by conversion.In United states, only about a third (32%) of Buddhists in the United States are Asian; a majority (53%) are white. Buddhism in the America is primarily made up of native-born adherents, whites and converts. After China, where nearly half of the worldwide Buddhists live, the 10 countries with the largest Buddhist population densities are: \"Subnotes\" Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or"]}
{"query": "What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "answer": "Ficus religiosa", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?", "answer": "80", "gold_docs": ["in Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra. As a fully enlightened Buddha (Skt. \"\"), he attracted followers and founded a \"Sangha\" (monastic order). Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma he had discovered, and died at the age of 80 in Kushinagar, India. Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became over 18 Buddhist sub-schools of thought, each with its own basket of texts containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread"]}
{"query": "What was the tree called he sat under?", "answer": "Ficus religiosa", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?", "answer": "Bodhi Tree", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "At what age did Gautama come to pass?", "answer": "80", "gold_docs": ["in Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra. As a fully enlightened Buddha (Skt. \"\"), he attracted followers and founded a \"Sangha\" (monastic order). Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma he had discovered, and died at the age of 80 in Kushinagar, India. Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became over 18 Buddhist sub-schools of thought, each with its own basket of texts containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread"]}
{"query": "When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?", "answer": "Bodhi Tree", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "answer": "Ficus religiosa", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What town was the Bodhi Tree in?", "answer": "Bodh Gaya", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "What is avidya?", "answer": "ignorance", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?", "answer": "Samsara", "gold_docs": ["and the most important historical justification of Buddhism. The later Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains nirvana, the \"blowing out\" of the desires and the gaining of true insight into impermanence and non-self reality. Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve any soul, because"]}
{"query": "How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["and the most important historical justification of Buddhism. The later Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains nirvana, the \"blowing out\" of the desires and the gaining of true insight into impermanence and non-self reality. Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve any soul, because"]}
{"query": "avidya is what kind of samsara?", "answer": "ignorance", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "How can you be freed from samsara?", "answer": "by following the Buddhist path", "gold_docs": ["to not experience the world and painful feelings. \"Dukkha\" ceases, or can be confined, when craving and clinging cease or are confined. This also means that no more karma is being produced, and rebirth ends. Cessation is \"nirvana\", \"blowing out,\" and peace of mind. By following the Buddhist path to \"moksha\", liberation, one starts to disengage from craving and clinging to impermanent states and things. The term \"path\" is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path, but other versions of \"the path\" can also be found in the Nikayas. The Theravada tradition regards insight into the four truths as"]}
{"query": "Samsara is caused by what?", "answer": "avidya", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "A person can get away from samsara by doing what?", "answer": "following the Buddhist path", "gold_docs": ["to not experience the world and painful feelings. \"Dukkha\" ceases, or can be confined, when craving and clinging cease or are confined. This also means that no more karma is being produced, and rebirth ends. Cessation is \"nirvana\", \"blowing out,\" and peace of mind. By following the Buddhist path to \"moksha\", liberation, one starts to disengage from craving and clinging to impermanent states and things. The term \"path\" is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path, but other versions of \"the path\" can also be found in the Nikayas. The Theravada tradition regards insight into the four truths as"]}
{"query": "What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?", "answer": "action, work", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?", "answer": "s\u012bla", "gold_docs": ["of the \"Paramitas\", and some texts include lists of two, others four, six, ten and fifty-two. The six paramitas have been most studied, and these are: In Mahayana Sutras that include ten \"Paramitas\", the additional four perfections are \"skillful means, vow, power and knowledge\". The most discussed \"Paramita\" and the highest rated perfection in Mahayana texts is the \"Prajna-paramita\", or the \"perfection of insight\". This insight in the Mahayana tradition, states Sh\u014dhei Ichimura, has been the \"insight of non-duality or the absence of reality in all things\". \"\u015a\u012bla\" (Sanskrit) or \"s\u012bla\" (P\u0101li) is the concept of \"moral virtues\", that is"]}
{"query": "What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?", "answer": "action, work", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "What is the avoidance of bad acts called?", "answer": "s\u012bla", "gold_docs": ["of the \"Paramitas\", and some texts include lists of two, others four, six, ten and fifty-two. The six paramitas have been most studied, and these are: In Mahayana Sutras that include ten \"Paramitas\", the additional four perfections are \"skillful means, vow, power and knowledge\". The most discussed \"Paramita\" and the highest rated perfection in Mahayana texts is the \"Prajna-paramita\", or the \"perfection of insight\". This insight in the Mahayana tradition, states Sh\u014dhei Ichimura, has been the \"insight of non-duality or the absence of reality in all things\". \"\u015a\u012bla\" (Sanskrit) or \"s\u012bla\" (P\u0101li) is the concept of \"moral virtues\", that is"]}
{"query": "Karma's actions come from what?", "answer": "cetan\u0101", "gold_docs": ["that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The existence of karma is a core belief in Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions, it implies neither fatalism nor that everything that happens to a person is caused by karma. A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (\"cetan\u0101\") matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or \"phala\" \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\". However, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or"]}
{"query": "What is the result of Karma called?", "answer": "vip\u0101ka", "gold_docs": ["that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The existence of karma is a core belief in Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions, it implies neither fatalism nor that everything that happens to a person is caused by karma. A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (\"cetan\u0101\") matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or \"phala\" \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\". However, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or"]}
{"query": "Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?", "answer": "s\u012bla", "gold_docs": ["of the \"Paramitas\", and some texts include lists of two, others four, six, ten and fifty-two. The six paramitas have been most studied, and these are: In Mahayana Sutras that include ten \"Paramitas\", the additional four perfections are \"skillful means, vow, power and knowledge\". The most discussed \"Paramita\" and the highest rated perfection in Mahayana texts is the \"Prajna-paramita\", or the \"perfection of insight\". This insight in the Mahayana tradition, states Sh\u014dhei Ichimura, has been the \"insight of non-duality or the absence of reality in all things\". \"\u015a\u012bla\" (Sanskrit) or \"s\u012bla\" (P\u0101li) is the concept of \"moral virtues\", that is"]}
{"query": "what does vipaka mean?", "answer": "result", "gold_docs": ["that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The existence of karma is a core belief in Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions, it implies neither fatalism nor that everything that happens to a person is caused by karma. A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (\"cetan\u0101\") matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or \"phala\" \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\". However, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or"]}
{"query": "In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?", "answer": "Theravada Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["scholars to posit that the \"Tathagatagarbha Sutras\" were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. However, the Buddhist text \"Ratnagotravibh\u0101ga\" states that the \"Self\" implied in \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine is actually \"not-Self\". Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice. Bhakti (called \"Bhatti\" in Pali) has been a common practice in Theravada Buddhism, where offerings and group prayers are made to deities and particularly"]}
{"query": "What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?", "answer": "Theravada Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["scholars to posit that the \"Tathagatagarbha Sutras\" were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. However, the Buddhist text \"Ratnagotravibh\u0101ga\" states that the \"Self\" implied in \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine is actually \"not-Self\". Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice. Bhakti (called \"Bhatti\" in Pali) has been a common practice in Theravada Buddhism, where offerings and group prayers are made to deities and particularly"]}
{"query": "Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?", "answer": "negative", "gold_docs": ["under various wars which ravaged China during the modern era, such as the Taiping rebellion and the Second World War (which also affected Korean Buddhism). During the Republican period (1912-49), a new movement called Humanistic Buddhism was developed by figures such as Taixu (1899\u20131947), and though Buddhist institutions were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution (1966\u201376), there has been a revival of the religion in China after 1977. Japanese Buddhism also went through a period of modernization during the Meiji Era. In Central Asia meanwhile, the arrival of Communist repression to Tibet (1966-1980) and Mongolia (between 1924-1990) had a strong negative"]}
{"query": "Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?", "answer": "Genshin", "gold_docs": ["Its influence can be seen in Japanese Buddhist paintings and other, later, texts. The founder of J\u014ddo Shinsh\u016b Buddhism, Shinran, wrote an influential commentary on the \"\u014cj\u014dy\u014dsh\u016b\" titled, \"Notes on Essentials of Rebirth\", while H\u014dnen first encountered Pure Land teachings after studying Genshin's writings. In 986, a copy was sent to China, where the monks where impressed enough to call Genshin the \"Little Shakyamuni\". \u014cj\u014dy\u014dsh\u016b The was an influential medieval Buddhist text composed in 985 by the Japanese Buddhist monk Genshin. Three volumes in length and in kanbun prose, the text expounds on Pure Land Buddhist thought, with emphasis on"]}
{"query": "What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?", "answer": "Rebirth", "gold_docs": ["of its doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit: \"an\u0101tman\", no-self doctrine) which rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self in any being or any essence in any thing. The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after each death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that \"no self\" doctrine means that there is no perduring self, but there is \"avacya\" (inexpressible) self which"]}
{"query": "The laws of cause and effect can also be called?", "answer": "karma", "gold_docs": ["it understands it as conditioned arising. In Buddhism, dependent arising is referring to conditions created by a plurality of causes that necessarily co-originate a phenomenon within and across lifetimes, such as karma in one life creating conditions that lead to rebirth in one of the realms of existence for another lifetime. Buddhism applies the dependent arising theory to explain origination of endless cycles of \"dukkha\" and rebirth, through its Twelve Nid\u0101nas or \"twelve links\" doctrine. It states that because Avidy\u0101 (ignorance) exists Sa\u1e43sk\u0101ras (karmic formations) exists, because Sa\u1e43sk\u0101ras exists therefore Vij\u00f1\u0101na (consciousness) exists, and in a similar manner it links"]}
{"query": "What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?", "answer": "Rebirth", "gold_docs": ["of its doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit: \"an\u0101tman\", no-self doctrine) which rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self in any being or any essence in any thing. The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after each death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that \"no self\" doctrine means that there is no perduring self, but there is \"avacya\" (inexpressible) self which"]}
{"query": "What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?", "answer": "anatta", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "\"dependent arising\" is the meaning of what word?", "answer": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da", "gold_docs": ["the extremes of asceticism and hedonistic sense pleasures. In Buddhism, states Harvey, the doctrine of \"dependent arising\" (conditioned arising, \"prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da\") to explain rebirth is viewed as the 'middle way' between the doctrines that a being has a \"permanent soul\" involved in rebirth (eternalism) and \"death is final and there is no rebirth\" (annihilationism). In the Theravada canon, the Pali-suttas, various often irreconcilable sequences can be found. According to Carol Anderson, the Theravada canon lacks \"an overriding and comprehensive structure of the path to \"nibbana\".\" Nevertheless, the Noble Eightfold Path, or \"Eightfold Path of the Noble Ones\", has become an important"]}
{"query": "Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?", "answer": "eternal soul", "gold_docs": ["of its doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit: \"an\u0101tman\", no-self doctrine) which rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self in any being or any essence in any thing. The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after each death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that \"no self\" doctrine means that there is no perduring self, but there is \"avacya\" (inexpressible) self which"]}
{"query": "How many planes of existence are there?", "answer": "31", "gold_docs": ["record of their conversations. The devaputtas are young devas newly arisen in heavenly planes, and devatas are mature deities. There are more than 10,000 crore (100 billion) solar systems in our Galaxy, and more than 10,000 crore (100 billion) galaxies in our Universe. There are many Universes in space. Past and future lives may occur on other planets. The data for the 31 planes of existence in samsara are compiled from the Majjhima Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya, Samyutta Nikaya, Digha Nikaya, Khuddaka Nikaya, and others. The 31 planes of existence can be perceived by a Buddha's Divine eye (\"dibbacakkhu\") and some"]}
{"query": "How many planes of existence?", "answer": "31", "gold_docs": ["record of their conversations. The devaputtas are young devas newly arisen in heavenly planes, and devatas are mature deities. There are more than 10,000 crore (100 billion) solar systems in our Galaxy, and more than 10,000 crore (100 billion) galaxies in our Universe. There are many Universes in space. Past and future lives may occur on other planets. The data for the 31 planes of existence in samsara are compiled from the Majjhima Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya, Samyutta Nikaya, Digha Nikaya, Khuddaka Nikaya, and others. The 31 planes of existence can be perceived by a Buddha's Divine eye (\"dibbacakkhu\") and some"]}
{"query": "What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?", "answer": "Theravada", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "What is the state called between lives?", "answer": "bardo", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?", "answer": "Theravada", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "What book discusses bardo?", "answer": "Samyutta Nikaya", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?", "answer": "East Asian", "gold_docs": ["migrates from one life to another. The majority of Buddhist traditions, in contrast, assert that vij\u00f1\u0101na (a person's consciousness) though evolving, exists as a continuum and is the mechanistic basis of what undergoes rebirth, rebecoming and redeath. The rebirth depends on the merit or demerit gained by one's karma, as well as that accrued on one's behalf by a family member. Each rebirth takes place within one of five realms according to Theravadins, or six according to other schools \u2013 heavenly, demi-gods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts and hellish. In East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, rebirth is not instantaneous, and there"]}
{"query": "What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?", "answer": "orthodox", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?", "answer": "Pali", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "answer": "the Four Noble Truths", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?", "answer": "the Four Noble Truths", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What part of Dukkha deals with pain?", "answer": "suffering", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "answer": "Four Noble Truths", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "The four truths explain the nature of what?", "answer": "dukkha", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What does the first truth cover?", "answer": "Dukkha", "gold_docs": ["and unsatisfactory. \"Dukkha\" can be translated as \"incapable of satisfying,\" \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; or \"painful.\" \"Dukkha\" is most commonly translated as \"suffering,\" but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness. In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anatt\u0101 (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is"]}
{"query": "What is another nature of Dukkha?", "answer": "anxiety", "gold_docs": ["clarify that translation with terms such as anxiety, distress, frustration, unease, unsatisfactoriness, etc. Many contemporary teachers, scholars, and translators have used the term \"unsatisfactoriness\" to emphasize the subtlest aspects of dukkha. Contemporary translators have used a variety of English words to translate the term \"dukkha\", and many translators prefer to leave the term untranslated. Within the Buddhist sutras, dukkha is divided in three categories: Various sutras sum up how life in this \"mundane world\" is regarded to be \"dukkha\", starting with \"samsara\", the ongoing process of death and rebirth itself: \"Dukkha\" is one of the three marks of existence, namely"]}
{"query": "How many aspects are there to Dukkha?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["and unsatisfactory. \"Dukkha\" can be translated as \"incapable of satisfying,\" \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; or \"painful.\" \"Dukkha\" is most commonly translated as \"suffering,\" but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness. In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anatt\u0101 (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is"]}
{"query": "Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?", "answer": "unsatisfactoriness", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?", "answer": "Dukkha", "gold_docs": ["and unsatisfactory. \"Dukkha\" can be translated as \"incapable of satisfying,\" \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; or \"painful.\" \"Dukkha\" is most commonly translated as \"suffering,\" but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness. In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anatt\u0101 (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is"]}
{"query": "How many aspects does dukkha have?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["and unsatisfactory. \"Dukkha\" can be translated as \"incapable of satisfying,\" \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; or \"painful.\" \"Dukkha\" is most commonly translated as \"suffering,\" but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness. In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anatt\u0101 (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is"]}
{"query": "How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?", "answer": "craving", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?", "answer": "ignorance", "gold_docs": ["the liberation which is being sought. Frauwallner notes that the Buddha regarded \"tanha\", \"thirst,\" craving, to be the cause of suffering, not ignorance. But this was in contradiction to the Indian traditions of the time, and posed a problem, which was then also incorporated into the Buddhis teachings. Later on, \"liberating insight\" came to be regarded as equally liberating. This \"liberating insight\" came to be exemplified by \"prajna\", or the insight in the \"four truths,\" but also by other elements of the Buddhist teachings. The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called \"Brahma-viharas\", are virtues or directions for meditation in"]}
{"query": "The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?", "answer": "ignorance", "gold_docs": ["the liberation which is being sought. Frauwallner notes that the Buddha regarded \"tanha\", \"thirst,\" craving, to be the cause of suffering, not ignorance. But this was in contradiction to the Indian traditions of the time, and posed a problem, which was then also incorporated into the Buddhis teachings. Later on, \"liberating insight\" came to be regarded as equally liberating. This \"liberating insight\" came to be exemplified by \"prajna\", or the insight in the \"four truths,\" but also by other elements of the Buddhist teachings. The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called \"Brahma-viharas\", are virtues or directions for meditation in"]}
{"query": "The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?", "answer": "dukkha", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?", "answer": "The Noble Eightfold Path", "gold_docs": ["the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood. \"\u015a\u012bla\" appear as ethical precepts for both lay and ordained Buddhist devotees. It includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (\"Vinaya\" or \"Patimokkha\") adopted by a monastery. Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts (; ) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the monastic rules. The five precepts apply to both male and female"]}
{"query": "What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "answer": "lead to the cessation of dukkha", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "answer": "Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?", "answer": "the fourth", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "The fourth truth consists of how many factors?", "answer": "Eight", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?", "answer": "the cessation of dukkha", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "What is one of the eight factors?", "answer": "Right Action", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?", "answer": "the fourth", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?", "answer": "dukkha", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?", "answer": "Kalama", "gold_docs": ["the Buddhist texts describe how Buddha learnt the practice of the formless dhyana from Brahmanical practices, in the Nikayas ascribed to Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta. The Buddhist canon also describes and criticizes alternative dhyana practices, which likely mean the pre-existing mainstream meditation practices of Jainism and Hinduism. Buddha added a new focus and interpretation, particularly through the Four Dhyanas methodology, in which mindfulness is maintained. Further, the focus of meditation and the underlying theory of liberation guiding the meditation has been different in Buddhism. For example, states Bronkhorst, the verse 4.4.23 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad with its \"become calm,"]}
{"query": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?", "answer": "meditation", "gold_docs": ["Buddhist meditation tradition. According to Gombrich, the Buddhist usage of the \"brahma-vih\u0101ra\" originally referred to an awakened state of mind, and a concrete attitude toward other beings which was equal to \"living with Brahman\" here and now. The later tradition took those descriptions too literally, linking them to cosmology and understanding them as \"living with Brahman\" by rebirth in the Brahma-world. According to Gombrich, \"the Buddha taught that kindness \u2013 what Christians tend to call love \u2013 was a way to salvation.\" Idols of deity and icons have been a part of the historic practice, and in Buddhist texts such"]}
{"query": "An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?", "answer": "the Middle Way", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?", "answer": "enlightenment", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?", "answer": "Buddhist scholars", "gold_docs": ["of many small feuding kingdoms. This was to last until the rise of the P\u0101la Empire (8th-12th centuries) arose in the Bengal region. The P\u0101las were stanch supporters of Buddhism, and build several important Buddhist centers, such as Vikramashila, Somapura and Odantapuri. They also supported older centers like Nalanda and Bodh Gaya. It was at these great Buddhist universities that scholars elaborated the philosophies of Abhidharma, Madhyamaka and Pramana, as well as the study of linguistics, medicine, astronomy, music, painting and sculpture. Great Buddhist scholars such as Atisha and Santaraksita date from this period. Under the P\u0101las, Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism thus"]}
{"query": "Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?", "answer": "doctrinal", "gold_docs": ["small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. \"sthaviras\", broke away from the majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira Nikaya. The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravada school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too. Buddhist monks of different fraternities became distinct schools and stopped doing official Sangha business together, but continued to study each other's doctrines. Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha"]}
{"query": "What is the goal of the Buddhist path?", "answer": "liberation", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "What is the goal of the buddhist path?", "answer": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a", "gold_docs": ["promotes the bodhisattva path as the highest spiritual ideal over the goal of arhatship, envisions a different view of nirvana than the Nikaya Buddhist schools. The classic Mah\u0101y\u0101na view posits that there are at least two types of nirvana, holding that what is called \"<nowiki>\"</nowiki>aprati\u1e63\u1e6dhita-nirvana<nowiki>\"</nowiki>\" (\"non-abiding\", non-localized\", \"non-fixed\") to be the highest nirvana, and more profound than \"<nowiki>\"</nowiki>prati\u1e63\u1e6dhita-nirv\u0101\u1e47a<nowiki>\"</nowiki>\", the \u2018localized\u2019, lesser nirvana. According to classic Mah\u0101y\u0101na theory, this lesser, abiding nirvana is achieved by followers of the \"inferior\" vehicle (\"hinayana\") schools which are said to only work towards their own personal liberation. From this perspective, the hinayana path only leads"]}
{"query": "In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?", "answer": "objects", "gold_docs": ["of \"dukkha\" and \"samsara\". By overcoming ignorance or misunderstanding one is enlightened and liberated. This overcoming includes awakening to impermanence and the non-self nature of reality, and this develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and liberates a being from \"dukkha\" and \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\". \"Praj\u00f1\u0101\" is important in all Buddhist traditions, and is the wisdom about the dharmas, functioning of karma and rebirths, realms of samsara, impermanence of everything, no-self in anyone or anything, and dependent origination. The origins of \"liberating insight\" are unclear. Buddhist texts, states Bronkhorst, do not describe it explicitly, and the content of \"liberating insight\" is likely"]}
{"query": "Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["and unsatisfactory. \"Dukkha\" can be translated as \"incapable of satisfying,\" \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; or \"painful.\" \"Dukkha\" is most commonly translated as \"suffering,\" but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness. In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anatt\u0101 (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is"]}
{"query": "The cycle of rebirth is also called what?", "answer": "sa\u1e43s\u0101ra", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?", "answer": "suffering", "gold_docs": ["and unsatisfactory. \"Dukkha\" can be translated as \"incapable of satisfying,\" \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; or \"painful.\" \"Dukkha\" is most commonly translated as \"suffering,\" but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness. In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anatt\u0101 (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is"]}
{"query": "Suffering is a central concept in what?", "answer": "Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?", "answer": "dukkha", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?", "answer": "the Buddha refused to answer", "gold_docs": ["in rebirth. In the Buddhist traditions, the Buddha taught there is rebirth and Anatta, or that there is no eternal Self. The Pali texts state that Shrenika disagreed and asked the Buddha many questions, which the Buddha refused to answer, calling his questions as indeterminate; Buddha clarified that were he to answer Srenika's questions it would entangle him. The Buddha explains his ideas with the metaphor of Agni, stating that just like fire is extinguished and no longer exists after it is extinguished, in the same way all \"skandha\" that constitute to form a human being are extinguished after death."]}
{"query": "What is the 3rd mark of existence?", "answer": "Not-self", "gold_docs": ["in India. The Thai King Mongkut (r. 1851\u201368), and his son King Chulalongkorn (r. 1868\u20131910), were responsible for modern reforms of Thai Buddhism. Modern Buddhist movements include Secular Buddhism in many countries, Won Buddhism in Korea, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand and several Japanese organizations, such as Shinnyo-en, Rissh\u014d K\u014dsei Kai or Soka Gakkai. Some of these movements have brought internal disputes and strife within regional Buddhist communities. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a \"true self\" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental \"anatta\" (not-self) doctrine of Buddhism. Buddhism is practised by an"]}
{"query": "The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?", "answer": "Buddhist", "gold_docs": ["of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition. Buddha-nature is a concept found in some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts, such as the \"Tath\u0101gatagarbha s\u016btras\". This concept has been controversial in Buddhism, but has a following in East Asian Buddhism. These Sutras suggest, states Paul Williams, that 'all sentient beings contain a Tathagata' as their 'essence, core inner nature, Self'. The \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine, at its earliest probably appeared about the later part of the 3rd century CE, and it contradicts the Anatta doctrine (non-Self) in a vast majority of Buddhist texts, leading"]}
{"query": "An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?", "answer": "Twelve Nid\u0101nas", "gold_docs": ["it understands it as conditioned arising. In Buddhism, dependent arising is referring to conditions created by a plurality of causes that necessarily co-originate a phenomenon within and across lifetimes, such as karma in one life creating conditions that lead to rebirth in one of the realms of existence for another lifetime. Buddhism applies the dependent arising theory to explain origination of endless cycles of \"dukkha\" and rebirth, through its Twelve Nid\u0101nas or \"twelve links\" doctrine. It states that because Avidy\u0101 (ignorance) exists Sa\u1e43sk\u0101ras (karmic formations) exists, because Sa\u1e43sk\u0101ras exists therefore Vij\u00f1\u0101na (consciousness) exists, and in a similar manner it links"]}
{"query": "What is the first Nid\u0101na?", "answer": "ignorance", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "Who always suffers throughout samsara?", "answer": "Sentient beings", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "What is suffering also called?", "answer": "dukkha", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "What is the first Nidana?", "answer": "ignorance", "gold_docs": ["liberating in itself. \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" means \"wandering\" or \"world\", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and \"cyclicality of all life, matter, existence\", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be \"dukkha\", unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and \"avidya\" (ignorance), and the resulting karma. The theory of rebirths, and realms in which these rebirths can occur, is extensively developed in Buddhism, in particular Tibetan Buddhism with its wheel of existence (\"Bhavacakra\") doctrine. Liberation from this cycle of existence, \"nirvana\", has been the foundation"]}
{"query": "Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?", "answer": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "What does sunyata mean?", "answer": "emptiness", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?", "answer": "\u0101tman", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "What does dharmas mean?", "answer": "phenomena", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?", "answer": "Sarvastivada teachings", "gold_docs": ["(dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally \"own-nature\" or \"self-nature\"), and thus without any underlying essence, and \"empty\" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Sarvastivada teachings, which were criticized by N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogachara school. One of the main features of Yog\u0101c\u0101ra philosophy is the concept of \"vij\u00f1apti-m\u0101tra\". It is often used interchangeably with the term \"citta-m\u0101tra\", but they have different meanings. The standard translation of both terms is \"consciousness-only\" or"]}
{"query": "What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?", "answer": "Vasubandhu and Asanga", "gold_docs": ["\"mind-only.\" Several modern researchers object to this translation, and the accompanying label of \"absolute idealism\" or \"idealistic monism\". A better translation for \"vij\u00f1apti-m\u0101tra\" is \"representation-only\", while an alternative translation for \"citta\" (mind, thought) \"m\u0101tra\" (only, exclusively) has not been proposed. While the M\u0101dhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some later exponents of Yogachara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as \"cittamatra\"). Vasubandhu and Asanga however did not assert that mind was truly existent, or the basis of all reality. These two schools"]}
{"query": "What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?", "answer": "cittamatra", "gold_docs": ["\"mind-only.\" Several modern researchers object to this translation, and the accompanying label of \"absolute idealism\" or \"idealistic monism\". A better translation for \"vij\u00f1apti-m\u0101tra\" is \"representation-only\", while an alternative translation for \"citta\" (mind, thought) \"m\u0101tra\" (only, exclusively) has not been proposed. While the M\u0101dhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some later exponents of Yogachara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as \"cittamatra\"). Vasubandhu and Asanga however did not assert that mind was truly existent, or the basis of all reality. These two schools"]}
{"query": "What does tathagatagarbha mean?", "answer": "Buddha-nature", "gold_docs": ["of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition. Buddha-nature is a concept found in some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts, such as the \"Tath\u0101gatagarbha s\u016btras\". This concept has been controversial in Buddhism, but has a following in East Asian Buddhism. These Sutras suggest, states Paul Williams, that 'all sentient beings contain a Tathagata' as their 'essence, core inner nature, Self'. The \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine, at its earliest probably appeared about the later part of the 3rd century CE, and it contradicts the Anatta doctrine (non-Self) in a vast majority of Buddhist texts, leading"]}
{"query": "According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?", "answer": "Sakya", "gold_docs": ["texts such as the \"Samputa Tantra,\" nirvana is described as purified, non-dualistic 'superior mind'. In Tibetan Buddhist philosophy, the debate continues to this day. There are those like the Gelug school, who argue that \"tath\u0101gatagarbha\" is just emptiness (described either as \"dharmadhatu\", the nature of phenomena, or a nonimplicative negation). Then there are those who see it as the non-dual union of the mind's unconditioned emptiness and conditioned lucidity (the view of Gorampa of the Sakya school). Others such as the Jonang school and some Kagyu figures, see \"tath\u0101gatagarbha\" as a kind of Absolute which \"is empty of adventitious defilements"]}
{"query": "According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?", "answer": "Jonang", "gold_docs": ["in fact also Madhyamaka, and is present primarily as the main philosophical theory of the Jonang school, although it is also taught by the Sakya and Kagyu schools. According to Shentongpa (proponents of shentong), the emptiness of ultimate reality should not be characterized in the same way as the emptiness of apparent phenomena because it is \"prabh\u0101\u015bvara-sa\u1e43t\u0101na\", or \"luminous mindstream\" endowed with limitless Buddha qualities. It is empty of all that is false, not empty of the limitless Buddha qualities that are its innate nature. The contrasting Prasa\u1e45gika view that all phenomena are sunyata, empty of self-nature, and that this"]}
{"query": "What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?", "answer": "tath\u0101gatagarbha", "gold_docs": ["of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition. Buddha-nature is a concept found in some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts, such as the \"Tath\u0101gatagarbha s\u016btras\". This concept has been controversial in Buddhism, but has a following in East Asian Buddhism. These Sutras suggest, states Paul Williams, that 'all sentient beings contain a Tathagata' as their 'essence, core inner nature, Self'. The \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine, at its earliest probably appeared about the later part of the 3rd century CE, and it contradicts the Anatta doctrine (non-Self) in a vast majority of Buddhist texts, leading"]}
{"query": "What term means cessation?", "answer": "Nirvana", "gold_docs": ["exchanging goods and services, such as through \"d\u0101na\" (charity to monks or nuns). Further, a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors. The cessation of the \"kleshas\" and the attainment of nirvana (\"nibb\u0101na\"), with which the cycle of rebirth ends, has been the primary and the soteriological goal of the Buddhist path for monastic life since the time of the Buddha. The term \"path\" is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path, but other versions of \"the path\" can also be found in the Nikayas. In some passages in the Pali Canon, a"]}
{"query": "What term means awakening?", "answer": "nirvana", "gold_docs": ["exchanging goods and services, such as through \"d\u0101na\" (charity to monks or nuns). Further, a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors. The cessation of the \"kleshas\" and the attainment of nirvana (\"nibb\u0101na\"), with which the cycle of rebirth ends, has been the primary and the soteriological goal of the Buddhist path for monastic life since the time of the Buddha. The term \"path\" is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path, but other versions of \"the path\" can also be found in the Nikayas. In some passages in the Pali Canon, a"]}
{"query": "What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?", "answer": "arahant", "gold_docs": ["nirvana-in-life marks the life of a monk who has attained complete release from desire and suffering but still has a body, name and life. The nirvana-after-death, also called nirvana-without-substrate, is the complete cessation of everything, including consciousness and rebirth. This main distinction is between the extinguishing of the fires during life, and the final \"blowing out\" at the moment of death: The classic Pali sutta definitions for these states are as follows:And what, monks, is the Nibbana element with residue remaining? Here, a monk is an arahant, one whose taints are destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what"]}
{"query": "In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?", "answer": "nirvana", "gold_docs": ["distinction is being made between right knowledge or insight (\"samm\u0101-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a\"), and right liberation or release (\"samm\u0101-vimutti\"), as the means to attain cessation and liberation. Nirvana literally means \"blowing out, quenching, becoming extinguished\". In early Buddhist texts, it is the state of restraint and self-control that leads to the \"blowing out\" and the ending of the cycles of sufferings associated with rebirths and redeaths. Many later Buddhist texts describe nirvana as identical with \"anatta\" with complete \"emptiness, nothingness\". In some texts, the state is described with greater detail, such as passing through the gate of emptiness (\"sunyata\") \u2013 realizing that there"]}
{"query": "What is the term for greed or craving?", "answer": "raga", "gold_docs": ["Three poisons The three poisons (Sanskrit: \"trivi\u1e63a\"; Tibetan: \"dug gsum\") or the three unwholesome roots (Sanskrit: \"aku\u015bala-m\u016bla\"; P\u0101li: \"akusala-m\u016bla\"), in Buddhism, refer to the three root kleshas of \"Moha\" (delusion, confusion), \"Raga\" (greed, sensual attachment), and \"Dvesha\" (aversion, ill will). These three poisons are considered to be three afflictions or character flaws innate in a being, the root of \"Ta\u1e47h\u0101\" (craving), and thus in part the cause of \"Dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness) and rebirths. The three poisons are symbolically drawn at the center of Buddhist \"Bhavachakra\" artwork, with rooster, snake and pig, representing greed, ill will and delusion respectively. In"]}
{"query": "What does moha mean?", "answer": "delusion", "gold_docs": ["re-parsing the word to roots that mean \"weaving, sewing\", \"desire\" and \"forest or woods\": The \"blowing out\" does not mean total annihilation, but the extinguishing of a flame, which returns, and exists in another way. The term \"nirvana\" can also be used as a verb: \"he or she nirv\u0101\u1e47a-s,\" or \"he or she parinirv\u0101n\u1e47a-s\" (\"parinibb\u0101yati\"). The term \"nirvana\", \"to blow out\", has also been interpreted as the extinction of the \"three fires\", or \"three poisons\", namely of passion or sensuality (\"raga\"), aversion or hate (\"dvesha\") and of delusion or ignorance (\"moha\" or \"avidy\u0101\"). Another explanation of nirvana is the absence"]}
{"query": "What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?", "answer": "bodhisattva", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "If bodhi is attained what do you become?", "answer": "a buddha", "gold_docs": ["seed from its parent tree at Mangala Vihara Buddhist Temple at 30 Jalan Eunos, Singapore. A Buddha image is placed under the Bodhi tree to remind people that Sakyamuni Buddha attained Enlightenment while meditating under a Bo tree at Bodh Gaya, in the Ganges valley, around 600 . It was nurtured by the late Madam Boey, a devotee of Mangala Vihara. Its parent tree was a sapling brought to Singapore from Sri Lanka by Venerable Mahinda, the son of Ashoka the Great of India, which was a descendant of the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha attained Enlightenment. The temple's"]}
{"query": "In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?", "answer": "nirvana", "gold_docs": ["to achieve Buddhahood in one (current) lifetime, and the best goal is not nirvana for oneself, but Buddhahood after climbing through the ten levels during multiple rebirths. Mahayana scholars then outlined an elaborate path, for monks and laypeople, and the path includes the vow to help teach Buddhist knowledge to other beings, so as to help them cross samsara and liberate themselves, once one reaches the Buddhahood in a future rebirth. One part of this path are the \"P\u0101ramit\u0101\" (perfections, to cross over), derived from the \"Jatakas\" tales of Buddha's numerous rebirths. The Mahayana texts are inconsistent in their discussion"]}
{"query": "What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?", "answer": "parinirvana", "gold_docs": ["also the \"Tathagatagarbha Sutra\" and the \"Lankavatara Sutra\" speak affirmatively of the Self. Zimmermann observes: Parinirvana In Buddhism, the term parinirvana (Sanskrit: '; Pali: ') is commonly used to refer to \"nirvana-after-death\", which occurs upon the death of the body of someone who has attained \"nirvana\" during his or her lifetime. It implies a release from the , karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the skandhas. In some Mah\u0101y\u0101na scriptures, notably the \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra\", Parinirv\u0101\u1e47a is described as the realm of the eternal true Self of the Buddha. In the Buddhist view, when an ordinary person"]}
{"query": "Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?", "answer": "a Buddha", "gold_docs": ["Buddha is fully awakened and has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of craving, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by sa\u1e43s\u0101ra, and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life. Most schools of Buddhism have also held that the Buddha was omniscient. However, the early texts contain explicit repudiations of making this claim of the Buddha. Some Buddhists meditate on (or contemplate) the Buddha as having ten characteristics (Ch./Jp. \u5341\u865f). These characteristics are frequently mentioned in the P\u0101li Canon as well as Mahayana teachings, and are chanted daily in many Buddhist monasteries:"]}
{"query": "A Buddha is no longer bound by what?", "answer": "Samsara", "gold_docs": ["of \"dukkha\" and \"samsara\". By overcoming ignorance or misunderstanding one is enlightened and liberated. This overcoming includes awakening to impermanence and the non-self nature of reality, and this develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and liberates a being from \"dukkha\" and \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\". \"Praj\u00f1\u0101\" is important in all Buddhist traditions, and is the wisdom about the dharmas, functioning of karma and rebirths, realms of samsara, impermanence of everything, no-self in anyone or anything, and dependent origination. The origins of \"liberating insight\" are unclear. Buddhist texts, states Bronkhorst, do not describe it explicitly, and the content of \"liberating insight\" is likely"]}
{"query": "What do unawakend people experience?", "answer": "suffering", "gold_docs": ["the liberation which is being sought. Frauwallner notes that the Buddha regarded \"tanha\", \"thirst,\" craving, to be the cause of suffering, not ignorance. But this was in contradiction to the Indian traditions of the time, and posed a problem, which was then also incorporated into the Buddhis teachings. Later on, \"liberating insight\" came to be regarded as equally liberating. This \"liberating insight\" came to be exemplified by \"prajna\", or the insight in the \"four truths,\" but also by other elements of the Buddhist teachings. The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called \"Brahma-viharas\", are virtues or directions for meditation in"]}
{"query": "A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?", "answer": "Maitreya", "gold_docs": ["continued to the present day in Sri Lanka: In times past both \"Tantrayana\" and \"Mahayana\" have been found in some of the \"Theravada\" countries, but today the Buddhism of Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia is almost exclusively \"Theravada\", based on the Pali Canon. The only \"Mahayana\" deity that has entered the worship of ordinary Buddhists in \"Theravada\" countries is \"Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara\". In Ceylon he is known as \"Natha-deva\" and mistaken by the majority for the Buddha yet to come, \"Bodhisattva Maitreya\". The figure of \"Avalokitesvara\" usually is found in the shrine room near the Buddha image. In more recent"]}
{"query": "Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?", "answer": "celestial", "gold_docs": ["of absolute wisdom. This wisdom is revealed in a person's current lifetime through Buddhist practice, without any specific relinquishment of pleasures or \"earthly desires\". Buddhists do not consider Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The P\u0101li Canon refers to many previous ones (see list of the named Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial origin (see Amit\u0101bha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands of Buddha names (see \"Taish\u014d Tripi\u1e6daka\" numbers 439\u2013448). The various Buddhist schools hold some varying interpretations on the nature of Buddha (see below). All Buddhist traditions hold that a"]}
{"query": "A person can awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by acknowledging the true nature of what?", "answer": "reality", "gold_docs": ["and the most important historical justification of Buddhism. The later Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains nirvana, the \"blowing out\" of the desires and the gaining of true insight into impermanence and non-self reality. Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve any soul, because"]}
{"query": "Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?", "answer": "Bodhi", "gold_docs": ["of the four \"rupa-jhanas\" describes two different cognitive states. The first two describe a narrowing of attention, while in the third and fourth jhana attention is expanded again. Alexander Wynne further explains that the \"dhyana\"-scheme is poorly understood. According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as \"sati\", \"sampaj\u0101no\", and \"upekkh\u0101\", are mistranslated or understood as particular factors of meditative states, whereas they refer to a particular way of perceiving the sense objects. The Buddhist tradition has incorporated two traditions regarding the use of dhy\u0101na (meditation, Pali \"jh\u0101na\"). There is a tradition that stresses attaining praj\u00f1\u0101 (insight, bodhi,"]}
{"query": "What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?", "answer": "anagami", "gold_docs": ["in one of four ways: For those that have destroyed greed and hatred (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, are called \"anagami\" (non-returner). Anagamis will not be reborn into the human world after death, but into the heaven of the Pure Abodes, where only anagamis live. There, they will attain full enlightenment. The Theravadin commentator Buddhaghosa placed the \"arahant\" at the completion of the path to liberation. Mahayana Buddhists see Gautama Buddha himself as the ideal towards which one should aim in one's spiritual aspirations. A hierarchy of general attainments is envisioned with the attainments of arhats"]}
{"query": "Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?", "answer": "Buddha", "gold_docs": ["the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" (lit., \"the Great Vehicle\"). The Theravada school does not treat the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative or authentic teachings of the Buddha. Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\". Many ancient Indian texts have not survived into the modern era, creating a challenge in establishing the historic commonalities between Theravada and Mahayana. The texts preserved in the Tibetan"]}
{"query": "In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" (lit., \"the Great Vehicle\"). The Theravada school does not treat the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative or authentic teachings of the Buddha. Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\". Many ancient Indian texts have not survived into the modern era, creating a challenge in establishing the historic commonalities between Theravada and Mahayana. The texts preserved in the Tibetan"]}
{"query": "Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?", "answer": "existence", "gold_docs": ["and unsatisfactory. \"Dukkha\" can be translated as \"incapable of satisfying,\" \"the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena\"; or \"painful.\" \"Dukkha\" is most commonly translated as \"suffering,\" but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences. We expect happiness from states and things which are impermanent, and therefore cannot attain real happiness. In Buddhism, dukkha is one of the three marks of existence, along with impermanence and anatt\u0101 (non-self). Buddhism, like other major Indian religions, asserts that everything is"]}
{"query": "Who is permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on Buddhas input?", "answer": "monks", "gold_docs": ["to achieve Buddhahood in one (current) lifetime, and the best goal is not nirvana for oneself, but Buddhahood after climbing through the ten levels during multiple rebirths. Mahayana scholars then outlined an elaborate path, for monks and laypeople, and the path includes the vow to help teach Buddhist knowledge to other beings, so as to help them cross samsara and liberate themselves, once one reaches the Buddhahood in a future rebirth. One part of this path are the \"P\u0101ramit\u0101\" (perfections, to cross over), derived from the \"Jatakas\" tales of Buddha's numerous rebirths. The Mahayana texts are inconsistent in their discussion"]}
{"query": "What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?", "answer": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?", "answer": "bodhisattvas", "gold_docs": ["state, into the modern era. Several scholars have suggested that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition started in south India (modern Andhra Pradesh), and it is there that Prajnaparamita sutras, among the earliest Mahayana sutras, developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika along the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River region about the 1st century BCE. There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" (the \"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas\"). Paul Williams states that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na never had nor"]}
{"query": "What is characterized by the deep truts in the \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha", "answer": "Pure Land", "gold_docs": ["is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is"]}
{"query": "What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?", "answer": "Pure Land", "gold_docs": ["is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is"]}
{"query": "What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?", "answer": "Amitabha", "gold_docs": ["scholars to posit that the \"Tathagatagarbha Sutras\" were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. However, the Buddhist text \"Ratnagotravibh\u0101ga\" states that the \"Self\" implied in \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine is actually \"not-Self\". Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice. Bhakti (called \"Bhatti\" in Pali) has been a common practice in Theravada Buddhism, where offerings and group prayers are made to deities and particularly"]}
{"query": "Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?", "answer": "Pure Land", "gold_docs": ["scholars to posit that the \"Tathagatagarbha Sutras\" were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. However, the Buddhist text \"Ratnagotravibh\u0101ga\" states that the \"Self\" implied in \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine is actually \"not-Self\". Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice. Bhakti (called \"Bhatti\" in Pali) has been a common practice in Theravada Buddhism, where offerings and group prayers are made to deities and particularly"]}
{"query": "What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?", "answer": "bodhicitta", "gold_docs": ["rebirth and suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into three basic divisions, as follows: Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a Bodhisattva. A \"Bodhisattva\" refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. The term \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" was originally a synonym for \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" or \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" In the earliest texts of Mahayana Buddhism, the path of a bodhisattva was to awaken the \"bodhicitta\". Between the 1st and 3rd century CE, this tradition introduced the \"Ten Bhumi\" doctrine, which means ten levels or stages of awakening. This development was followed by the acceptance that it is impossible"]}
{"query": "What term means \"great vehicle\"?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["rebirth and suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into three basic divisions, as follows: Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a Bodhisattva. A \"Bodhisattva\" refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. The term \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" was originally a synonym for \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" or \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" In the earliest texts of Mahayana Buddhism, the path of a bodhisattva was to awaken the \"bodhicitta\". Between the 1st and 3rd century CE, this tradition introduced the \"Ten Bhumi\" doctrine, which means ten levels or stages of awakening. This development was followed by the acceptance that it is impossible"]}
{"query": "What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["rebirth and suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into three basic divisions, as follows: Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a Bodhisattva. A \"Bodhisattva\" refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. The term \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" was originally a synonym for \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" or \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" In the earliest texts of Mahayana Buddhism, the path of a bodhisattva was to awaken the \"bodhicitta\". Between the 1st and 3rd century CE, this tradition introduced the \"Ten Bhumi\" doctrine, which means ten levels or stages of awakening. This development was followed by the acceptance that it is impossible"]}
{"query": "The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["rebirth and suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into three basic divisions, as follows: Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a Bodhisattva. A \"Bodhisattva\" refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. The term \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" was originally a synonym for \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" or \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" In the earliest texts of Mahayana Buddhism, the path of a bodhisattva was to awaken the \"bodhicitta\". Between the 1st and 3rd century CE, this tradition introduced the \"Ten Bhumi\" doctrine, which means ten levels or stages of awakening. This development was followed by the acceptance that it is impossible"]}
{"query": "What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?", "answer": "bodhisattva vow", "gold_docs": ["forest asceticism. Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vows. With these vows, one makes the promise to work for the complete enlightenment of all sentient beings by practicing the six perfections. Indelibly entwined with the bodhisattva vow is merit transference (\"pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101\"). In the \"Lotus S\u016btra\", life in this world is compared to people living in a house that is on fire. People take this world as reality pursuing worldly projects and pleasures without realizing that the house is ablaze and will soon burn down (due to the inevitability of suffering). A bodhisattva is one"]}
{"query": "Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?", "answer": "the 14th Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["Influential figures on post-war Western Buddhism include Shunryu Suzuki, Jack Kerouac, Alan Watts, Th\u00edch Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh, and the 14th Dalai Lama. While Buddhist institutions have grown, some of the central premises of Buddhism such as the cycles of rebirth and Four Noble Truths have been problematic in the West. In contrast, states Christopher Gowans, for \"most ordinary [Asian] Buddhists, today as well as in the past, their basic moral orientation is governed by belief in karma and rebirth\". Most Asian Buddhist laypersons, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices seeking better rebirth, not nirvana or freedom from"]}
{"query": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?", "answer": "Buddhists", "gold_docs": ["scholars to posit that the \"Tathagatagarbha Sutras\" were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. However, the Buddhist text \"Ratnagotravibh\u0101ga\" states that the \"Self\" implied in \"Tathagatagarbha\" doctrine is actually \"not-Self\". Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice. Bhakti (called \"Bhatti\" in Pali) has been a common practice in Theravada Buddhism, where offerings and group prayers are made to deities and particularly"]}
{"query": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?", "answer": "meditative", "gold_docs": ["Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on \"shikantaza\" or \"just sitting\". Zen Buddhism is primarily found in Japan, with some presence in South Korea and Vietnam. The scholars of Japanese Soto Zen tradition in recent times have critiqued the mainstream Japanese Buddhism for \"dhatu-vada\", that is assuming things have substantiality, a view they assert to be non-Buddhist and \"out of tune"]}
{"query": "The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?", "answer": "the Buddha", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?", "answer": "Brahminic", "gold_docs": ["The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha, as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation. While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He"]}
{"query": "According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?", "answer": "liberating", "gold_docs": ["Canon liberating insight is attained in the fourth dhyana. However, states Vetter, modern scholarship on the Pali Canon has uncovered a \"whole series of inconsistencies in the transmission of the Buddha's word\", and there are many conflicting versions of what constitutes higher knowledge and samadhi that leads to the liberation from rebirth and suffering. Even within the Four Dhyana methodology of meditation, Vetter notes that \"penetrating abstract truths and penetrating them successively does not seem possible in a state of mind which is without contemplation and reflection.\" According to Vetter, \"dhy\u0101na\" itself constituted the original \"liberating practice\". Carol Anderson notes"]}
{"query": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?", "answer": "the yogis", "gold_docs": ["in conformity with Buddhist usage. In \"The Long Discourse of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya\" (pg. 1700) Maurice Walshe wrote, Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, sati and sampajanna are to be developed at all times, in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do"]}
{"query": "Religious knowledge is also known as what?", "answer": "vision", "gold_docs": ["controversial figure in the Jewish community of Amsterdam due to the perception of his views as heretical. Instead of the classic literal vision of God as depicted by Jewish Religious text, Spinoza envisioned God as a presence that encompassed the entire universe and beyond, a view commonly known as panentheism. In his \"Theological-Political Treatise\" Spinoza states, \"Some imagine God in the likeness of man, consisting of mind and body, and subject to passions. But it is clear from what has already been proved how far they stray from the true knowledge of God. These I dismiss, for all who have"]}
{"query": "What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?", "answer": "meditative", "gold_docs": ["of the four \"rupa-jhanas\" describes two different cognitive states. The first two describe a narrowing of attention, while in the third and fourth jhana attention is expanded again. Alexander Wynne further explains that the \"dhyana\"-scheme is poorly understood. According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as \"sati\", \"sampaj\u0101no\", and \"upekkh\u0101\", are mistranslated or understood as particular factors of meditative states, whereas they refer to a particular way of perceiving the sense objects. The Buddhist tradition has incorporated two traditions regarding the use of dhy\u0101na (meditation, Pali \"jh\u0101na\"). There is a tradition that stresses attaining praj\u00f1\u0101 (insight, bodhi,"]}
{"query": "What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?", "answer": "Buddhist texts", "gold_docs": ["in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. According to Bronkhorst, the \"Four Dhyanas\" was a Buddhist invention. Bronkhorst notes that the Buddhist canon has a mass of contradictory statements, little is known about their relative chronology, and \"there can be no doubt that the canon \u2013 including the older parts, the Sutra and Vinaya Pitaka \u2013 was composed over a long period of time\". Meditative practices were incorporated from other sramanic movements;"]}
{"query": "What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?", "answer": "Buddhist texts", "gold_docs": ["in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. According to Bronkhorst, the \"Four Dhyanas\" was a Buddhist invention. Bronkhorst notes that the Buddhist canon has a mass of contradictory statements, little is known about their relative chronology, and \"there can be no doubt that the canon \u2013 including the older parts, the Sutra and Vinaya Pitaka \u2013 was composed over a long period of time\". Meditative practices were incorporated from other sramanic movements;"]}
{"query": "What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?", "answer": "Upanishads", "gold_docs": ["CE. Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the \"Second urbanisation\", marked by the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Sramanic traditions. New ideas developed both in the Vedic tradition in the form of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the \u015arama\u1e47a movements. The term \u015arama\u1e47a refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the historical Vedic religion, including Buddhism, Jainism and"]}
{"query": "In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?", "answer": "meditation", "gold_docs": ["Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on \"shikantaza\" or \"just sitting\". Zen Buddhism is primarily found in Japan, with some presence in South Korea and Vietnam. The scholars of Japanese Soto Zen tradition in recent times have critiqued the mainstream Japanese Buddhism for \"dhatu-vada\", that is assuming things have substantiality, a view they assert to be non-Buddhist and \"out of tune"]}
{"query": "The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?", "answer": "contemplative", "gold_docs": ["mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rg Vedic period. Buddhism does not deny that the Vedas in their true original were sacred although it maintains that the Vedas have been amended repeatedly by certain Brahmins to secure their positions in society. The Buddha declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by Kashyapa to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see"]}
{"query": "What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?", "answer": "Nasadiya Sukta", "gold_docs": ["mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rg Vedic period. Buddhism does not deny that the Vedas in their true original were sacred although it maintains that the Vedas have been amended repeatedly by certain Brahmins to secure their positions in society. The Buddha declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by Kashyapa to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see"]}
{"query": "What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?", "answer": "the Three Jewels", "gold_docs": ["additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. Devotion is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualizations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen tradition takes an ambiguous stance. Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking Three Refuges, also called the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: \"triratna\", Pali: \"tiratana\") as the foundation of one's religious practice. Pali texts employ the Brahmanical"]}
{"query": "What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?", "answer": "Majjhima Nikaya", "gold_docs": ["as \"liberating insight\", may be a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Noble Truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jh\u0101nas. The four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\" The three marks of existence \u2013 Dukkha, Annica, Anatta \u2013 may reflect Upanishadic or other"]}
{"query": "What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?", "answer": "Tibetan", "gold_docs": ["additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. Devotion is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualizations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen tradition takes an ambiguous stance. Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking Three Refuges, also called the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: \"triratna\", Pali: \"tiratana\") as the foundation of one's religious practice. Pali texts employ the Brahmanical"]}
{"query": "What has an irreversable effect?", "answer": "The Three Jewels", "gold_docs": ["additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. Devotion is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualizations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen tradition takes an ambiguous stance. Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking Three Refuges, also called the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: \"triratna\", Pali: \"tiratana\") as the foundation of one's religious practice. Pali texts employ the Brahmanical"]}
{"query": "Who presented himself as a model?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?", "answer": "Dharma", "gold_docs": ["the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, monasticism, meditation, and the cultivation of the Paramitas (virtues). Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen,"]}
{"query": "What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?", "answer": "Sangha", "gold_docs": ["the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, monasticism, meditation, and the cultivation of the Paramitas (virtues). Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen,"]}
{"query": "What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?", "answer": "\u015a\u012bla", "gold_docs": ["the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood. \"\u015a\u012bla\" appear as ethical precepts for both lay and ordained Buddhist devotees. It includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (\"Vinaya\" or \"Patimokkha\") adopted by a monastery. Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts (; ) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the monastic rules. The five precepts apply to both male and female"]}
{"query": "What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?", "answer": "\u015a\u012bla", "gold_docs": ["the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood. \"\u015a\u012bla\" appear as ethical precepts for both lay and ordained Buddhist devotees. It includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (\"Vinaya\" or \"Patimokkha\") adopted by a monastery. Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts (; ) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the monastic rules. The five precepts apply to both male and female"]}
{"query": "Lay people tend to live by the five what?", "answer": "precepts", "gold_docs": ["the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood. \"\u015a\u012bla\" appear as ethical precepts for both lay and ordained Buddhist devotees. It includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (\"Vinaya\" or \"Patimokkha\") adopted by a monastery. Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts (; ) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the monastic rules. The five precepts apply to both male and female"]}
{"query": "Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?", "answer": "asceticism.", "gold_docs": ["attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the practice of \"dhyana\", meditation, which he had already discovered in his youth. He famously sat in meditation under a \"Ficus religiosa\" tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, and attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way (Skt. \"madhyam\u0101-pratipad\") as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering (\"dukkha\") from rebirths"]}
{"query": "Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?", "answer": "training rules", "gold_docs": ["hierarchy within the order, there are no higher ordinations. A small number of members, however, take vows of celibacy and adopt a simpler lifestyle. Contrary to the traditional Buddhist structure of separating lay and monastic members, the order combines monastic and lay lifestyles under one ordination, a practice not dissimilar to that which evolved in some Japanese schools of Buddhism. As with followers of the Shingon school of Buddhism, order members observe ten precepts (ethical training rules). These precepts are different from monastic vows and do not appear in the Vinaya Pitaka, but were formulated on the basis of the"]}
{"query": "Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?", "answer": "lower", "gold_docs": ["other laypersons who take refuge in the Three Jewels (the Buddha, the teachings and the community) and practice the Five Precepts. In southeast Asian communities, lay disciples also give alms to monks on their daily rounds and observe weekly uposatha days. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of ethical conduct and d\u0101na or \"almsgiving\" will themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely even if there is no further \"Noble\" Buddhist practice (connected with the Supramundane goal of Nibbana, \"Unbinding\"). This level of attainment is viewed as a proper aim for laypersons."]}
{"query": "Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["China (18%), Japan (36%), Taiwan (35%), Macau (17%), North Korea (14%), Nepal (11%), Vietnam (10%), Singapore (33%), Hong Kong (15%) and South Korea (23%). Buddhism is also growing by conversion.In United states, only about a third (32%) of Buddhists in the United States are Asian; a majority (53%) are white. Buddhism in the America is primarily made up of native-born adherents, whites and converts. After China, where nearly half of the worldwide Buddhists live, the 10 countries with the largest Buddhist population densities are: \"Subnotes\" Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or"]}
{"query": "How many precepts are on the list?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["these are same as for the lay devotee: no killing, no stealing, no lying, and no intoxicants. The other four precepts are: All eight precepts are sometimes observed by lay people on \"uposatha\" days: full moon, new moon , the first and last quarter following the lunar calendar. The ten precepts also include to abstain from accepting money. In addition to these precepts, Buddhist monasteries have hundreds of rules of conduct, which are a part of its \"patimokkha\". Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a \"sangha\" of monks or nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227"]}
{"query": "How many basic precepts are there for monastics?", "answer": "the ten precepts", "gold_docs": ["these are same as for the lay devotee: no killing, no stealing, no lying, and no intoxicants. The other four precepts are: All eight precepts are sometimes observed by lay people on \"uposatha\" days: full moon, new moon , the first and last quarter following the lunar calendar. The ten precepts also include to abstain from accepting money. In addition to these precepts, Buddhist monasteries have hundreds of rules of conduct, which are a part of its \"patimokkha\". Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a \"sangha\" of monks or nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227"]}
{"query": "What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?", "answer": "vinaya", "gold_docs": ["these are same as for the lay devotee: no killing, no stealing, no lying, and no intoxicants. The other four precepts are: All eight precepts are sometimes observed by lay people on \"uposatha\" days: full moon, new moon , the first and last quarter following the lunar calendar. The ten precepts also include to abstain from accepting money. In addition to these precepts, Buddhist monasteries have hundreds of rules of conduct, which are a part of its \"patimokkha\". Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a \"sangha\" of monks or nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227"]}
{"query": "How many rules dows the patimokkha have?", "answer": "227", "gold_docs": ["these are same as for the lay devotee: no killing, no stealing, no lying, and no intoxicants. The other four precepts are: All eight precepts are sometimes observed by lay people on \"uposatha\" days: full moon, new moon , the first and last quarter following the lunar calendar. The ten precepts also include to abstain from accepting money. In addition to these precepts, Buddhist monasteries have hundreds of rules of conduct, which are a part of its \"patimokkha\". Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a \"sangha\" of monks or nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227"]}
{"query": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?", "answer": "counts", "gold_docs": ["ordination of women in Buddhism. The Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"Bodhisattvabh\u016bmi\", part of the \"Yog\u0101c\u0101rabh\u016bmi \u015a\u0101stra\", regards it an offense for monastics following the Mah\u0101y\u0101na to reject the traditional rules of the Vinaya: Louis de La Vall\u00e9e-Poussin wrote that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na relies on traditional full ordination of monastics, and in doing so is \"perfectly orthodox\" according to the monastic vows and rules of the early Buddhist traditions: The Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit of the rules that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for"]}
{"query": "The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?", "answer": "life", "gold_docs": ["unto themselves\". Within a monastic fraternity, a \"sangha\" has its own rules. A monk abides by these institutionalized rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself. Transgressions by a monk on \"Sangha\" vinaya rules invites enforcement, which can include temporary or permanent expulsion. A wide range of meditation practices has developed in the Buddhist traditions, but \"meditation\" primarily refers to the practice of \"dhyana\" c.q. \"jhana\". It is a practice in which the attention of the mind is first narrowed to the focus on one specific object,"]}
{"query": "Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?", "answer": "islands unto themselves", "gold_docs": ["the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as \"islands unto themselves\". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: \"more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself.\" Surrounding the rules is a range of texts. Some of these explain the origins of the rules - it is possible to trace the development of the rules from responses to specific situations or actions to a general codification. There are also a number of sutta-like texts that are more general statements about"]}
{"query": "Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?", "answer": "Japan", "gold_docs": ["is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is"]}
{"query": "In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?", "answer": "Zen", "gold_docs": ["additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. Devotion is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualizations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen tradition takes an ambiguous stance. Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking Three Refuges, also called the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: \"triratna\", Pali: \"tiratana\") as the foundation of one's religious practice. Pali texts employ the Brahmanical"]}
{"query": "Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?", "answer": "jh\u0101nas", "gold_docs": ["as \"liberating insight\", may be a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Noble Truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jh\u0101nas. The four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\" The three marks of existence \u2013 Dukkha, Annica, Anatta \u2013 may reflect Upanishadic or other"]}
{"query": "What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?", "answer": "right concentration", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?", "answer": "sam\u0101dhi", "gold_docs": ["of \"samatha-vipassana\" is lauded. Subsequently, Theravada teachers have made use of the following compounds: The word bhavana is sometimes translated into English as 'meditation' so that, for example, metta-bhavana may be translated as 'the meditation on loving-kindness'. Meditation is properly called \"dhyana\" (Sanskrit; Pali: \"jh\u0101na\"), as practiced in \"sam\u0101dhi\", the 8th limb of the eightfold path. In Jainism, \"bh\u0101vana\" refers to \"right conception or notion\" or \"the moral of a fable.\" Bhavana Bh\u0101van\u0101 (Pali; Sanskrit, also \"bh\u0101vana\") literally means \"development\" or \"cultivating\" or \"producing\" in the sense of \"calling into existence.\" It is an important concept in Buddhist praxis (\"Patipatti\")."]}
{"query": "What is powerful concentration called?", "answer": "jh\u0101na", "gold_docs": ["of the four \"rupa-jhanas\" describes two different cognitive states. The first two describe a narrowing of attention, while in the third and fourth jhana attention is expanded again. Alexander Wynne further explains that the \"dhyana\"-scheme is poorly understood. According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as \"sati\", \"sampaj\u0101no\", and \"upekkh\u0101\", are mistranslated or understood as particular factors of meditative states, whereas they refer to a particular way of perceiving the sense objects. The Buddhist tradition has incorporated two traditions regarding the use of dhy\u0101na (meditation, Pali \"jh\u0101na\"). There is a tradition that stresses attaining praj\u00f1\u0101 (insight, bodhi,"]}
{"query": "What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?", "answer": "vipassan\u0101", "gold_docs": ["meditation is to continuously and thoroughly know impermanence of everything (\"annica\"), no-Self in anything (\"anatta\") and the \"dukkha\" teachings of Buddhism. Contemporary Theravada orthodoxy regards samatha as a preparation for vipassan\u0101, pacifying the mind and strengthening the concentration in order to allow the work of insight, which leads to liberation. In contrast, the Vipassana Movement argues that insight levels can be discerned without the need for developing samatha further due to the risks of going out of the course when strong samatha is developed. \"Pratityasamutpada\", also called \"dependent arising, or dependent origination\", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature"]}
{"query": "Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?", "answer": "insight", "gold_docs": ["meditation is to continuously and thoroughly know impermanence of everything (\"annica\"), no-Self in anything (\"anatta\") and the \"dukkha\" teachings of Buddhism. Contemporary Theravada orthodoxy regards samatha as a preparation for vipassan\u0101, pacifying the mind and strengthening the concentration in order to allow the work of insight, which leads to liberation. In contrast, the Vipassana Movement argues that insight levels can be discerned without the need for developing samatha further due to the risks of going out of the course when strong samatha is developed. \"Pratityasamutpada\", also called \"dependent arising, or dependent origination\", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature"]}
{"query": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?", "answer": "idea", "gold_docs": ["is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects the wait, and asserts that rebirth of a being is immediate. However there are passages in the \"Samyutta Nikaya\" of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught about an intermediate stage between one life and the next. In Buddhism, karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") drives \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" \u2013 the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"kusala\") and bad, unskilful deeds (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") produce \"seeds\" in the unconscious receptacle (\"\u0101laya\")"]}
{"query": "In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?", "answer": "mind", "gold_docs": ["meditation is to continuously and thoroughly know impermanence of everything (\"annica\"), no-Self in anything (\"anatta\") and the \"dukkha\" teachings of Buddhism. Contemporary Theravada orthodoxy regards samatha as a preparation for vipassan\u0101, pacifying the mind and strengthening the concentration in order to allow the work of insight, which leads to liberation. In contrast, the Vipassana Movement argues that insight levels can be discerned without the need for developing samatha further due to the risks of going out of the course when strong samatha is developed. \"Pratityasamutpada\", also called \"dependent arising, or dependent origination\", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature"]}
{"query": "What is the term for understanding?", "answer": "praj\u00f1\u0101", "gold_docs": ["tradition, and historical evidence suggests that serious meditation by lay people has been an exception. In recent history, sustained meditation has been pursued by a minority of monks in Buddhist monasteries. Western interest in meditation has led to a revival where ancient Buddhist ideas and precepts are adapted to Western mores and interpreted liberally, presenting Buddhism as a meditation-based form of spirituality. \"Praj\u00f1\u0101\" (Sanskrit) or \"pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\" (P\u0101li) is insight or knowledge of the true nature of existence. The Buddhist tradition regards ignorance (avidy\u0101), a fundamental ignorance, misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality, as one of the basic causes"]}
{"query": "What eradicates the defilements completely?", "answer": "understanding", "gold_docs": ["description of the Buddhist path. It consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, and asserts the path to the cessation of \"dukkha\" (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and karmic accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of"]}
{"query": "In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?", "answer": "craving", "gold_docs": ["the liberation which is being sought. Frauwallner notes that the Buddha regarded \"tanha\", \"thirst,\" craving, to be the cause of suffering, not ignorance. But this was in contradiction to the Indian traditions of the time, and posed a problem, which was then also incorporated into the Buddhis teachings. Later on, \"liberating insight\" came to be regarded as equally liberating. This \"liberating insight\" came to be exemplified by \"prajna\", or the insight in the \"four truths,\" but also by other elements of the Buddhist teachings. The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called \"Brahma-viharas\", are virtues or directions for meditation in"]}
{"query": "What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?", "answer": "Nibb\u0101na", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "How many Noble Truths are there?", "answer": "Four", "gold_docs": ["not original to Buddhism. According to Vetter and Bronkhorst, this growing importance of \"liberating insight\" was a response to other religious groups in India, which held that a liberating insight was indispensable for \"moksha\", liberation from rebirth. Bronkhorst suggests that the conception of what exactly constituted \"liberating insight\" for Buddhists developed over time. Whereas originally it may not have been specified as an insight, later on the Four Noble Truths served as such, to be superseded by \"pratityasamutpada\", and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person. In the Pali"]}
{"query": "Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?", "answer": "bodhi", "gold_docs": ["of the four \"rupa-jhanas\" describes two different cognitive states. The first two describe a narrowing of attention, while in the third and fourth jhana attention is expanded again. Alexander Wynne further explains that the \"dhyana\"-scheme is poorly understood. According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as \"sati\", \"sampaj\u0101no\", and \"upekkh\u0101\", are mistranslated or understood as particular factors of meditative states, whereas they refer to a particular way of perceiving the sense objects. The Buddhist tradition has incorporated two traditions regarding the use of dhy\u0101na (meditation, Pali \"jh\u0101na\"). There is a tradition that stresses attaining praj\u00f1\u0101 (insight, bodhi,"]}
{"query": "What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101", "gold_docs": ["of \"dukkha\" and \"samsara\". By overcoming ignorance or misunderstanding one is enlightened and liberated. This overcoming includes awakening to impermanence and the non-self nature of reality, and this develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and liberates a being from \"dukkha\" and \"sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\". \"Praj\u00f1\u0101\" is important in all Buddhist traditions, and is the wisdom about the dharmas, functioning of karma and rebirths, realms of samsara, impermanence of everything, no-self in anyone or anything, and dependent origination. The origins of \"liberating insight\" are unclear. Buddhist texts, states Bronkhorst, do not describe it explicitly, and the content of \"liberating insight\" is likely"]}
{"query": "Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?", "answer": "seon", "gold_docs": ["deity and its associated mandala. Another element of Tantra is the need for ritual initiation or empowerment (abhi\u1e63eka) by a Guru or Lama. Some Tantras like the Guhyasam\u0101ja Tantra features new forms of antinomian ritual practice such as the use taboo substances like alcohol, sexual yoga, and charnel ground practices which evoke wrathful deities. Zen Buddhism (\u7985), pronounced \"Ch\u00e1n\" in Chinese, \"seon\" in Korean or \"zen\" in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term \"dhy\u0101na\", meaning \"meditation\") is a form of Mahayana Buddhism found in China, Korea and Japan. It lays special emphasis on meditation, and direct discovery of the Buddha-nature."]}
{"query": "What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?", "answer": "Zen", "gold_docs": ["deity and its associated mandala. Another element of Tantra is the need for ritual initiation or empowerment (abhi\u1e63eka) by a Guru or Lama. Some Tantras like the Guhyasam\u0101ja Tantra features new forms of antinomian ritual practice such as the use taboo substances like alcohol, sexual yoga, and charnel ground practices which evoke wrathful deities. Zen Buddhism (\u7985), pronounced \"Ch\u00e1n\" in Chinese, \"seon\" in Korean or \"zen\" in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term \"dhy\u0101na\", meaning \"meditation\") is a form of Mahayana Buddhism found in China, Korea and Japan. It lays special emphasis on meditation, and direct discovery of the Buddha-nature."]}
{"query": "What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?", "answer": "Zen", "gold_docs": ["deity and its associated mandala. Another element of Tantra is the need for ritual initiation or empowerment (abhi\u1e63eka) by a Guru or Lama. Some Tantras like the Guhyasam\u0101ja Tantra features new forms of antinomian ritual practice such as the use taboo substances like alcohol, sexual yoga, and charnel ground practices which evoke wrathful deities. Zen Buddhism (\u7985), pronounced \"Ch\u00e1n\" in Chinese, \"seon\" in Korean or \"zen\" in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term \"dhy\u0101na\", meaning \"meditation\") is a form of Mahayana Buddhism found in China, Korea and Japan. It lays special emphasis on meditation, and direct discovery of the Buddha-nature."]}
{"query": "Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?", "answer": "spiritual", "gold_docs": ["Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on \"shikantaza\" or \"just sitting\". Zen Buddhism is primarily found in Japan, with some presence in South Korea and Vietnam. The scholars of Japanese Soto Zen tradition in recent times have critiqued the mainstream Japanese Buddhism for \"dhatu-vada\", that is assuming things have substantiality, a view they assert to be non-Buddhist and \"out of tune"]}
{"query": "Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on \"shikantaza\" or \"just sitting\". Zen Buddhism is primarily found in Japan, with some presence in South Korea and Vietnam. The scholars of Japanese Soto Zen tradition in recent times have critiqued the mainstream Japanese Buddhism for \"dhatu-vada\", that is assuming things have substantiality, a view they assert to be non-Buddhist and \"out of tune"]}
{"query": "Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?", "answer": "Rinzai", "gold_docs": ["Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on \"shikantaza\" or \"just sitting\". Zen Buddhism is primarily found in Japan, with some presence in South Korea and Vietnam. The scholars of Japanese Soto Zen tradition in recent times have critiqued the mainstream Japanese Buddhism for \"dhatu-vada\", that is assuming things have substantiality, a view they assert to be non-Buddhist and \"out of tune"]}
{"query": "What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?", "answer": "Zen", "gold_docs": ["Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on \"shikantaza\" or \"just sitting\". Zen Buddhism is primarily found in Japan, with some presence in South Korea and Vietnam. The scholars of Japanese Soto Zen tradition in recent times have critiqued the mainstream Japanese Buddhism for \"dhatu-vada\", that is assuming things have substantiality, a view they assert to be non-Buddhist and \"out of tune"]}
{"query": "What type of self is equated with the Buddha?", "answer": "True Self", "gold_docs": ["in India. The Thai King Mongkut (r. 1851\u201368), and his son King Chulalongkorn (r. 1868\u20131910), were responsible for modern reforms of Thai Buddhism. Modern Buddhist movements include Secular Buddhism in many countries, Won Buddhism in Korea, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand and several Japanese organizations, such as Shinnyo-en, Rissh\u014d K\u014dsei Kai or Soka Gakkai. Some of these movements have brought internal disputes and strife within regional Buddhist communities. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a \"true self\" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental \"anatta\" (not-self) doctrine of Buddhism. Buddhism is practised by an"]}
{"query": "What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["rebirth and suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into three basic divisions, as follows: Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism is based principally upon the path of a Bodhisattva. A \"Bodhisattva\" refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. The term \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" was originally a synonym for \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" or \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" In the earliest texts of Mahayana Buddhism, the path of a bodhisattva was to awaken the \"bodhicitta\". Between the 1st and 3rd century CE, this tradition introduced the \"Ten Bhumi\" doctrine, which means ten levels or stages of awakening. This development was followed by the acceptance that it is impossible"]}
{"query": "What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?", "answer": "Tantric", "gold_docs": ["by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text \"Tantrasadbhava\", introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. Tibetan Buddhism preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. A central feature of Buddhist Tantra is deity yoga which includes visualization and identification with an enlightened yidam or meditation"]}
{"query": "Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?", "answer": "ritual", "gold_docs": ["by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text \"Tantrasadbhava\", introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. Tibetan Buddhism preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. A central feature of Buddhist Tantra is deity yoga which includes visualization and identification with an enlightened yidam or meditation"]}
{"query": "Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?", "answer": "non-Vedic", "gold_docs": ["the cave was excavated by \"maha-matra\" (officer-in-charge) of the shramanas (non-Vedic ascetics). Based on this, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya concludes that Kanha favoured Buddhism, and had an administrative department dedicated to the welfare of Buddhist monks. However, Carla M. Sinopoli notes that although there are some records of donations to the Buddhist monasteries by the Satavahana royals, the vast majority of the donations were made by the non-royals. The most common among these donors were merchants, and many of the monasteries were located along the important trade routes. The merchants probably donated to the monasteries, because these sites facilitated trade by serving"]}
{"query": "Buddhism arose in what area?", "answer": "Greater Magadha", "gold_docs": ["According to Bronkhorst, the sramana culture arose in \"greater Magadha,\" which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, kashtriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals. Geoffrey Samuel, following Tom Hopkins, also argues that the Gangetic plain, which gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism, incorporated a culture which was different form the Brahmanical orthodoxy practiced in the Kuru-Pancala region. The ascetic tradition of Vedic period in part created the foundational theories of samsara and of moksha (liberation from samsara), which became characteristic for Hinduism, along with Buddhism and Jainism. These ascetic concepts were adopted"]}
{"query": "Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?", "answer": "in the Upanishads", "gold_docs": ["part of the Vedic Sanskrit corpus. While production of Brahmanas and Aranyakas ceased with the end of the Vedic period, additional Upanishads were composed after the end of the Vedic period. The Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads, among other things, interpret and discuss the Samhitas in philosophical and metaphorical ways to explore abstract concepts such as the Absolute (Brahman), and the soul or the self (Atman), introducing Vedanta philosophy, one of the major trends of later Hinduism. In other parts, they show evolution of ideas, such as from actual sacrifice to symbolic sacrifice, and of spirituality in the Upanishads. This has"]}
{"query": "The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?", "answer": "hymn of the cosmic man", "gold_docs": ["but a human convention. According to Gombrich, the Buddha satirizes the Vedic \"Hymn of the Cosmic Man\" and etymologizes \"reciter of the Veda\" so as to make it mean \"non-meditator\" instead. Not all scholars agree with Gombrich's interpretation and his view is not unanimous. Among those who disagree is Suwanda H J Sugunasiri, a Canadian Buddhist scholar, who most recently has presented a novel interpretation of the Sutta.Rejecting the view that the Sutta is a \u2018satire\u2019 (Gombrich) or \u2018good humoured irony\u2019 (Collins) [1], he shows how \u201cthe Discourse is a historically and scientifically accurate characterization of the cyclical cosmic process\u201d"]}
{"query": "The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?", "answer": "animal sacrifices", "gold_docs": ["by divine eyes. In the Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka of the \"Mahavagga\" (I.245) section the Buddha names these rishis. The names of the Vedic rishis were \"Atthako, V\u00e2mako, V\u00e2madevo, Vess\u00e2mitto, Yamataggi, Angiraso, Bh\u00e2radv\u00e2jo, V\u00e2settho, Kassapo, and Bhagu\" but that it was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Vinaya Pitaka's section \"Anguttara Nikaya: Panchaka Nipata\" says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that the Buddha refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. The Buddhist text Mahamayuri Tantra, written during 1-3rd century CE, mentions deities thrughout Jambudvipa (modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh,"]}
{"query": "The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?", "answer": "Vedas", "gold_docs": ["officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions. The goal and philosophy of the Vajray\u0101na remains Mah\u0101y\u0101nist, but its methods are seen by its followers as far more powerful, so as to lead to Buddhahood in just one lifetime. The practice of using mantras was adopted from Hinduism, where they were first used in the Vedas. Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Ma\u00f1jusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied"]}
{"query": "A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?", "answer": "insight", "gold_docs": ["rebirth of earliest Buddhism. According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (\"amata/amrta\"), which is concerned with the here and now. Only later did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. Another core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between \"dhyana\" and insight. Schmithausen states that the four noble truths"]}
{"query": "Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?", "answer": "Rupa Jhanas", "gold_docs": ["as not resulting in the final result of liberation. The problem was famously voiced in 1936 by Louis de La Vallee Poussin, in his text \"Musila et Narada: Le Chemin de Nirvana\". Schmithausen, in his often-cited article \"On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism,\" notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting \"liberating insight\", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. Schmithausen discerns three possible roads to liberation as described in the suttas. Vetter adds a fourth"]}
{"query": "Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?", "answer": "Majjhima Nikaya", "gold_docs": ["as \"liberating insight\", may be a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Noble Truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jh\u0101nas. The four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\" The three marks of existence \u2013 Dukkha, Annica, Anatta \u2013 may reflect Upanishadic or other"]}
{"query": "According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?", "answer": "rebirth", "gold_docs": ["rebirth of earliest Buddhism. According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (\"amata/amrta\"), which is concerned with the here and now. Only later did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. Another core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between \"dhyana\" and insight. Schmithausen states that the four noble truths"]}
{"query": "Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?", "answer": "karma", "gold_docs": ["rebirth of earliest Buddhism. According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (\"amata/amrta\"), which is concerned with the here and now. Only later did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. Another core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between \"dhyana\" and insight. Schmithausen states that the four noble truths"]}
{"query": "Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? ", "answer": "meditative", "gold_docs": ["in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. According to Bronkhorst, the \"Four Dhyanas\" was a Buddhist invention. Bronkhorst notes that the Buddhist canon has a mass of contradictory statements, little is known about their relative chronology, and \"there can be no doubt that the canon \u2013 including the older parts, the Sutra and Vinaya Pitaka \u2013 was composed over a long period of time\". Meditative practices were incorporated from other sramanic movements;"]}
{"query": "From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?", "answer": "fourth", "gold_docs": ["Canon liberating insight is attained in the fourth dhyana. However, states Vetter, modern scholarship on the Pali Canon has uncovered a \"whole series of inconsistencies in the transmission of the Buddha's word\", and there are many conflicting versions of what constitutes higher knowledge and samadhi that leads to the liberation from rebirth and suffering. Even within the Four Dhyana methodology of meditation, Vetter notes that \"penetrating abstract truths and penetrating them successively does not seem possible in a state of mind which is without contemplation and reflection.\" According to Vetter, \"dhy\u0101na\" itself constituted the original \"liberating practice\". Carol Anderson notes"]}
{"query": "A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?", "answer": "liberating insight", "gold_docs": ["Canon liberating insight is attained in the fourth dhyana. However, states Vetter, modern scholarship on the Pali Canon has uncovered a \"whole series of inconsistencies in the transmission of the Buddha's word\", and there are many conflicting versions of what constitutes higher knowledge and samadhi that leads to the liberation from rebirth and suffering. Even within the Four Dhyana methodology of meditation, Vetter notes that \"penetrating abstract truths and penetrating them successively does not seem possible in a state of mind which is without contemplation and reflection.\" According to Vetter, \"dhy\u0101na\" itself constituted the original \"liberating practice\". Carol Anderson notes"]}
{"query": "The four truths depict what type of path of practice?", "answer": "linear", "gold_docs": ["way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices.\" Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development. According to the Mah\u0101saccakasutta, from the fourth \"jhana\" the Buddha gained \"bodhi\". Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to. According to Schmithausen and Bronkhorst, \"liberating insight\" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism. The mentioning of the four truths as constituting \"liberating insight\" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in"]}
{"query": "Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?", "answer": "Nikayas", "gold_docs": ["exchanging goods and services, such as through \"d\u0101na\" (charity to monks or nuns). Further, a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors. The cessation of the \"kleshas\" and the attainment of nirvana (\"nibb\u0101na\"), with which the cycle of rebirth ends, has been the primary and the soteriological goal of the Buddhist path for monastic life since the time of the Buddha. The term \"path\" is usually taken to mean the Noble Eightfold Path, but other versions of \"the path\" can also be found in the Nikayas. In some passages in the Pali Canon, a"]}
{"query": "A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?", "answer": "the middle way", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?", "answer": "eightfold", "gold_docs": ["influences. K.R. Norman supposes that these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiar to his hearers. According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. Similarly nibb\u0101na is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, yet many other terms can be found throughout the Nik\u0101yas, which are not specified. According to the scriptures, soon after the (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first"]}
{"query": "Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?", "answer": "prajna", "gold_docs": ["as \"liberating insight\", may be a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Noble Truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jh\u0101nas. The four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\" The three marks of existence \u2013 Dukkha, Annica, Anatta \u2013 may reflect Upanishadic or other"]}
{"query": "What is prajna called in english?", "answer": "liberating insight", "gold_docs": ["as \"liberating insight\", may be a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Noble Truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jh\u0101nas. The four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\" The three marks of existence \u2013 Dukkha, Annica, Anatta \u2013 may reflect Upanishadic or other"]}
{"query": "Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?", "answer": "person", "gold_docs": ["as \"liberating insight\", may be a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Noble Truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jh\u0101nas. The four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\" The three marks of existence \u2013 Dukkha, Annica, Anatta \u2013 may reflect Upanishadic or other"]}
{"query": "How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["as \"liberating insight\", may be a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36. According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Noble Truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jh\u0101nas. The four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\" The three marks of existence \u2013 Dukkha, Annica, Anatta \u2013 may reflect Upanishadic or other"]}
{"query": "The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so. The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, later Mahayana Buddhism, and Vajrayana Buddhism. According to Lambert Schmithausen Pre-sectarian Buddhism is \"the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions.\" The early Buddhist Texts include the four principal Nik\u0101yas (and their parallel Agamas) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the patimokkha. However,"]}
{"query": "What is the first period of Buddhism called?", "answer": "Early Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so. The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, later Mahayana Buddhism, and Vajrayana Buddhism. According to Lambert Schmithausen Pre-sectarian Buddhism is \"the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions.\" The early Buddhist Texts include the four principal Nik\u0101yas (and their parallel Agamas) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the patimokkha. However,"]}
{"query": "What is the last period of Buddhism?", "answer": "Esoteric Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["with tathagatagarbha thought. Scholarly research concerning Esoteric Buddhism is still in its early stages and has a number of problems that make research difficult: Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to its spread throughout the Maurya empire and into neighbouring lands such as Central Asia and to the island of Sri Lanka. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first"]}
{"query": "What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?", "answer": "Vajrayana", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so. The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, later Mahayana Buddhism, and Vajrayana Buddhism. According to Lambert Schmithausen Pre-sectarian Buddhism is \"the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions.\" The early Buddhist Texts include the four principal Nik\u0101yas (and their parallel Agamas) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the patimokkha. However,"]}
{"query": "Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?", "answer": "Pre-sectarian", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so. The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, later Mahayana Buddhism, and Vajrayana Buddhism. According to Lambert Schmithausen Pre-sectarian Buddhism is \"the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions.\" The early Buddhist Texts include the four principal Nik\u0101yas (and their parallel Agamas) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the patimokkha. However,"]}
{"query": "Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?", "answer": "rebirth", "gold_docs": ["appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, Nirvana, the three marks of existence, the five aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth. Yet critical analysis reveals discrepancies, which point to alternative possibilities. Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of"]}
{"query": "Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?", "answer": "Noble Eightfold", "gold_docs": ["appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, Nirvana, the three marks of existence, the five aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth. Yet critical analysis reveals discrepancies, which point to alternative possibilities. Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of"]}
{"query": "Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?", "answer": "Buddhist", "gold_docs": ["Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Richard Gombrich states that the monastic assembly recitations of the Buddha's teaching likely began during Buddha's lifetime, similar to the First Council, that helped compose Buddhist scriptures. The Second Buddhist council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha, probably caused by a group of reformists called Sthaviras who split from the conservative majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghikas. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a"]}
{"query": "Who was cousin of the Buddha?", "answer": "\u0100nanda", "gold_docs": ["pupils. \u0100nanda has been honored by \"bhikkhunis\" since early medieval times for his merits in establishing the nun's order. In recent times, the composer Richard Wagner wrote a draft for a libretto about \u0100nanda, which was made into the opera Wagner Dream by Jonathan Harvey in 2007. Devadatta was the maternal first cousin (or in some accounts paternal first cousin) of the Buddha. He was ordained into the sangha along with his brothers and friends and their barber, Up\u0101li, when the Buddha preached to the Shakyas in Kapilavastu. For a time, Devadatta was highly respected among the sangha. Shariputra is"]}
{"query": "What are the discourses of the Buddha called?", "answer": "s\u016btras", "gold_docs": ["earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Prajnaparamita series, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. During the period of Late Mah\u0101y\u0101na, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogachara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogachara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogachara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated"]}
{"query": "Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?", "answer": "abhidhamma", "gold_docs": ["the \"Vinaya Pitaka\", the \"Sutta Pitaka\", and the \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\". These constitute the oldest known canonical works of Buddhism. The \"Vinaya Pitaka\" contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monasteries. The \"Sutta Pitaka\" contains words attributed to the Buddha. The \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\" contain expositions and commentaries on the Sutta, and these vary significantly between Buddhist schools. The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only surviving early Tipitaka. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas. Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved"]}
{"query": "The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?", "answer": "the Second", "gold_docs": ["case to the spread of Buddhism into China, Korea and Japan, and in the second case, to the emergence of Sinhalese Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to much of Southeast Asia. This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries."]}
{"query": "The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?", "answer": "the vinaya", "gold_docs": ["Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Richard Gombrich states that the monastic assembly recitations of the Buddha's teaching likely began during Buddha's lifetime, similar to the First Council, that helped compose Buddhist scriptures. The Second Buddhist council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha, probably caused by a group of reformists called Sthaviras who split from the conservative majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghikas. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a"]}
{"query": "Who gave rise to the Theravada school?", "answer": "Sthaviras", "gold_docs": ["small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. \"sthaviras\", broke away from the majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira Nikaya. The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravada school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too. Buddhist monks of different fraternities became distinct schools and stopped doing official Sangha business together, but continued to study each other's doctrines. Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha"]}
{"query": "Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?", "answer": "monasteries", "gold_docs": ["ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination codes from the early schools of Buddhism. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahayana monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE. Some scholars have traditionally considered the"]}
{"query": "By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?", "answer": "doctrinal", "gold_docs": ["small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. \"sthaviras\", broke away from the majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira Nikaya. The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravada school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too. Buddhist monks of different fraternities became distinct schools and stopped doing official Sangha business together, but continued to study each other's doctrines. Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha"]}
{"query": "What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?", "answer": "Abhidharma", "gold_docs": ["started to accumulate their own version of Tripi\u1e6daka (Pali Canons, triple basket of texts). In their Tripi\u1e6daka, each school included the Suttas of the Buddha, a Vinaya basket (disciplinary code) and added an Abhidharma basket which were texts on detailed scholastic classification, summary and interpretation of the Suttas. The doctrine details in the Abhidharmas of various Buddhist schools differ significantly, and these were composed starting about the third century BCE and through the 1st millennium CE. Eighteen early Buddhist schools are known, each with its own Tripitaka, but only one collection from Sri Lanka has survived, in a nearly complete"]}
{"query": "The Abhidharma texts are from what time?", "answer": "3rd century BCE", "gold_docs": ["Mongolia. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. The Theravada school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to southeast Asia after the 5th century CE (Myanmar,"]}
{"query": "There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?", "answer": "Mahasanghika", "gold_docs": ["new Abhidhamma and Mahayana teachings were bases for arguments between sects. As the last major division of the canon, the Abhidhamma Pitaka has had a checkered history. It was not accepted as canonical by the Mahasanghika school and several other schools. Another school included most of the Khuddaka Nikaya within the Abhidhamma Pitaka. Also, the Pali version of the Abhidhamma is a strictly Theravada collection, and has little in common with the Abhidhamma works recognized by other Buddhist schools. The various Abhidhamma philosophies of the various early schools have no agreement on doctrine and belong to the period of 'Divided"]}
{"query": "Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?", "answer": "\u0100ndhra", "gold_docs": ["that the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 s\u016btras, which are among the earliest Mahayana sutras, developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika along the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River in the \u0100ndhra region of southern India. However, more recently Seishi Karashima has argued for their origin in the Gandhara region. The earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras include the very first versions of the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 genre, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, \"Several scholars have suggested the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 probably developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghikas in southern India, in the \u0100ndhra country, on the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River.\" A.K."]}
{"query": "The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?", "answer": "1st century BCE", "gold_docs": ["earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Prajnaparamita series, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. During the period of Late Mah\u0101y\u0101na, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogachara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogachara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogachara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated"]}
{"query": "Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?", "answer": "\u0100ndhra", "gold_docs": ["Warder believes that \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the \u0100ndhra country.\" Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that \"historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, Dignaga, Candrak\u012brti, \u0100ryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in \u0100ndhra.\" They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a Valley, including Amaravati, N\u0101g\u0101rjunako\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101 and Jaggayyape\u1e6da \"can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier.\" Akira Hirakawa notes the \"evidence suggests that"]}
{"query": "The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["of the four \"rupa-jhanas\" describes two different cognitive states. The first two describe a narrowing of attention, while in the third and fourth jhana attention is expanded again. Alexander Wynne further explains that the \"dhyana\"-scheme is poorly understood. According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as \"sati\", \"sampaj\u0101no\", and \"upekkh\u0101\", are mistranslated or understood as particular factors of meditative states, whereas they refer to a particular way of perceiving the sense objects. The Buddhist tradition has incorporated two traditions regarding the use of dhy\u0101na (meditation, Pali \"jh\u0101na\"). There is a tradition that stresses attaining praj\u00f1\u0101 (insight, bodhi,"]}
{"query": "Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?", "answer": "South", "gold_docs": ["state, into the modern era. Several scholars have suggested that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition started in south India (modern Andhra Pradesh), and it is there that Prajnaparamita sutras, among the earliest Mahayana sutras, developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika along the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River region about the 1st century BCE. There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" (the \"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas\"). Paul Williams states that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na never had nor"]}
{"query": "There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?", "answer": "Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["state, into the modern era. Several scholars have suggested that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition started in south India (modern Andhra Pradesh), and it is there that Prajnaparamita sutras, among the earliest Mahayana sutras, developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika along the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River region about the 1st century BCE. There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" (the \"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas\"). Paul Williams states that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na never had nor"]}
{"query": "The mahayana never tried to have separte what?", "answer": "Vinaya", "gold_docs": ["ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination codes from the early schools of Buddhism. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahayana monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE. Some scholars have traditionally considered the"]}
{"query": "We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?", "answer": "monasteries", "gold_docs": ["ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination codes from the early schools of Buddhism. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahayana monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE. Some scholars have traditionally considered the"]}
{"query": "Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?", "answer": "Chinese", "gold_docs": ["ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination codes from the early schools of Buddhism. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahayana monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE. Some scholars have traditionally considered the"]}
{"query": "The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?", "answer": "Lokak\u1e63ema", "gold_docs": ["ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination codes from the early schools of Buddhism. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahayana monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE. Some scholars have traditionally considered the"]}
{"query": "The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101", "gold_docs": ["N\u0101mar\u016bpa (sentient body), \u1e62a\u1e0d\u0101yatana (six senses), Spar\u015ba (sensory stimulation), Vedan\u0101 (feeling), Ta\u1e47h\u0101 (craving), Up\u0101d\u0101na (grasping), Bhava (becoming), J\u0101ti (birth), and Jar\u0101mara\u1e47a (old age, death, sorrow, pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. \u015a\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", is a central concept in Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka school, and widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras. It brings together key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautr\u0101ntika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). Not only sentient beings are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena"]}
{"query": "What was the latest thought type?", "answer": "Buddhist Logic", "gold_docs": ["earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Prajnaparamita series, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. During the period of Late Mah\u0101y\u0101na, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogachara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogachara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogachara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated"]}
{"query": "In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?", "answer": "Yogacara", "gold_docs": ["inseparable from sensorial objects or anything else. That appears to be a monist position, but the Madhyamaka views - including variations like \"rangtong\" and \"shentong\" - will refrain from asserting any ultimately existent entity. They instead deconstruct any detailed or conceptual assertions about ultimate existence as resulting in absurd consequences. The Yogacara view, a minority school now only found among the Mahayana, also rejects monism. Within Buddhism, a rich variety of philosophical and pedagogical models can be found. Various schools of Buddhism discern levels of truth: The Prajnaparamita-sutras and Madhyamaka emphasize the non-duality of form and emptiness: \"form is emptiness,"]}
{"query": "Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?", "answer": "Ashoka", "gold_docs": ["with tathagatagarbha thought. Scholarly research concerning Esoteric Buddhism is still in its early stages and has a number of problems that make research difficult: Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to its spread throughout the Maurya empire and into neighbouring lands such as Central Asia and to the island of Sri Lanka. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first"]}
{"query": "The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?", "answer": "st\u016bpas", "gold_docs": ["with tathagatagarbha thought. Scholarly research concerning Esoteric Buddhism is still in its early stages and has a number of problems that make research difficult: Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to its spread throughout the Maurya empire and into neighbouring lands such as Central Asia and to the island of Sri Lanka. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first"]}
{"query": "What does stupas mean in English?", "answer": "Buddhist religious memorials", "gold_docs": ["with tathagatagarbha thought. Scholarly research concerning Esoteric Buddhism is still in its early stages and has a number of problems that make research difficult: Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to its spread throughout the Maurya empire and into neighbouring lands such as Central Asia and to the island of Sri Lanka. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first"]}
{"query": "Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?", "answer": "west", "gold_docs": ["case to the spread of Buddhism into China, Korea and Japan, and in the second case, to the emergence of Sinhalese Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to much of Southeast Asia. This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries."]}
{"query": "Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?", "answer": "missionaries", "gold_docs": ["case to the spread of Buddhism into China, Korea and Japan, and in the second case, to the emergence of Sinhalese Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to much of Southeast Asia. This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries."]}
{"query": "Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?", "answer": "Menander", "gold_docs": ["In central and west Asia, Buddhist influence grew, through Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs and ancient Asian trade routes. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as \"Milindapanha\" and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandh\u0101ra. The \"Milindapanha\" describes a conversation between a Buddhist monk and the 2nd-century BCE Greek king Menander, after which Menander abdicates and himself goes into monastic life in the pursuit of nirvana. Some scholars have questioned the \"Milindapanha\" version, expressing doubts whether Menander was Buddhist or just favourably disposed to Buddhist monks. The Kushans (mid 1st\u20133rd century CE) came to control the Silk"]}
{"query": "The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?", "answer": "3rd century", "gold_docs": ["Mongolia. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. The Theravada school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to southeast Asia after the 5th century CE (Myanmar,"]}
{"query": "The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?", "answer": "3rd century", "gold_docs": ["Mongolia. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. The Theravada school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to southeast Asia after the 5th century CE (Myanmar,"]}
{"query": "When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?", "answer": "2nd century CE", "gold_docs": ["literary sources are all open to question. The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin. The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian An Shigao (148-180 CE). The first known Mah\u0101y\u0101na scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk Lokak\u1e63ema in Luoyang, between 178 and 189 CE. From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbors Korea (4th century), Japan (6th-7th centuries), and Vietnam (c. 1st-2nd"]}
{"query": "Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?", "answer": "2nd century CE", "gold_docs": ["literary sources are all open to question. The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin. The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian An Shigao (148-180 CE). The first known Mah\u0101y\u0101na scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk Lokak\u1e63ema in Luoyang, between 178 and 189 CE. From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbors Korea (4th century), Japan (6th-7th centuries), and Vietnam (c. 1st-2nd"]}
{"query": "What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?", "answer": "Korea and Japan", "gold_docs": ["case to the spread of Buddhism into China, Korea and Japan, and in the second case, to the emergence of Sinhalese Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to much of Southeast Asia. This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries."]}
{"query": "When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?", "answer": "8th century onwards", "gold_docs": ["centuries). During the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618\u2013907), Chinese Esoteric Buddhism was introduced from India and Chan Buddhism (Zen) became a major religion. Chan continued to grow in the Song Dynasty (960\u20131279) and it was during this era that it strongly influenced Korean Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism also became popular during this period and was often practiced together with Chan. It was also during the Song that the entire Chinese canon was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and"]}
{"query": "China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?", "answer": "Buddhist", "gold_docs": ["case to the spread of Buddhism into China, Korea and Japan, and in the second case, to the emergence of Sinhalese Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to much of Southeast Asia. This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries."]}
{"query": "What is the Dharma?", "answer": "the teachings of the Buddha", "gold_docs": ["Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tiantai (Tendai), is found throughout East Asia. Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India, is practiced in the countries of the Himalayan region, Mongolia, and Kalmykia. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of the Buddha, supposedly born Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama, and also known as the \"Tath\u0101gata\" (\"thus-gone\") and \"Sakyamuni\" (\"sage of the Sakyas\"). Early texts have his personal name as \"Gautama\" or \"Gotama\" (Pali) without any mention of"]}
{"query": "What is the Sangha?", "answer": "the Buddhist community", "gold_docs": ["969 Movement The 969 Movement () is a nationalist movement opposed to what they see as Islam\u2019s expansion in predominantly-Buddhist Burma. The three digits of 969 \"symbolise the virtues of the Buddha, Buddhist practices and the Buddhist community\". The first 9 stands for the nine special attributes of the Lord Buddha and the 6 for the six special attributes of his Dharma, or Buddhist Teachings, and the last 9 represents the nine special attributes of Buddhist Sangha (monastic community). Those special attributes are the Three Jewels of the Buddha. In the past, the Buddha, Sangha, Dhamma, the wheel of Dhamma,"]}
{"query": "West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?", "answer": "progressive", "gold_docs": ["rebirth. Buddhism has spread across the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While Buddhism in the West is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. In certain regions such as Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have targeted violence and destruction of historic Buddhist monuments. A number of modern movements in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century. These new forms of Buddhism are diverse and significantly depart"]}
{"query": "When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?", "answer": "second half of the 20th Century", "gold_docs": ["rebirth. Buddhism has spread across the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While Buddhism in the West is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. In certain regions such as Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have targeted violence and destruction of historic Buddhist monuments. A number of modern movements in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century. These new forms of Buddhism are diverse and significantly depart"]}
{"query": "What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?", "answer": "neo-Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["era. These should not be considered as Buddha's teachings in Ambedkar's view. Other foundational concepts of Buddhism such as Karma and Rebirth were considered by Ambedkar as superstitions. Navayana as formulated by Ambedkar and at the root of Dalit Buddhist movement abandons mainstream traditional Buddhist practices and precepts such as the institution of monk after renunciation, ideas such as karma, rebirth in afterlife, samsara, meditation, nirvana and Four Noble Truths. Ambedkar's new sect of Buddhism rejected these ideas and re-interpreted the Buddha's religion in terms of class struggle and social equality. Ambedkar called his version of Buddhism Navayana or Neo-Buddhism."]}
{"query": "What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?", "answer": "Soka Gakkai International", "gold_docs": ["Soka Gakkai International The Soka Gakkai International (SGI\u2014\"Value Creation Association International\") is an international Nichiren Buddhist organization founded in 1975 by Daisaku Ikeda. The SGI is the world's largest Buddhist lay organization, with approximately 12 million Nichiren Buddhist practitioners in 192 countries and regions. It characterizes itself as a support network for practitioners of Nichiren Buddhism and a global Buddhist movement for \"peace, education, and cultural exchange.\" The SGI is a non-governmental organization (NGO) with consultative status with UNESCO since 1983. The Soka Gakkai International (SGI) was formed at a world peace conference of Nichiren Buddhists on January 26, 1975,"]}
{"query": "What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?", "answer": "SGI", "gold_docs": ["Soka Gakkai International The Soka Gakkai International (SGI\u2014\"Value Creation Association International\") is an international Nichiren Buddhist organization founded in 1975 by Daisaku Ikeda. The SGI is the world's largest Buddhist lay organization, with approximately 12 million Nichiren Buddhist practitioners in 192 countries and regions. It characterizes itself as a support network for practitioners of Nichiren Buddhism and a global Buddhist movement for \"peace, education, and cultural exchange.\" The SGI is a non-governmental organization (NGO) with consultative status with UNESCO since 1983. The Soka Gakkai International (SGI) was formed at a world peace conference of Nichiren Buddhists on January 26, 1975,"]}
{"query": "What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?", "answer": "Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["Buddhism Buddhism (, ) is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as \"Buddhists\". An Indian religion, Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: \"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: \"The Great Vehicle\"). All Buddhist traditions share"]}
{"query": "What country has the largest population of Buddhists?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population. They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of \"Mahayana\", making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists. According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): \"Mahayana\" has 360 million adherents; \"Theravada\" has 150 million adherents; and \"Vajrayana\" has 18.2 million adherents. According"]}
{"query": "How many Buddhists are in China?", "answer": "244 million", "gold_docs": ["estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population. They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of \"Mahayana\", making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists. According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): \"Mahayana\" has 360 million adherents; \"Theravada\" has 150 million adherents; and \"Vajrayana\" has 18.2 million adherents. According"]}
{"query": "How may adherents does Mahayana have?", "answer": "360 million", "gold_docs": ["estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population. They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of \"Mahayana\", making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists. According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): \"Mahayana\" has 360 million adherents; \"Theravada\" has 150 million adherents; and \"Vajrayana\" has 18.2 million adherents. According"]}
{"query": "How many adherents does Thervada have?", "answer": "150 million", "gold_docs": ["estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population. They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of \"Mahayana\", making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists. According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): \"Mahayana\" has 360 million adherents; \"Theravada\" has 150 million adherents; and \"Vajrayana\" has 18.2 million adherents. According"]}
{"query": "How many Buddhists were there in 1910?", "answer": "138 million", "gold_docs": ["to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. Over 98% of all Buddhists live in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia region. North America had about 3.9 million Buddhists, Europe 1.3 million, while South America, Africa and the Middle East had an estimated combined total of about 1 million Buddhists in 2010. Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Tibet, Laos, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Large Buddhist populations live in"]}
{"query": "How many Buddhists are there in 2010?", "answer": "495 million", "gold_docs": ["to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. Over 98% of all Buddhists live in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia region. North America had about 3.9 million Buddhists, Europe 1.3 million, while South America, Africa and the Middle East had an estimated combined total of about 1 million Buddhists in 2010. Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Tibet, Laos, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Large Buddhist populations live in"]}
{"query": "How many buddhists are in Asia?", "answer": "487 million", "gold_docs": ["to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. Over 98% of all Buddhists live in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia region. North America had about 3.9 million Buddhists, Europe 1.3 million, while South America, Africa and the Middle East had an estimated combined total of about 1 million Buddhists in 2010. Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Tibet, Laos, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Large Buddhist populations live in"]}
{"query": "What does Hinayana mean in English?", "answer": "lesser vehicle", "gold_docs": ["in no way implying \"inferior\". In his translation and commentary of Asanga's \"Distinguishing Dharma from Dharmata\", he writes, \"all three traditions of hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana were practiced in Tibet and that the hinayana which literally means \"lesser vehicle\" is in no way inferior to the mahayana.\" According to Jan Nattier, it is most likely that the term H\u012bnay\u0101na postdates the term Mah\u0101y\u0101na and was only added at a later date due to antagonism and conflict between the bodhisattva and \u015br\u0101vaka ideals. The sequence of terms then began with the term \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" \"bodhisattva-vehicle\", which was given the epithet Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"Great"]}
{"query": "What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?", "answer": "Hinayana", "gold_docs": ["and Tibetan Buddhism. Some scholars use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser or inferior vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism. Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can"]}
{"query": "Each tradition has its own core what?", "answer": "concepts", "gold_docs": ["and Tibetan Buddhism. Some scholars use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser or inferior vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism. Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can"]}
{"query": "What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?", "answer": "Theravada", "gold_docs": ["small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. \"sthaviras\", broke away from the majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira Nikaya. The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravada school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too. Buddhist monks of different fraternities became distinct schools and stopped doing official Sangha business together, but continued to study each other's doctrines. Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha"]}
{"query": "Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?", "answer": "Pali Canon", "gold_docs": ["which had arrived in places such as Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia around the mid-1st millennium CE. The later traditions were well established in south Thailand and Java by the 7th century, under the sponsorship of the Srivijaya dynasty. The political separation between Khmer and Sukhothai led the Sukhothai king to welcome Sri Lankan emissaries, helping them establish the first Theravada Buddhist \"sangha\" in the 13th century, in contrast to the Mahayana tradition of Khmer earlier. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also"]}
{"query": "Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?", "answer": "the west", "gold_docs": ["emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific. Therav\u0101da is primarily practised today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. Mahayana schools consider the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative scriptures and accurate rendering of Buddha's words. These traditions have been the more liberal form of Buddhism allowing different and new interpretations that emerged over time. Mahayana flourished in India from the time of Ashoka, through to the dynasty of the Guptas (4th to 6th-century). Mah\u0101y\u0101na monastic foundations and centres of learning were established by"]}
{"query": "What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?", "answer": "Theravadin", "gold_docs": ["offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition. The precise content of the \"Vinaya Pitaka\" (scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. The list of \"pattimokkha\" is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks. Buddhist text with vinaya rules for monasteries have been traced in all Buddhist traditions, with the oldest surviving being the ancient Chinese translations. Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community, and live as \"islands"]}
{"query": "Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?", "answer": "merit", "gold_docs": ["realization of \"non-self\". While Buddhism considers the liberation from sa\u1e43s\u0101ra as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana. While the Noble Eightfold Path is best-known in the west, a wide variety of practices and stages have been used and described in the Buddhist traditions. Basic practices include \"sila\" (ethics), \"samadhi\" (meditation, \"dhyana\") and \"prajna\" (wisdom), as described in the Noble Eightfold Path. An important"]}
{"query": "What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?", "answer": "N\u0101land\u0101 University", "gold_docs": ["the Buddhist kings, and the Hindu kings of the Gupta dynasty as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India. The Gupta dynasty, for example, helped establish the famed N\u0101land\u0101 University in Bihar. These monasteries and foundations helped Buddhist scholarship, as well as studies into non-Buddhist traditions and secular subjects such as medicine, host visitors and spread Buddhism into East and Central Asia. Native Mahayana Buddhism is practised today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as \"Eastern Buddhism\"). The Buddhism practised in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia"]}
{"query": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?", "answer": "Mahayana Sutras", "gold_docs": ["emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific. Therav\u0101da is primarily practised today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. Mahayana schools consider the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative scriptures and accurate rendering of Buddha's words. These traditions have been the more liberal form of Buddhism allowing different and new interpretations that emerged over time. Mahayana flourished in India from the time of Ashoka, through to the dynasty of the Guptas (4th to 6th-century). Mah\u0101y\u0101na monastic foundations and centres of learning were established by"]}
{"query": "A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?", "answer": "the Buddha", "gold_docs": ["the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, monasticism, meditation, and the cultivation of the Paramitas (virtues). Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen,"]}
{"query": "Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?", "answer": "Eastern Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is"]}
{"query": "The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?", "answer": "Northern Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is"]}
{"query": "What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?", "answer": "the Pure Land school of Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is"]}
{"query": "The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?", "answer": "Saivism", "gold_docs": ["officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions. The goal and philosophy of the Vajray\u0101na remains Mah\u0101y\u0101nist, but its methods are seen by its followers as far more powerful, so as to lead to Buddhahood in just one lifetime. The practice of using mantras was adopted from Hinduism, where they were first used in the Vedas. Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Ma\u00f1jusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied"]}
{"query": "Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?", "answer": "Buddhists", "gold_docs": ["by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text \"Tantrasadbhava\", introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. Tibetan Buddhism preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. A central feature of Buddhist Tantra is deity yoga which includes visualization and identification with an enlightened yidam or meditation"]}
{"query": "What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?", "answer": "The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra", "gold_docs": ["by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text \"Tantrasadbhava\", introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. Tibetan Buddhism preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. A central feature of Buddhist Tantra is deity yoga which includes visualization and identification with an enlightened yidam or meditation"]}
{"query": "There is a great variety of what type of scripture?", "answer": "Buddhist", "gold_docs": ["additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. Devotion is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualizations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen tradition takes an ambiguous stance. Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking Three Refuges, also called the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: \"triratna\", Pali: \"tiratana\") as the foundation of one's religious practice. Pali texts employ the Brahmanical"]}
{"query": "Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?", "answer": "objects", "gold_docs": ["of the four \"rupa-jhanas\" describes two different cognitive states. The first two describe a narrowing of attention, while in the third and fourth jhana attention is expanded again. Alexander Wynne further explains that the \"dhyana\"-scheme is poorly understood. According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as \"sati\", \"sampaj\u0101no\", and \"upekkh\u0101\", are mistranslated or understood as particular factors of meditative states, whereas they refer to a particular way of perceiving the sense objects. The Buddhist tradition has incorporated two traditions regarding the use of dhy\u0101na (meditation, Pali \"jh\u0101na\"). There is a tradition that stresses attaining praj\u00f1\u0101 (insight, bodhi,"]}
{"query": "Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?", "answer": "core", "gold_docs": ["and Tibetan Buddhism. Some scholars use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser or inferior vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism. Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can"]}
{"query": "There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?", "answer": "Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific. Therav\u0101da is primarily practised today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. Mahayana schools consider the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative scriptures and accurate rendering of Buddha's words. These traditions have been the more liberal form of Buddhism allowing different and new interpretations that emerged over time. Mahayana flourished in India from the time of Ashoka, through to the dynasty of the Guptas (4th to 6th-century). Mah\u0101y\u0101na monastic foundations and centres of learning were established by"]}
{"query": "Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?", "answer": "Zen", "gold_docs": ["Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on \"shikantaza\" or \"just sitting\". Zen Buddhism is primarily found in Japan, with some presence in South Korea and Vietnam. The scholars of Japanese Soto Zen tradition in recent times have critiqued the mainstream Japanese Buddhism for \"dhatu-vada\", that is assuming things have substantiality, a view they assert to be non-Buddhist and \"out of tune"]}
{"query": "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?", "answer": "The Buddha and His Dhamma", "gold_docs": ["Savita Ambedkar Savita Bhimrao Ambedkar (born Sharada Krishnarao Kabir; 27 January 1909 - 29 May 2003), was an Indian social activist, doctor and the second wife of Babasaheb Ambedkar, father of the Indian Constitution. Ambedkarites and Buddhists refer to her as Mai or Maisaheb, which stands for 'Mother' in Marathi language. In B. R. Ambedkar's various movements, during the writing of the books, Indian Constitution and Hindu code bills and Buddhist mass conversion, she helped him from time to time. Babasaheb Ambedkar credited her in preface of his book \"The Buddha and His Dhamma\" for extending his life for eight-ten"]}
{"query": "What means \"three baskets\"?", "answer": "P\u0101li Tipitaka", "gold_docs": ["the \"Vinaya Pitaka\", the \"Sutta Pitaka\", and the \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\". These constitute the oldest known canonical works of Buddhism. The \"Vinaya Pitaka\" contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monasteries. The \"Sutta Pitaka\" contains words attributed to the Buddha. The \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\" contain expositions and commentaries on the Sutta, and these vary significantly between Buddhist schools. The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only surviving early Tipitaka. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas. Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved"]}
{"query": "What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?", "answer": "Vinaya Pitaka", "gold_docs": ["the \"Vinaya Pitaka\", the \"Sutta Pitaka\", and the \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\". These constitute the oldest known canonical works of Buddhism. The \"Vinaya Pitaka\" contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monasteries. The \"Sutta Pitaka\" contains words attributed to the Buddha. The \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\" contain expositions and commentaries on the Sutta, and these vary significantly between Buddhist schools. The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only surviving early Tipitaka. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas. Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved"]}
{"query": "What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?", "answer": "the Sutta Pitaka", "gold_docs": ["appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, Nirvana, the three marks of existence, the five aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth. Yet critical analysis reveals discrepancies, which point to alternative possibilities. Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of"]}
{"query": "What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?", "answer": "Abhidhamma Pitaka", "gold_docs": ["the \"Vinaya Pitaka\", the \"Sutta Pitaka\", and the \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\". These constitute the oldest known canonical works of Buddhism. The \"Vinaya Pitaka\" contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monasteries. The \"Sutta Pitaka\" contains words attributed to the Buddha. The \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\" contain expositions and commentaries on the Sutta, and these vary significantly between Buddhist schools. The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only surviving early Tipitaka. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas. Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved"]}
{"query": "What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?", "answer": "P\u0101li Tipitaka", "gold_docs": ["the \"Vinaya Pitaka\", the \"Sutta Pitaka\", and the \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\". These constitute the oldest known canonical works of Buddhism. The \"Vinaya Pitaka\" contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monasteries. The \"Sutta Pitaka\" contains words attributed to the Buddha. The \"Abhidhamma Pitaka\" contain expositions and commentaries on the Sutta, and these vary significantly between Buddhist schools. The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only surviving early Tipitaka. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas. Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved"]}
{"query": "Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?", "answer": "\u0100nanda", "gold_docs": ["any material benefits from the Buddha. Accepting such benefits would open him up to criticism that he chose the position because of ulterior motives. He also requests that the Buddha allows him to accept invitations on his behalf, allows him to ask questions about his doctrine, and repeats any teaching that has been taught in \u0100nanda's absence. These requests would help people trust \u0100nanda and show that the Buddha was sympathetic to his attendant. Furthermore, \u0100nanda considers these the real advantages of being an attendant, which is why he requests them. The Buddha agrees to \u0100nanda's conditions, and \u0100nanda becomes"]}
{"query": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?", "answer": "Theravadin", "gold_docs": ["from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have \"added\" texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\" In addition to the Pali Canon, the important commentary texts of the Theravada tradition include the 5th-century \"Visuddhimagga\" by Buddhaghosa of the Mahavihara school. It includes sections on shila (virtues), samadhi (concentration), panna (wisdom) as well as Theravada tradition's meditation methodology. The Mahayana sutras are a very broad"]}
{"query": "Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?", "answer": "The Theravadins", "gold_docs": ["from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have \"added\" texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\" In addition to the Pali Canon, the important commentary texts of the Theravada tradition include the 5th-century \"Visuddhimagga\" by Buddhaghosa of the Mahavihara school. It includes sections on shila (virtues), samadhi (concentration), panna (wisdom) as well as Theravada tradition's meditation methodology. The Mahayana sutras are a very broad"]}
{"query": "What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?", "answer": "Mahayana sutras", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?", "answer": "Mahayana sutras", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?", "answer": "Sarvastivada Abhidharma", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "What does Mahayana mean?", "answer": "the Great Vehicle", "gold_docs": ["the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" (lit., \"the Great Vehicle\"). The Theravada school does not treat the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative or authentic teachings of the Buddha. Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\". Many ancient Indian texts have not survived into the modern era, creating a challenge in establishing the historic commonalities between Theravada and Mahayana. The texts preserved in the Tibetan"]}
{"query": "What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?", "answer": "bodhisattva path", "gold_docs": ["genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon"]}
{"query": "What sutras were transmitted in secret?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have \"added\" texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\" In addition to the Pali Canon, the important commentary texts of the Theravada tradition include the 5th-century \"Visuddhimagga\" by Buddhaghosa of the Mahavihara school. It includes sections on shila (virtues), samadhi (concentration), panna (wisdom) as well as Theravada tradition's meditation methodology. The Mahayana sutras are a very broad"]}
{"query": "What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?", "answer": "Mahayana", "gold_docs": ["from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have \"added\" texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\" In addition to the Pali Canon, the important commentary texts of the Theravada tradition include the 5th-century \"Visuddhimagga\" by Buddhaghosa of the Mahavihara school. It includes sections on shila (virtues), samadhi (concentration), panna (wisdom) as well as Theravada tradition's meditation methodology. The Mahayana sutras are a very broad"]}
{"query": "What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?", "answer": "Mahayana tradition", "gold_docs": ["of the \"Paramitas\", and some texts include lists of two, others four, six, ten and fifty-two. The six paramitas have been most studied, and these are: In Mahayana Sutras that include ten \"Paramitas\", the additional four perfections are \"skillful means, vow, power and knowledge\". The most discussed \"Paramita\" and the highest rated perfection in Mahayana texts is the \"Prajna-paramita\", or the \"perfection of insight\". This insight in the Mahayana tradition, states Sh\u014dhei Ichimura, has been the \"insight of non-duality or the absence of reality in all things\". \"\u015a\u012bla\" (Sanskrit) or \"s\u012bla\" (P\u0101li) is the concept of \"moral virtues\", that is"]}
{"query": "What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?", "answer": "East Asian Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia and coastal Vietnam). Theravada Buddhism was the dominant religion in Burma during the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287\u20131552). It also became dominant in the Khmer Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries and in the Thai Sukhothai Kingdom during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng (1237/1247 - 1298). Buddhists generally classify themselves as either Theravada or Mahayana. This classification is also used by some scholars and is the one ordinarily used in the English language. An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravada, East Asian Buddhism"]}
{"query": "When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?", "answer": "after the 5th century CE", "gold_docs": ["Mongolia. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. The Theravada school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to southeast Asia after the 5th century CE (Myanmar,"]}
{"query": "What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?", "answer": "Hinayana", "gold_docs": ["not original to Buddhism. According to Vetter and Bronkhorst, this growing importance of \"liberating insight\" was a response to other religious groups in India, which held that a liberating insight was indispensable for \"moksha\", liberation from rebirth. Bronkhorst suggests that the conception of what exactly constituted \"liberating insight\" for Buddhists developed over time. Whereas originally it may not have been specified as an insight, later on the Four Noble Truths served as such, to be superseded by \"pratityasamutpada\", and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person. In the Pali"]}
{"query": "What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?", "answer": "the Theravada", "gold_docs": ["the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" (lit., \"the Great Vehicle\"). The Theravada school does not treat the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative or authentic teachings of the Buddha. Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\". Many ancient Indian texts have not survived into the modern era, creating a challenge in establishing the historic commonalities between Theravada and Mahayana. The texts preserved in the Tibetan"]}
{"query": "The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?", "answer": "Sri Lanka", "gold_docs": ["emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific. Therav\u0101da is primarily practised today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. Mahayana schools consider the Mahayana Sutras as authoritative scriptures and accurate rendering of Buddha's words. These traditions have been the more liberal form of Buddhism allowing different and new interpretations that emerged over time. Mahayana flourished in India from the time of Ashoka, through to the dynasty of the Guptas (4th to 6th-century). Mah\u0101y\u0101na monastic foundations and centres of learning were established by"]}
{"query": "What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?", "answer": "hinayana", "gold_docs": ["and Tibetan Buddhism. Some scholars use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser or inferior vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism. Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can"]}
{"query": "The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?", "answer": "Hinayana", "gold_docs": ["and Tibetan Buddhism. Some scholars use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser or inferior vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism. Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can"]}
{"query": "What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?", "answer": "Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["surrounded by protective gods and goddesses. Visualizations with deities and mandalas in Buddhism is a tradition traceable to ancient times, and likely well established by the time the 5th-century text \"Visuddhimagga\" was composed. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only ordained but also more committed lay people have practised formal meditation. Loud devotional chanting however, adds Harvey, has been the most prevalent Buddhist practice and considered a form of meditation that produces \"energy, joy, lovingkindness and calm\", purifies mind and benefits the chanter. Throughout most of Buddhist history, meditation has been primarily practised in Buddhist monastic"]}
{"query": "Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?", "answer": "ethics", "gold_docs": ["realization of \"non-self\". While Buddhism considers the liberation from sa\u1e43s\u0101ra as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana. While the Noble Eightfold Path is best-known in the west, a wide variety of practices and stages have been used and described in the Buddhist traditions. Basic practices include \"sila\" (ethics), \"samadhi\" (meditation, \"dhyana\") and \"prajna\" (wisdom), as described in the Noble Eightfold Path. An important"]}
{"query": "Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?", "answer": "Christianity", "gold_docs": ["of its doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit: \"an\u0101tman\", no-self doctrine) which rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self in any being or any essence in any thing. The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after each death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that \"no self\" doctrine means that there is no perduring self, but there is \"avacya\" (inexpressible) self which"]}
{"query": "Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?", "answer": "scientific", "gold_docs": ["with the teachings of non-Self and conditioned arising\", states Peter Harvey. Buddhism has faced various challenges and changes during the colonization of Buddhist states by Christian countries and its persecution under modern states. Like other religions, the findings of modern science has challenged its basic premises. One response to some of these challenges has come to be called Buddhist modernism. Early Buddhist modernist figures such as the American convert Henry Olcott (1832\u2013 1907) and Anagarika Dharmapala (1864\u20131933) reinterpreted and promoted Buddhism as a scientific and rational religion which they saw as compatible with modern science. East Asian Buddhism meanwhile suffered"]}
{"query": "What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?", "answer": "Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s. While there were some encounters of Western travelers or missionaries such as St. Francis Xavier and Ippolito Desideri with Buddhist cultures, it was not until the 19th century that Buddhism began to be studied by Western scholars. It was the work of pioneering scholars such as Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf, Max M\u00fcller, Hermann Oldenberg and Thomas William Rhys Davids that paved the way for modern Buddhist studies in the West. The English words such as Buddhism, \"Boudhist\", \"Bauddhist\" and Buddhist were coined in the early 19th-century in"]}
{"query": "What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?", "answer": "Buddhism", "gold_docs": ["impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s. While there were some encounters of Western travelers or missionaries such as St. Francis Xavier and Ippolito Desideri with Buddhist cultures, it was not until the 19th century that Buddhism began to be studied by Western scholars. It was the work of pioneering scholars such as Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf, Max M\u00fcller, Hermann Oldenberg and Thomas William Rhys Davids that paved the way for modern Buddhist studies in the West. The English words such as Buddhism, \"Boudhist\", \"Bauddhist\" and Buddhist were coined in the early 19th-century in"]}
{"query": "Who is the creator of American Idol?", "answer": "Simon Fuller", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What company produces American idol?", "answer": "19 Entertainment", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What year did American Idol begin airing?", "answer": "2002", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What British show is American Idols format based on?", "answer": "Pop Idol", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What television network does American Idol air on?", "answer": "Fox", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What company produces American Idol?", "answer": "19 Entertainment", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What British series is American Idols format based on?", "answer": "Pop Idol", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "Who created American Idol?", "answer": "Simon Fuller", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "Who produced American Idol?", "answer": "19 Entertainment", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "When did American Idol first air on TV?", "answer": "June 11, 2002", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What British show was American Idol based on?", "answer": "Pop Idol", "gold_docs": ["American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with"]}
{"query": "What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?", "answer": "Randy Jackson", "gold_docs": ["the winner determined by American viewers using phones, Internet, and SMS text voting. The winners of the first sixteen seasons, as chosen by viewers, are Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, Trent Harmon, and Maddie Poppe, respectively. \"American Idol\" employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges, for the first through eighth seasons, were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, singer and choreographer Paula Abdul, and music executive and manager Simon"]}
{"query": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol? ", "answer": "Brian Dunkleman", "gold_docs": ["Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series. The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized"]}
{"query": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? ", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez", "gold_docs": ["Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series. The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized"]}
{"query": "Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest", "gold_docs": ["Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series. The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized"]}
{"query": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol?", "answer": "Brian Dunkleman", "gold_docs": ["Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series. The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized"]}
{"query": "What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?", "answer": "Paula Abdul", "gold_docs": ["the winner determined by American viewers using phones, Internet, and SMS text voting. The winners of the first sixteen seasons, as chosen by viewers, are Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, Trent Harmon, and Maddie Poppe, respectively. \"American Idol\" employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges, for the first through eighth seasons, were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, singer and choreographer Paula Abdul, and music executive and manager Simon"]}
{"query": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez", "gold_docs": ["Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series. The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized"]}
{"query": "Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?", "answer": "Randy Jackson", "gold_docs": ["the winner determined by American viewers using phones, Internet, and SMS text voting. The winners of the first sixteen seasons, as chosen by viewers, are Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, Trent Harmon, and Maddie Poppe, respectively. \"American Idol\" employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges, for the first through eighth seasons, were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, singer and choreographer Paula Abdul, and music executive and manager Simon"]}
{"query": "Which judge is a country music singer?", "answer": "Keith Urban", "gold_docs": ["Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series. The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized"]}
{"query": "How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?", "answer": "345", "gold_docs": ["springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to \"Billboard\" magazine, in its first ten years, \"\"Idol\" has spawned 345 \"Billboard\" chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert, and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\" For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. \"American Idol\" was based on the British show \"Pop Idol\" created by"]}
{"query": "Who called American Idol \"the most impactful show in the history of television\"?", "answer": "a rival TV executive", "gold_docs": ["Cowell. The judging panel for the last three seasons on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. The sixteenth season brought three new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series. The success of \"American Idol\" has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". A rival TV executive said the series was \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It became a recognized"]}
{"query": "How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?", "answer": "345", "gold_docs": ["springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to \"Billboard\" magazine, in its first ten years, \"\"Idol\" has spawned 345 \"Billboard\" chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert, and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\" For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. \"American Idol\" was based on the British show \"Pop Idol\" created by"]}
{"query": "What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth-season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of \"American Idol\" would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth-season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show's ratings, however, rebounded in its final"]}
{"query": "What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth-season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of \"American Idol\" would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth-season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show's ratings, however, rebounded in its final"]}
{"query": "For how many seasons did American Idol air? ", "answer": "15", "gold_docs": ["airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3. American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one"]}
{"query": "How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to \"Billboard\" magazine, in its first ten years, \"\"Idol\" has spawned 345 \"Billboard\" chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert, and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\" For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. \"American Idol\" was based on the British show \"Pop Idol\" created by"]}
{"query": "When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending?", "answer": "May 11, 2015", "gold_docs": ["of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth-season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of \"American Idol\" would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth-season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show's ratings, however, rebounded in its final"]}
{"query": "What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol?", "answer": "Popstars", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol?", "answer": "Simon Fuller", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001?", "answer": "Simon Cowell", "gold_docs": ["showrunnerthe executive producer and production leaderand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was successful with the viewing public. In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the \"Pop Idol\" format to the United States, but the idea was initially met with poor responses from all the television networks including Fox. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was later persuaded to buy the series by his daughter, Elisabeth, who had seen the British show. Although Fox's executives wanted to change the format, Murdoch insisted that it should remain the same as the British"]}
{"query": "Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "What show was Pop Idols based on?", "answer": "Popstars", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show?", "answer": "telephone voting", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol?", "answer": "Lythgoe", "gold_docs": ["Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition \"Popstars\". Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from \"Popstars\" of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the \"Eurovision Song Contest\"), the drama of backstories, and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. \"Pop Idol\" debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as"]}
{"query": "For how many seasons was American Idol the most watched show in the US?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["summer. With its successful launch in the summer, the show was then moved to January and expanded. The show grew into a phenomenon largely due to its personal engagement with the contestants by prompting the viewers to vote, and the presence of the acid-tongued Cowell as a judge. By 2004, it had become the most-watched show on U.S. television, a position it then held for seven consecutive seasons. However, after a few years of sharp declining ratings starting in 2012, with rating falls of over 20% each season, the fifteenth season would be its last, ending its run in April"]}
{"query": "What year did American Idol first air on FOX?", "answer": "2002", "gold_docs": ["one. One change was nevertheless made due to the presence of multiple time zones in the United States that made it impractical for the country to vote in the same time period, an additional half-hour results show was therefore added the day following the performance show. The show was renamed \"American Idol: The Search for a Superstar\" and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job of showrunner, but turned down the offer; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to the surprise of Cowell and Fox, it became one of the biggest shows of the"]}
{"query": "What year did producers attempt to sell the Pop Idol format in the United States? ", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["showrunnerthe executive producer and production leaderand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was successful with the viewing public. In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the \"Pop Idol\" format to the United States, but the idea was initially met with poor responses from all the television networks including Fox. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was later persuaded to buy the series by his daughter, Elisabeth, who had seen the British show. Although Fox's executives wanted to change the format, Murdoch insisted that it should remain the same as the British"]}
{"query": "Who is the head of Fox's parent company?", "answer": "Rupert Murdoch", "gold_docs": ["showrunnerthe executive producer and production leaderand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was successful with the viewing public. In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the \"Pop Idol\" format to the United States, but the idea was initially met with poor responses from all the television networks including Fox. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was later persuaded to buy the series by his daughter, Elisabeth, who had seen the British show. Although Fox's executives wanted to change the format, Murdoch insisted that it should remain the same as the British"]}
{"query": "For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until the eighth season. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons. In the eighth season, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer-songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before the tenth season. Paula Abdul left the show before the ninth season after failing to agree to terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for"]}
{"query": "How many judges were originally planned for American Idol?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["2016. In May 2017, ABC acquired the rights to the series and the program would return for the 2017\u201318 television season. The show had originally planned on having four judges following the \"Pop Idol\" format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few"]}
{"query": "What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined?", "answer": "Angie Martinez", "gold_docs": ["2016. In May 2017, ABC acquired the rights to the series and the program would return for the 2017\u201318 television season. The show had originally planned on having four judges following the \"Pop Idol\" format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few"]}
{"query": "What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined?", "answer": "Stryker", "gold_docs": ["2016. In May 2017, ABC acquired the rights to the series and the program would return for the 2017\u201318 television season. The show had originally planned on having four judges following the \"Pop Idol\" format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few"]}
{"query": "How many judges were originally intended for the show?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["2016. In May 2017, ABC acquired the rights to the series and the program would return for the 2017\u201318 television season. The show had originally planned on having four judges following the \"Pop Idol\" format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few"]}
{"query": "Which judge quit before the premiere, citing image concerns?", "answer": "DJ Stryker", "gold_docs": ["2016. In May 2017, ABC acquired the rights to the series and the program would return for the 2017\u201318 television season. The show had originally planned on having four judges following the \"Pop Idol\" format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few"]}
{"query": "Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres", "gold_docs": ["days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until the eighth season. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons. In the eighth season, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer-songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before the tenth season. Paula Abdul left the show before the ninth season after failing to agree to terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for"]}
{"query": "For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell left the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show \"The X Factor\" for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in the tenth season, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in the twelfth season. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson departed the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban"]}
{"query": "What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell left the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show \"The X Factor\" for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in the tenth season, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in the twelfth season. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson departed the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban"]}
{"query": "What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol?", "answer": "The X Factor", "gold_docs": ["that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell left the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show \"The X Factor\" for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in the tenth season, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in the twelfth season. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson departed the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban"]}
{"query": "Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season?", "answer": "Kara DioGuardi", "gold_docs": ["days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until the eighth season. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons. In the eighth season, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer-songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before the tenth season. Paula Abdul left the show before the ninth season after failing to agree to terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for"]}
{"query": "When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge?", "answer": "January 11, 2010", "gold_docs": ["that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell left the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show \"The X Factor\" for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in the tenth season, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in the twelfth season. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson departed the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban"]}
{"query": "Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres", "gold_docs": ["days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until the eighth season. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons. In the eighth season, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer-songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before the tenth season. Paula Abdul left the show before the ninth season after failing to agree to terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for"]}
{"query": "When did Steven Tyler become a judge?", "answer": "season ten", "gold_docs": ["as announced on September 3, 2010. After her departure, DioGuardi helped and nominated Steven Tyler for a role as a judge on season ten to show's producers. Auditions had begun on June 14 of the previous year, less than a month after previous season's finale. Auditions were held in the following cities: During this stage guest judges filled in the fourth judging seat. Beckham was the first guest judge, appearing for the Denver and Boston auditions. Blige served as a guest judge for the Atlanta auditions. Jonas filled the guest judging role on the first day of the Dallas auditions"]}
{"query": "In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol?", "answer": "season two", "gold_docs": ["of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan was the runner-up. In November 2004, merely two months after the competition, Porter released his debut album entitled \"219 Days\" \u2013 the number days spanning from his first audition to the release of his CD. Other season two finalists who released albums include Sokyrka, Jacob Hoggard (with his band Hedley), Jason Greeley, Shane Wiebe, and Joshua Seller. Theme: Canadian Hits Theme: British Invasion Theme: Rock & Roll Theme: Lionel Richie Theme: Gordon Lightfoot Theme: Summertime Hits Theme: Standards Theme: Judge's Choice Since the second season of Canadian Idol, Kalan Porter, Theresa Sokyrka, Jason Greeley and Shane Wiebe"]}
{"query": "Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?", "answer": "Adam Lambert", "gold_docs": ["in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds, Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in the fourth season, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in the sixth season, Shania Twain in the eighth season, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in the ninth season and Adam Lambert in fourteenth season. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman following the format of \"Pop Idol\" of using two presenters. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with the second season. Dunkleman did, however, return in the initial series finale"]}
{"query": "Who were the guest judges in season two?", "answer": "Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb", "gold_docs": ["was the only judge from the tweflth season to return in the thirteenth. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons. Katy Perry, Luke Bryan and Lionel Richie were the judges on the sixteenth season. Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In the second season, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in the third season Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances"]}
{"query": "Who was the only host of American Idol after season one?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest", "gold_docs": ["in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds, Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in the fourth season, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in the sixth season, Shania Twain in the eighth season, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in the ninth season and Adam Lambert in fourteenth season. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman following the format of \"Pop Idol\" of using two presenters. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with the second season. Dunkleman did, however, return in the initial series finale"]}
{"query": "Which host quit after the first season?", "answer": "Brian Dunkleman", "gold_docs": ["in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds, Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in the fourth season, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in the sixth season, Shania Twain in the eighth season, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in the ninth season and Adam Lambert in fourteenth season. The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman following the format of \"Pop Idol\" of using two presenters. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with the second season. Dunkleman did, however, return in the initial series finale"]}
{"query": "Who was the mentor for seasons 10 - 12?", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "Who was the mentor for season 13?", "answer": "Randy Jackson", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who was the mentor for seasons 14 and 15?", "answer": "Scott Borchetta", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?", "answer": "twenty-eight", "gold_docs": ["on Fox. Seacrest returned for the sixteenth season. In a series of steps, the show selected the eventual winner out of many tens of thousands of contestants. The eligible age-range for contestants was fifteen to twenty-eight years old. The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty-four in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to twenty-eight in the fourth season, and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in the tenth season. The contestants had to be legal U.S. residents, could not have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons, and must not have"]}
{"query": "Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition? ", "answer": "semi-final stage", "gold_docs": ["held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage). Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is"]}
{"query": "How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?", "answer": "at least three", "gold_docs": ["held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage). Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is"]}
{"query": "Which audition stage is televised?", "answer": "the judges", "gold_docs": ["held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage). Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is"]}
{"query": "How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?", "answer": "a few hundred", "gold_docs": ["held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage). Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is"]}
{"query": "What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?", "answer": "in front of the judges", "gold_docs": ["held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage). Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is"]}
{"query": "How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage). Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is"]}
{"query": "Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?", "answer": "producers", "gold_docs": ["held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage). Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is"]}
{"query": "If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?", "answer": "Hollywood", "gold_docs": ["the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10\u201360 people in each city may make it to Hollywood. Once in Hollywood, the contestants performed individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until the tenth season, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and performed a song together. In the final round, the contestants performed solo with a song of their choice a cappella or"]}
{"query": "Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons?", "answer": "usually three", "gold_docs": ["the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10\u201360 people in each city may make it to Hollywood. Once in Hollywood, the contestants performed individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until the tenth season, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and performed a song together. In the final round, the contestants performed solo with a song of their choice a cappella or"]}
{"query": "In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups?", "answer": "twelve", "gold_docs": ["judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. From the fourth through seventh and ninth seasons, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve. The wildcard round returned in the eighth season, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male,"]}
{"query": "How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10\u201360 people in each city may make it to Hollywood. Once in Hollywood, the contestants performed individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until the tenth season, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and performed a song together. In the final round, the contestants performed solo with a song of their choice a cappella or"]}
{"query": "What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven?", "answer": "groups", "gold_docs": ["accompanied by a banddepending on the season. In the second and third seasons, contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round. In the seventh season, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round. In the twelfth season, the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round. In the tenth and eleventh seasons, a further round was"]}
{"query": "In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven?", "answer": "Las Vegas", "gold_docs": ["added in Las Vegas, where the contestants performed in groups based on a theme, followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists. At the end of this stage of the competition, 24 to 36 contestants were selected to move on to the semi-final stage. In the twelfth season the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round, where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night (four nights) to make the top twenty. In the thirteenth season, the Las Vegas round was eliminated and a new round called \"Hollywood or Home\" was added, where"]}
{"query": "What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve?", "answer": "Sudden Death", "gold_docs": ["added in Las Vegas, where the contestants performed in groups based on a theme, followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists. At the end of this stage of the competition, 24 to 36 contestants were selected to move on to the semi-final stage. In the twelfth season the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round, where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night (four nights) to make the top twenty. In the thirteenth season, the Las Vegas round was eliminated and a new round called \"Hollywood or Home\" was added, where"]}
{"query": "In which season was the \"Hollywood or Home\" round added to the competition?", "answer": "twelve", "gold_docs": ["used to determine the final 12, with five of each gender based on the vote and two wildcards chosen by the judges. In the fifteenth season, the top 24 performed at Cathedral of Saint Vibiana in Los Angeles and were split into two groups of twelve and performed twice, one being a solo performance and one being a duet with a former Idol contestant. In each group, the judges chose 7 contestants to advance to the top 14 where the judges chose 4 to advance to the top 10 and remaining 6 contestants were chosen based on the vote. In"]}
{"query": "How many text message votes were there in season eight?", "answer": "178 million", "gold_docs": ["winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by the tenth season the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to \"American Idol\" that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by the eighth season. Online voting was offered for the first time in the tenth season. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc. In the first three seasons,"]}
{"query": "In which season was online voting introduced?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with \"American Idol\"-affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to the ninth season reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners-up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, had also received record deals with major labels. However, starting in the elevnth season, the runner-up may only be guaranteed a single-only deal. BMG/Sony (first through ninth seasons), UMG"]}
{"query": "How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season?", "answer": "Over 110 million", "gold_docs": ["winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by the tenth season the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to \"American Idol\" that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by the eighth season. Online voting was offered for the first time in the tenth season. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc. In the first three seasons,"]}
{"query": "How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants?", "answer": "nearly 750 million", "gold_docs": ["winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by the tenth season the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to \"American Idol\" that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by the eighth season. Online voting was offered for the first time in the tenth season. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc. In the first three seasons,"]}
{"query": "How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In the first season, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In the second and third seasons, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In the first season, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In the second and third seasons, each of the three"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?", "answer": "wildcard", "gold_docs": ["the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In the first season, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In the second and third seasons, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In the first season, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In the second and third seasons, each of the three"]}
{"query": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?", "answer": "three groups of ten", "gold_docs": ["the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In the first season, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In the second and third seasons, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In the first season, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In the second and third seasons, each of the three"]}
{"query": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?", "answer": "four groups of eight", "gold_docs": ["the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In the first season, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In the second and third seasons, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In the first season, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In the second and third seasons, each of the three"]}
{"query": "How many finalists were chosen for season one?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In the first season, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In the second and third seasons, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In the first season, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In the second and third seasons, each of the three"]}
{"query": "How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?", "answer": "12", "gold_docs": ["judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. From the fourth through seventh and ninth seasons, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve. The wildcard round returned in the eighth season, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male,"]}
{"query": "How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?", "answer": "twenty-four", "gold_docs": ["judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. From the fourth through seventh and ninth seasons, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve. The wildcard round returned in the eighth season, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male,"]}
{"query": "How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?", "answer": "by gender", "gold_docs": ["judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. From the fourth through seventh and ninth seasons, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve. The wildcard round returned in the eighth season, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male,"]}
{"query": "How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. From the fourth through seventh and ninth seasons, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve. The wildcard round returned in the eighth season, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male,"]}
{"query": "How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. From the fourth through seventh and ninth seasons, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve. The wildcard round returned in the eighth season, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male,"]}
{"query": "How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?", "answer": "twelve", "gold_docs": ["judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. From the fourth through seventh and ninth seasons, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve. The wildcard round returned in the eighth season, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male,"]}
{"query": "How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer \u2013 for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting in tenth season, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In the tenth and eleventh seasons, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In the twelfth season, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In the thirteenth season, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for"]}
{"query": "How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer \u2013 for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting in tenth season, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In the tenth and eleventh seasons, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In the twelfth season, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In the thirteenth season, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for"]}
{"query": "How many finalists were there in season eight?", "answer": "thirteen", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "How many contestants moved forward from each round?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer \u2013 for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting in tenth season, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In the tenth and eleventh seasons, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In the twelfth season, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In the thirteenth season, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for"]}
{"query": "How many wildcard contestants were chosen?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer \u2013 for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting in tenth season, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In the tenth and eleventh seasons, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In the twelfth season, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In the thirteenth season, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for"]}
{"query": "How many contestants were finalists for season 12?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer \u2013 for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting in tenth season, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In the tenth and eleventh seasons, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In the twelfth season, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In the thirteenth season, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for"]}
{"query": "Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?", "answer": "CBS Television City", "gold_docs": ["season sixteen, the top 24 performed at the Academy in the Heart of LA, and the show repeated the process from the previous season. However, instead of Idol alumnus as duet partners, superstar celebrity singers were used as the duet partners. The finals were broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in the first season. From the second to ninth and fourteenth seasons, the finals lasted eleven weeks. The tenth and eleventh seasons lasted for twelve weeks, while the twelfth season lasted for ten"]}
{"query": "Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? ", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last?", "answer": "thirteen", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10?", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "In what season was the \"Judges Save\" introduced to give contestants a second chance?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In the first season, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In the second and third seasons, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In the first season, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In the second and third seasons, each of the three"]}
{"query": "How many time can the judges save be used each season?", "answer": "once", "gold_docs": ["contestant's time on the show was played and they gave their final performance (from the fourteenth season onward, the montage and the final performance were dropped). However, in the sixth season, during the series' first ever Idol Gives Back episode, no contestant was eliminated, but on the following week, two were sent home. Moreover, starting in eighth season, the judges may overturn viewers' decision with a \"Judges' Save\" if they unanimously agreed to. \"The save\" could only be used once, and only up through the top five. In the eighth to tenth and fourteenth seasons, a double elimination then took"]}
{"query": "When three are called, one is often sent to what?", "answer": "safety", "gold_docs": ["one song each week, but this was increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three. The most popular contestants were usually not revealed in the results show. Instead, typically the three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes was called to the center of the stage. One of these three was usually sent to safety; however the two remaining were not necessarily the bottom two. The contestant with the fewest votes was then revealed and eliminated from the competition. A montage of the eliminated"]}
{"query": "Which season was the Idol Gives Back episode?", "answer": "season six", "gold_docs": ["season tour. The fifth season tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The sixteenth season tour featured the band In Real Life as an opener on select dates. \"Idol Gives Back\" was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. \"American Idol\" has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances"]}
{"query": "How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?", "answer": "Twitter", "gold_docs": ["place in the week following the activation of the save, but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons, a regular single elimination took place. The save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently, a non-elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week. The \"Fan Save\" was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers were given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the"]}
{"query": "When does the Fan Save start?", "answer": "Top 8", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre?", "answer": "3,400", "gold_docs": ["Top 8. The finale was the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For the first, third through sixth and fourteenth through fifteenth seasons it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The second-season finale took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In the seventh through thirteenth seasons, the venue was at the Nokia Theater, which holds an audience of over 7,000. In the sixteenth season, the venue did not change from the Finals. The winner received a record deal with a"]}
{"query": "In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed?", "answer": "The finale", "gold_docs": ["Top 8. The finale was the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For the first, third through sixth and fourteenth through fifteenth seasons it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The second-season finale took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In the seventh through thirteenth seasons, the venue was at the Nokia Theater, which holds an audience of over 7,000. In the sixteenth season, the venue did not change from the Finals. The winner received a record deal with a"]}
{"query": "Where was the season one finale broadcast from?", "answer": "Dolby Theatre", "gold_docs": ["Top 8. The finale was the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For the first, third through sixth and fourteenth through fifteenth seasons it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The second-season finale took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In the seventh through thirteenth seasons, the venue was at the Nokia Theater, which holds an audience of over 7,000. In the sixteenth season, the venue did not change from the Finals. The winner received a record deal with a"]}
{"query": "How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre?", "answer": "3,400", "gold_docs": ["Top 8. The finale was the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For the first, third through sixth and fourteenth through fifteenth seasons it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The second-season finale took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In the seventh through thirteenth seasons, the venue was at the Nokia Theater, which holds an audience of over 7,000. In the sixteenth season, the venue did not change from the Finals. The winner received a record deal with a"]}
{"query": "What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre?", "answer": "6,000", "gold_docs": ["Top 8. The finale was the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For the first, third through sixth and fourteenth through fifteenth seasons it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The second-season finale took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In the seventh through thirteenth seasons, the venue was at the Nokia Theater, which holds an audience of over 7,000. In the sixteenth season, the venue did not change from the Finals. The winner received a record deal with a"]}
{"query": "What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol?", "answer": "Big Machine Records", "gold_docs": ["(tenth through fifteenth seasons), and Hollywood Records (sixteenth season onward) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in the tenth and twelfth seasons, 5 in the fourteenth season, and 7 in the sixteenth season) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a"]}
{"query": "How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol?", "answer": "three months", "gold_docs": ["(tenth through fifteenth seasons), and Hollywood Records (sixteenth season onward) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in the tenth and twelfth seasons, 5 in the fourteenth season, and 7 in the sixteenth season) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a"]}
{"query": "What does the winner of American Idol receive?", "answer": "a record deal", "gold_docs": ["Top 8. The finale was the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For the first, third through sixth and fourteenth through fifteenth seasons it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The second-season finale took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In the seventh through thirteenth seasons, the venue was at the Nokia Theater, which holds an audience of over 7,000. In the sixteenth season, the venue did not change from the Finals. The winner received a record deal with a"]}
{"query": "The winner also receives a management contract with which company?", "answer": "19 Management", "gold_docs": ["major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with \"American Idol\"-affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to the ninth season reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners-up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, had also received record deals with major labels. However, starting in the elevnth season, the runner-up may only be guaranteed a single-only deal. BMG/Sony (first through ninth seasons), UMG"]}
{"query": "In season 14, the winner was signed to which company?", "answer": "Big Machine Records", "gold_docs": ["(tenth through fifteenth seasons), and Hollywood Records (sixteenth season onward) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in the tenth and twelfth seasons, 5 in the fourteenth season, and 7 in the sixteenth season) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a"]}
{"query": "What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round?", "answer": "a golden ticket", "gold_docs": ["six-figure sum. Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round (Las Vegas round from the tenth through twelfth seasons), 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinals onward the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted"]}
{"query": "In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?", "answer": "a golden ticket", "gold_docs": ["six-figure sum. Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round (Las Vegas round from the tenth through twelfth seasons), 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinals onward the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted"]}
{"query": "Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round?", "answer": "the public", "gold_docs": ["for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed during a results segment. The results segment feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers. The Top-three results also features homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists. The season reaches its climax in a two-hour results finale show, where the winner of the season is revealed. With the exception of the first two seasons, the contestants in the semifinals onward perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. The current musical director is Kris"]}
{"query": "In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?", "answer": "Ray Chew", "gold_docs": ["Pooley, who has been with the show since the sixteenth season. In previous seasons, the \"American Idol\" band was led by Rickey Minor (fourth through ninth and thirteenth through fifteenth seasons) and Ray Chew (tenth through twelfth seasons). Assistance has also been given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with the seventh season, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onward. In later seasons, the contestants were allowed to perform with a musical instrument in the auditions. During the first nine seasons, performances"]}
{"query": "In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In the first season, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In the second and third seasons, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In the first season, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In the second and third seasons, each of the three"]}
{"query": "Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?", "answer": "Rickey Minor", "gold_docs": ["Pooley, who has been with the show since the sixteenth season. In previous seasons, the \"American Idol\" band was led by Rickey Minor (fourth through ninth and thirteenth through fifteenth seasons) and Ray Chew (tenth through twelfth seasons). Assistance has also been given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with the seventh season, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onward. In later seasons, the contestants were allowed to perform with a musical instrument in the auditions. During the first nine seasons, performances"]}
{"query": "Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?", "answer": "Rickey Minor", "gold_docs": ["Pooley, who has been with the show since the sixteenth season. In previous seasons, the \"American Idol\" band was led by Rickey Minor (fourth through ninth and thirteenth through fifteenth seasons) and Ray Chew (tenth through twelfth seasons). Assistance has also been given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with the seventh season, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onward. In later seasons, the contestants were allowed to perform with a musical instrument in the auditions. During the first nine seasons, performances"]}
{"query": "Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?", "answer": "Ray Chew", "gold_docs": ["Pooley, who has been with the show since the sixteenth season. In previous seasons, the \"American Idol\" band was led by Rickey Minor (fourth through ninth and thirteenth through fifteenth seasons) and Ray Chew (tenth through twelfth seasons). Assistance has also been given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with the seventh season, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onward. In later seasons, the contestants were allowed to perform with a musical instrument in the auditions. During the first nine seasons, performances"]}
{"query": "What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["weeks. In the thirteenth season, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in the fifteenth season. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as \"Billboard\" number-one hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In the tenth season, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang"]}
{"query": "What network aired the first season of American Idol?", "answer": "Fox", "gold_docs": ["were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays from the tenth through thirteenth seasons. From the fourteenth season onward, there were no separate results shows. On the fourteenth season, the show aired on Wednesday nights, and on the fifteenth season, Thursday nights. From the sixteenth season onward, it aired on Sundays and Mondays. The first season of \"American Idol\" debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were"]}
{"query": "When did American Idol debut?", "answer": "June 2002", "gold_docs": ["were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays from the tenth through thirteenth seasons. From the fourteenth season onward, there were no separate results shows. On the fourteenth season, the show aired on Wednesday nights, and on the fifteenth season, Thursday nights. From the sixteenth season onward, it aired on Sundays and Mondays. The first season of \"American Idol\" debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were"]}
{"query": "Who co-hosted American Idol?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman", "gold_docs": ["were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays from the tenth through thirteenth seasons. From the fourteenth season onward, there were no separate results shows. On the fourteenth season, the show aired on Wednesday nights, and on the fifteenth season, Thursday nights. From the sixteenth season onward, it aired on Sundays and Mondays. The first season of \"American Idol\" debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were"]}
{"query": "How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions?", "answer": "121", "gold_docs": ["were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays from the tenth through thirteenth seasons. From the fourteenth season onward, there were no separate results shows. On the fourteenth season, the show aired on Wednesday nights, and on the fifteenth season, Thursday nights. From the sixteenth season onward, it aired on Sundays and Mondays. The first season of \"American Idol\" debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were"]}
{"query": "How many people initially auditioned?", "answer": "around 10,000", "gold_docs": ["selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the top four episode? ", "answer": "Tamyra Gray", "gold_docs": ["selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on"]}
{"query": "Where was Christina Christian at when she was eliminated from the show?", "answer": "the hospital", "gold_docs": ["selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on"]}
{"query": "How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned?", "answer": "121", "gold_docs": ["were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays from the tenth through thirteenth seasons. From the fourteenth season onward, there were no separate results shows. On the fourteenth season, the show aired on Wednesday nights, and on the fifteenth season, Thursday nights. From the sixteenth season onward, it aired on Sundays and Mondays. The first season of \"American Idol\" debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were"]}
{"query": "Of the 121 chosen, how many became semi-finalists?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on"]}
{"query": "When was Tamyra Gray eliminated?", "answer": "top four", "gold_docs": ["selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on"]}
{"query": "Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains?", "answer": "Christina Christian", "gold_docs": ["selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on"]}
{"query": "What year did Kelly Clarkson win?", "answer": "2002", "gold_docs": ["the show; his sexual orientation was revealed on his blog, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes. The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002. In what was to become a"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?", "answer": "Justin Guarini", "gold_docs": ["the show; his sexual orientation was revealed on his blog, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes. The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002. In what was to become a"]}
{"query": "What month did Kelly Clarkson win?", "answer": "September", "gold_docs": ["the show; his sexual orientation was revealed on his blog, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes. The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002. In what was to become a"]}
{"query": "Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?", "answer": "Justin Guarini", "gold_docs": ["the show; his sexual orientation was revealed on his blog, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes. The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002. In what was to become a"]}
{"query": "Who won the first season of American Idol?", "answer": "Kelly Clarkson", "gold_docs": ["the show; his sexual orientation was revealed on his blog, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes. The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002. In what was to become a"]}
{"query": "When did Clarkson win the crown?", "answer": "September 4, 2002", "gold_docs": ["the show; his sexual orientation was revealed on his blog, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes. The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002. In what was to become a"]}
{"query": "What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?", "answer": "A Moment Like This", "gold_docs": ["tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, \"From Justin to Kelly\", which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant internationally, with worldwide album"]}
{"query": "What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?", "answer": "From Justin to Kelly", "gold_docs": ["tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, \"From Justin to Kelly\", which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant internationally, with worldwide album"]}
{"query": "How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?", "answer": "more than 23 million", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?", "answer": "A Moment Like This", "gold_docs": ["tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, \"From Justin to Kelly\", which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant internationally, with worldwide album"]}
{"query": "What did Clarkson sing during the finale?", "answer": "the coronation song", "gold_docs": ["tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, \"From Justin to Kelly\", which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant internationally, with worldwide album"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the song?", "answer": "A Moment Like This", "gold_docs": ["tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, \"From Justin to Kelly\", which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant internationally, with worldwide album"]}
{"query": "Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?", "answer": "The Beatles", "gold_docs": ["tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, \"From Justin to Kelly\", which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant internationally, with worldwide album"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?", "answer": "From Justin to Kelly", "gold_docs": ["tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, \"From Justin to Kelly\", which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant internationally, with worldwide album"]}
{"query": "How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?", "answer": "more than 23 million", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "What year did season two of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "Who was a correspondent on season two of American Idol?", "answer": "Kristin Adams", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "When did season two air?", "answer": "January 2003", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "Who was a correspondent for season two?", "answer": "Kristin Adams", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with?", "answer": "Paula Abdul", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website?", "answer": "Frenchie Davis", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record?", "answer": "Corey Clark", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault?", "answer": "Jaered Andrews", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "Who was disqualified for having a police record?", "answer": "Corey Clark", "gold_docs": ["sales of more than 23 million. Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as \"\"American Idol Rewind\"\" and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Following the success of the first season, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season. Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website?", "answer": "Frenchie Davis", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge?", "answer": "Jaered Andrews", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "Who was the season two winner of American Idol?", "answer": "Ruben Studdard", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "How many votes were cast during the final week?", "answer": "24 million", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?", "answer": "Clay Aiken", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?", "answer": "134,000", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the shows executive producer?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe", "gold_docs": ["of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale. Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. The third season premiered on January 19, 2004."]}
{"query": "Who won season two?", "answer": "Ruben Studdard", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up for season two?", "answer": "Clay Aiken", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?", "answer": "134,000", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "How many votes were cast for the finale?", "answer": "24 million", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?", "answer": "Clay Aiken", "gold_docs": ["had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website. Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin"]}
{"query": "What is the first song that Ruben Studdard released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Flying Without Wings", "gold_docs": ["of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale. Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. The third season premiered on January 19, 2004."]}
{"query": "What contestant came in fourth on season two of American Idol?", "answer": "Josh Gracin", "gold_docs": ["of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale. Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. The third season premiered on January 19, 2004."]}
{"query": "What song did Clay Aiken first release after losing American Idol?", "answer": "This Is the Night", "gold_docs": ["of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale. Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. The third season premiered on January 19, 2004."]}
{"query": "What was Aiken's single release named?", "answer": "This Is the Night", "gold_docs": ["of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale. Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. The third season premiered on January 19, 2004."]}
{"query": "Which of the final two had more success with his first album?", "answer": "Aiken", "gold_docs": ["of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale. Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. The third season premiered on January 19, 2004."]}
{"query": "Who finished fourth on season two?", "answer": "Josh Gracin", "gold_docs": ["of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to the fifth season, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale. Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer. The third season premiered on January 19, 2004."]}
{"query": "Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of \"She Bangs\"?", "answer": "William Hung", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "Which contestant sang an off-key \"She Bangs\"?", "answer": "William Hung", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?", "answer": "William Hung", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven?", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol?", "answer": "Elton John", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "What were Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called?", "answer": "the Three Divas", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "Which of the three was eliminated?", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "Who said that the results were racist?", "answer": "Elton John", "gold_docs": ["One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on \"Idol\" landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season. Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results"]}
{"query": "Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show?", "answer": "John Stevens", "gold_docs": ["of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'. The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite \"Idol\" moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol?", "answer": "Diana DeGarmo", "gold_docs": ["of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'. The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite \"Idol\" moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "I Believe", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol?", "answer": "Dreams", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?", "answer": "Summertime", "gold_docs": ["of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'. The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite \"Idol\" moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia"]}
{"query": "Who has said that Barrino's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons?", "answer": "Simon Cowell", "gold_docs": ["of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'. The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite \"Idol\" moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia"]}
{"query": "Who were the final two contestants?", "answer": "Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo", "gold_docs": ["of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'. The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite \"Idol\" moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia"]}
{"query": "Who was declared the season winner?", "answer": "Fantasia", "gold_docs": ["of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'. The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite \"Idol\" moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia"]}
{"query": "What was Fantasia's coronation song?", "answer": "I Believe", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out?", "answer": "Nikko Smith", "gold_docs": ["Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show. The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show. During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night. In May 2005, Carrie Underwood"]}
{"query": "Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist?", "answer": "Nikko Smith", "gold_docs": ["Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show. The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show. During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night. In May 2005, Carrie Underwood"]}
{"query": "What company produces the show?", "answer": "Freemantle Media", "gold_docs": ["Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show. The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show. During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night. In May 2005, Carrie Underwood"]}
{"query": "During what week was there a problem with voting?", "answer": "top 11 week", "gold_docs": ["Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show. The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show. During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night. In May 2005, Carrie Underwood"]}
{"query": "When did the results show happen?", "answer": "the following night", "gold_docs": ["Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show. The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show. During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night. In May 2005, Carrie Underwood"]}
{"query": "What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show. The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show. During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night. In May 2005, Carrie Underwood"]}
{"query": "What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol? ", "answer": "Inside Your Heaven", "gold_docs": ["was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song \"Inside Your Heaven\", with Underwood's version of the song making her the first country artist ever to debut at number-one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. As of 2015, Underwood has become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant in the U.S., selling 16 million albums in the country, while selling a total of 65 million records worldwide. The fifth season began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood"]}
{"query": "Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Carrie Underwood", "gold_docs": ["a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016, with Carrie Underwood winning seven. Various \"American Idol\" alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the \"Billboard\" charts in its first 10 years, and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016, with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone. According"]}
{"query": "When was the winner declared?", "answer": "May 2005", "gold_docs": ["Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show. The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show. During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night. In May 2005, Carrie Underwood"]}
{"query": "Who was the winner of this season?", "answer": "Carrie Underwood", "gold_docs": ["a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016, with Carrie Underwood winning seven. Various \"American Idol\" alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the \"Billboard\" charts in its first 10 years, and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016, with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone. According"]}
{"query": "What song did the two finalists release?", "answer": "Inside Your Heaven", "gold_docs": ["was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song \"Inside Your Heaven\", with Underwood's version of the song making her the first country artist ever to debut at number-one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. As of 2015, Underwood has become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant in the U.S., selling 16 million albums in the country, while selling a total of 65 million records worldwide. The fifth season began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood"]}
{"query": "How many records has Underwood sold in America?", "answer": "14 million", "gold_docs": ["and Switzerland), Asia and South America. DJ BoBo discography Peter Ren\u00e9 Cipiriano Baumann (born January 5, 1968), better known as DJ BoBo has sold 14 million records worldwide and has released 13 studio albums as well as a few compilation albums which have included his previous hits in a reworked format. DJ BoBo has released as many as 34 singles to date, some of which have charted quite high, not only in German speaking countries, but also in other European territories. As a dance music producer, his first big success came with the single \"Somebody Dance with Me\", which borrows"]}
{"query": "Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft?", "answer": "the Brittenum twins", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Which season has been the highest rated of all American Idol seasons?", "answer": "Season five", "gold_docs": ["As of May 25, 2006, its predictions for season five were 87% accurate. This was the first season in which the free US public service website, Zabasearch.com, started to openly present voting results (starting with the top 12 and onward) that it claimed were from Cingular and American Idol. It has experienced controversy over the fact that its results changed throughout the day until (and often through) the results show. \"American Idol\" was the top-rated show for the 2005\u201306 TV season and occupied the top two positions. The number of viewers for its Tuesday episodes averaged 31.17 million and for"]}
{"query": "When did season five premiere?", "answer": "January 17, 2006", "gold_docs": ["was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song \"Inside Your Heaven\", with Underwood's version of the song making her the first country artist ever to debut at number-one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. As of 2015, Underwood has become the most successful \"Idol\" contestant in the U.S., selling 16 million albums in the country, while selling a total of 65 million records worldwide. The fifth season began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood"]}
{"query": "Which two contestants were kicked off the show for identity theft?", "answer": "the Brittenum twins", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?", "answer": "lead singer", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for?", "answer": "I Walk the Line", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line", "answer": "not crediting the arrangement to Live", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "Who was the winner American Idol in 2006?", "answer": "Taylor Hicks", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Do I Make You Proud", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "When was the winner announced?", "answer": "May 21, 2008", "gold_docs": ["was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."]}
{"query": "Who was the winner for this season?", "answer": "Taylor Hicks", "gold_docs": ["round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft. Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result. On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named \"American Idol\", with Katharine McPhee the runner-up."]}
{"query": "What was McPhee's first single?", "answer": "My Destiny", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "What is the name if the band that has Chris Daughtry as its lead singer?", "answer": "Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "Who was the most successful artist from this season?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007?", "answer": "37.3 million", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "When did season six premiere?", "answer": "January 16, 2007", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate?", "answer": "37.3 million", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?", "answer": "Sanjaya Malakar", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?", "answer": "Vote for the Worst", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol?", "answer": "April 18", "gold_docs": ["and was subsequently eliminated in 7th place on April 18, 2007. Singing his farewell performance, after the line \"let's give them something to talk about\", he ad libbed \"other than hair\" in place of \"how about love\". \"American Idol\"'s ratings dropped 9% in the episode following Malakar's elimination, which was \"Idol Gives Back\", a charity episode featuring many celebrity guests. The music news website Moldolva.org reported that this was due to Malakar's departure. On the May 23 \"American Idol\" finale, he performed with the top six males, introduced Smokey Robinson in the medley. Malakar performed \"You Really Got Me\" with"]}
{"query": "What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?", "answer": "Sanjaya Malakar", "gold_docs": ["\"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\". Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success. The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers. Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant"]}
{"query": "What was the main reason Sanjaya garnered such attention?", "answer": "hair", "gold_docs": ["the attention garnered by a bored supermarket clerk after she dyes her hair blue. Ezra Bridger, one of the main characters of the TV series \"Star Wars Rebels\", is described to have \"dark-blue hair\", according to the novel \"Star Wars Rebels: Servants of the Empire - Rebel in the Ranks\". In the animated film \"Inside Out\", Joy and Sadness, two of five anthropomorphic emotions who pilot a human mind, have blue hair. The alt-pop artist \"Halsey\" has been known to have blue hair since 2014. Some varieties of rabbit have been bred with blue hair such as the Belgian breed,"]}
{"query": "Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again?", "answer": "Vote for the Worst", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya?", "answer": "Howard Stern", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "When was Sanjaya eliminated? ", "answer": "April 18", "gold_docs": ["and was subsequently eliminated in 7th place on April 18, 2007. Singing his farewell performance, after the line \"let's give them something to talk about\", he ad libbed \"other than hair\" in place of \"how about love\". \"American Idol\"'s ratings dropped 9% in the episode following Malakar's elimination, which was \"Idol Gives Back\", a charity episode featuring many celebrity guests. The music news website Moldolva.org reported that this was due to Malakar's departure. On the May 23 \"American Idol\" finale, he performed with the top six males, introduced Smokey Robinson in the medley. Malakar performed \"You Really Got Me\" with"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?", "answer": "$76 million", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "What was the charity event that occurred this season?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?", "answer": "Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?", "answer": "Jordin Sparks", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "Who came in second on season six of American Idol?", "answer": "Blake Lewis", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?", "answer": "May 23", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "When was the finale aired?", "answer": "May 23", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "Which contestant won the season?", "answer": "Jordin Sparks", "gold_docs": ["for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on the Top 7 results, Sanjaya was voted off. This season saw the first \"Idol Gives Back\" telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up?", "answer": "Kree Harrison", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "What year did season four of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol?", "answer": "28", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "What  was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition?", "answer": "Season four", "gold_docs": ["series to be aired in high definition. Auditions were held in seven cities in the summer and fall of 2005. An audition was originally planned for Memphis, Tennessee but that was canceled due to the Hurricane Katrina relief effort that was taking place in the city, and replaced by Las Vegas, Nevada and Greensboro, North Carolina. Unlike season four, no guest judges were involved during the auditions. The season used the same rules as season four. One notable auditioner this season was Paula Goodspeed, a fervent fan of Paula Abdul, who auditioned in Austin. In 2008, Goodspeed made headlines when"]}
{"query": "In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol?", "answer": "Season four", "gold_docs": ["rendition of \"I Believe.\" Barrino's debut album, \"Free Yourself\", included \"I Believe\" and \"Summertime.\" DeGarmo's debut album, \"Blue Skies\", included \"Dreams\" and \"Don't Cry Out Loud.\" After season four, the winner (Carrie Underwood) and runner-up (Bo Bice) each released a single for \"Inside Your Heaven\" and which included one cover song from the show, \"Independence Day\" (Underwood, also on \"Showstoppers\") and \"Vehicle\" (Bice). Underwood's debut album \"Some Hearts\" also included \"Inside Your Heaven\" and achieved 7 times Platinum certification. After season 5, winner Taylor Hicks and runner-up Katharine McPhee each released a single with an original song and a cover"]}
{"query": "When did season four premiere?", "answer": "January 18, 2005", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "Season four was the first full season to be aired in what?", "answer": "high definition", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "How many people auditioned to be on American Idol?", "answer": "over 100,000", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season?", "answer": "28", "gold_docs": ["released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by the first season finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of the third season was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and"]}
{"query": "In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol?", "answer": "This Is My Now", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "How was \"This is My Now\" decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007?", "answer": "public vote", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "Fans could vote for what during this contest?", "answer": "coronation song", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "Of the thousands of songs entered, how many were the public able to vote for?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "What song won the contest?", "answer": "This Is My Now", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "When did Sparks release her version of the song?", "answer": "May 24, 2007", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "What year did season seven of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol?", "answer": "Carly Smithson", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "When did season seven premiere?", "answer": "January 15, 2008", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper?", "answer": "David Hernandez", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media?", "answer": "professional status", "gold_docs": ["being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-\"Idol\". This season also saw the launch of the \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007. The seventh seasonpremiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the seventh season contestants, the"]}
{"query": "Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?", "answer": "Carly Smithson", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten?", "answer": "Billie Jean", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine?", "answer": "David Cook", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "Who arranged the version of \"Billie Jean\" that David Cook performed on American Idol?", "answer": "Chris Cornell", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "On what date did the American Idol finals begin?", "answer": "March 11, 2008", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage?", "answer": "March 11, 2008", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "Which arrangement was used for Cook's version of Billie Jean?", "answer": "Chris Cornell", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show?", "answer": "David Cook", "gold_docs": ["so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper. For the finals, \"American Idol\" debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself"]}
{"query": "Which contestant sang \"Imagine\" on season seven of American Idol?", "answer": "David Archuleta", "gold_docs": ["said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure. David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in the tenth season, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the \"Billboard\" digital song chart. This"]}
{"query": "In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge?", "answer": "season ten", "gold_docs": ["role in three years. In June, following the departure of Ellen DeGeneres from \"American Idol\", it was reported that Lopez was in talks to join season ten's judging panel. During this same time, Lopez and Anthony were being considered for a role on \"The X Factor\" for their appeal to Latin and International markets. It was officially announced in September that Lopez would be joining the tenth season of \"American Idol\". MTV stated that the deal was \"mutually beneficial to all those involved\", while CNN reported that Lopez was viewing it as a decision to revive her career, while \"American"]}
{"query": "Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol?", "answer": "Jeff Buckley", "gold_docs": ["said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure. David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in the tenth season, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the \"Billboard\" digital song chart. This"]}
{"query": "Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many?", "answer": "John Lennon's \"Imagine\"", "gold_docs": ["said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure. David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in the tenth season, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the \"Billboard\" digital song chart. This"]}
{"query": "Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez", "gold_docs": ["said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure. David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in the tenth season, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the \"Billboard\" digital song chart. This"]}
{"query": "Which finalist sang \"Hallelujah\" during the semi-finals?", "answer": "Jason Castro", "gold_docs": ["said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure. David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in the tenth season, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the \"Billboard\" digital song chart. This"]}
{"query": "Castro's performance sent which singer's version to the top of a Billboard chart?", "answer": "Jeff Buckley", "gold_docs": ["said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure. David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in the tenth season, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the \"Billboard\" digital song chart. This"]}
{"query": "For the first time, recordings of the contestant's songs could be purchased where?", "answer": "iTunes", "gold_docs": ["was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."]}
{"query": "Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?", "answer": "David Cook", "gold_docs": ["was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."]}
{"query": "When was the winner announced?", "answer": "May 21, 2008", "gold_docs": ["was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."]}
{"query": "Who was the winner?", "answer": "David Cook", "gold_docs": ["was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol?", "answer": "The Time of My Life", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "What year did David Cook release the single, \"The Time of My Life\"?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "What was the coronation song?", "answer": "The Time of My Life", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "When did Cook release his version of The Time of My Life?", "answer": "May 22, 2008", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009?", "answer": "president of alternative programming", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season?", "answer": "January", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "When did season eight premiere?", "answer": "January 13, 2009", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox?", "answer": "Mike Darnell", "gold_docs": ["The \"American Idol\" Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008. The eighth season premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara"]}
{"query": "Who was brought in as a new judge during American Idols eighth season?", "answer": "Kara DioGuardi", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "How long did the Hollywood round air for in season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "two weeks", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "What show did Nigel Lythgoe leave American Idol to produce?", "answer": "So You Think You Can Dance", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "What venue hosted the Hollywood round on American Idol for the first time in 2009?", "answer": "the Kodak Theatre", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "Why did American Idol choose not to have its Idol Gives Back special in 2009?", "answer": "the global recession", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "How many judges were on the panel for this season?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["2016. In May 2017, ABC acquired the rights to the series and the program would return for the 2017\u201318 television season. The show had originally planned on having four judges following the \"Pop Idol\" format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few"]}
{"query": "Nigel Lythgoe quit the show to focus on what other show?", "answer": "So You Think You Can Dance", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "Where was the Hollywood round moved to?", "answer": "Kodak Theatre", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "What was canceled for this year of Idol?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "13", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "Who was the first contestant to benefit from the Judges Save?", "answer": "Matt Giraud", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "How many contestants were eliminated during the first week after the judges save?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "How many contestants were sent home during the first week of finals?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "Who was sent home the week after the judges saved Matt Giraud?", "answer": "Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "How many finalists were on this season?", "answer": "13", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was saved with the first Judges' Save?", "answer": "Matt Giraud", "gold_docs": ["DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. \"Idol Gives Back\" was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time. There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the"]}
{"query": "Who were the final two contestants on season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "Kris Allen and Adam Lambert", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "Who won season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "Kris Allen", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "What state is American Idol winner Kris Allen from?", "answer": "Arkansas", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "How many votes were cast in the American Idol finale in season eight?", "answer": "100 million", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "Who won the season?", "answer": "Kris Allen", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "How many votes were cast for the final two?", "answer": "100 million", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "Who was accused of teaching the public how to power text for the winner?", "answer": "AT&T employees", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the song that Kris Allen and Adam Lamber released after American Idol?", "answer": "No Boundaries", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "Who helped write the song \"No Boundaries\"?", "answer": "DioGuardi", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "What was the coronation song for this season?", "answer": "No Boundaries", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "Who co-wrote the coronation song?", "answer": "DioGuardi", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "Unlike every previous winner, the winner of this season failed to achieve what status?", "answer": "gold album status", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "What year did season nine of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "Who filled the judges spot vacated by Paula Abdul on season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "At what point during season 9 of American Idol did Ellen Degeneres become a judge?", "answer": "Hollywood Week", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "When did season nine premiere?", "answer": "January 12, 2010", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "Which original judge left prior to the start of the season?", "answer": "Paula Abdul", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "Who replaced Abdul?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "When did Ellen join the judges' panel?", "answer": "Hollywood Week", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?", "answer": "Crystal Bowersox", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?", "answer": "Ken Warwick", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?", "answer": "Crystal Bowersox", "gold_docs": ["parties in Arkansas. Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status. The ninth season premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week. One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of \"Pants on the Ground\" became a viral hit song. Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis"]}
{"query": "When was Crystal hospitalized?", "answer": "top 20 week", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "What was changed so she could still qualify?", "answer": "The schedule", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?", "answer": "Ken Warwick", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was saved by the judges in season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "Michael Lynche", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "At what point did the judges use their save on American Idols ninth season?", "answer": "top nine", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "Who was the first American Idol contestant to return to the show as a mentor?", "answer": "Adam Lambert", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "$45 million", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "Who was saved with the Judges' Save?", "answer": "Michael Lynche", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "Which former contestant was a mentor this season?", "answer": "Adam Lambert", "gold_docs": ["on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first \"Idol\" alum to do"]}
{"query": "Who had their final season in the show in season nine?", "answer": "Simon Cowell", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?", "answer": "tribute to Simon Cowell", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "Who had a special tribute at the finale?", "answer": "Simon Cowell", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?", "answer": "Paula Abdul", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Beautiful Day", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "When was the finale held?", "answer": "May 26", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "Who won this season of Idol?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What song did DeWyze cover for his first release?", "answer": "Beautiful Day", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release?", "answer": "Up to the Mountain", "gold_docs": ["so. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million. A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is"]}
{"query": "What year did season ten of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who replace weekly mentors as a more permanent mentor on American Idols tenth season? ", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol?", "answer": "The X Factor", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "Who was the executive producer of American Idols tenth season?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "When did season ten premiere?", "answer": "January 19, 2011", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "Who returned as executive producer this season?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "Which two new judges joined Randy Jackson on the judges' panel?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "Who was the in-house mentor this season?", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine", "gold_docs": ["the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales. The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of \"The X Factor\"), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of \"American Idol\", acted as the in-house"]}
{"query": "What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?", "answer": "Season ten", "gold_docs": ["as announced on September 3, 2010. After her departure, DioGuardi helped and nominated Steven Tyler for a role as a judge on season ten to show's producers. Auditions had begun on June 14 of the previous year, less than a month after previous season's finale. Auditions were held in the following cities: During this stage guest judges filled in the fourth judging seat. Beckham was the first guest judge, appearing for the Denver and Boston auditions. Blige served as a guest judge for the Atlanta auditions. Jonas filled the guest judging role on the first day of the Dallas auditions"]}
{"query": "What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season?", "answer": "Myspace", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten?", "answer": "Myspace", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "This is the first season to have what kind of auditions?", "answer": "online", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "Where could contestants submit a video audition?", "answer": "Myspace", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "Which contestant had a fianc\u00e9 that had suffered brain damage?", "answer": "Chris Medina", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "In which round was Chris Medina eliminated n season ten of American Idol?", "answer": "Top 40", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "Which season ten contestant was in the hospital instead of at the Top 13 results show?", "answer": "Casey Abrams", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "Which contestants did the judges save on season ten of American Idol?", "answer": "Casey Abrams", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "Which contestant cared for his brain-damaged fiancee?", "answer": "Chris Medina", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "When was Medina eliminated from the competition?", "answer": "Top 40 round", "gold_docs": ["mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in. The tenth season is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds. One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13"]}
{"query": "Which show did Abrams miss because he was in the hospital?", "answer": "Top 13 result show", "gold_docs": ["Night\" with Chris Medina in the Las Vegas's Beatles round, and Kansas Joe McCoy's \"Why Don't You Do Right?\" for his final solo. He played the double bass and melodica on the show. He suffers from ulcerative colitis which resulted in him missing the Top 13 result show. He got the one judges' save of the season on the Top 11 show. Abrams was eliminated on April 28, coming in 6th place. Abrams was signed to Concord Music Group after the show. Stefano Langone (born February 27, 1989) is from Kent, Washington and 22 years old at the time of"]}
{"query": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?", "answer": "Sam Woolf", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol?", "answer": "Pia Toscano", "gold_docs": ["result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week. Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former \"Idol\" contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks. The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country"]}
{"query": "What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol?", "answer": "Tom Hanks", "gold_docs": ["result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week. Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former \"Idol\" contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks. The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country"]}
{"query": "Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected?", "answer": "Pia Toscano", "gold_docs": ["result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week. Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former \"Idol\" contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks. The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country"]}
{"query": "Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?", "answer": "Tom Hanks", "gold_docs": ["result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week. Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former \"Idol\" contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks. The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country"]}
{"query": "Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?", "answer": "Scotty McCreery", "gold_docs": ["result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week. Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former \"Idol\" contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks. The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country"]}
{"query": "What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol?", "answer": "I Love You This Big", "gold_docs": ["singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win \"American Idol\". McCreery released his first single, \"I Love You This Big\", as his coronation song, and Alaina released \"Like My Mother Does\". McCreery's debut album, \"Clear as Day\", became the first debut album by an \"Idol\" winner to reach No. 1 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 since Ruben Studdard's \"Soulful\" in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200. The eleventh season premiered on January 18, 2012. One more"]}
{"query": "What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol?", "answer": "Like My Mother Does", "gold_docs": ["singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win \"American Idol\". McCreery released his first single, \"I Love You This Big\", as his coronation song, and Alaina released \"Like My Mother Does\". McCreery's debut album, \"Clear as Day\", became the first debut album by an \"Idol\" winner to reach No. 1 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 since Ruben Studdard's \"Soulful\" in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200. The eleventh season premiered on January 18, 2012. One more"]}
{"query": "Who won this season of Idol?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles?", "answer": "Jermaine Jones", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "When did season 11 premiere?", "answer": "January 18, 2012", "gold_docs": ["singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win \"American Idol\". McCreery released his first single, \"I Love You This Big\", as his coronation song, and Alaina released \"Like My Mother Does\". McCreery's debut album, \"Clear as Day\", became the first debut album by an \"Idol\" winner to reach No. 1 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 since Ruben Studdard's \"Soulful\" in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200. The eleventh season premiered on January 18, 2012. One more"]}
{"query": "Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25?", "answer": "Jermaine Jones", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "When was Jones removed from the show?", "answer": "March 14", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "Which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the Top 13 Results?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?", "answer": "kidney stones", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "How many times did Phillip Phillips have surgery when he was on American Idol?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "Which contestant thought about leaving the contest because of pain in his kidney?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "What kind of pain did Phillips endure?", "answer": "kidney pain", "gold_docs": ["finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests. Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?", "answer": "Jessica Sanchez", "gold_docs": ["stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished. Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale. Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Fifth season finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to third season runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she"]}
{"query": "Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?", "answer": "Jessica Sanchez", "gold_docs": ["stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished. Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale. Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Fifth season finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to third season runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she"]}
{"query": "Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?", "answer": "Colton Dixon", "gold_docs": ["stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished. Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale. Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Fifth season finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to third season runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she"]}
{"query": "How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?", "answer": "final two", "gold_docs": ["stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished. Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale. Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Fifth season finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to third season runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she"]}
{"query": "When did the judges use their save this season?", "answer": "Top 7", "gold_docs": ["stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished. Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale. Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Fifth season finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to third season runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she"]}
{"query": "In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["do well from their state or region.\" For five consecutive seasons, starting in the seventh season, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that \"Idol\" pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the eleventh-season finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book \"American Idol: The Untold Story\", said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as ... who's"]}
{"query": "In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["Fremantle Media was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network, Fox. A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans. In May 2017, ABC was making a bid to revive the program. ABC acquired the rights to the series, and that \"American Idol\" would return for the 2017\u201318 television season. Katy Perry, Luke Bryan and Lionel Richie were the three judges and Ryan Seacrest returned as host. The revival season premiered on March 11, 2018. On May 21, 2018 the season concluded, crowning Maddie Poppe winner and Caleb Lee Hutchinson runner-up. ABC"]}
{"query": "Who won this season of Idol?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Which season was Diana DeGarmo on?", "answer": "season three", "gold_docs": ["debut album, and to sing the National Anthem to open the final results show of the season. Gray also co-wrote the \"American Idol\" season three single \"I Believe\", which was performed by Idol finalists Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. Barrino then released \"I Believe\" as her \"American Idol\" single, which debuted at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 Charts. On June 19, 2002, Tamyra became a finalist of American Idol. During the season, many critics and fans thought that Tamyra would make it to the finals, and perhaps win. However, on August 21, Tamyra was placed in the Bottom"]}
{"query": "What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Home", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?", "answer": "Change Nothing", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "What was Phillip's coronation song?", "answer": "Home", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "What song did Sanchez release?", "answer": "Change Nothing", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?", "answer": "Home", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "Judges", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj?", "answer": "TMZ", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "When did season 12 premiere?", "answer": "January 16, 2013", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "How many judges did this season have?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["accepted. Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. The twelfth season premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since the ninth season to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after"]}
{"query": "How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "Who was the last guy to be sent home on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "Lazaro Arbos", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "How many contestants did this season have?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "How many weeks in a row were male contestants eliminated?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "Who as the last man to be eliminated?", "answer": "Lazaro Arbos", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "How many contestants were able to perform for two weeks without any eliminations?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "Who was the winner of American Idols twelfth season?", "answer": "Candice Glover", "gold_docs": ["a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. 23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with"]}
{"query": "Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "Kree Harrison", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "What was the first song released by Candice Glover after winning American Idol?", "answer": "I Am Beautiful", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol?", "answer": "All Cried Out", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "Who won this season of Idol?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up?", "answer": "Kree Harrison", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "What was Glover's first single?", "answer": "I Am Beautiful", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "What was Harrison's first single?", "answer": "All Cried Out", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "This is the first season when what did not happen to the first runner up?", "answer": "not signed by a music label", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "Which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season?", "answer": "Randy Jackson", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "How many seasons was Mariah Carey a judge on American Idol?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "Who announced this would be his final year as a judge?", "answer": "Randy Jackson", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "Who were the other judges to leave after this season?", "answer": "Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj", "gold_docs": ["Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win \"American Idol\" since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label. Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one"]}
{"query": "Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?", "answer": "in-mentor", "gold_docs": ["season to focus on their music careers. The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of"]}
{"query": "Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?", "answer": "Gregg Gelfand", "gold_docs": ["season to focus on their music careers. The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of"]}
{"query": "When did season 13 premiere?", "answer": "January 15, 2014", "gold_docs": ["season to focus on their music careers. The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of"]}
{"query": "Who was the mentor this season?", "answer": "Randy Jackson", "gold_docs": ["season to focus on their music careers. The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of"]}
{"query": "Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez", "gold_docs": ["season to focus on their music careers. The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of"]}
{"query": "Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?", "answer": "Harry Connick, Jr.", "gold_docs": ["season to focus on their music careers. The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of"]}
{"query": "Which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of American Idol?", "answer": "Sam Woolf", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "At what point in season 13 did American Idol air its 500th show?", "answer": "Top 3 performance night", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "Contestants could perform what in the final rounds for the first time ever?", "answer": "songs they wrote themselves", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?", "answer": "Sam Woolf", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "When did the judges use their save on Woolf?", "answer": "Top 8", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "What episode was the 500th of the entire series?", "answer": "Top 3 performance night", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "Who won season 13 of American Idol?", "answer": "Caleb Johnson", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol?", "answer": "Jena Irene", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol? ", "answer": "As Long as You Love Me", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol? ", "answer": "We Are One", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "Who won this season of Idol?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up this season?", "answer": "Jena Irene", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "What was Johnson's coronation song?", "answer": "As Long as You Love Me", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "What was Irene's coronation song?", "answer": "We Are One", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "What year did American Idol first air its fourteenth season?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "Who was the host of American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "Which former contestant replaced Keith Urban for auditions in New York City?", "answer": "Adam Lambert", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "answer": "judges", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14?", "answer": "Randy Jackson", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "When did season 14 premiere?", "answer": "January 7, 2015", "gold_docs": ["the show. This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\". The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry"]}
{"query": "Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions?", "answer": "Adam Lambert", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14?", "answer": "Ford Motor Company", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season?", "answer": "Big Machine Records", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Starting this season, how many episodes of Idol aired every week?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What other company reduced their sponsorship this season?", "answer": "Ford Motor Company", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "This season, the winner won a recording contract with what company?", "answer": "Big Machine Records", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who won American Idols fourteenth season?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who came in second on American Idol in season 14?", "answer": "Clark Beckham", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who came in third on American Idol in season 14?", "answer": "Jax", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Nick Fradianis victory song?", "answer": "Beautiful Life", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "What song did Jax release after coming in third on American Idol?", "answer": "Forcefield", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "Who won this season of Idol?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "Who was the runner up of Idol?", "answer": "Clark Beckham", "gold_docs": ["Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. Scott Borchetta replaced Jackson as the mentor. Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca-Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records. Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By"]}
{"query": "What was Nick's coronation song?", "answer": "Beautiful Life", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "What was Beckham's first release?", "answer": "Champion", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "Which contestant came in third place?", "answer": "Jax", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol? ", "answer": "5", "gold_docs": ["(tenth through fifteenth seasons), and Hollywood Records (sixteenth season onward) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in the tenth and twelfth seasons, 5 in the fourteenth season, and 7 in the sixteenth season) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a"]}
{"query": "What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?", "answer": "judges", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "Who hosted American Idol in its last season?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?", "answer": "May 11, 2015", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "Who is returning as host?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest", "gold_docs": ["winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\". Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of \"American Idol\"; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President"]}
{"query": "As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have? ", "answer": "131", "gold_docs": ["the series, eleven of the sixteen \"Idol\" winners, including its first five, had come from the Southern United States. A large number of other finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States. The show itself was popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern"]}
{"query": "What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from? ", "answer": "Southern", "gold_docs": ["the series, eleven of the sixteen \"Idol\" winners, including its first five, had come from the Southern United States. A large number of other finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States. The show itself was popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern"]}
{"query": "What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?", "answer": "North Carolina", "gold_docs": ["the series, eleven of the sixteen \"Idol\" winners, including its first five, had come from the Southern United States. A large number of other finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States. The show itself was popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern"]}
{"query": "What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from? ", "answer": "North Carolina", "gold_docs": ["the series, eleven of the sixteen \"Idol\" winners, including its first five, had come from the Southern United States. A large number of other finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States. The show itself was popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern"]}
{"query": "How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?", "answer": "ten", "gold_docs": ["springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to \"Billboard\" magazine, in its first ten years, \"\"Idol\" has spawned 345 \"Billboard\" chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert, and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\" For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. \"American Idol\" was based on the British show \"Pop Idol\" created by"]}
{"query": "In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry", "gold_docs": ["the series, eleven of the sixteen \"Idol\" winners, including its first five, had come from the Southern United States. A large number of other finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States. The show itself was popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern"]}
{"query": "In the same study, how much more likely was someone from Kentucky to tune into the show?", "answer": "16 percent", "gold_docs": ["United States 10% more likely to watch \"American Idol\" during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the East Central region, such as Kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music-sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by \"Idol\" contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South. Theories given for the success of Southerners on \"Idol\" have been: more versatility with musical genres, as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes; not having as many opportunities"]}
{"query": "Who won season five of American Idol? ", "answer": "Taylor Hicks", "gold_docs": ["to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to fifth season winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who"]}
{"query": "What state is Taylor Hicks from? ", "answer": "Alabama", "gold_docs": ["to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to fifth season winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who"]}
{"query": "Where do people in the Southern United States often begin singing? ", "answer": "church", "gold_docs": ["to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to fifth season winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who"]}
{"query": "Where do a lot of people get their start in singing in the south?", "answer": "church", "gold_docs": ["to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to fifth season winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who"]}
{"query": "Where is Taylor Hicks from?", "answer": "Alabama", "gold_docs": ["to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to fifth season winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who"]}
{"query": "What does the acronym WGWG stand for? ", "answer": "White guy with guitar", "gold_docs": ["do well from their state or region.\" For five consecutive seasons, starting in the seventh season, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that \"Idol\" pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the eleventh-season finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book \"American Idol: The Untold Story\", said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as ... who's"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol? ", "answer": "American Idol: The Untold Story", "gold_docs": ["do well from their state or region.\" For five consecutive seasons, starting in the seventh season, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that \"Idol\" pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the eleventh-season finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book \"American Idol: The Untold Story\", said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as ... who's"]}
{"query": "How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males? ", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["do well from their state or region.\" For five consecutive seasons, starting in the seventh season, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that \"Idol\" pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the eleventh-season finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book \"American Idol: The Untold Story\", said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as ... who's"]}
{"query": "What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?", "answer": "guitar", "gold_docs": ["do well from their state or region.\" For five consecutive seasons, starting in the seventh season, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that \"Idol\" pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the eleventh-season finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book \"American Idol: The Untold Story\", said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as ... who's"]}
{"query": "What is the WGWG factor?", "answer": "White guy with guitar", "gold_docs": ["do well from their state or region.\" For five consecutive seasons, starting in the seventh season, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that \"Idol\" pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the eleventh-season finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book \"American Idol: The Untold Story\", said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as ... who's"]}
{"query": "Who was named the winner of Season 11?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips", "gold_docs": ["do well from their state or region.\" For five consecutive seasons, starting in the seventh season, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that \"Idol\" pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the eleventh-season finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book \"American Idol: The Untold Story\", said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as ... who's"]}
{"query": "Who won season two of American Idol? ", "answer": "Ruben Studdard", "gold_docs": ["for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others. Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in the second season when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in the eighth season, when the massive increase in text votes fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities"]}
{"query": "Who came in second on season two of American Idol? ", "answer": "Clay Aiken", "gold_docs": ["for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others. Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in the second season when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in the eighth season, when the massive increase in text votes fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities"]}
{"query": "What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? ", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition. In 2013, TV Guide ranked the series No. 48 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. Throughout"]}
{"query": "How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? ", "answer": "100 million", "gold_docs": ["top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since the second season. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing"]}
{"query": "Which season had the biggest voting controversy?", "answer": "season two", "gold_docs": ["their seventh BBL season against the Perth Scorchers. Renegades' members have steadily increased with every passing season. They reached their biggest membership mark ever for a season two weeks before the start of the 2015\u201316 Big Bash League season. The official mascot of the team \u2013 'Sledge' \u2013 was revealed on 2 November 2011 after online voting on the team's official Facebook page. The mascot has been described as the future of cricket. He comes from the year 2020 and wears industrial gear clad in corrugated shin pads and a futuristic helmet that hides his true identity. For the 2014-15"]}
{"query": "Which voting concern has been present since the first season?", "answer": "power voting", "gold_docs": ["for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others. Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in the second season when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in the eighth season, when the massive increase in text votes fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities"]}
{"query": "When did Vote for the Girls start?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["United States 10% more likely to watch \"American Idol\" during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the East Central region, such as Kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music-sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by \"Idol\" contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South. Theories given for the success of Southerners on \"Idol\" have been: more versatility with musical genres, as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes; not having as many opportunities"]}
{"query": "When did Vote for the Worst close?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition. In 2013, TV Guide ranked the series No. 48 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. Throughout"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back", "gold_docs": ["season tour. The fifth season tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The sixteenth season tour featured the band In Real Life as an opener on select dates. \"Idol Gives Back\" was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. \"American Idol\" has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances"]}
{"query": "How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials? ", "answer": "$185 million", "gold_docs": ["season tour. The fifth season tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The sixteenth season tour featured the band In Real Life as an opener on select dates. \"Idol Gives Back\" was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. \"American Idol\" has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the charity that Idol has?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back", "gold_docs": ["season tour. The fifth season tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The sixteenth season tour featured the band In Real Life as an opener on select dates. \"Idol Gives Back\" was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. \"American Idol\" has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances"]}
{"query": "When was the first Idol Gives Back?", "answer": "season six", "gold_docs": ["season tour. The fifth season tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The sixteenth season tour featured the band In Real Life as an opener on select dates. \"Idol Gives Back\" was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. \"American Idol\" has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances"]}
{"query": "What year did American Idol being to air on television? ", "answer": "2002", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol? ", "answer": "9.9 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season? ", "answer": "23 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "What season of the year did American Idol first air on television? ", "answer": "summer", "gold_docs": ["renewed the revival series for another season. Perry, Bryan and Richie will return as judges, while Seacrest will return as host. Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of \"American Idol\". It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall. \"American Idol\" premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of"]}
{"query": "When did American Idol premiere?", "answer": "June 2002", "gold_docs": ["renewed the revival series for another season. Perry, Bryan and Richie will return as judges, while Seacrest will return as host. Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of \"American Idol\". It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall. \"American Idol\" premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?", "answer": "9.9 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "What was the average for viewership by finale night?", "answer": "23 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idols second season? ", "answer": "26.5 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season? ", "answer": "21.7 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "What contestant won the second season of American Idol? ", "answer": "Ruben Studdard", "gold_docs": ["placed second overall amongst the 18\u201349 age group. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever \"American Idol\" episode at 38.1 million for the final hour. By the third season, the show had become the top show in the 18\u201349 demographic<ref name=\"realitytvworld_5/24/2007\"></ref> a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including the tenth season, and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings. By the fourth season, \"American Idol\" had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time, with an"]}
{"query": "Which season of American Idol was watched by the most people? ", "answer": "season five", "gold_docs": ["Ninth-place finisher Mandisa's \"True Beauty\" album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album in 2007. Season five is the season from the first ten seasons of \"American Idol\" with the most number of finalists who have made it onto the Billboard charts. The compilation album for this season was performed by the top twelve finalists. In 2006, American Idol also became the most nominated unscripted show ever, and has several nominations in the 2006 Emmy Awards for season five: American Idol (season 5) The fifth season of reality television singing competition \"American Idol\" began on January 17,"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the second season premiere of American Idol?", "answer": "26.5 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "How many people watched on average for season two?", "answer": "21.7 million", "gold_docs": ["2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was"]}
{"query": "By what season was American Idol the most watched show on TV?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, \"American Idol\" alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, \"American Idol\" had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins. At the end of the show's"]}
{"query": "During which season to American Idols rating begin to fall?", "answer": "Season six", "gold_docs": ["season tour. The fifth season tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The sixteenth season tour featured the band In Real Life as an opener on select dates. \"Idol Gives Back\" was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. \"American Idol\" has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances"]}
{"query": "What did other television networks refer to American Idol as because of its ratings?", "answer": "the Death Star", "gold_docs": ["as NBC's \"The Cosby Show\". The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, the sixth season also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. The sixth season was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second-highest-rated of the series after the preceding season. The loss of viewers continued into the seventh season. The premiere"]}
{"query": "Which television network originally aired The Cosby Show? ", "answer": "NBC", "gold_docs": ["as NBC's \"The Cosby Show\". The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, the sixth season also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. The sixth season was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second-highest-rated of the series after the preceding season. The loss of viewers continued into the seventh season. The premiere"]}
{"query": "Which season premiere was the most watched of all seasons?", "answer": "Season six", "gold_docs": ["season tour. The fifth season tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The sixteenth season tour featured the band In Real Life as an opener on select dates. \"Idol Gives Back\" was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. \"American Idol\" has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances"]}
{"query": "What was the show called by other networks?", "answer": "the Death Star", "gold_docs": ["as NBC's \"The Cosby Show\". The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, the sixth season also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. The sixth season was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second-highest-rated of the series after the preceding season. The loss of viewers continued into the seventh season. The premiere"]}
{"query": "Season six saw what for the first time in viewership?", "answer": "decline", "gold_docs": ["as NBC's \"The Cosby Show\". The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, the sixth season also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. The sixth season was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second-highest-rated of the series after the preceding season. The loss of viewers continued into the seventh season. The premiere"]}
{"query": "Season six was the first season where what had more viewers?", "answer": "results show", "gold_docs": ["as NBC's \"The Cosby Show\". The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, the sixth season also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. The sixth season was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second-highest-rated of the series after the preceding season. The loss of viewers continued into the seventh season. The premiere"]}
{"query": "During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time? ", "answer": "season seven", "gold_docs": ["was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast"]}
{"query": "On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol? ", "answer": "season seven", "gold_docs": ["was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast"]}
{"query": "Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?", "answer": "Kristy Lee Cook", "gold_docs": ["was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast"]}
{"query": "What was the series' third most watched finale?", "answer": "season seven", "gold_docs": ["was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast"]}
{"query": "Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?", "answer": "the most watched TV network", "gold_docs": ["was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast"]}
{"query": "Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? ", "answer": "NBC", "gold_docs": ["network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from the sixth season, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike. The declining trend however continued into the eighth season, as total viewers numbers fell by 5\u201310% for early episodes compared to the seventh season, and by 9% for the finale. In the ninth season, \"Idol\" six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat \"Idol\" in the same time slot with"]}
{"query": "Which television network originally aired All in the Family? ", "answer": "CBS", "gold_docs": ["30.1 million viewers over \"Idol\"'s 18.4 million. Nevertheless, \"American Idol\" overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' \"All in the Family\" and NBC's \"The Cosby Show\". In the tenth season, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12\u201313%, and by up to 23% in the 18\u201349 demo compared to the ninth season. Later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale \u2013 up"]}
{"query": "What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?", "answer": "2010 Winter Olympics", "gold_docs": ["network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from the sixth season, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike. The declining trend however continued into the eighth season, as total viewers numbers fell by 5\u201310% for early episodes compared to the seventh season, and by 9% for the finale. In the ninth season, \"Idol\" six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat \"Idol\" in the same time slot with"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?", "answer": "30.1 million", "gold_docs": ["30.1 million viewers over \"Idol\"'s 18.4 million. Nevertheless, \"American Idol\" overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' \"All in the Family\" and NBC's \"The Cosby Show\". In the tenth season, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12\u201313%, and by up to 23% in the 18\u201349 demo compared to the ninth season. Later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale \u2013 up"]}
{"query": "At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from the sixth season, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike. The declining trend however continued into the eighth season, as total viewers numbers fell by 5\u201310% for early episodes compared to the seventh season, and by 9% for the finale. In the ninth season, \"Idol\" six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat \"Idol\" in the same time slot with"]}
{"query": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its first season? ", "answer": "32.1", "gold_docs": ["12% for the adults 18\u201349 demographic and a 21% increase in total viewers from the ninth season finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year \u2013 the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season. The demographics also became \"whiter\" over time and less diverse. Nevertheless, in the 2010\u201311 television season, Fox maintained its lead on over other networks with its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18\u201349 demographic ratings in the United States. The eleventh season,"]}
{"query": "What is the median age of viewers this season?", "answer": "47.2", "gold_docs": ["12% for the adults 18\u201349 demographic and a 21% increase in total viewers from the ninth season finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year \u2013 the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season. The demographics also became \"whiter\" over time and less diverse. Nevertheless, in the 2010\u201311 television season, Fox maintained its lead on over other networks with its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18\u201349 demographic ratings in the United States. The eleventh season,"]}
{"query": "What was the median age for viewers for season one?", "answer": "32.1", "gold_docs": ["12% for the adults 18\u201349 demographic and a 21% increase in total viewers from the ninth season finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year \u2013 the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season. The demographics also became \"whiter\" over time and less diverse. Nevertheless, in the 2010\u201311 television season, Fox maintained its lead on over other networks with its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18\u201349 demographic ratings in the United States. The eleventh season,"]}
{"query": "For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? ", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as \"The Voice\" and \"The X-Factor\". The ratings for the first two episodes of the eleventh season fell 16\u201321% in overall viewer numbers and 24\u201327% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer number and 30% in the 18\u201349 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23% in total viewers and 30% in the 18/49 demo. For the first time in eight years,"]}
{"query": "What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season?", "answer": "Sunday Night Football", "gold_docs": ["\"American Idol\" lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", although the strengths of \"Idol\" in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18\u201349 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012. The loss of viewers continued into the twelfth season, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18\u201349 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of"]}
{"query": "How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings?", "answer": "eight years", "gold_docs": ["however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as \"The Voice\" and \"The X-Factor\". The ratings for the first two episodes of the eleventh season fell 16\u201321% in overall viewer numbers and 24\u201327% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer number and 30% in the 18\u201349 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23% in total viewers and 30% in the 18/49 demo. For the first time in eight years,"]}
{"query": "How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol? ", "answer": "13.3 million", "gold_docs": ["44% in the 18\u201349 demo. The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24% from the previous season. The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18\u201349 demographic, a drop of 28% from the twelfth season, and \"American Idol\" lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013\u201314 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result, and never regained its Top 10 position by the series' end in 2016. The continuing decline influenced further changes for the fourteenth season, including the loss"]}
{"query": "During which season did American Idol fall out of the top ten shows in ratings? ", "answer": "13", "gold_docs": ["a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016, with Carrie Underwood winning seven. Various \"American Idol\" alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the \"Billboard\" charts in its first 10 years, and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016, with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone. According"]}
{"query": "When did American Idol first air on television? ", "answer": "2002", "gold_docs": ["was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast"]}
{"query": "The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11?", "answer": "7.2 million", "gold_docs": ["\"American Idol\" lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", although the strengths of \"Idol\" in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18\u201349 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012. The loss of viewers continued into the twelfth season, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18\u201349 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of"]}
{"query": "How many viewers watched on average this season?", "answer": "13.3 million", "gold_docs": ["44% in the 18\u201349 demo. The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24% from the previous season. The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18\u201349 demographic, a drop of 28% from the twelfth season, and \"American Idol\" lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013\u201314 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result, and never regained its Top 10 position by the series' end in 2016. The continuing decline influenced further changes for the fourteenth season, including the loss"]}
{"query": "What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14?", "answer": "Coca-Cola", "gold_docs": ["of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth-season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of \"American Idol\" would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth-season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show's ratings, however, rebounded in its final"]}
{"query": "How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14?", "answer": "8.03 million", "gold_docs": ["of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth-season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of \"American Idol\" would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth-season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show's ratings, however, rebounded in its final"]}
{"query": "After what season will American Idol be cancelled? ", "answer": "15", "gold_docs": ["airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3. American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one"]}
{"query": "When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol's last?", "answer": "May 11, 2015", "gold_docs": ["of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth-season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of \"American Idol\" would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth-season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show's ratings, however, rebounded in its final"]}
{"query": "How many people watched the season 14 finale?", "answer": "8.03 million", "gold_docs": ["of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth-season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of \"American Idol\" would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth-season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show's ratings, however, rebounded in its final"]}
{"query": "For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?", "answer": "9", "gold_docs": ["was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."]}
{"query": "For how many years was Fox the highest rated network with young adults because of American Idol? ", "answer": "8", "gold_docs": ["\"American Idol\" lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", although the strengths of \"Idol\" in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18\u201349 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012. The loss of viewers continued into the twelfth season, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18\u201349 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of"]}
{"query": "What television network originally aired the show Glee?", "answer": "Fox", "gold_docs": ["TV network amongst adults 18\u201349, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as \"House\" and \"Bones\", and \"Idol\", for years, had become Fox's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as \"Glee\" and \"New Girl\". The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, \"saved Fox\". The show's massive success in the mid-2000s to early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as \"Rock Star\", \"Nashville"]}
{"query": "What television network originally aired the show House? ", "answer": "Fox", "gold_docs": ["TV network amongst adults 18\u201349, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as \"House\" and \"Bones\", and \"Idol\", for years, had become Fox's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as \"Glee\" and \"New Girl\". The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, \"saved Fox\". The show's massive success in the mid-2000s to early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as \"Rock Star\", \"Nashville"]}
{"query": "Who created American Idol? ", "answer": "Simon Fuller", "gold_docs": ["TV network amongst adults 18\u201349, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as \"House\" and \"Bones\", and \"Idol\", for years, had become Fox's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as \"Glee\" and \"New Girl\". The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, \"saved Fox\". The show's massive success in the mid-2000s to early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as \"Rock Star\", \"Nashville"]}
{"query": "What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol?", "answer": "Dancing with the Stars", "gold_docs": ["Star\", \"The Voice\", \"Rising Star\", \"The Sing-Off\", and \"The X Factor\". The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as \"Dancing with the Stars\" and \"So You Think You Can Dance\", most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television. As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, \"American Idol\" had a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create"]}
{"query": "What is another singing show similar to American Idol? ", "answer": "The Voice", "gold_docs": ["Star\", \"The Voice\", \"Rising Star\", \"The Sing-Off\", and \"The X Factor\". The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as \"Dancing with the Stars\" and \"So You Think You Can Dance\", most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television. As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, \"American Idol\" had a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create"]}
{"query": "What show helped launched the career of Kelly Clarkson? ", "answer": "American Idol", "gold_docs": ["Star\", \"The Voice\", \"Rising Star\", \"The Sing-Off\", and \"The X Factor\". The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as \"Dancing with the Stars\" and \"So You Think You Can Dance\", most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television. As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, \"American Idol\" had a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create"]}
{"query": "What show helped launched the career of Carrie Underwood? ", "answer": "American Idol", "gold_docs": ["Star\", \"The Voice\", \"Rising Star\", \"The Sing-Off\", and \"The X Factor\". The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as \"Dancing with the Stars\" and \"So You Think You Can Dance\", most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television. As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, \"American Idol\" had a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create"]}
{"query": "What show helped launched the career of Daughtry? ", "answer": "American Idol", "gold_docs": ["Star\", \"The Voice\", \"Rising Star\", \"The Sing-Off\", and \"The X Factor\". The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as \"Dancing with the Stars\" and \"So You Think You Can Dance\", most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television. As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, \"American Idol\" had a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create"]}
{"query": "Who is the president of Mediabase? ", "answer": "Rich Meyer", "gold_docs": ["to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, \"American Idol\" alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, \"American Idol\" had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins. At the end of the show's"]}
{"query": "Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010? ", "answer": "Kelly Clarkson", "gold_docs": ["to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, \"American Idol\" alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, \"American Idol\" had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins. At the end of the show's"]}
{"query": "How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?", "answer": "345", "gold_docs": ["a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016, with Carrie Underwood winning seven. Various \"American Idol\" alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the \"Billboard\" charts in its first 10 years, and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016, with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone. According"]}
{"query": "Who authored books on Billboard charts?", "answer": "Fred Bronson", "gold_docs": ["to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, \"American Idol\" alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, \"American Idol\" had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins. At the end of the show's"]}
{"query": "How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, \"American Idol\" alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, \"American Idol\" had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins. At the end of the show's"]}
{"query": "Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? ", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson", "gold_docs": ["work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the \"Idol\" vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in \"Dreamgirls\" and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance. The dominance of \"American Idol\" in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By the seventh season, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary"]}
{"query": "What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? ", "answer": "vocal coach", "gold_docs": ["work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the \"Idol\" vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in \"Dreamgirls\" and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance. The dominance of \"American Idol\" in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By the seventh season, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary"]}
{"query": "In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success?", "answer": "musical theatre", "gold_docs": ["run, Idol's contestants have sold more than 60 million albums in the US, resulting in more than 80 Platinum records and 95 Gold records. Its participants have generated more than 450 Billboard No. 1 hits and sold more than 260 million digital downloads. The impact of \"American Idol\" was also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of \"Idol\" alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former \"American Idol\" contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular \"Idol\" contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to"]}
{"query": "Which Idol won an Academy Award?", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson", "gold_docs": ["work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the \"Idol\" vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in \"Dreamgirls\" and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance. The dominance of \"American Idol\" in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By the seventh season, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary"]}
{"query": "What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for?", "answer": "Dreamgirls", "gold_docs": ["work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the \"Idol\" vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in \"Dreamgirls\" and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance. The dominance of \"American Idol\" in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By the seventh season, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary"]}
{"query": "Who recommended the role for Hudon?", "answer": "Debra Byrd", "gold_docs": ["work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the \"Idol\" vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in \"Dreamgirls\" and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance. The dominance of \"American Idol\" in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By the seventh season, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary"]}
{"query": "What publication does Ken Tucker work for? ", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly", "gold_docs": ["season, and ended its run in 2016 as Fox's first ever program to conclude its run without dropping from the Nielsen Top 30 most watched television shows in each of its seasons. Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" considered that \"As TV, \"American Idol\" is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential\". Others, however, thought that \"the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed\". It was also described as a \"sadistic musical bake-off\", and \"a romp in humiliation\". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement"]}
{"query": "Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?", "answer": "Ken Tucker", "gold_docs": ["season, and ended its run in 2016 as Fox's first ever program to conclude its run without dropping from the Nielsen Top 30 most watched television shows in each of its seasons. Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" considered that \"As TV, \"American Idol\" is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential\". Others, however, thought that \"the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed\". It was also described as a \"sadistic musical bake-off\", and \"a romp in humiliation\". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement"]}
{"query": "Which publication did Tucker work for?", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly", "gold_docs": ["season, and ended its run in 2016 as Fox's first ever program to conclude its run without dropping from the Nielsen Top 30 most watched television shows in each of its seasons. Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" considered that \"As TV, \"American Idol\" is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential\". Others, however, thought that \"the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed\". It was also described as a \"sadistic musical bake-off\", and \"a romp in humiliation\". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement"]}
{"query": "Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?", "answer": "Karla Peterson", "gold_docs": ["in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations \u2013 Karla Peterson of \"The San Diego Union-Tribune\" charged that \"American Idol\" is \"a conniving multimedia monster\" that has \"absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil\". The decision to send the first season winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of \"The Washington Post\" noted sarcastically"]}
{"query": "What publication does Michael Slezak write for?", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly", "gold_docs": ["positive, Michael Slezak, again of \"Entertainment Weekly\", thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, \"Idol\" provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the"]}
{"query": "Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol? ", "answer": "Simon Cowell", "gold_docs": ["multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of \"Newsweek\" accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on \"Idol\" are not real artists with self-respect. Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the"]}
{"query": "What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol? ", "answer": "John Mayer", "gold_docs": ["multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of \"Newsweek\" accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on \"Idol\" are not real artists with self-respect. Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the"]}
{"query": "What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? ", "answer": "Newsweek", "gold_docs": ["multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of \"Newsweek\" accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on \"Idol\" are not real artists with self-respect. Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the"]}
{"query": "Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what?", "answer": "commercialism", "gold_docs": ["positive, Michael Slezak, again of \"Entertainment Weekly\", thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, \"Idol\" provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the"]}
{"query": "Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook?", "answer": "Ann Powers", "gold_docs": ["positive, Michael Slezak, again of \"Entertainment Weekly\", thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, \"Idol\" provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the"]}
{"query": "Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect?", "answer": "John Mayer", "gold_docs": ["multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of \"Newsweek\" accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on \"Idol\" are not real artists with self-respect. Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the"]}
{"query": "What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? ", "answer": "Elton John", "gold_docs": ["has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on \"American Idol\", commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain"]}
{"query": "What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? ", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on \"American Idol\", commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain"]}
{"query": "What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? ", "answer": "LeAnn Rimes", "gold_docs": ["has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on \"American Idol\", commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain"]}
{"query": "Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost?", "answer": "Usher", "gold_docs": ["multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of \"Newsweek\" accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on \"Idol\" are not real artists with self-respect. Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the"]}
{"query": "Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006?", "answer": "Carrie Underwood", "gold_docs": ["has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on \"American Idol\", commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain"]}
{"query": "Who did Carrie beat out for the award?", "answer": "Faith Hill", "gold_docs": ["has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on \"American Idol\", commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain"]}
{"query": "Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award?", "answer": "LeAnn Rimes", "gold_docs": ["has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on \"American Idol\", commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain"]}
{"query": "Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol?", "answer": "Elton John", "gold_docs": ["has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on \"American Idol\", commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain"]}
{"query": "Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? ", "answer": "country", "gold_docs": ["its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone\", and that country music and Idol \"go together well\". \"American Idol\" was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and"]}
{"query": "Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?", "answer": "country music", "gold_docs": ["its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone\", and that country music and Idol \"go together well\". \"American Idol\" was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and"]}
{"query": "How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?  ", "answer": "9", "gold_docs": ["was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts. \"Idol Gives Back\" returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S."]}
{"query": "What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol? ", "answer": "Bruce Gower", "gold_docs": ["its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone\", and that country music and Idol \"go together well\". \"American Idol\" was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and"]}
{"query": "How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won? ", "answer": "8", "gold_docs": ["\"American Idol\" lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", although the strengths of \"Idol\" in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18\u201349 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012. The loss of viewers continued into the twelfth season, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18\u201349 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of"]}
{"query": "What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back", "gold_docs": ["the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition. In 2013, TV Guide ranked the series No. 48 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. Throughout"]}
{"query": "How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone\", and that country music and Idol \"go together well\". \"American Idol\" was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and"]}
{"query": "What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?", "answer": "Governor's Award in 2007", "gold_docs": ["the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition. In 2013, TV Guide ranked the series No. 48 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. Throughout"]}
{"query": "How much money did American Idol make in 2004?", "answer": "$900 million", "gold_docs": ["work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the \"Idol\" vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in \"Dreamgirls\" and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance. The dominance of \"American Idol\" in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By the seventh season, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary"]}
{"query": "How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? ", "answer": "$6.4 billion", "gold_docs": ["sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. \"American Idol\" also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience. \"American Idol\" became the most expensive series on broadcast networks"]}
{"query": "In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? ", "answer": "season four", "gold_docs": ["overall. It remained Fox's most popular show other than \"American Idol\". The most-watched episode of \"House\" is the season four episode \"Frozen\", which aired after Super Bowl XLII. It attracted slightly more than 29 million viewers. \"House\" ranked third for the week, equaling the rating of \"American Idol\" and surpassed only by the Super Bowl itself and the post-game show. Below is a table of \"House\"s seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market, based on average total viewers per episode. Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May"]}
{"query": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?", "answer": "$1.3 million", "gold_docs": ["for advertisers starting the fourth season, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in the seventh season at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in the third season to $870 million in the sixth season. While that declined from the eighth season onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few"]}
{"query": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? ", "answer": "less than $300,000", "gold_docs": ["seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in the eleventh season also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for the twelfth season, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000. For the relaunched \"Idol\" on ABC, it has been reported that a 30-second spot may cost between $120,000\u2013$160,000. Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of \"American Idol\" in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in"]}
{"query": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? ", "answer": "$737,000", "gold_docs": ["for advertisers starting the fourth season, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in the seventh season at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in the third season to $870 million in the sixth season. While that declined from the eighth season onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few"]}
{"query": "By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, \"American Idol\" alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, \"American Idol\" had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins. At the end of the show's"]}
{"query": "How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?", "answer": "800 million", "gold_docs": ["for advertisers starting the fourth season, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in the seventh season at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in the third season to $870 million in the sixth season. While that declined from the eighth season onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few"]}
{"query": "In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "answer": "season one", "gold_docs": ["and FremantleMedia Australia. The series' key sponsors were Ford New Zealand as broadcast sponsor, Samsung Electronics as technology partner with McDonald's and Coca-Cola as programme partners. The broadcast sponsor of the second series was McDonald's, with Mazda, Fruttare, 2degrees and VO5 as programme partners. The judging panel for season one consisted of Australian Idol winner Stan Walker, All Saints singer Melanie Blatt, Kiwi singer Ruby Frost and New Zealand-born singer/songwriter Daniel Bedingfield. The judges were accompanied by Dominic Bowden who hosted the series. The series premiered on 21 April 2013 and finished on 22 July 2013. For the judges retreat,"]}
{"query": "In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "answer": "season one", "gold_docs": ["to the hour format and a monthly production schedule. CBS president William S. Paley would have sued Desilu had Arnaz's health not been an issue but instead agreed to the change. Arnaz quickly found a new sponsor for the 1957\u20131958 season: Ford Motor Company. Originally \"Comedy Hour\" was slated to produce 10 original episodes per season. However, due to high production costs Arnaz cut that to eight, then five episodes. Five were produced in season one (1957\u20131958) and season two (1958\u20131959) then cut back to three in season three (1959\u20131960). During the final season of \"I Love Lucy\" (episode 14),"]}
{"query": "Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season? ", "answer": "AT&T Wireless", "gold_docs": ["the first season, rising to $35 million by the seventh season, and between $50 to $60 million in the tenth season. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after the twelfth season, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after the thirteenth season amidst the declining ratings of \"Idol\" in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since the seventh season. \"American Idol\" prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By the sixth season, \"Idol\" showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration"]}
{"query": "In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol? ", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016, with Carrie Underwood winning seven. Various \"American Idol\" alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the \"Billboard\" charts in its first 10 years, and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016, with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone. According"]}
{"query": "How much did it cost each company for the first season?", "answer": "10 million", "gold_docs": ["seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in the eleventh season also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for the twelfth season, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000. For the relaunched \"Idol\" on ABC, it has been reported that a 30-second spot may cost between $120,000\u2013$160,000. Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of \"American Idol\" in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in"]}
{"query": "How much did it cost each company in season 7?", "answer": "35 million", "gold_docs": ["the first season, rising to $35 million by the seventh season, and between $50 to $60 million in the tenth season. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after the twelfth season, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after the thirteenth season amidst the declining ratings of \"Idol\" in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since the seventh season. \"American Idol\" prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By the sixth season, \"Idol\" showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration"]}
{"query": "Who was the third largest sponsor?", "answer": "AT&T", "gold_docs": ["the first season, rising to $35 million by the seventh season, and between $50 to $60 million in the tenth season. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after the twelfth season, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after the thirteenth season amidst the declining ratings of \"Idol\" in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since the seventh season. \"American Idol\" prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By the sixth season, \"Idol\" showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration"]}
{"query": "What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? ", "answer": "text-messaging", "gold_docs": ["proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show. Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor \"American Idol\" at the show's start. What the \"Los Angeles Times\" later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's \"The X Factor\" in hopes of not repeating its \"Idol\" mistake until its"]}
{"query": "How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?", "answer": "4,349", "gold_docs": ["the first season, rising to $35 million by the seventh season, and between $50 to $60 million in the tenth season. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after the twelfth season, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after the thirteenth season amidst the declining ratings of \"Idol\" in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since the seventh season. \"American Idol\" prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By the sixth season, \"Idol\" showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration"]}
{"query": "Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor? ", "answer": "PepsiCo", "gold_docs": ["proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show. Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor \"American Idol\" at the show's start. What the \"Los Angeles Times\" later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's \"The X Factor\" in hopes of not repeating its \"Idol\" mistake until its"]}
{"query": "What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol? ", "answer": "The X Factor", "gold_docs": ["proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show. Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor \"American Idol\" at the show's start. What the \"Los Angeles Times\" later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's \"The X Factor\" in hopes of not repeating its \"Idol\" mistake until its"]}
{"query": "Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?", "answer": "PepsiCo", "gold_docs": ["proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show. Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor \"American Idol\" at the show's start. What the \"Los Angeles Times\" later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's \"The X Factor\" in hopes of not repeating its \"Idol\" mistake until its"]}
{"query": "In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?", "answer": "The X Factor", "gold_docs": ["proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show. Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor \"American Idol\" at the show's start. What the \"Los Angeles Times\" later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's \"The X Factor\" in hopes of not repeating its \"Idol\" mistake until its"]}
{"query": "Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?", "answer": "season five", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Idol Canadian Idol is a Canadian reality television competition show which aired on CTV, based on the British show \"Pop Idol\". The show was a competition to find the most talented young singer in Canada, and was hosted by Ben Mulroney. Jon Dore was the \"roving reporter\" for the first three seasons (appearing in comedy skits throughout the show). Elena Juatco (a season 2 contestant) assumed the role for season four, Dave Kerr had the role in season five and Jully Black in season six. The show began with a cross-Canada tour in which singers audition in front of"]}
{"query": "What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season? ", "answer": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies", "gold_docs": ["cancellation. For the revived series on ABC, Macy's and Johnson & Johnson's Zyrtec signed on as the major sponsors of the show. The top ten (eleven in the tenth season, five in the fourteenth season, and seven in the sixteenth season) toured at the end of every season except for the fifteenth season. In the twelfth season tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the seventh season tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the ninth"]}
{"query": "Who was added to the tour in season 12?", "answer": "a semi-finalist who won a sing-off", "gold_docs": ["cancellation. For the revived series on ABC, Macy's and Johnson & Johnson's Zyrtec signed on as the major sponsors of the show. The top ten (eleven in the tenth season, five in the fourteenth season, and seven in the sixteenth season) toured at the end of every season except for the fifteenth season. In the twelfth season tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the seventh season tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the ninth"]}
{"query": "Who sponsored the first seven tours?", "answer": "Kellogg's Pop-Tarts", "gold_docs": ["cancellation. For the revived series on ABC, Macy's and Johnson & Johnson's Zyrtec signed on as the major sponsors of the show. The top ten (eleven in the tenth season, five in the fourteenth season, and seven in the sixteenth season) toured at the end of every season except for the fifteenth season. In the twelfth season tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the seventh season tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the ninth"]}
{"query": "Who sponsored the ninth tour?", "answer": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies", "gold_docs": ["cancellation. For the revived series on ABC, Macy's and Johnson & Johnson's Zyrtec signed on as the major sponsors of the show. The top ten (eleven in the tenth season, five in the fourteenth season, and seven in the sixteenth season) toured at the end of every season except for the fifteenth season. In the twelfth season tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the seventh season tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the ninth"]}
{"query": "When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? ", "answer": "season seven", "gold_docs": ["was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the seventh-season finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over the sixth season as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast"]}
{"query": "For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? ", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then \"American Idol\" the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in the fifth season, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the \"American Idol\" official website only. In the seventh season the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when"]}
{"query": "What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?", "answer": "iTunes", "gold_docs": ["as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then \"American Idol\" the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in the fifth season, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the \"American Idol\" official website only. In the seventh season the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when"]}
{"query": "Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?", "answer": "the winner's coronation single", "gold_docs": ["as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then \"American Idol\" the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in the fifth season, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the \"American Idol\" official website only. In the seventh season the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when"]}
{"query": "How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?", "answer": "as a compilation album", "gold_docs": ["as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then \"American Idol\" the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in the fifth season, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the \"American Idol\" official website only. In the seventh season the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when"]}
{"query": "Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?", "answer": "the most successful soundtrack franchise", "gold_docs": ["as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then \"American Idol\" the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in the fifth season, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the \"American Idol\" official website only. In the seventh season the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when"]}
{"query": "Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?", "answer": "iTunes", "gold_docs": ["as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then \"American Idol\" the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in the fifth season, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the \"American Idol\" official website only. In the seventh season the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when"]}
{"query": "What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?", "answer": "19 Recordings", "gold_docs": ["it joined as a sponsor. In the tenth season the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night. 19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005\u20132007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008 to 2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their"]}
{"query": "What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment? ", "answer": "BMG", "gold_docs": ["it joined as a sponsor. In the tenth season the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night. 19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005\u20132007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008 to 2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their"]}
{"query": "Who owns 19 Recordings?", "answer": "19 Entertainment", "gold_docs": ["it joined as a sponsor. In the tenth season the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night. 19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005\u20132007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008 to 2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their"]}
{"query": "Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?", "answer": "BMG", "gold_docs": ["it joined as a sponsor. In the tenth season the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night. 19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005\u20132007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008 to 2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their"]}
{"query": "Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?", "answer": "UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records", "gold_docs": ["acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with \"American Idol\" and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for \"American Idol\" by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records. \"American Idol\" video games On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the"]}
{"query": "What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience? ", "answer": "The Walt Disney Company", "gold_docs": ["acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with \"American Idol\" and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for \"American Idol\" by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records. \"American Idol\" video games On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the"]}
{"query": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience? ", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with \"American Idol\" and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for \"American Idol\" by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records. \"American Idol\" video games On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the"]}
{"query": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience? ", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["\"Idol\" set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real \"Idol\" judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future \"American Idol\" audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014. \"American Idol\" is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United"]}
{"query": "When did the American Idol Experience open?", "answer": "February 14, 2009", "gold_docs": ["acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with \"American Idol\" and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for \"American Idol\" by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records. \"American Idol\" video games On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the"]}
{"query": "Where did it open?", "answer": "Walt Disney World", "gold_docs": ["acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with \"American Idol\" and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for \"American Idol\" by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records. \"American Idol\" video games On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the"]}
{"query": "What did the winner win?", "answer": "Dream Ticket", "gold_docs": ["\"Idol\" set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real \"Idol\" judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future \"American Idol\" audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014. \"American Idol\" is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United"]}
{"query": "When did the Experience close?", "answer": "August 30, 2014", "gold_docs": ["\"Idol\" set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real \"Idol\" judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future \"American Idol\" audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014. \"American Idol\" is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United"]}
{"query": "How many different countries air American Idol on television? ", "answer": "over 100", "gold_docs": ["\"Idol\" set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real \"Idol\" judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future \"American Idol\" audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014. \"American Idol\" is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United"]}
{"query": "What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? ", "answer": "CTV", "gold_docs": ["States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped \"Idol\" after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to \"American Idol\" beginning in its 2015 season. In 2017, it was announced the show would return to CTV Two for its sixteenth season. In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast"]}
{"query": "In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? ", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped \"Idol\" after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to \"American Idol\" beginning in its 2015 season. In 2017, it was announced the show would return to CTV Two for its sixteenth season. In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast"]}
{"query": "How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?", "answer": "over 100", "gold_docs": ["\"Idol\" set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real \"Idol\" judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future \"American Idol\" audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014. \"American Idol\" is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United"]}
{"query": "Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?", "answer": "CTV and/or CTV Two", "gold_docs": ["States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped \"Idol\" after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to \"American Idol\" beginning in its 2015 season. In 2017, it was announced the show would return to CTV Two for its sixteenth season. In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast"]}
{"query": "Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?", "answer": "Yes TV", "gold_docs": ["States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped \"Idol\" after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to \"American Idol\" beginning in its 2015 season. In 2017, it was announced the show would return to CTV Two for its sixteenth season. In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast"]}
{"query": "What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? ", "answer": "La3", "gold_docs": ["airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3. American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one"]}
{"query": "How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? ", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["(2014\u201315) it aired on digital channel, Eleven, a sister channel to Network Ten. Its final season (2016) aired on Fox8 hours after the original U.S. broadcast. The show enjoyed a lot of popularity in Australia throughout the 2000s before declining in the ratings. In the United Kingdom, episodes were aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2. In the twelfth season, the episodes aired on 5*. It was also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after its original broadcast. In the instances where the"]}
{"query": "On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? ", "answer": "Thursday and Friday", "gold_docs": ["Asia, it is broadcast by Sony Channel every Monday and Tuesday nine or ten hours after since its revival. In Philippines, it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast; from 2004 to 2007 on ABC 5; 2008\u201311 on QTV, then GMA News TV; and since 2012 on ETC. On Philippine television history. In Australia, it aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast. It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2008 and then again in 2013. Between 2008 and 2012 it aired on Fox8 and the thirteenth and fourteenth seasons"]}
{"query": "Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy?", "answer": "La3", "gold_docs": ["airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3. American Idol American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by Fremantle USA and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by Fremantle North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002, to April 7, 2016, for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the sixteenth season debuted on ABC. It started as an addition to the \"Idols\" format that was based on \"Pop Idol\" from British television, and became one"]}
{"query": "Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?", "answer": "ringers", "gold_docs": ["the nicest guy in a popularity contest\", he says, \"And that has led to this dynasty of four, and possibly now five, consecutive, affable, very nice, good-looking white boys.\" The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management. Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as"]}
{"query": "How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["renewed the revival series for another season. Perry, Bryan and Richie will return as judges, while Seacrest will return as host. Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of \"American Idol\". It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall. \"American Idol\" premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of"]}
{"query": "How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["renewed the revival series for another season. Perry, Bryan and Richie will return as judges, while Seacrest will return as host. Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of \"American Idol\". It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall. \"American Idol\" premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of"]}
{"query": "What is Canis familiaris?", "answer": "domestic dog", "gold_docs": ["Dog The domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\" when considered a subspecies of the wolf or \"Canis familiaris\" when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus \"Canis\" (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct. The dog was the first species to be domesticated and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory"]}
{"query": "How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?", "answer": "millennia", "gold_docs": ["Dog The domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\" when considered a subspecies of the wolf or \"Canis familiaris\" when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus \"Canis\" (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct. The dog was the first species to be domesticated and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory"]}
{"query": "What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?", "answer": "starch-rich", "gold_docs": ["capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors. Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding disabled people and therapeutic roles. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet \"man's best friend\". In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA indicated that the domestic dog may have originated"]}
{"query": "What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?", "answer": "man's best friend", "gold_docs": ["capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors. Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding disabled people and therapeutic roles. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet \"man's best friend\". In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA indicated that the domestic dog may have originated"]}
{"query": "What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?", "answer": "man's best friend", "gold_docs": ["capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors. Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding disabled people and therapeutic roles. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet \"man's best friend\". In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA indicated that the domestic dog may have originated"]}
{"query": "Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?", "answer": "meat", "gold_docs": ["has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat. Wolves, and their dog descendants, likely derived significant benefits from living in human camps\u2014more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as better color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down"]}
{"query": "What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word \"dog\" came from?", "answer": "Proto-Indo-European", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?", "answer": "Proto-Indo-European", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?", "answer": "mastiff.", "gold_docs": ["the only large carnivore, known to have been domesticated. Especially over the past 200 years, dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern dog breeds due to artificial selection by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from a teacup poodle to a giant mastiff. Phenotypic variation can include height measured to the withers ranging from in the Chihuahua to in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be"]}
{"query": "In what century did \"hound\" start to only apply to hunting dogs?", "answer": "16th", "gold_docs": ["The breed has existed in Sweden since the 16th century. The name originated from the breed's links with Sm\u00e5land in southern Sweden. During the time of the Swedish Empire a number of wars were fought, with soldiers returning to their native country bringing a variety of hound breeds with them. These hounds were bred with local spitz type dogs, and the offspring became the foundation stock of the modern Sm\u00e5landsst\u00f6vare. Farmers in Sweden preferred an all around hunting dog as they could often only afford to feed a single hunting dog, and so the breed became adept at hunting a"]}
{"query": "What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?", "answer": "hound", "gold_docs": ["mellitus in either sex. A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. between half- and full siblings). Inbreeding depression is considered to be due largely to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny. In a study of seven breeds of dogs (Bernese mountain dog, basset hound, Cairn terrier, Epagneul Breton, German Shepherd dog, Leonberger, and West Highland white terrier) it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival. Another analysis of data on 42,855"]}
{"query": "Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?", "answer": "hunting", "gold_docs": ["as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love. Lists Dog The domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\" when considered a subspecies of the wolf or \"Canis familiaris\" when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus \"Canis\" (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to"]}
{"query": "What is the French word that \"puppy\" comes from?", "answer": "poup\u00e9e", "gold_docs": ["fact the other way around: \"pup\" is a shortening of \"puppy\", which comes from French \"popi\" or \"poup\u00e9e\" which means \"doll\". \"Doll\" is such a shortening for \"dolly\", which started as a pet form for \"Dorothy\".) Many languages have their own unique form of diminutive suffix (see list of diminutives by language for international examples). Baby talk phrases and sentences often skip out small words, imitating young children who can make little sense of sentence composition, such as \"to\", \"at\", \"for\", \"my\", \"so\" and \"as\", and articles (\"the\", \"a\", \"an\"), thus resulting in an incomplete sentence, such as \"I need"]}
{"query": "What is giving birth to dogs called?", "answer": "whelping", "gold_docs": ["the male parent, a stud, is referred to as the \"sire\". A litter is those puppies born from the same pregnancy. A \"whelp\" is a newborn puppy and giving birth in dogs is called \"whelping\". Dogs commonly give birth in a \"whelping box\", a simple box or pen provided to the dam to help shelter and contain the puppies. A person who intentionally mates dogs to produce puppies is referred to as a dog breeder. \"Line breeding\" is the planned breeding of dogs with their relatives. This is done to strengthen the appearance of specific desired traits in offspring. Line"]}
{"query": "What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?", "answer": "bitch", "gold_docs": ["English language. According to Dr. Timothy Jay, there are \"over 70 different taboo words,\" but 80 percent of the time only ten words are used, and \"bitch\" is included in this set. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term \"bitch\" comes from the Old English word \"bicce\" or \"bicge\", meaning \"female dog,\" which dates to around 1000 CE. It may have derived from the earlier Old Norse word \"bikkja\", also meaning \"female dog.\" \"Dog\" has long been used as an insult toward both women and men. In ancient Greece, dog was often used in a derogatory sense to refer"]}
{"query": "A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?", "answer": "bitch", "gold_docs": ["Dog breeding Dog breeding is the practice of mating selected dogs with the intent to maintain or produce specific qualities and characteristics. When dogs reproduce without such human intervention, their offspring's characteristics are determined by natural selection, while \"dog breeding\" refers specifically to the artificial selection of dogs, in which dogs are intentionally bred by their owners. Breeding relies on the science of genetics, so the breeder with a knowledge of canine genetics, health, and the intended use for the dogs attempts to breed suitable dogs. The female parent, a bitch, of puppies is referred to as the \"dam\" and"]}
{"query": "What are canine offspring referred as?", "answer": "litter", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "What is the father of a litter referred as?", "answer": "sire", "gold_docs": ["during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for more than one male to sire the same litter. Fertilization typically occurs 2\u20135 days after ovulation; 14\u201316 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus, and after 7-8 more days the heart beat is detectable. Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length"]}
{"query": "What is the mother of a litter referred as?", "answer": "dam", "gold_docs": ["the male parent, a stud, is referred to as the \"sire\". A litter is those puppies born from the same pregnancy. A \"whelp\" is a newborn puppy and giving birth in dogs is called \"whelping\". Dogs commonly give birth in a \"whelping box\", a simple box or pen provided to the dam to help shelter and contain the puppies. A person who intentionally mates dogs to produce puppies is referred to as a dog breeder. \"Line breeding\" is the planned breeding of dogs with their relatives. This is done to strengthen the appearance of specific desired traits in offspring. Line"]}
{"query": "What are the individual litter canines called?", "answer": "pups", "gold_docs": ["skunk earths. During the pregnancy, the male frequently hunts alone and brings back food for the female. The female may line the den with dried grass or with fur pulled from her belly. The gestation period is 63 days, with an average litter size of six, though the number fluctuates depending on coyote population density and the abundance of food. Coyote pups are born in dens, hollow trees, or under ledges, and weigh at birth. They are altricial, and are completely dependent on milk for their first 10 days. The incisors erupt at about 12 days, the canines at 16,"]}
{"query": "What is the Latin term for \"dog.?\"", "answer": "Canis", "gold_docs": ["from multiple grey wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"\"familiaris\" Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"\"dingo\" Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included \"hallstromi\" - the New Guinea singing dog - as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision."]}
{"query": "What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?", "answer": "1758", "gold_docs": ["from multiple grey wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"\"familiaris\" Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"\"dingo\" Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included \"hallstromi\" - the New Guinea singing dog - as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision."]}
{"query": "Who published Systema Naturae?", "answer": "Linnaeus", "gold_docs": ["Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae In the 10th edition of \"Systema Naturae\" published in 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus described 554 species of bird and gave each a binomial name. Linnaeus first included birds in the 6th edition of his \"Systema Naturae\" which was published in 1748. In it he listed 260 species arranged into 51 genera and six orders. The entries for each species were very brief; he did not include a description but instead provided a citation to an earlier publication, often to his own \"Fauna suecica\" which was published in 1746. Linnaeus generally"]}
{"query": "What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?", "answer": "wolf", "gold_docs": ["from multiple grey wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"\"familiaris\" Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"\"dingo\" Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included \"hallstromi\" - the New Guinea singing dog - as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision."]}
{"query": "What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?", "answer": "Mammal Species of the World", "gold_docs": ["from multiple grey wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"\"familiaris\" Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"\"dingo\" Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included \"hallstromi\" - the New Guinea singing dog - as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision."]}
{"query": "What is the Latin word for dog?", "answer": "Canis", "gold_docs": ["from multiple grey wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"\"familiaris\" Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"\"dingo\" Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included \"hallstromi\" - the New Guinea singing dog - as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision."]}
{"query": "What is the Latin name for a wolf?", "answer": "Canis lupus", "gold_docs": ["from multiple grey wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"\"familiaris\" Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"\"dingo\" Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included \"hallstromi\" - the New Guinea singing dog - as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision."]}
{"query": "What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?", "answer": "1982", "gold_docs": ["In 1978, a review to reduce the number species listed under genus \"Canis\" proposed that \"\"Canis dingo\" is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. \"Canis familiaris\" is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with \"Canis lupus.\"\" In 1982, the first edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" included a note under \"Canis lupus\" with the comment: \"Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, \"familiaris\". \"Canis familiaris\" has page priority over \"Canis lupus\", but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and \"Canis lupus\" has been universally used for this species\"."]}
{"query": "What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections. In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave. In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult"]}
{"query": "What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?", "answer": "Mammal Species of the World", "gold_docs": ["from multiple grey wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"\"familiaris\" Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"\"dingo\" Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included \"hallstromi\" - the New Guinea singing dog - as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision."]}
{"query": "What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?", "answer": "ICZN", "gold_docs": ["the \"Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology\" of the ICZN becomes the available name, which is the \"scientific name applied to an animal taxon\". The ICZN has entered into its official list: Genus \"Canis\" in 1926, \"Canis familiaris\" as the type species for genus \"Canis\" in 1955, and \"Canis dingo\" in 1957. Taxonomy classifies organisms together which possess common characteristics. Nomenclature does not determine the rank to be accorded to any assemblage of animals but only its official name. Therefore, zoologists are free to propose which group of animals with similar characteristics that a taxon might belong to."]}
{"query": "What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?", "answer": "genetic studies", "gold_docs": ["study also indicated that all North American wolves have a significant amount of coyote ancestry and all coyotes some degree of wolf ancestry, and that the red wolf and eastern wolf are highly admixed with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. The proposed timing of the wolf/coyote divergence conflicts with the finding of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 Mya. Genetic studies relating to wolves or dogs have inferred phylogenetic relationships based on the only reference genome available, that of the Boxer dog. In 2017, the first reference genome of the wolf \"Canis lupus lupus\" was"]}
{"query": "The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?", "answer": "extinct.", "gold_docs": ["Dog The domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\" when considered a subspecies of the wolf or \"Canis familiaris\" when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus \"Canis\" (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is extinct. The dog was the first species to be domesticated and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory"]}
{"query": "Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?", "answer": "hunter-gatherers", "gold_docs": ["extant gray wolf form two sister clades, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated. The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not at the dawn of agriculture. Where the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial, with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia. This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that"]}
{"query": "Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?", "answer": "Taimyr wolf of North Asia", "gold_docs": ["word referring to Arctic people in general, Eskimo, \"...known as 'huskies', a contraction of 'Huskimos', the pronunciation given to the word 'Eskimos' by the English sailors of trading vessels.\" The use of \"husky\" is recorded from 1852 for dogs kept by Inuit people. Nearly all dogs' genetic closeness to the gray wolf is due to admixture. However, several Arctic breeds also show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture: the Siberian Husky and Greenland dog (which are also historically associated with Arctic human populations) and to a lesser extent, the Shar Pei and"]}
{"query": "Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?", "answer": "human hunter-gatherers", "gold_docs": ["extant gray wolf form two sister clades, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated. The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not at the dawn of agriculture. Where the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial, with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia. This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that"]}
{"query": "Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?", "answer": "gray wolf", "gold_docs": ["extant gray wolf form two sister clades, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated. The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not at the dawn of agriculture. Where the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial, with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia. This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that"]}
{"query": "Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?", "answer": "Taimyr", "gold_docs": ["dogs from both Greenland and Siberia thought to be their forerunners. Nearly all dog breed's genetic closeness to the gray wolf is due to admixture. However, several Arctic dog breeds show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. These breeds are associated with high latitudes - the Siberian Husky and Greenland Dog that are also associated with Arctic human populations, and to a lesser extent the Shar Pei and Finnish Spitz. An admixture graph of the Greenland dog indicates a best-fit of 3.5% shared material, however an ancestry proportion ranging between 1.4% and"]}
{"query": "What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?", "answer": "Modern dog breeds", "gold_docs": ["fits the available evidence, which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves, these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000-6,400 years ago, and then the Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago. Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like"]}
{"query": "What are dog teeth best suited for?", "answer": "catching and tearing.", "gold_docs": ["many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only at the shoulder, in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only . The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed and was from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands at the shoulder. The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of"]}
{"query": "Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?", "answer": "scavengers", "gold_docs": ["fits the available evidence, which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves, these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000-6,400 years ago, and then the Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago. Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like"]}
{"query": "What bones in dog legs are fused?", "answer": "wrist", "gold_docs": ["many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only at the shoulder, in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only . The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed and was from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands at the shoulder. The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of"]}
{"query": "A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?", "answer": "endurance", "gold_docs": ["many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only at the shoulder, in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only . The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed and was from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands at the shoulder. The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of"]}
{"query": "What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?", "answer": "catching and tearing", "gold_docs": ["many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only at the shoulder, in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only . The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed and was from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands at the shoulder. The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of"]}
{"query": "Dogs originated as predators and what?", "answer": "scavengers", "gold_docs": ["fits the available evidence, which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves, these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000-6,400 years ago, and then the Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago. Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like"]}
{"query": "What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?", "answer": "English Mastiff", "gold_docs": ["many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only at the shoulder, in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only . The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed and was from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands at the shoulder. The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of"]}
{"query": "What is the biggest known dog?", "answer": "English Mastiff", "gold_docs": ["many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only at the shoulder, in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only . The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed and was from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands at the shoulder. The dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of"]}
{"query": "Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?", "answer": "double", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?", "answer": "soft down hair", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "What is a single coat?", "answer": "topcoat only", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?", "answer": "countershading", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?", "answer": "upper surfaces", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "A natural camo pattern is known as what?", "answer": "countershading", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?", "answer": "dark coloring", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "What is reduced when a dog has countershading?", "answer": "visibility", "gold_docs": ["taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field. The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only. Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional"]}
{"query": "What does a dog communicate with its tail?", "answer": "emotional state", "gold_docs": ["\"blaze\", stripe, or \"star\" of white fur on their chest or underside. Regarding coat appearance or health, the coat can be maintained or affected by multiple nutrients present in the diet, see Coat (dog) for more information. There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque"]}
{"query": "What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?", "answer": "tails", "gold_docs": ["\"blaze\", stripe, or \"star\" of white fur on their chest or underside. Regarding coat appearance or health, the coat can be maintained or affected by multiple nutrients present in the diet, see Coat (dog) for more information. There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque"]}
{"query": "What are all dogs susceptible to?", "answer": "parasites", "gold_docs": ["Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms (roundworm species that lives in the heart of dogs), keeps it from beating properly, and will eventually lead to death. A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or"]}
{"query": "Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?", "answer": "unspayed", "gold_docs": ["Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms (roundworm species that lives in the heart of dogs), keeps it from beating properly, and will eventually lead to death. A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or"]}
{"query": "Who does pyometra affect?", "answer": "unspayed females", "gold_docs": ["Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms (roundworm species that lives in the heart of dogs), keeps it from beating properly, and will eventually lead to death. A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or"]}
{"query": "What are fleas, ticks and mites called?", "answer": "parasites", "gold_docs": ["Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms (roundworm species that lives in the heart of dogs), keeps it from beating properly, and will eventually lead to death. A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or"]}
{"query": "Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?", "answer": "xylitol", "gold_docs": ["disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so"]}
{"query": "What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?", "answer": "macadamia", "gold_docs": ["disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so"]}
{"query": "What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?", "answer": "theobromine", "gold_docs": ["disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so"]}
{"query": "Some human foods can be what to dogs?", "answer": "toxic", "gold_docs": ["disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so"]}
{"query": "What in tobacco can hurt dogs?", "answer": "nicotine", "gold_docs": ["disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so"]}
{"query": "What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?", "answer": "dark", "gold_docs": ["Chihuahua to in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed their coat. There are many household plants that are poisonous to dogs (and other mammals) including begonia, Poinsettia and aloe vera. Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees."]}
{"query": "Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?", "answer": "1.2 years", "gold_docs": ["slow that for some dogs even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population"]}
{"query": "Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?", "answer": "shorter", "gold_docs": ["slow that for some dogs even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population"]}
{"query": "When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["slow that for some dogs even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population"]}
{"query": "Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?", "answer": "1.2 years longer", "gold_docs": ["slow that for some dogs even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population"]}
{"query": "What is the median lifespan of canines?", "answer": "10 to 13 years.", "gold_docs": ["have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed. The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15"]}
{"query": "What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?", "answer": "Dogue de Bordeaux", "gold_docs": ["have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed. The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15"]}
{"query": "What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?", "answer": "5.2 years", "gold_docs": ["have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed. The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15"]}
{"query": "What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?", "answer": "6 to 7 years.", "gold_docs": ["have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed. The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15"]}
{"query": "What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?", "answer": "5.2 years", "gold_docs": ["have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed. The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?", "answer": "Bluey", "gold_docs": ["years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 at age 29.5 years of age. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually,"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?", "answer": "Pusuke", "gold_docs": ["Max (dog) Max (9 August 1983 \u2013 18 May 2013) was a beagle, dachshund and terrier mix whose owner claimed that he had lived 29 years and 282 days. His owner, Janelle Derouen, adopted him from a Louisiana sugar cane farmer in 1983. In August 2009, \"The Telegraph\" reported that Max had veterinary records proving his age and that at 29 he was the world's oldest living dog. He was 3 years older than Pusuke a Shiba Inu who, at 26 years of age, had previously been considered the oldest living dog. On May 15, 2013, the Guinness World Records"]}
{"query": "What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?", "answer": "1939", "gold_docs": ["years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 at age 29.5 years of age. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?", "answer": "Bluey", "gold_docs": ["years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 at age 29.5 years of age. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually,"]}
{"query": "When did Bluey die?", "answer": "1939", "gold_docs": ["years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 at age 29.5 years of age. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually,"]}
{"query": "Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?", "answer": "Pusuke", "gold_docs": ["Max (dog) Max (9 August 1983 \u2013 18 May 2013) was a beagle, dachshund and terrier mix whose owner claimed that he had lived 29 years and 282 days. His owner, Janelle Derouen, adopted him from a Louisiana sugar cane farmer in 1983. In August 2009, \"The Telegraph\" reported that Max had veterinary records proving his age and that at 29 he was the world's oldest living dog. He was 3 years older than Pusuke a Shiba Inu who, at 26 years of age, had previously been considered the oldest living dog. On May 15, 2013, the Guinness World Records"]}
{"query": "How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 at age 29.5 years of age. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually,"]}
{"query": "What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?", "answer": "pregnancy.", "gold_docs": ["during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for more than one male to sire the same litter. Fertilization typically occurs 2\u20135 days after ovulation; 14\u201316 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus, and after 7-8 more days the heart beat is detectable. Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length"]}
{"query": "Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?", "answer": "two years", "gold_docs": ["years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 at age 29.5 years of age. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually,"]}
{"query": "What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?", "answer": "first estrous cycle", "gold_docs": ["years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 at age 29.5 years of age. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually,"]}
{"query": "How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?", "answer": "58 to 68 days", "gold_docs": ["during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for more than one male to sire the same litter. Fertilization typically occurs 2\u20135 days after ovulation; 14\u201316 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus, and after 7-8 more days the heart beat is detectable. Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length"]}
{"query": "What is the average number of pups in a litter?", "answer": "about six", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?", "answer": "one to four", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?", "answer": "63 days", "gold_docs": ["during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for more than one male to sire the same litter. Fertilization typically occurs 2\u20135 days after ovulation; 14\u201316 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus, and after 7-8 more days the heart beat is detectable. Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length"]}
{"query": "What is the average number of pups per litter?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?", "answer": "one to four", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?", "answer": "Neutering", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?", "answer": "the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)", "gold_docs": ["testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters"]}
{"query": "What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?", "answer": "testicles", "gold_docs": ["testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters"]}
{"query": "What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?", "answer": "ovaries and uterus", "gold_docs": ["testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters"]}
{"query": "In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?", "answer": "testicles", "gold_docs": ["testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters"]}
{"query": "In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?", "answer": "ovaries and uterus", "gold_docs": ["testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters"]}
{"query": "What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?", "answer": "neutered", "gold_docs": ["testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters"]}
{"query": "Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?", "answer": "Neutering", "gold_docs": ["because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs, and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them. Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes"]}
{"query": "Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?", "answer": "Spayed", "gold_docs": ["because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs, and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them. Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes"]}
{"query": "What is increased in female dogs with neutering?", "answer": "urinary incontinence", "gold_docs": ["because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs, and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them. Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes"]}
{"query": "What is increased in male dogs with neutering?", "answer": "prostate cancer", "gold_docs": ["because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs, and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them. Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?", "answer": "Rico", "gold_docs": ["dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. In a study of boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding. Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?", "answer": "Chaser", "gold_docs": ["over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands, although a 2018 study on canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are not more exceptional"]}
{"query": "In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?", "answer": "gesturing and pointing", "gold_docs": ["over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands, although a 2018 study on canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are not more exceptional"]}
{"query": "What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?", "answer": "Australian dingos", "gold_docs": ["than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees or cats. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. Dog"]}
{"query": "What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?", "answer": "to solve their problems for them.", "gold_docs": ["than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees or cats. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them. Dog"]}
{"query": "Perceiving information and retaining it is what?", "answer": "intelligence", "gold_docs": ["dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. In a study of boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding. Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of"]}
{"query": "How many labels does Rico the dog know?", "answer": "over 200", "gold_docs": ["over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands, although a 2018 study on canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are not more exceptional"]}
{"query": "What kind of memory skills do dogs have?", "answer": "advanced", "gold_docs": ["over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands, although a 2018 study on canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are not more exceptional"]}
{"query": "How many words did Chaser know?", "answer": "over 1,000", "gold_docs": ["over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands, although a 2018 study on canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are not more exceptional"]}
{"query": "Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?", "answer": "9,000\u201330,000 years BCE", "gold_docs": ["behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans, and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by"]}
{"query": "Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?", "answer": "humans.", "gold_docs": ["behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans, and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by"]}
{"query": "What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?", "answer": "social-cognitive skills of human children", "gold_docs": ["the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the"]}
{"query": "Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?", "answer": "humans.", "gold_docs": ["behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans, and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by"]}
{"query": "Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?", "answer": "humans.", "gold_docs": ["behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans, and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by"]}
{"query": "What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?", "answer": "Dog behavior", "gold_docs": ["Dog behavior Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses of individuals or groups of domestic dogs to internal and external stimuli. It has been shaped by millennia of contact with humans and their lifestyles. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to their behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a wide range of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. The origin of the domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\" or \"Canis familiaris\") is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates"]}
{"query": "More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?", "answer": "understand and communicate", "gold_docs": ["behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans, and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by"]}
{"query": "Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?", "answer": "human children", "gold_docs": ["the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the"]}
{"query": "What is gustatory communication include in dogs?", "answer": "scents, pheromones and taste", "gold_docs": ["how humans translate the information that dogs are transmitting. Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture. The global dog population is estimated at 900 million and rising. Although it is said that the \"dog is man's best friend\", this refers largely to the ~20% of dogs that live in developed countries. In the developing world dogs are more commonly feral, or village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. Most"]}
{"query": "People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?", "answer": "hand signals", "gold_docs": ["how humans translate the information that dogs are transmitting. Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture. The global dog population is estimated at 900 million and rising. Although it is said that the \"dog is man's best friend\", this refers largely to the ~20% of dogs that live in developed countries. In the developing world dogs are more commonly feral, or village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. Most"]}
{"query": "Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?", "answer": "Dog communication", "gold_docs": ["majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation. Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem solving ability. Dog communication is about how dogs convey information to other dogs, how they understand messages from humans, and"]}
{"query": "In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?", "answer": "hand signals", "gold_docs": ["how humans translate the information that dogs are transmitting. Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture. The global dog population is estimated at 900 million and rising. Although it is said that the \"dog is man's best friend\", this refers largely to the ~20% of dogs that live in developed countries. In the developing world dogs are more commonly feral, or village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. Most"]}
{"query": "Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?", "answer": "dogs.", "gold_docs": ["du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all. Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared with equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains. The teeth of gray"]}
{"query": "What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?", "answer": "diagnostic features", "gold_docs": ["du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all. Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared with equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains. The teeth of gray"]}
{"query": "How often do female wolves enter estrus?", "answer": "once a year.", "gold_docs": ["wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs. Dogs have a more domed forehead and a distinctive \"stop\" between forehead and nose. The temporalis muscle that closes the jaws is more robust in wolves. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs that had them. Most dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland and enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. So-called primitive dogs such as Dingoes and Basenjis retain the yearly estrus cycle. Dogs generally have brown eyes and wolves almost always have amber"]}
{"query": "Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?", "answer": "behaviors.", "gold_docs": ["the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the"]}
{"query": "How many \"fixed\" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?", "answer": "11", "gold_docs": ["the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the"]}
{"query": "What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?", "answer": "tameness", "gold_docs": ["majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation. Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem solving ability. Dog communication is about how dogs convey information to other dogs, how they understand messages from humans, and"]}
{"query": "What do most dogs show less of than wolves?", "answer": "fear and aggression", "gold_docs": ["majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation. Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem solving ability. Dog communication is about how dogs convey information to other dogs, how they understand messages from humans, and"]}
{"query": "Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?", "answer": "production-related traits", "gold_docs": ["the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the"]}
{"query": "Why were dogs initially selected?", "answer": "for their behaviors.", "gold_docs": ["the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the"]}
{"query": "For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?", "answer": "11", "gold_docs": ["the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes but rather parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the"]}
{"query": "Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?", "answer": "aggression", "gold_docs": ["majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation. Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem solving ability. Dog communication is about how dogs convey information to other dogs, how they understand messages from humans, and"]}
{"query": "Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?", "answer": "apex", "gold_docs": ["have been apex predators in the Cenozoic. Humans hunted with wolves and in turn with domestic dogs for some 40,000 years; this collaboration may have helped modern humans to outcompete the Neanderthals. Humans still hunt with dogs, which have often been bred as gun dogs to point to, flush out, or retrieve prey. The Portuguese Water Dog was used to drive fish into nets. Several breeds of dog have been used to chase large prey such as deer and wolves. Among other apex predators, birds of prey from eagles to falcons are used in falconry, hunting birds or mammals; and"]}
{"query": "What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?", "answer": "dogs", "gold_docs": ["wolves will often kill hunting dogs, perhaps because they are in the wolf's territory. A strategy has been reported from Russia where one wolf lures a dog into heavy brush where the another animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed. Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs, and losses of dogs to wolves has lead to demands for"]}
{"query": "Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?", "answer": "apex", "gold_docs": ["have been apex predators in the Cenozoic. Humans hunted with wolves and in turn with domestic dogs for some 40,000 years; this collaboration may have helped modern humans to outcompete the Neanderthals. Humans still hunt with dogs, which have often been bred as gun dogs to point to, flush out, or retrieve prey. The Portuguese Water Dog was used to drive fish into nets. Several breeds of dog have been used to chase large prey such as deer and wolves. Among other apex predators, birds of prey from eagles to falcons are used in falconry, hunting birds or mammals; and"]}
{"query": "Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?", "answer": "sheep", "gold_docs": ["Wolves kill dogs on occasion, with some wolf populations relying on dogs as an important food source. In Croatia, wolves kill more dogs than sheep, and wolves in Russia appear to limit stray dog populations. Wolves may display unusually bold behavior when attacking dogs accompanied by people, sometimes ignoring nearby humans. Wolf attacks on dogs may occur both in house yards and in forests. Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are considered a major problem in Scandinavia and Wisconsin. The most frequently killed hunting breeds in Scandinavia are harriers, with older animals being most at risk, likely because they are less"]}
{"query": "What limits the feral dog population in Russia?", "answer": "Wolves", "gold_docs": ["wolves will often kill hunting dogs, perhaps because they are in the wolf's territory. A strategy has been reported from Russia where one wolf lures a dog into heavy brush where the another animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed. Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs, and losses of dogs to wolves has lead to demands for"]}
{"query": "What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?", "answer": "Leopards", "gold_docs": ["more liberal wolf hunting regulations. Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of their size. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are also reported to kill dogs. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Dogs have been described as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, domestic dogs (and wild canids) can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level"]}
{"query": "What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?", "answer": "Tigers", "gold_docs": ["more liberal wolf hunting regulations. Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of their size. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are also reported to kill dogs. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Dogs have been described as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, domestic dogs (and wild canids) can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level"]}
{"query": "What is a known predator of village dogs in India?", "answer": "Striped hyenas", "gold_docs": ["more liberal wolf hunting regulations. Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of their size. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are also reported to kill dogs. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Dogs have been described as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, domestic dogs (and wild canids) can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level"]}
{"query": "Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?", "answer": "vegetables and grains", "gold_docs": ["an increased chance of bacterial infections to the pet or the owner handling the food. There are various differences in opinion within the raw feeding community. Issues include whether dogs are omnivores or carnivores, whether dogs need plant material in their diet and if so, in what quantities. The safety of whole bones use is also a frequent topic of discussion. Raw diet recipes can range from meat with a wide selection vegetables and grains, while other are more minimalist, using only meat, bones, organ meat, and necessary supplements. An example of an minimalist approach to raw feeding is the"]}
{"query": "Cats are known as what type of carnivore?", "answer": "obligate", "gold_docs": ["more liberal wolf hunting regulations. Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of their size. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are also reported to kill dogs. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Dogs have been described as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, domestic dogs (and wild canids) can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level"]}
{"query": "Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?", "answer": "carnivores or omnivores", "gold_docs": ["more liberal wolf hunting regulations. Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of their size. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are also reported to kill dogs. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Dogs have been described as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, domestic dogs (and wild canids) can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level"]}
{"query": "Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?", "answer": "protein", "gold_docs": ["of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs can healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet, and some sources do not recommend all-meat diets for dogs, due to their lack of calcium and iron. Compared to wolves, dogs have genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet. As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: The domestic dog is the first species, and"]}
{"query": "Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?", "answer": "starch", "gold_docs": ["of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs can healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables, fruits and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet, and some sources do not recommend all-meat diets for dogs, due to their lack of calcium and iron. Compared to wolves, dogs have genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet. As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: The domestic dog is the first species, and"]}
{"query": "Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?", "answer": "selective breeding", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?", "answer": "Irish Wolfhound", "gold_docs": ["Chihuahua to in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed their coat. There are many household plants that are poisonous to dogs (and other mammals) including begonia, Poinsettia and aloe vera. Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees."]}
{"query": "How many different breeds are there?", "answer": "hundreds", "gold_docs": ["or light colored eyes. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather. The paws of a dog are half the size of those of a wolf, and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves. The dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from a in the"]}
{"query": "Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?", "answer": "blue", "gold_docs": ["Chihuahua to in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed their coat. There are many household plants that are poisonous to dogs (and other mammals) including begonia, Poinsettia and aloe vera. Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees."]}
{"query": "Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?", "answer": "selective breeding", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?", "answer": "breed", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?", "answer": "breeds", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["dogs in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America. It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. \"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet"]}
{"query": "What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?", "answer": "bite inhibition", "gold_docs": ["short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. Some breeds demonstrate outstanding skills in herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guarding, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. The first dogs were domesticated from shared ancestors of modern wolves, however the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog\u2013wolf genetic divergence are not known. Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack"]}
{"query": "What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?", "answer": "sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication", "gold_docs": ["hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on human society"]}
{"query": "Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?", "answer": "one of the most successful species on the planet today.", "gold_docs": ["hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on human society"]}
{"query": "What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?", "answer": "bite inhibition", "gold_docs": ["short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. Some breeds demonstrate outstanding skills in herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guarding, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. The first dogs were domesticated from shared ancestors of modern wolves, however the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog\u2013wolf genetic divergence are not known. Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack"]}
{"query": "Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?", "answer": "hunter-gatherers", "gold_docs": ["hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on human society"]}
{"query": "Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?", "answer": "aiding handicapped individuals.", "gold_docs": ["hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on human society"]}
{"query": "Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?", "answer": "man's best friend", "gold_docs": ["capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors. Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding disabled people and therapeutic roles. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet \"man's best friend\". In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA indicated that the domestic dog may have originated"]}
{"query": "Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?", "answer": "a source of meat", "gold_docs": ["has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat. Wolves, and their dog descendants, likely derived significant benefits from living in human camps\u2014more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as better color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down"]}
{"query": "What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?", "answer": "food scraps.", "gold_docs": ["larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes. Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning. It has been suggested that the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to"]}
{"query": "What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? ", "answer": "three dog night", "gold_docs": ["larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes. Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning. It has been suggested that the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to"]}
{"query": "What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?", "answer": "early warning.", "gold_docs": ["larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes. Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning. It has been suggested that the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to"]}
{"query": "What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?", "answer": "three dog night", "gold_docs": ["larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes. Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning. It has been suggested that the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to"]}
{"query": "What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?", "answer": "cooperative hunting", "gold_docs": ["assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication. The cohabitation of dogs and humans likely improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success. Human emigrants from Siberia that"]}
{"query": "What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication. The cohabitation of dogs and humans likely improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success. Human emigrants from Siberia that"]}
{"query": "What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?", "answer": "sense of smell", "gold_docs": ["larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes. Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning. It has been suggested that the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to"]}
{"query": "The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?", "answer": "the domestication of the wolf", "gold_docs": ["assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication. The cohabitation of dogs and humans likely improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success. Human emigrants from Siberia that"]}
{"query": "What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?", "answer": "sled dogs", "gold_docs": ["came across the Bering land bridge into North America likely had dogs in their company. Although one writer even suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs as pack animals may have contributed migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. This use of"]}
{"query": "What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?", "answer": "Bering land bridge", "gold_docs": ["came across the Bering land bridge into North America likely had dogs in their company. Although one writer even suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs as pack animals may have contributed migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. This use of"]}
{"query": "How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?", "answer": "9,400 years", "gold_docs": ["came across the Bering land bridge into North America likely had dogs in their company. Although one writer even suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs as pack animals may have contributed migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. This use of"]}
{"query": "Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?", "answer": "Athabascan", "gold_docs": ["came across the Bering land bridge into North America likely had dogs in their company. Although one writer even suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs as pack animals may have contributed migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. This use of"]}
{"query": "Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?", "answer": "Apache and Navajo tribes", "gold_docs": ["came across the Bering land bridge into North America likely had dogs in their company. Although one writer even suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs as pack animals may have contributed migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. This use of"]}
{"query": "People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?", "answer": "horse", "gold_docs": ["dogs in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America. It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. \"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet"]}
{"query": "A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?", "answer": "puppy", "gold_docs": ["dogs in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America. It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. \"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet"]}
{"query": "When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?", "answer": "after World War II", "gold_docs": ["dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and"]}
{"query": "What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?", "answer": "1980s", "gold_docs": ["dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and"]}
{"query": "In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?", "answer": "outside", "gold_docs": ["dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and"]}
{"query": "Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?", "answer": "elites", "gold_docs": ["dogs in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America. It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. \"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet"]}
{"query": "Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?", "answer": "outside", "gold_docs": ["dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and"]}
{"query": "When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?", "answer": "1980s", "gold_docs": ["dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and"]}
{"query": "Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?", "answer": "commodification", "gold_docs": ["implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced. There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices. There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services"]}
{"query": "The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?", "answer": "dogs.", "gold_docs": ["implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced. There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices. There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services"]}
{"query": "How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced. There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices. There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services"]}
{"query": "When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?", "answer": "commodification", "gold_docs": ["implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced. There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices. There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services"]}
{"query": "A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?", "answer": "everyday routines", "gold_docs": ["implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced. There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices. There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services"]}
{"query": "It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?", "answer": "commodity forms", "gold_docs": ["implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced. There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices. There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services"]}
{"query": "Dog training can be researched back to what century?", "answer": "18th", "gold_docs": ["and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes"]}
{"query": "How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?", "answer": "urine marking", "gold_docs": ["and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes"]}
{"query": "How far back can dog training be found?", "answer": "18th century", "gold_docs": ["and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes"]}
{"query": "How do dogs mark their territory?", "answer": "urine marking", "gold_docs": ["and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes"]}
{"query": "What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?", "answer": "training", "gold_docs": ["and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes"]}
{"query": "How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?", "answer": "part of the family", "gold_docs": ["and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued. The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program \"Dog Whisperer\". However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families"]}
{"query": "Most people today describe their dogs as what?", "answer": "part of the family", "gold_docs": ["and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued. The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program \"Dog Whisperer\". However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families"]}
{"query": "What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?", "answer": "Dog Whisperer", "gold_docs": ["and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued. The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program \"Dog Whisperer\". However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families"]}
{"query": "In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?", "answer": "dog yoga.", "gold_docs": ["showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga. According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009\u20132010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40%"]}
{"query": "The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?", "answer": "77.5 million", "gold_docs": ["showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga. According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009\u20132010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40%"]}
{"query": "What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?", "answer": "magnetic resonance imaging", "gold_docs": ["of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are ongoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter. The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comparing humans and dogs showed that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of"]}
{"query": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?", "answer": "voices", "gold_docs": ["of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are ongoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter. The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comparing humans and dogs showed that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of"]}
{"query": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?", "answer": "the brain", "gold_docs": ["the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers), and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first"]}
{"query": "What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?", "answer": "MRI", "gold_docs": ["of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are ongoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter. The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comparing humans and dogs showed that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of"]}
{"query": "Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?", "answer": "emotional", "gold_docs": ["the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers), and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first"]}
{"query": "Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?", "answer": "hunt", "gold_docs": ["assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication. The cohabitation of dogs and humans likely improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success. Human emigrants from Siberia that"]}
{"query": "Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?", "answer": "nets", "gold_docs": ["the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers), and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first"]}
{"query": "Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?", "answer": "Laika", "gold_docs": ["the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers), and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first"]}
{"query": "What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?", "answer": "man's best friend", "gold_docs": ["capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors. Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding disabled people and therapeutic roles. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet \"man's best friend\". In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA indicated that the domestic dog may have originated"]}
{"query": "Some dogs help fishermen with what?", "answer": "nets", "gold_docs": ["the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers), and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?", "answer": "Laika", "gold_docs": ["the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers), and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first"]}
{"query": "What year was the first dog sent into space?", "answer": "1957", "gold_docs": ["the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs), hunting (hounds, pointers), and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs or chemical weapons; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first"]}
{"query": "What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?", "answer": "Service dogs", "gold_docs": ["animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight. Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs, and psychiatric service dogs provide assistance to individuals with disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care. People often enter their dogs in competitions such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In"]}
{"query": "Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?", "answer": "medical care.", "gold_docs": ["animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight. Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs, and psychiatric service dogs provide assistance to individuals with disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care. People often enter their dogs in competitions such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In"]}
{"query": "What are conformation shows also known as?", "answer": "breed shows", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?", "answer": "a judge", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?", "answer": "conformity with their established breed", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "What is the only standard judged?", "answer": "externally observable qualities", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "What is another word for \"breed shows\"?", "answer": "conformation shows.", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "What is the evaluator called in a breed show?", "answer": "a judge", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "The breed standard only is about what?", "answer": "externally observable qualities", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?", "answer": "health", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "Where do some people eat dogs?", "answer": "East Asian countries", "gold_docs": ["conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed"]}
{"query": "In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?", "answer": "dog fat", "gold_docs": ["and consumed in Asia every year. In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and"]}
{"query": "What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?", "answer": "western hypocrisy", "gold_docs": ["dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals. In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the \"nureongi\" (\ub204\ub801\uc774), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes. The most popular Korean dog dish is \"gaejang-guk\" (also called \"bosintang\"), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's \"gi\", or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of \"gaejang-guk\" explains that the dish is"]}
{"query": "The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?", "answer": "taboo", "gold_docs": ["and consumed in Asia every year. In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and"]}
{"query": "Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?", "answer": "medicinal properties", "gold_docs": ["and consumed in Asia every year. In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and"]}
{"query": "What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?", "answer": "gaejang-guk", "gold_docs": ["dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals. In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the \"nureongi\" (\ub204\ub801\uc774), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes. The most popular Korean dog dish is \"gaejang-guk\" (also called \"bosintang\"), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's \"gi\", or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of \"gaejang-guk\" explains that the dish is"]}
{"query": "What is Gaejang-guk?", "answer": "a spicy stew", "gold_docs": ["dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals. In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the \"nureongi\" (\ub204\ub801\uc774), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes. The most popular Korean dog dish is \"gaejang-guk\" (also called \"bosintang\"), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's \"gi\", or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of \"gaejang-guk\" explains that the dish is"]}
{"query": "What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?", "answer": "scallions and chili powder.", "gold_docs": ["prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork. In 2005, the WHO reported that 55,000 people died in Asia and Africa from rabies, a disease for which dogs are the most important vector. Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that"]}
{"query": "When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?", "answer": "the summer months", "gold_docs": ["dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals. In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the \"nureongi\" (\ub204\ub801\uc774), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes. The most popular Korean dog dish is \"gaejang-guk\" (also called \"bosintang\"), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's \"gi\", or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of \"gaejang-guk\" explains that the dish is"]}
{"query": "What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?", "answer": "scallions and chili powder.", "gold_docs": ["prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork. In 2005, the WHO reported that 55,000 people died in Asia and Africa from rabies, a disease for which dogs are the most important vector. Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that"]}
{"query": "How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?", "answer": "4.5 million", "gold_docs": ["prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork. In 2005, the WHO reported that 55,000 people died in Asia and Africa from rabies, a disease for which dogs are the most important vector. Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that"]}
{"query": "During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?", "answer": "17", "gold_docs": ["1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a"]}
{"query": "In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?", "answer": "26", "gold_docs": ["1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a"]}
{"query": "What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?", "answer": "2000s", "gold_docs": ["1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a"]}
{"query": "According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?", "answer": "less severe", "gold_docs": ["1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a"]}
{"query": "Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?", "answer": "12.9", "gold_docs": ["1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a"]}
{"query": "Children are often bit where by dogs?", "answer": "the face or neck.", "gold_docs": ["much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections. In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave. In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult"]}
{"query": "Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?", "answer": "Colorado", "gold_docs": ["1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a"]}
{"query": "About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?", "answer": "60.7", "gold_docs": ["1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a"]}
{"query": "According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?", "answer": "infections.", "gold_docs": ["much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections. In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave. In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult"]}
{"query": "In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?", "answer": "cats", "gold_docs": ["much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections. In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave. In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult"]}
{"query": "Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?", "answer": "two-wheeled vehicles.", "gold_docs": ["to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. \"Toxocara canis\" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of \"Toxocara\" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained \"T. canis\" eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human"]}
{"query": "What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?", "answer": "two-wheeled vehicles", "gold_docs": ["to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. \"Toxocara canis\" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of \"Toxocara\" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained \"T. canis\" eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human"]}
{"query": "What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?", "answer": "dog roundworm", "gold_docs": ["to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. \"Toxocara canis\" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of \"Toxocara\" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained \"T. canis\" eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human"]}
{"query": "How are Toxicara canis infections spread?", "answer": "dog feces", "gold_docs": ["to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. \"Toxocara canis\" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of \"Toxocara\" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained \"T. canis\" eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human"]}
{"query": "Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?", "answer": "retinal damage and decreased vision.", "gold_docs": ["to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. \"Toxocara canis\" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of \"Toxocara\" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained \"T. canis\" eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human"]}
{"query": "Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?", "answer": "roundworm", "gold_docs": ["to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. \"Toxocara canis\" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of \"Toxocara\" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained \"T. canis\" eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human"]}
{"query": "If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?", "answer": "retinal damage and decreased vision", "gold_docs": ["to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. \"Toxocara canis\" (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of \"Toxocara\" infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained \"T. canis\" eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human"]}
{"query": "What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians. A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed"]}
{"query": "What is lowered in children who have pets?", "answer": "absenteeism from school", "gold_docs": ["to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study. In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more"]}
{"query": "What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians. A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed"]}
{"query": "People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?", "answer": "exercise", "gold_docs": ["physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs. The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence"]}
{"query": "People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?", "answer": "exercise", "gold_docs": ["physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs. The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence"]}
{"query": "What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?", "answer": "immune-stimulating microorganisms", "gold_docs": ["of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015,"]}
{"query": "Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?", "answer": "social interactions", "gold_docs": ["of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015,"]}
{"query": "What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015,"]}
{"query": "What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?", "answer": "anxiety", "gold_docs": ["of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015,"]}
{"query": "People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?", "answer": "strangers", "gold_docs": ["of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015,"]}
{"query": "Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?", "answer": "mental institutions", "gold_docs": ["a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners. The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other"]}
{"query": "Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?", "answer": "social behaviors", "gold_docs": ["a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners. The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other"]}
{"query": "What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?", "answer": "antisocial and violent behavior", "gold_docs": ["animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those who were not in an animal-assisted program. Every year, between 6 and 8 million dogs and cats enter US animal shelters. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) estimates that approximately 3 to 4 million of those dogs and cats are euthanized yearly in the United States. However, the percentage of dogs in US animal shelters that are eventually adopted and removed from the shelters by their new legal owners has increased since the mid-1990s from around 25% to a 2012"]}
{"query": "When did people start using dogs as therapy?", "answer": "the late 18th century", "gold_docs": ["a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners. The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other"]}
{"query": "Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?", "answer": "mental institutions", "gold_docs": ["a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners. The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other"]}
{"query": "Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?", "answer": "dogs", "gold_docs": ["a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners. The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other"]}
{"query": "People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?", "answer": "animal-assisted therapy", "gold_docs": ["a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners. The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other"]}
{"query": "What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?", "answer": "diseases", "gold_docs": ["of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015,"]}
{"query": "A dog can detect smells in one part per what?", "answer": "trillion", "gold_docs": ["surrounding environment, these neurons are vulnerable to environmental changes. Fish can detect natural chemical cues in aquatic environments at concentrations as low as parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt). Studies have shown that exposures to metals, pesticides, or surfactants can disrupt fish olfaction, which can impact their survival and reproductive success. Many studies have indicated copper as a source of olfactory toxicity in fishes, among other common substances. Olfactory toxicity can occur by multiple, complex Modes of Toxic Action. Early investigation by Hasler and Wisby (1951) examined how fish use olfactory imprinting to discriminate smells in order"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?", "answer": "Cerberus", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "What did Cerberus guard?", "answer": "the gates of Hades.", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?", "answer": "Garmr", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?", "answer": "Kimat", "gold_docs": ["out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog). In Homer's epic poem the \"Odyssey\", when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically,"]}
{"query": "Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?", "answer": "Cerberus", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "Who is the dog that guards Helheim?", "answer": "Garmr", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "Who is Tadaklan?", "answer": "god of thunder", "gold_docs": ["out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog). In Homer's epic poem the \"Odyssey\", when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically,"]}
{"query": "Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?", "answer": "Kimat", "gold_docs": ["out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog). In Homer's epic poem the \"Odyssey\", when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically,"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the god of death?", "answer": "Yama", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "answer": "bronze dog figurines.", "gold_docs": ["out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog). In Homer's epic poem the \"Odyssey\", when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically,"]}
{"query": "Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?", "answer": "Yama", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "What do Yama's dogs watch over?", "answer": "the gates of Naraka", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?", "answer": "mount", "gold_docs": ["Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion. In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn. In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. The hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and"]}
{"query": "Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "answer": "bronze dog figurines", "gold_docs": ["out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog). In Homer's epic poem the \"Odyssey\", when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically,"]}
{"query": "How are dogs viewed in Islam?", "answer": "as unclean", "gold_docs": ["them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on \"pre-Islamic Arab mythology\" and \"a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet\". Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets. In China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate"]}
{"query": "Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?", "answer": "scavengers", "gold_docs": ["of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes. Although dogs are most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, the potential of feral and free-ranging dogs to compete with other large carnivores is limited"]}
{"query": "When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?", "answer": "2015", "gold_docs": ["of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015,"]}
{"query": "What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?", "answer": "their luggage", "gold_docs": ["December 2013, MMOPL announced, \"Trained sniffer dogs will patrol each of the stations. There will be security guards in civilian dress who will intermingle with the public to check for any suspicious activity outside and inside the station premises.\" Security is provided by private security guards deployed by MMOPL and the Maharashtra State Security Corporation. Other security measures on Line 1 include metal detectors, security cameras, frisking each passenger, and running their luggage through X-ray scanners. All stations are fitted with fire alarm systems and fire safety devices, and trains have fire resistant metal doors. Passengers are prohibited from carrying"]}
{"query": "What do dogs represent to Christians?", "answer": "faithfulness.", "gold_docs": ["out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog). In Homer's epic poem the \"Odyssey\", when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically,"]}
{"query": "If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?", "answer": "feed", "gold_docs": ["the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly thereafter. As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: \"Dominicanus\") means \"dogs of the Lord\" of \"hounds of the Lord\" (Ecclesiastical Latin: \"domini canis\"). In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege. Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding"]}
{"query": "What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?", "answer": "faithfulness", "gold_docs": ["out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog). In Homer's epic poem the \"Odyssey\", when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically,"]}
{"query": "Three Asian countries see dogs as what?", "answer": "kind protectors.", "gold_docs": ["them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on \"pre-Islamic Arab mythology\" and \"a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet\". Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets. In China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate"]}
{"query": "What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on \"pre-Islamic Arab mythology\" and \"a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet\". Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets. In China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate"]}
{"query": "How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?", "answer": "as kind protectors", "gold_docs": ["them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on \"pre-Islamic Arab mythology\" and \"a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet\". Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets. In China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate"]}
{"query": "Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?", "answer": "caves.", "gold_docs": ["them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on \"pre-Islamic Arab mythology\" and \"a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet\". Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets. In China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate"]}
{"query": "What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Hunting", "gold_docs": ["as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love. Lists Dog The domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\" when considered a subspecies of the wolf or \"Canis familiaris\" when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus \"Canis\" (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to"]}
{"query": "Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?", "answer": "caves", "gold_docs": ["them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on \"pre-Islamic Arab mythology\" and \"a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet\". Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets. In China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate"]}
{"query": "What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Hunting scenes", "gold_docs": ["as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love. Lists Dog The domestic dog (\"Canis lupus familiaris\" when considered a subspecies of the wolf or \"Canis familiaris\" when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus \"Canis\" (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa as modern wolves are not closely related to"]}
{"query": "Dogs can have the same health issues as who?", "answer": "humans", "gold_docs": ["slow that for some dogs even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate. Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population"]}
{"query": "Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?", "answer": "Male French Bulldogs", "gold_docs": ["of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve. Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce. Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's"]}
{"query": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?", "answer": "run away", "gold_docs": ["of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes. Although dogs are most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, the potential of feral and free-ranging dogs to compete with other large carnivores is limited"]}
{"query": "Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?", "answer": "pet dogs living in human homes.", "gold_docs": ["of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes. Although dogs are most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, the potential of feral and free-ranging dogs to compete with other large carnivores is limited"]}
{"query": "What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?", "answer": "significant benefits", "gold_docs": ["has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat. Wolves, and their dog descendants, likely derived significant benefits from living in human camps\u2014more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as better color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down"]}
{"query": "What has likely led to human success?", "answer": "the domestication of dogs", "gold_docs": ["assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication. The cohabitation of dogs and humans likely improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success. Human emigrants from Siberia that"]}
{"query": "Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?", "answer": "poorly controlled", "gold_docs": ["physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians. A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed"]}
{"query": "People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?", "answer": "to the doctor", "gold_docs": ["physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians. A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed"]}
{"query": "When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?", "answer": "1936 Summer Olympics.", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?", "answer": "129 days", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "What was the theme for the torch relay?", "answer": "one world, one dream", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?", "answer": "Journey of Harmony", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "Where were the details of the torch relay made known?", "answer": "Beijing, China.", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?", "answer": "\"Journey of Harmony\"", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?", "answer": "March 24", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "Where did the Olympics originate?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?", "answer": "March 31", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?", "answer": "Silk Road", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "Where was the Olympic torch lit?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece", "gold_docs": ["2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics. After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on"]}
{"query": "What date was the Olympic torch lit?", "answer": "March 24", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?", "answer": "Panathinaiko Stadium", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?", "answer": "March 31.", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "What mountain was the torch taken up?", "answer": "Mount Everest", "gold_docs": ["March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event. In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested"]}
{"query": "How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?", "answer": "hundreds", "gold_docs": ["accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added \"Swastika\" (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in"]}
{"query": "How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?", "answer": "effectively none", "gold_docs": ["by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from thousands of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris. The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as \"despicable\" by the"]}
{"query": "What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?", "answer": "protesting", "gold_docs": ["by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from thousands of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris. The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as \"despicable\" by the"]}
{"query": "Who put out the torch along the route for protection?", "answer": "Chinese security officials", "gold_docs": ["by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from thousands of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris. The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as \"despicable\" by the"]}
{"query": "Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?", "answer": "the Chinese government", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? ", "answer": "supporters", "gold_docs": ["very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out.\" Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like \"running dog,\" \"traitor,\" \"get out!,\" and \"I love the Communist Party.\" At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying \"Aren't you Chinese?\" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, \"Olympic flame for democracy\", while a"]}
{"query": "Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?", "answer": "counter-protesters", "gold_docs": ["three shotgun blasts. Quanell X, who thought the shootings may have been racially motivated, approached Horn's house to speak to the media. He was overwhelmed by several hundred counter-protesters protecting Horn from Quanell X's accusations. The crowd of counter-protesters included bikers revving their motorcycles, many of them chanting, \"USA,\" \"Go home,\" and \"We love our country; what do you love?\" while waving placards, Texas flags, and US flags. Quanell X could not be heard over the noise, even when using a bullhorn, and left the area about eight minutes later. He returned soon after with more supporters and attempted to"]}
{"query": "What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?", "answer": "Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government, condemning them as \"deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France\" and who \"tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit\", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to \"impede the Olympic spirit\". Large-scale counter-protests by overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay. No major protests were visible in the Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch relay. Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic"]}
{"query": "Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "answer": "Jacques Rogge", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?", "answer": "Tibetan", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?", "answer": "global relays", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a \"crisis\"?", "answer": "Jacques Rogge", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?", "answer": "could be expelled", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?", "answer": "global relays", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?", "answer": "Paralympic Games", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?", "answer": "Paralympic Games", "gold_docs": ["Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. However, he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games. In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the"]}
{"query": "What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Lucky Cloud", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "What is the Olympic Torch made from?", "answer": "aluminum.", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?", "answer": "985 grams", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "An ignition key", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Lucky Cloud", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "What metal is the torch constructed from?", "answer": "aluminum.", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?", "answer": "37", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "What fuel is used for the torch?", "answer": "propane.", "gold_docs": ["Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake. The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch"]}
{"query": "When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?", "answer": "a chartered Air China Airbus A330", "gold_docs": ["for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe. The Olympic flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on aircraft, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns. Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red"]}
{"query": "When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?", "answer": "March 2008", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "How many days did the plane travel?", "answer": "130 days", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?", "answer": "Airbus A330", "gold_docs": ["for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe. The Olympic flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on aircraft, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns. Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red"]}
{"query": "What colors was the aircraft painted?", "answer": "red and yellow", "gold_docs": ["cowl band on the noses of its aircraft, with each of its five groups assigned a different color. These bands were wide with six-inch (152 mm) squares. The 357th's group nose colors were red and yellow, and many nose art names were also painted in matching colors. In late 1944 the 357th began to discontinue the use of olive drab camouflage and adopted a color system painted on the tail rudders of its Mustangs to identify the squadron. On 23 April 1944, VIII Fighter Command changed its system of radio call signs to reduce confusion when the fighter groups, now"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Air China", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?", "answer": "130", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "How many continents did the torch visit?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?", "answer": "Taipei", "gold_docs": ["whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation"]}
{"query": "The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?", "answer": "Hong Kong and Macau", "gold_docs": ["whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation"]}
{"query": "The torch route covered six what?", "answer": "continents", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?", "answer": "Taiwan.", "gold_docs": ["whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation"]}
{"query": "What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?", "answer": "Hong Kong and Macau", "gold_docs": ["whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation"]}
{"query": "How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?", "answer": "24", "gold_docs": ["whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation"]}
{"query": "Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece.", "gold_docs": ["on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert M\u00e9nard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the"]}
{"query": "Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Maria Nafpliotou", "gold_docs": ["22 October 2009 the Olympic Torch was lit during a ceremony held at the Ancient Olympia in Greece. Actress Maria Nafpliotou played the role of the High Priestess and ignited the flame using a parabolic mirror and the sun's ray. The first torch was carried by Olympic skier Vassilis Dimitriadis. Kept under close secrecy, the final Olympic Torchbearer turned out to be not one, but five final torchbearers. Rick Hansen brought it into BC Place Stadium, in turn lighting Catriona Le May Doan's torch, who lit Steve Nash's torch, and the flame continued to Nancy Greene and Wayne Gretzky. Three"]}
{"query": "When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?", "answer": "March 30, 2008", "gold_docs": ["on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert M\u00e9nard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the"]}
{"query": "Where is the location of the original Olympic events?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece.", "gold_docs": ["on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert M\u00e9nard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?", "answer": "Maria Nafpliotou", "gold_docs": ["22 October 2009 the Olympic Torch was lit during a ceremony held at the Ancient Olympia in Greece. Actress Maria Nafpliotou played the role of the High Priestess and ignited the flame using a parabolic mirror and the sun's ray. The first torch was carried by Olympic skier Vassilis Dimitriadis. Kept under close secrecy, the final Olympic Torchbearer turned out to be not one, but five final torchbearers. Rick Hansen brought it into BC Place Stadium, in turn lighting Catriona Le May Doan's torch, who lit Steve Nash's torch, and the flame continued to Nancy Greene and Wayne Gretzky. Three"]}
{"query": "What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?", "answer": "silver", "gold_docs": ["and Milliyet Newspaper, among others. Women's basketball in Turkey, which did not have a national team from 1968\u20131988, has also seen impressive growth and development under Demirel's watch. In 2005 the Turkish women's national team made its first appearance in the EuroBasket finals, hosted in Turkey, and have qualified for every EuroBasket since. In 2011 it won the silver medal at EuroBasket. The team made its Olympic debut in the 2012 London games and finished fifth. In 2013 it won the bronze medal at EuroBasket. It is ranked 13th in FIBA's international rankings, having risen from a prior ranking of"]}
{"query": "Action was taken to boycott which company?", "answer": "Carrefour", "gold_docs": ["will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies. Flashpoints IOC Response In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan,"]}
{"query": "Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?", "answer": "the LVMH Group", "gold_docs": ["will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies. Flashpoints IOC Response In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan,"]}
{"query": "What did some protesters burn?", "answer": "the French flag", "gold_docs": ["accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added \"Swastika\" (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in"]}
{"query": "Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?", "answer": "Kunming", "gold_docs": ["will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies. Flashpoints IOC Response In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan,"]}
{"query": "Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?", "answer": "the LVMH Group", "gold_docs": ["will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies. Flashpoints IOC Response In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan,"]}
{"query": "What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?", "answer": "censorship", "gold_docs": ["Cafferty. On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for"]}
{"query": "What French company was being boycotted?", "answer": "Carrefour", "gold_docs": ["will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies. Flashpoints IOC Response In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan,"]}
{"query": "In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?", "answer": "People's Daily", "gold_docs": ["handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?", "answer": "People's Daily", "gold_docs": ["handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed"]}
{"query": "The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?", "answer": "legal", "gold_docs": ["handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?", "answer": "Nursultan Nazarbaev.", "gold_docs": ["Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics Almaty 2014 was one of the seven original bids for the 2014 Games, presented by the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan. It was the city's first bid for an Olympic Games. All of the associated public authorities in Kazakhstan, at national, regional and local tiers, supported the bid, including the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbaev. The bid committee confirmed that no new laws or amendments were needed in order to host the Games. Public support was high, with 82.8% of people in Almaty city, 93.5% in the Almaty region and 84.9% nationally saying they"]}
{"query": "Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev?", "answer": "the President of Kazakhstan", "gold_docs": ["Akezhan Kazhegeldin Akezhan Kazhegeldin (, \"\u00c4kejan Ma\u011fjanul\u0131 Qaj\u0131geld\u00efn\", \u0675\u0643\u06d5\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0646\u06c7\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062c\u0649\u06af\u06d5\u0644\u062f\u0626\u0646; born on 27 March 1952 in the Zharma District, Kazakh SSR) served as the 2nd Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 12 October 1994 until his resignation on 10 October 1997, ostensibly for health reasons, though many saw it as an act protesting authoritarianism in Kazakhstan. He now heads the Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan, but lives in the West in exile. Adam Albion of \"Radio Free Europe\" characterized Kazhegeldin's efforts at democratizing Kazakhstan as \"defiant, confrontational, and openly scornful of the idea\" that Nursultan Nazarbaev, the President of Kazakhstan,"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?", "answer": "Nursultan Nazarbaev.", "gold_docs": ["Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics Almaty 2014 was one of the seven original bids for the 2014 Games, presented by the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan. It was the city's first bid for an Olympic Games. All of the associated public authorities in Kazakhstan, at national, regional and local tiers, supported the bid, including the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbaev. The bid committee confirmed that no new laws or amendments were needed in order to host the Games. Public support was high, with 82.8% of people in Almaty city, 93.5% in the Almaty region and 84.9% nationally saying they"]}
{"query": "What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment. On April 20, the \"People's Daily\" published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The \"People's Daily\" quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has"]}
{"query": "What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?", "answer": "Uyghurs", "gold_docs": ["trade. The living conditions of the Turkic Uyghurs in China has often been a source of contention between the two countries, with Turkey protesting the treatment the Chinese mete out to Uyghurs. Many Uyghur activists in Turkey are members of secessionist groups such as \"Home of the Youth\", which advocate the independence of a Turkestan republic carved from the current Uyghur homeland of Xinjiang, PRC. These groups have reportedly engaged in various attacks against Chinese nationals and interests based in Turkey. In 2005, China voiced concerns over such organisations, stating explicitly that Turkey should contain any separatist activities which posed"]}
{"query": "What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?", "answer": "arrested", "gold_docs": ["to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: \"Free North Korean refugees in China.\" The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, \"Go China, go Olympics!\" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and"]}
{"query": "Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?", "answer": "Victory Square", "gold_docs": ["Moskovsky Avenue Moskovsky Prospekt (, \"Moskovsky Avenue\") is a 10 km-long prospekt in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It runs from Sennaya Square and Sadovaya Street, to the Victory Square, where it splits into Pulkovo Highway and Moscow Highway. It crosses Fontanka River, Zagorodny Prospekt, Obvodny Canal, and Ligovsky Prospekt. It is named for and leads to Moscow. The prospekt began to develop as a part of the major route connecting the city with Moscow and south provinces. The original name of the prospekt was Tsarskoselskaya Doroga (\"Route to Tsarskoe Selo\") since it leads to imperial estates in Tsarskoye Selo. In the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?", "answer": "Fedor Emelianenko", "gold_docs": ["as its president. The RMMAF is affiliated to the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation (IMMAF). In September 2012, MMA was given 'National Sport' status in Russia, and on the same day fighter and M-1 Global promoter Fedor Emelianenko was appointed to the role of Russian MMA Union president. The MMA program at Singapore is licensed by the Cantonment Police Division. MMA competition is legal and under the purview of the Swedish Mixed Martial Arts Federation (SMMAF), which was formed in 2007 and began overseeing MMA events and governing the sport as a whole in 2008. In 2009 the SMMAF was"]}
{"query": "What city held the Olympics in 2012?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["played against the landscape of a lovely city.\" International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had \"fortunately\" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but \"was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be.\" The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\", and an alternative \"human rights torch\" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese"]}
{"query": "How many torchbearers took part in the London route?", "answer": "80", "gold_docs": ["handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed"]}
{"query": "Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?", "answer": "Richard Vaughan", "gold_docs": ["pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event,"]}
{"query": "Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?", "answer": "Prime Minister Gordon Brown", "gold_docs": ["pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event,"]}
{"query": "Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?", "answer": "Sir Steve Redgrave", "gold_docs": ["handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed"]}
{"query": "How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?", "answer": "80", "gold_docs": ["handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed"]}
{"query": "What two people in England declined to bear the torch?", "answer": "Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan", "gold_docs": ["pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event,"]}
{"query": "Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?", "answer": "10 Downing Street", "gold_docs": ["pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event,"]}
{"query": "Where was an attempt made to take the torch?", "answer": "Ladbroke Grove", "gold_docs": ["leading to at least thirty-five arrests. In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle, and in a separate incident, a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch. The Chinese ambassador carried the torch through Chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns. The torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along Fleet Street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters. In an effort to counter the pro-Tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, more than 2,000 Chinese also gathered on"]}
{"query": "When did the torch relay in Paris occur?", "answer": "April 7", "gold_docs": ["at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two"]}
{"query": "Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?", "answer": "the Eiffel Tower", "gold_docs": ["protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames"]}
{"query": "Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?", "answer": "by bus", "gold_docs": ["and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. \"San Jose Mercury News\" described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of \"Where's Waldo\","]}
{"query": "The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?", "answer": "Teddy Riner", "gold_docs": ["are with the relay at all times to relight the torch. French judoka and torchbearer David Douillet expressed his annoyance at the Chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to Teddy Riner: \"I understand they're afraid of everything, but this is just annoying. They extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk, and they could see it and they knew it. I don't know why they did it.\" Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions, including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by"]}
{"query": "What date did the torch relay begin in France?", "answer": "April 7", "gold_docs": ["at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two"]}
{"query": "What city in France did the torch relay start at?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames"]}
{"query": "Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?", "answer": "Eiffel Tower", "gold_docs": ["protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames"]}
{"query": "About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?", "answer": "3,000", "gold_docs": ["the torch route and demonstrated with signs, banners and Chinese flags. A large number of supporters were concentrated in Trafalgar Square, displaying the Olympic slogan \"One World, One Dream\". Paris City officials had announced plans to greet the Olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the French capital. The city government attached a banner reading \"Paris defends human rights throughout the world\" to the City Hall, in an attempt to promote values \"of all humanity and of human rights.\" Members from Reporters Without Borders turned out in large numbers to protest. An estimated 3,000 French police"]}
{"query": "Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?", "answer": "Green Party officials.", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair?", "answer": "Jin Jing", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?", "answer": "Angel in Wheelchair", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?", "answer": "Jin Jing", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?", "answer": "Angel in Wheelchair", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?", "answer": "Green Party officials.", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "Which organization planned several protests?", "answer": "Reporters Without Borders", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?", "answer": "the Eiffel Tower", "gold_docs": ["protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames"]}
{"query": "Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?", "answer": "Notre Dame cathedral", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?", "answer": "banner", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?", "answer": "Reporters Without Borders", "gold_docs": ["Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\" Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the"]}
{"query": "Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?", "answer": "Notre Dame cathedral.", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?", "answer": "the Trocad\u00e9ro", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?", "answer": "Jane Birkin", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?", "answer": "Thupten Gyatso", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "The Trocad\u00e9ro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?", "answer": "peaceful", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "Who, of the Trocad\u00e9ro protest, spoke to the media?", "answer": "Jane Birkin", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocad\u00e9ro say China lacked?", "answer": "freedom of speech", "gold_docs": ["Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral. Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\". French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties"]}
{"query": "What did the political parties request a brief stop in?", "answer": "the National Assembly's session", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?", "answer": "Respect for Human Rights in China", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?", "answer": "Freedom for Tibet!", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "Various French politicians started protests including members of what?", "answer": "Parliament", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?", "answer": "National Assembly's session", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?", "answer": "Respect for Human Rights in China", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "What did French police take from demonstrators?", "answer": "Tibetan flags", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?", "answer": "the Trocad\u00e9ro", "gold_docs": ["expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital. On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest"]}
{"query": "Who was the Minister of the Interior?", "answer": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie", "gold_docs": ["expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital. On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest"]}
{"query": "What did French law enforcement take from protesters?", "answer": "Tibetan flags", "gold_docs": ["in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed. French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of"]}
{"query": "Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?", "answer": "the Trocad\u00e9ro.", "gold_docs": ["expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital. On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest"]}
{"query": "Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?", "answer": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie", "gold_docs": ["expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital. On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest"]}
{"query": "Where did the torch start it's North American route?", "answer": "San Francisco", "gold_docs": ["and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. \"San Jose Mercury News\" described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of \"Where's Waldo\","]}
{"query": "What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?", "answer": "April 9", "gold_docs": ["at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two"]}
{"query": "The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?", "answer": "San Francisco International Airport", "gold_docs": ["and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. \"San Jose Mercury News\" described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of \"Where's Waldo\","]}
{"query": "What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?", "answer": "San Francisco", "gold_docs": ["and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. \"San Jose Mercury News\" described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of \"Where's Waldo\","]}
{"query": "What was the date of the relay in the United States?", "answer": "April 9.", "gold_docs": ["expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital. On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?", "answer": "Justin Herman Plaza", "gold_docs": ["and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. \"San Jose Mercury News\" described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of \"Where's Waldo\","]}
{"query": "What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?", "answer": "April 8", "gold_docs": ["at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two"]}
{"query": "When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?", "answer": "April 1, 2008", "gold_docs": ["expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital. On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest"]}
{"query": "Who approved the resolution?", "answer": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors", "gold_docs": ["expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital. On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest"]}
{"query": "Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?", "answer": "United Nations Plaza", "gold_docs": ["at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two"]}
{"query": "What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?", "answer": "Richard Gere", "gold_docs": ["at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two"]}
{"query": "Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?", "answer": "Golden Gate Bridge", "gold_docs": ["days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to"]}
{"query": "Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to"]}
{"query": "What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?", "answer": "Golden Gate Bridge", "gold_docs": ["days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to"]}
{"query": "Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?", "answer": "Laurel Sutherlin", "gold_docs": ["days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to"]}
{"query": "How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance. The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both"]}
{"query": "How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to"]}
{"query": "Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??", "answer": "a warehouse", "gold_docs": ["stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance. The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both"]}
{"query": "Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?", "answer": "Andrew Michael", "gold_docs": ["pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council"]}
{"query": "What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?", "answer": "Andrew Michael", "gold_docs": ["pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council"]}
{"query": "Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?", "answer": "Marina district", "gold_docs": ["and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. \"San Jose Mercury News\" described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of \"Where's Waldo\","]}
{"query": "Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?", "answer": "San Francisco International Airport", "gold_docs": ["and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. \"San Jose Mercury News\" described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of \"Where's Waldo\","]}
{"query": "After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?", "answer": "Van Ness Avenue", "gold_docs": ["pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council"]}
{"query": "Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?", "answer": "Mauricio Macri", "gold_docs": ["Mar\u00eda Eugenia Vidal Mar\u00eda Eugenia Vidal (born 8 September 1973) is the current Governor of the province of Buenos Aires, being the first woman and the first non-Peronist since 1987 to be voted into office. She is affiliated with the Republican Proposal party. In 2008 she was appointed Minister of Social Development in the City of Buenos Aires by then Mayor Mauricio Macri, who also in 2011 appointed her to Deputy Mayor of the city of Buenos Aires. Vidal was born in Buenos Aires. She was raised in the Flores ward and enrolled in the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina,"]}
{"query": "Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?", "answer": "Buenos Aires", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "What was showered along the route in some places?", "answer": "confetti", "gold_docs": ["immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey. Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. \"I want to announce"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?", "answer": "Jorge Carcavallo", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "What route was planned for an alternative march?", "answer": "from the Obelisk to the city hall", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?", "answer": "Free Tibet", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?", "answer": "Jorge Carcavallo.", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "Where did the other march travel form and to?", "answer": "Obelisk to the city hall", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?", "answer": "Human Rights Torch.", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?", "answer": "Free Tibet", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?", "answer": "Human Rights Torch Relay", "gold_docs": ["that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in"]}
{"query": "Who was the outreach director of HRTR?", "answer": "Susan Prager", "gold_docs": ["China\" The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other"]}
{"query": "What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?", "answer": "Friends of Falun Gong", "gold_docs": ["China\" The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other"]}
{"query": "Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?", "answer": "Diego Maradona", "gold_docs": ["China\" The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other"]}
{"query": "How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?", "answer": "1200", "gold_docs": ["China\" The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other"]}
{"query": "How many police officers were part of the security operative?", "answer": "1200", "gold_docs": ["China\" The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other"]}
{"query": "What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?", "answer": "water balloons", "gold_docs": ["people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose. Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the"]}
{"query": "The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?", "answer": "peaceful", "gold_docs": ["people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose. Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the"]}
{"query": "Where was the only African destination for the torch?", "answer": "Dar es Salaam", "gold_docs": ["the Group 7 qualifying match between Taifa Stars and the Mozambican team for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. The stadium also hosted the first EPL team match in the African continent when Everton played Kenya's Gor Mahia on July 13, 2017. It served as the end point for the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania was the torch's only stop on the African continent. The stadium was inaugurated by Chinese President Hu Jintao and Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete during the former's state visit to Tanzania in February 2009. Following the 2011 Dar es Salaam explosions"]}
{"query": "Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?", "answer": "the TAZARA Railway", "gold_docs": ["and sub urban parts of Dar es Salaam is provided by the Dar es Salaam commuter rail. Tanzania Railways operates the Central Line from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma The city also hosts the head office of Tanzania Zambia Railways Authority (TAZARA) built in the late 1960s to early 1970s. The main terminal is located west of Dar es Salaam's central business district in north Yombo Vituka along Nelson Mandela road. The TAZARA Railway connects Dar es Salaam to Zambia. The Julius Nyerere International Airport is the principal airport serving the country with two operating terminals and one under construction;"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?", "answer": "TAZARA", "gold_docs": ["African independence and development. When Beijing hosted the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, the starting point of the torch relay in Tanzania was the grand terminal of the TAZARA. The difficulties with TAZARA made the Chinese government wary about funding other rail projects in Africa. China would not complete another new main line railway in Africa for another 41 years. A new era in Chinese railway construction in Africa began in 2016\u20132017 with the inauguration of the Abuja\u2013Kaduna Railway in Nigeria, the Addis Ababa\u2013Djibouti Railway in Ethiopia and Djibouti, and the Mombasa\u2013Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya. To avoid repeating the"]}
{"query": "When did the torch arrive in Muscat?", "answer": "April 14", "gold_docs": ["news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" \"Lib\u00e9ration\" also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media. On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack"]}
{"query": "How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment. On April 20, the \"People's Daily\" published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The \"People's Daily\" quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has"]}
{"query": "When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?", "answer": "April 16", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?", "answer": "Islamabad", "gold_docs": ["Ahmad made her acting debut in Jamal Shah's controversial saga \"Kal\" and has since acted in Marina Khan's \"Tum Hi Tau Ho\", \"Janey Anjaney\" and \"Tum Say Mil Ker\"; \"Armaan\"; and \"Talaash\". She played the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah's daughter Dina Wadia in Jamil Dehlavi's 1998 biopic, \"Jinnah\". On 16 April 2008, Vaneeza Ahmad was selected as one of the Olympic torch bearers when the torch arrived in Islamabad. She was one of the few selected celebrities to hold the torch in the relay out of the chosen 66. Vaneeza Ahmad Vaneeza Ahmad Ali, nicknamed Vinny, (; born"]}
{"query": "When did the torch visit New Delhi?", "answer": "April 17", "gold_docs": ["news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" \"Lib\u00e9ration\" also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media. On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack"]}
{"query": "How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["easily carried by bearers of all ages; the youngest torchbearer in the relay was twelve, and the oldest 100 years. Its height allows it to be easily viewed over the top of crowds. The London 2012 Paralympic Torch is the same design, albeit with a mirror-finish. The design of the torch has been widely acclaimed. The Torch was named the Design Museum's 2012 'Design of the Year'. London 2012 Olympic Torch The London 2012 Olympic Torch was carried around the UK for 70 days in the London 2012 Torch Relay, from 19 May to 27 July 2012. Designed by British"]}
{"query": "How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involved to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only"]}
{"query": "Where did the torch relay happen in India?", "answer": "New Delhi", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "How long was the route in India in miles?", "answer": "1.5", "gold_docs": ["Kentucky Route 395 Kentucky Route 395 (KY 395) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The route is located in Anderson County and Shelby County and is long. The route originates at a junction with KY 44 near Anderson City and travels northward to Birdie where it meets the southern terminus of KY 512 and turns more toward the northwest. At Crooked Creek Road the route turns toward the north and enters Shelby County roughly 1.5 miles further to the north. 1.5 miles into Shelby County, the route meets the southern terminus of KY 1472 and turns"]}
{"query": "How many bearers of the torch were used in India?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["easily carried by bearers of all ages; the youngest torchbearer in the relay was twelve, and the oldest 100 years. Its height allows it to be easily viewed over the top of crowds. The London 2012 Paralympic Torch is the same design, albeit with a mirror-finish. The design of the torch has been widely acclaimed. The Torch was named the Design Museum's 2012 'Design of the Year'. London 2012 Olympic Torch The London 2012 Olympic Torch was carried around the UK for 70 days in the London 2012 Torch Relay, from 19 May to 27 July 2012. Designed by British"]}
{"query": "How many bearers decided not to participate?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involved to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only"]}
{"query": "The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?", "answer": "Republic Day celebrations", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?", "answer": "Nirupama Sen.", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?", "answer": "India's Commerce Minister", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?", "answer": "Kamal Nath", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?", "answer": "2 am", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?", "answer": "Republic Day", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?", "answer": "terrorist targets.", "gold_docs": ["route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip"]}
{"query": "How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?", "answer": "150,000", "gold_docs": ["diaspora to receive a traditional Tibetan education. The 2009 census registered about 128,000 Tibetans in exile, with the most numerous part of the community living in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. However, in 2005 and 2009 there were estimates of up to 150,000 living in exile. The Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) provides a Green Book - a kind of Tibetan identity certificate - to Tibetan refugees. Based on a CTA survey from 2009, 127,935 Tibetans were registered in the diaspora: in India 94,203; in Nepal 13,514; in Bhutan 1,298; and in rest of the world 18,920. However, their number is estimated"]}
{"query": "India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?", "answer": "a democracy", "gold_docs": ["to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it. India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is"]}
{"query": "Where is the exiled Tibetan government?", "answer": "India", "gold_docs": ["to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it. India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is"]}
{"query": "How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?", "answer": "150,000", "gold_docs": ["India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries. Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region,"]}
{"query": "What Olympic group was denied by India?", "answer": "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit", "gold_docs": ["to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it. India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is"]}
{"query": "What deteriorated between India and China?", "answer": "relations", "gold_docs": ["to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it. India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is"]}
{"query": "Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?", "answer": "Kiran Bedi", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "Where was Bedi retired from?", "answer": "Indian Police Service", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?", "answer": "Soha Ali Khan", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?", "answer": "April 16", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?", "answer": "Kiran Bedi", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?", "answer": "Soha Ali Khan", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?", "answer": "Delhi", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?", "answer": "police.", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "The retired police officer said she would not run as what?", "answer": "caged woman", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?", "answer": "students", "gold_docs": ["entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear. Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit"]}
{"query": "The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal. In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed"]}
{"query": "Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?", "answer": "foreign protesters", "gold_docs": ["based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay. The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future"]}
{"query": "What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?", "answer": "Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse", "gold_docs": ["entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear. Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit"]}
{"query": "What is the capital city of Malaysia?", "answer": "Kuala Lumpur", "gold_docs": ["Parliament of Malaysia, making it the country's legislative capital. It is also the economic and business centre of the country, and is a primate city. Kuala Lumpur is also rated as a global city, and is the only global city in Malaysia. Along with Subang Jaya, Klang, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, Kajang-Sungai Chua, Ampang Jaya and Selayang it forms the country's largest and most important urban area, the Klang Valley. George Town, the capital city of Penang, is the second largest city, with nearly 710,000 inhabitants as of 2010. It used to be Malaysia's largest and only city until the"]}
{"query": "Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?", "answer": "1964", "gold_docs": ["1964 Winter Olympics that the relay could be said to transport a true Olympic flame originating from Olympia. Olav S. Bjaaland, a teacher in Morgedal, proposed the idea of a cross-country ski relay from Morgedal to Oslo in 1948. The process was seen as a good way to mark the commencement of the Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) agreed that the relay could go ahead, including winning support from the IOC president, but that this relay would not carry the true Olympic flame as had been established as protocol in the Summer Games since 1936. Instead this torch was"]}
{"query": "What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?", "answer": "Independence Square", "gold_docs": ["were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head. The event was held"]}
{"query": "How many Special Police protected the relay event?", "answer": "1000", "gold_docs": ["13th in the 1000m. J.R. earned a Silver medal in the Short Track Men's 5000m Relay. At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, J.R. competed in the 1500m, 1000m, and the Men's 5000m Relay. On Tuesday, February 9, 2010, J.R. appeared on the TV show \"The Biggest Loser\" where he introduced a pop-challenge to the contestants of the show. During the segment J.R. offered words of encouragement, and showed the contestants how to use a slide board. On Wednesday, February 5, 2014, J.R. was featured in a one-hour special on NBC television titled \"How to Raise an Olympian\"."]}
{"query": "Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?", "answer": "Falun Gong", "gold_docs": ["entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear. Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit"]}
{"query": "What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?", "answer": "plastic air-filled batons", "gold_docs": ["were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head. The event was held"]}
{"query": "What did the Chinese group yell?", "answer": "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.", "gold_docs": ["were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head. The event was held"]}
{"query": "What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?", "answer": "placards", "gold_docs": ["were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head. The event was held"]}
{"query": "Who requested that the original route be cancelled?", "answer": "the Chinese embassy", "gold_docs": ["in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium. Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been"]}
{"query": "Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?", "answer": "journalists", "gold_docs": ["in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium. Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been"]}
{"query": "Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?", "answer": "Jakarta", "gold_docs": ["On 18 July 2018, a ceremony took place in Brahma field by the 9th century Hindu temple of Prambanan near Yogyakarta, where the torch's flame from India were fused together with an Indonesian natural eternal flame taken from Mrapen, Central Java. Subsequently, the Torch Relay Concert were performed marking the start of torch relay throughout the country. The relay travelled through 54 cities in 18 provinces in Indonesia, including host cities. The relay covered a total distance of . The relay finished on 17 August, the 73rd anniversary of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in the National Monument, Jakarta before"]}
{"query": "How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment. On April 20, the \"People's Daily\" published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The \"People's Daily\" quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has"]}
{"query": "What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.", "answer": "stadium.", "gold_docs": ["in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium. Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been"]}
{"query": "Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?", "answer": "outside the stadium.", "gold_docs": ["in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium. Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been"]}
{"query": "When did the torch arrive in Canberra?", "answer": "April 24", "gold_docs": ["Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involved to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only"]}
{"query": "Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?", "answer": "People's Liberation Army personnel", "gold_docs": ["in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium. Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been"]}
{"query": "Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?", "answer": "sacred torch", "gold_docs": ["given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\"."]}
{"query": "Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?", "answer": "Tony Goh", "gold_docs": ["given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\"."]}
{"query": "Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?", "answer": "Stephen Smith", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?", "answer": "People's Liberation Army", "gold_docs": ["in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium. Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been"]}
{"query": "Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?", "answer": "Australian police", "gold_docs": ["in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium. Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been"]}
{"query": "Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?", "answer": "Tony Goh", "gold_docs": ["given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\"."]}
{"query": "Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a \"peaceful show of strength\"?", "answer": "Zhang Rongan", "gold_docs": ["given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\"."]}
{"query": "Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?", "answer": "Stephen Smith", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?", "answer": "Lin Hatfield Dodds", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?", "answer": "Foreign Minister Stephen Smith", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "Who withdrew from the torch event?", "answer": "Lin Hatfield Dodds", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?", "answer": "Stephen Smith", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?", "answer": "the Chinese embassy", "gold_docs": ["Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involved to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only"]}
{"query": "Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?", "answer": "Ian Thorpe", "gold_docs": ["Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involved to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only"]}
{"query": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?", "answer": "Up to 600", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?", "answer": "between 2,000 and 10,000", "gold_docs": ["Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful. Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\". Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted"]}
{"query": "Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?", "answer": "the Chinese embassy", "gold_docs": ["Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involved to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only"]}
{"query": "Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?", "answer": "Nagano", "gold_docs": ["doing something foolish\" in a televised interview. The City Office officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was \"such violent protests were not easy to accept\". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay. This temple was vandalised by an unidentified person the day after in apparent revenge. 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008"]}
{"query": "When did the torch arrive in Nagano?", "answer": "April 26", "gold_docs": ["Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau. A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions. China: The"]}
{"query": "Which Olympics did Nagano host?", "answer": "1998 Winter Olympics", "gold_docs": ["that the championships have taken place in Asia. Venues of the 1998 Winter Olympics For the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, a total of fifteen sports venues were used. Nagano had attempted twice to host the Winter Olympics, losing out to Sapporo, host of the 1972 Winter Olympics. The third time, in 1991, Nagano edged out Salt Lake City to host the 1998 Games. The biathlon venue was adjusted in accordance with the Washington Convention over endangered species. The biggest venue controversy was at Happo'one resort on the length of the men's downhill and the battle that ensued to"]}
{"query": "Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?", "answer": "Seoul", "gold_docs": ["government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried"]}
{"query": "When did Seoul host the Olympics?", "answer": "1988 Summer Olympics", "gold_docs": ["National Museum of Contemporary Art were also built on the property. On January 1, 1986, Gwacheon was officially elevated to Gwacheon-si (city), and three years later, Siheung-gun was completely disbanded when five other cities in the Seoul National Capital Area were created by the national government. When Seoul won the right to host the 1988 Summer Olympics, it placed the Korean Racing Association in charge of constructing an Olympic Equestrian Park. 280 acres of land in Gwacheon were thus secured by the KRA, and construction began in 1984. Seoul Equestrian Park hosted several Olympic events in 1988, and after the"]}
{"query": "Where was the start point for the relay?", "answer": "Olympic Park", "gold_docs": ["government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried"]}
{"query": "Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?", "answer": "Chinese students", "gold_docs": ["government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried"]}
{"query": "Where was the relay event held in South Korea?", "answer": "Seoul", "gold_docs": ["government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried"]}
{"query": "Which Olympics did Seoul host?", "answer": "1988 Summer Olympics", "gold_docs": ["in Baden-Baden, West Germany (Germany since October 1990), the IOC selected Seoul to host the 1988 Summer Olympics. Venues for the Seoul Sports Complex were constructed between 1973 and 1984. Except for Mongchon Tosong and the Tongillo Road Course, all of the other venues were completed or renovated by the summer of 1986. Many of the venues would play host to the Asian Games in 1986 which would serve as test events for the 1988 Summer Olympics. The men's marathon course was run in hot weather along a route lined with 36,000 police personnel. At the Han River Regatta Course/"]}
{"query": "The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?", "answer": "a propaganda stunt.", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?", "answer": "against human rights.", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?", "answer": "UNICEF", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "Both organizations withdrew what?", "answer": "their staff", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "What is the mission of the organizations?", "answer": "raising awareness of conditions for children", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?", "answer": "North Korea", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "answer": "Ho Chi Minh City.", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?", "answer": "60", "gold_docs": ["and felt that competing in her home country would provide a boost to her chances of a gold medal. Brazil had used one of their automatic qualification places as the host country for Ara\u00fajo, meaning that she did not have to qualify. Shortly prior to the games, Ara\u00fajo was one of 141 torchbearers on the first day of the Brazilian leg of the 2016 Summer Olympics torch relay. Adriana Ara\u00fajo Adriana Ara\u00fajo (; born 4 November 1981) is a Brazilian lightweight boxer. She won a bronze medal in the 60 kg category at the 2012 Summer Olympics and qualified for"]}
{"query": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "answer": "Ho Chi Minh City.", "gold_docs": ["and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions. The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe"]}
{"query": "What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?", "answer": "the Spratly and Paracel Islands", "gold_docs": ["China\u2013Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Whilst both sides agree on land borders, the territorial dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands has left maritime borders between the two nations undefined. In several areas, the land border between the two countries runs along rivers. In particular, the border follows the Red River on its section from"]}
{"query": "The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?", "answer": "Sansha", "gold_docs": ["response, China sent surveillance ships to warn the Navy to leave the area claimed by both countries, prompting a standoff. The two nations eventually agreed to withdraw their deployed vessels as the arrival of the typhoon season drew near. Following a 3-month standoff between Philippine and Chinese vessels around Scarborough Shoal, China informed the Philippines that Chinese coast guard vessels will remain permanently on the shoal as an integral part of their 'Sansha City' in the Woody island of the Paracels, a separate archipelago disputed by China and Vietnam. Under the control of Hainan Province. the Chinese government plans the"]}
{"query": "Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?", "answer": "Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng", "gold_docs": ["Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh H\u00f9ng was approved by the National Assembly as the 1st Deputy Prime Minister, following the proposal of Prime Minister Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng to undertake joint work in the government's work management system. To be assigned the task of the Prime Minister when the Prime Minister is absent or authorized by the Prime Minister. Deputy Prime Minister Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh H\u00f9ng also served as Head of the Restructuring Steering Committee of Vietnam Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (Vinashin) after the Vinashin case was wrongly dealt a debt of $ 5 billion and unable to pay. Speaking to the press in October 2010,"]}
{"query": "How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?", "answer": "\u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y", "gold_docs": ["market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic"]}
{"query": "Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "answer": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu", "gold_docs": ["market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic"]}
{"query": "How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["conduct of the students. The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it was not sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights. Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a"]}
{"query": "What is blogger \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y's real name?", "answer": "Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i", "gold_docs": ["market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic"]}
{"query": "Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i was charged with what crime?", "answer": "tax evasion.", "gold_docs": ["market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?", "answer": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu", "gold_docs": ["market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic"]}
{"query": "What was removed from the website that L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu had written about?", "answer": "disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims", "gold_docs": ["website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay."]}
{"query": "When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?", "answer": "May 2", "gold_docs": ["Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau. A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions. China: The"]}
{"query": "Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?", "answer": "Hong Kong Cultural Centre", "gold_docs": ["the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg. The opening relay route ceremony was held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre. The song \"We are ready\" was performed by Eason Chan, Hotcha, EO2 accompanied by Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, Hong Kong Dance company, Gauido international golden eagle gymnastics team, and senior mixed choir of the Diocesan Girls' School and the Diocesan Boys' School. The total torchbearer counts for each city are"]}
{"query": "How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay."]}
{"query": "How many torchbearers carried the torch?", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay."]}
{"query": "The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?", "answer": "pro-Beijing camp politicians.", "gold_docs": ["website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay."]}
{"query": "What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?", "answer": "plastic Olympic flames", "gold_docs": ["Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order. There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm"]}
{"query": "This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?", "answer": "Tiananmen Square protests", "gold_docs": ["Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order. There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm"]}
{"query": "Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?", "answer": "Christina Chan", "gold_docs": ["man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08) The Color Orange democracy"]}
{"query": "Who removed Chan from the protest?", "answer": "police", "gold_docs": ["man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08) The Color Orange democracy"]}
{"query": "Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?", "answer": "her human rights were breached.", "gold_docs": ["man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08) The Color Orange democracy"]}
{"query": "Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?", "answer": "democracy.", "gold_docs": ["Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order. There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm"]}
{"query": "Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?", "answer": "Leung Kwok-hung", "gold_docs": ["Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order. There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm"]}
{"query": "What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?", "answer": "Tibetan snow lion flag", "gold_docs": ["man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08) The Color Orange democracy"]}
{"query": "What did Galschi\u00f8t construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?", "answer": "Pillar of Shame", "gold_docs": ["group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of"]}
{"query": "Galschi\u00f8t and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?", "answer": "immigration reasons", "gold_docs": ["group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of"]}
{"query": "Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?", "answer": "Mia Farrow", "gold_docs": ["the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy. A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator"]}
{"query": "A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?", "answer": "one country, two systems", "gold_docs": ["the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy. A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator"]}
{"query": "What group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?", "answer": "The Color Orange", "gold_docs": ["man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08) The Color Orange democracy"]}
{"query": "What structure did Jens Galschi\u00f8t build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?", "answer": "Pillar of Shame", "gold_docs": ["group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of"]}
{"query": "Why was Jens Galschi\u00f8t made to leave Hong Kong?", "answer": "immigration reasons", "gold_docs": ["group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of"]}
{"query": "Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?", "answer": "Mia Farrow", "gold_docs": ["the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy. A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator"]}
{"query": "How many torchbearers participated in Macao?", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay."]}
{"query": "A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?", "answer": "athletes", "gold_docs": ["website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay."]}
{"query": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay."]}
{"query": "Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?", "answer": "A Macau resident", "gold_docs": ["Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau. A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions. China: The"]}
{"query": "Where was the message posted?", "answer": "cyberctm.com", "gold_docs": ["Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau. A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions. China: The"]}
{"query": "Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?", "answer": "The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation", "gold_docs": ["Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau. A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions. China: The"]}
{"query": "After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?", "answer": "May 4", "gold_docs": ["torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way. Some notable incidents are: The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese"]}
{"query": "When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?", "answer": "May 4", "gold_docs": ["torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way. Some notable incidents are: The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese"]}
{"query": "When was the last time the torch had been in China?", "answer": "April.", "gold_docs": ["torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way. Some notable incidents are: The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese"]}
{"query": "Who attended the celebrations?", "answer": "IOC", "gold_docs": ["torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way. Some notable incidents are: The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese"]}
{"query": "Which actor also attended the celebrations?", "answer": "Jackie Chan.", "gold_docs": ["torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way. Some notable incidents are: The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese"]}
{"query": "The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?", "answer": "partial and censored", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?", "answer": "biased.", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "What was under scrutiny?", "answer": "media coverage", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?", "answer": "censored", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?", "answer": "Reporters Without Borders", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?", "answer": "saboteurs", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?", "answer": "the more disruptive protesters", "gold_docs": ["media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper \"Lib\u00e9ration\" was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that \"Lib\u00e9ration\" needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\". In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very"]}
{"query": "Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?", "answer": "condemned the protests", "gold_docs": ["small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists\" intent on \"disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games\". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay. Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like"]}
{"query": "Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?", "answer": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec", "gold_docs": ["Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\". Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported \"Indian torchbearers vow to"]}
{"query": "What did Xinhua call protesters?", "answer": "radicals", "gold_docs": ["Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\". Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported \"Indian torchbearers vow to"]}
{"query": "Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?", "answer": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec", "gold_docs": ["Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\". Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported \"Indian torchbearers vow to"]}
{"query": "Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?", "answer": "spirit of Olympics", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?", "answer": "sports and politics", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?", "answer": "run for spirit of Olympics", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?", "answer": "sports and politics", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?", "answer": "The Daily Telegraph", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration", "gold_docs": ["news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" \"Lib\u00e9ration\" also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media. On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack"]}
{"query": "Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?", "answer": "Western media bias.", "gold_docs": ["to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of \"demonising\" China during their coverage of the torch relays. \"The Telegraph\" also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question \"Is the West demonising China?\" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians \"voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet\" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read \"Shame on some Western media\", \"BBC CNN lies too\" and \"Stop media distortion!\". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: \"I saw some"]}
{"query": "Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?", "answer": "Fu Ying", "gold_docs": ["to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of \"demonising\" China during their coverage of the torch relays. \"The Telegraph\" also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question \"Is the West demonising China?\" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians \"voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet\" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read \"Shame on some Western media\", \"BBC CNN lies too\" and \"Stop media distortion!\". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: \"I saw some"]}
{"query": "Which newspaper published these accusations?", "answer": "The Daily Telegraph", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "What other newspaper was accused of bias?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration", "gold_docs": ["news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" \"Lib\u00e9ration\" also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media. On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack"]}
{"query": " Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?", "answer": "CNN", "gold_docs": ["news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" \"Lib\u00e9ration\" also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media. On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack"]}
{"query": "Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?", "answer": "CNN", "gold_docs": ["news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" \"Lib\u00e9ration\" also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media. On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack"]}
{"query": "Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?", "answer": "the Chinese government", "gold_docs": ["news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" \"Lib\u00e9ration\" also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media. On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack"]}
{"query": "What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?", "answer": "The challenges of reporting in China", "gold_docs": ["Cafferty. On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for"]}
{"query": "Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?", "answer": "Paul Danahar", "gold_docs": ["Cafferty. On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for"]}
{"query": "Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?", "answer": "Paul Danahar", "gold_docs": ["Cafferty. On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for"]}
{"query": "Where is BBC banned from reporting?", "answer": "Tibet", "gold_docs": ["their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment. On April 20, the \"People's Daily\" published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The \"People's Daily\" quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has"]}
{"query": "Who published \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage\" on April 20?", "answer": "People's Daily", "gold_docs": ["their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment. On April 20, the \"People's Daily\" published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The \"People's Daily\" quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has"]}
{"query": "Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?", "answer": "People's Daily", "gold_docs": ["their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment. On April 20, the \"People's Daily\" published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The \"People's Daily\" quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has"]}
{"query": "What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?", "answer": "an anti-CNN website", "gold_docs": ["misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\" On April 4, there were reports of an Anti-cnn website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site appears to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing claimed that the site may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman said the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage. The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police"]}
{"query": "Who supposedly created the site?", "answer": "a Beijing citizen.", "gold_docs": ["misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\" On April 4, there were reports of an Anti-cnn website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site appears to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing claimed that the site may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman said the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage. The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police"]}
{"query": "Who takes credit for creating the site?", "answer": "a Beijing citizen.", "gold_docs": ["misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\" On April 4, there were reports of an Anti-cnn website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site appears to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing claimed that the site may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman said the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage. The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police"]}
{"query": "Who felt that the government was involved in the website?", "answer": "foreign correspondents", "gold_docs": ["misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\" On April 4, there were reports of an Anti-cnn website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site appears to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing claimed that the site may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman said the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage. The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police"]}
{"query": "How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\" On April 4, there were reports of an Anti-cnn website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site appears to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing claimed that the site may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman said the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage. The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police"]}
{"query": "When were the 30 team members sworn in?", "answer": "August 2007", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "What were their official team outfits?", "answer": "matching blue tracksuits", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "Which team member has his own fan following?", "answer": "Second Right Brother", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\" On April 4, there were reports of an Anti-cnn website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site appears to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing claimed that the site may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman said the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage. The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police"]}
{"query": "When were these 30 sworn in?", "answer": "August 2007", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "What did these 30 attendants wear?", "answer": "blue tracksuits", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?", "answer": "Second Right Brother", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?", "answer": "LVMH Group", "gold_docs": ["will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies. Flashpoints IOC Response In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan,"]}
{"query": "Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama", "gold_docs": ["will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies. Flashpoints IOC Response In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan,"]}
{"query": "What was burned during these boycotts?", "answer": "the French flag", "gold_docs": ["accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added \"Swastika\" (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in"]}
{"query": "Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?", "answer": "anti-Chinese racism.", "gold_docs": ["accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added \"Swastika\" (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in"]}
{"query": "The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?", "answer": "anti-Japanese protests", "gold_docs": ["the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words \"Beijing 2008\" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright. In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries"]}
{"query": "Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?", "answer": "People's Daily", "gold_docs": ["began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" which urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of"]}
{"query": "Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?", "answer": "Sohu.com", "gold_docs": ["began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" which urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of"]}
{"query": "When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?", "answer": "May 1", "gold_docs": ["Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1. Pro-China rallies and demonstrations were held in several cities in response to the relay protests, including Paris, London, Berlin and Los Angeles. In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, saying \"they are"]}
{"query": "Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?", "answer": "People's Daily", "gold_docs": ["began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the \"People's Daily\" which urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of"]}
{"query": "Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?", "answer": "the Chinese government", "gold_docs": ["the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words \"Beijing 2008\" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright. In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries"]}
{"query": "What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?", "answer": "May 1.", "gold_docs": ["Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1. Pro-China rallies and demonstrations were held in several cities in response to the relay protests, including Paris, London, Berlin and Los Angeles. In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, saying \"they are"]}
{"query": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "answer": "Shoichi Washizawa", "gold_docs": ["Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1. Pro-China rallies and demonstrations were held in several cities in response to the relay protests, including Paris, London, Berlin and Los Angeles. In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, saying \"they are"]}
{"query": "How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?", "answer": "great nuisance", "gold_docs": ["Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1. Pro-China rallies and demonstrations were held in several cities in response to the relay protests, including Paris, London, Berlin and Los Angeles. In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, saying \"they are"]}
{"query": "What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?", "answer": "a major Buddhist temple", "gold_docs": ["doing something foolish\" in a televised interview. The City Office officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was \"such violent protests were not easy to accept\". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay. This temple was vandalised by an unidentified person the day after in apparent revenge. 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008"]}
{"query": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "answer": "Shoichi Washizawa", "gold_docs": ["Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1. Pro-China rallies and demonstrations were held in several cities in response to the relay protests, including Paris, London, Berlin and Los Angeles. In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, saying \"they are"]}
{"query": "What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?", "answer": "great nuisance", "gold_docs": ["Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1. Pro-China rallies and demonstrations were held in several cities in response to the relay protests, including Paris, London, Berlin and Los Angeles. In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, saying \"they are"]}
{"query": "Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?", "answer": "a major Buddhist temple", "gold_docs": ["doing something foolish\" in a televised interview. The City Office officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was \"such violent protests were not easy to accept\". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay. This temple was vandalised by an unidentified person the day after in apparent revenge. 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008"]}
{"query": "In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?", "answer": "lanterns.", "gold_docs": ["for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe. The Olympic flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on aircraft, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns. Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red"]}
{"query": "The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?", "answer": "during protests", "gold_docs": ["for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe. The Olympic flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on aircraft, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns. Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red"]}
{"query": "Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?", "answer": "Hong Kong legislator", "gold_docs": ["the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy. A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator"]}
{"query": "Which athlete did the official website call an angel?", "answer": "Jin Jing", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?", "answer": "Western media", "gold_docs": ["run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed. Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\". Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. \"The Daily Telegraph\" published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador"]}
{"query": "How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?", "answer": "Two", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "How many members are on each of these two teams?", "answer": "40", "gold_docs": ["to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens. Two additional teams of 40 attendants each"]}
{"query": "Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics", "gold_docs": ["would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that \"Principia Mathematica\" could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, \"Principia Mathematica\"'s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. Unlike Whitehead's previous two books on mathematics, \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911) was not aimed exclusively at"]}
{"query": "What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? ", "answer": "mixed", "gold_docs": ["audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of \"Principia Mathematica\". The ultimate substantive legacy of \"Principia Mathematica\" is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there"]}
{"query": "Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?", "answer": "Kurt G\u00f6del", "gold_docs": ["audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of \"Principia Mathematica\". The ultimate substantive legacy of \"Principia Mathematica\" is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there"]}
{"query": "Why was G\u00f6dels finding ironic?", "answer": "G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book", "gold_docs": ["would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that \"Principia Mathematica\" could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, \"Principia Mathematica\"'s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. Unlike Whitehead's previous two books on mathematics, \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911) was not aimed exclusively at"]}
{"query": "When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?", "answer": "1931", "gold_docs": ["audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of \"Principia Mathematica\". The ultimate substantive legacy of \"Principia Mathematica\" is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there"]}
{"query": "What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?", "answer": "some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them", "gold_docs": ["would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that \"Principia Mathematica\" could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, \"Principia Mathematica\"'s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. Unlike Whitehead's previous two books on mathematics, \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911) was not aimed exclusively at"]}
{"query": "Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?", "answer": "Principia Mathematica", "gold_docs": ["would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that \"Principia Mathematica\" could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, \"Principia Mathematica\"'s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. Unlike Whitehead's previous two books on mathematics, \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911) was not aimed exclusively at"]}
{"query": "Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?", "answer": "metaphysics", "gold_docs": ["would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that \"Principia Mathematica\" could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, \"Principia Mathematica\"'s legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. Unlike Whitehead's previous two books on mathematics, \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911) was not aimed exclusively at"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead define \"inert ideas\"?", "answer": "ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture", "gold_docs": ["and Other Essays\", which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which \"Aims of Education\" derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\" Rather than teach small parts of"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?", "answer": "\"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\"", "gold_docs": ["and Other Essays\", which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which \"Aims of Education\" derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\" Rather than teach small parts of"]}
{"query": "When was \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" published?", "answer": "1929", "gold_docs": ["an examination of the mutual influence of mathematics and philosophy, language, and physics. Although the book is little-read, in some ways it prefigures certain points of Whitehead's later work in philosophy and metaphysics. Whitehead showed a deep concern for educational reform at all levels. In addition to his numerous individually written works on the subject, Whitehead was appointed by Britain's Prime Minister David Lloyd George as part of a 20-person committee to investigate the educational systems and practices of the UK in 1921 and recommend reform. Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book \"The Aims of Education"]}
{"query": "During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" composed?", "answer": "between 1912 and 1927", "gold_docs": ["and Other Essays\", which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which \"Aims of Education\" derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\" Rather than teach small parts of"]}
{"query": "What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?", "answer": "1929", "gold_docs": ["an examination of the mutual influence of mathematics and philosophy, language, and physics. Although the book is little-read, in some ways it prefigures certain points of Whitehead's later work in philosophy and metaphysics. Whitehead showed a deep concern for educational reform at all levels. In addition to his numerous individually written works on the subject, Whitehead was appointed by Britain's Prime Minister David Lloyd George as part of a 20-person committee to investigate the educational systems and practices of the UK in 1921 and recommend reform. Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book \"The Aims of Education"]}
{"query": "What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?", "answer": "inert ideas", "gold_docs": ["and Other Essays\", which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which \"Aims of Education\" derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\" Rather than teach small parts of"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?", "answer": "Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts", "gold_docs": ["a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be \"trans\"disciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. In order to make this sort of teaching a reality, however, Whitehead pointed to the need to minimize the"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?", "answer": "important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life", "gold_docs": ["a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be \"trans\"disciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. In order to make this sort of teaching a reality, however, Whitehead pointed to the need to minimize the"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?", "answer": "For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model", "gold_docs": ["a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be \"trans\"disciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. In order to make this sort of teaching a reality, however, Whitehead pointed to the need to minimize the"]}
{"query": "Whitehead's education style was to teach what?", "answer": "a relatively few important concepts", "gold_docs": ["a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be \"trans\"disciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. In order to make this sort of teaching a reality, however, Whitehead pointed to the need to minimize the"]}
{"query": "What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?", "answer": "different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.", "gold_docs": ["a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be \"trans\"disciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. In order to make this sort of teaching a reality, however, Whitehead pointed to the need to minimize the"]}
{"query": "Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?", "answer": "value-free school model", "gold_docs": ["a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be \"trans\"disciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. In order to make this sort of teaching a reality, however, Whitehead pointed to the need to minimize the"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?", "answer": "\"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\"", "gold_docs": ["education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. However, interest in metaphysics \u2013 the philosophical investigation of the nature of the"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?", "answer": "in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians", "gold_docs": ["education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. However, interest in metaphysics \u2013 the philosophical investigation of the nature of the"]}
{"query": "With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell", "gold_docs": ["education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. However, interest in metaphysics \u2013 the philosophical investigation of the nature of the"]}
{"query": "What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? ", "answer": "undergraduate", "gold_docs": ["with those principles. It enables men to construct an intellectual vision of a new world.\" Whitehead's philosophy of education might adequately be summarized in his statement that \"knowledge does not keep any better than fish.\" In other words, bits of disconnected knowledge are meaningless; all knowledge must find some imaginative application to the students' own lives, or else it becomes so much useless trivia, and the students themselves become good at parroting facts but not thinking for themselves. Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate"]}
{"query": "What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?", "answer": "friend and former student", "gold_docs": ["education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. However, interest in metaphysics \u2013 the philosophical investigation of the nature of the"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? ", "answer": "rank amateur", "gold_docs": ["education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. However, interest in metaphysics \u2013 the philosophical investigation of the nature of the"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?", "answer": "one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.", "gold_docs": ["education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. However, interest in metaphysics \u2013 the philosophical investigation of the nature of the"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?", "answer": "such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. Perhaps foremost"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?", "answer": "people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. Perhaps foremost"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?", "answer": "Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. Perhaps foremost"]}
{"query": "What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?", "answer": "make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. Perhaps foremost"]}
{"query": "Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?", "answer": "they remain unexamined and unquestioned", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. Perhaps foremost"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?", "answer": "basic assumptions about how the universe works", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. Perhaps foremost"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?", "answer": "metaphysical investigations", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. Perhaps foremost"]}
{"query": "What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?", "answer": "reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another", "gold_docs": ["among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience."]}
{"query": "What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?", "answer": "event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another", "gold_docs": ["among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience."]}
{"query": "How did whitehead define \"experience\"?", "answer": "He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience", "gold_docs": ["among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience."]}
{"query": "How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?", "answer": "two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental", "gold_docs": ["In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as \"philosophy of organism\", but it would become known more widely as \"process philosophy.\" Whitehead's philosophy was highly original, and soon garnered interest in philosophical circles. After publishing \"The Concept of Nature\" in 1920, he served as president of the Aristotelian Society from 1922 to 1923, and Henri Bergson was quoted as saying that Whitehead was \"the best philosopher writing in English.\" So impressive and different was Whitehead's philosophy that in 1924 he"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?", "answer": "\"philosophy of organism\"", "gold_docs": ["In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as \"philosophy of organism\", but it would become known more widely as \"process philosophy.\" Whitehead's philosophy was highly original, and soon garnered interest in philosophical circles. After publishing \"The Concept of Nature\" in 1920, he served as president of the Aristotelian Society from 1922 to 1923, and Henri Bergson was quoted as saying that Whitehead was \"the best philosopher writing in English.\" So impressive and different was Whitehead's philosophy that in 1924 he"]}
{"query": "What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?", "answer": "Cartesian idea", "gold_docs": ["among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience."]}
{"query": "Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?", "answer": "interrelated and dependent", "gold_docs": ["among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience."]}
{"query": "Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?", "answer": "experiential", "gold_docs": ["among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience."]}
{"query": "Whitehead's system as \"philosophy of organism\" became widely known as what term?", "answer": "process philosophy", "gold_docs": ["In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as \"philosophy of organism\", but it would become known more widely as \"process philosophy.\" Whitehead's philosophy was highly original, and soon garnered interest in philosophical circles. After publishing \"The Concept of Nature\" in 1920, he served as president of the Aristotelian Society from 1922 to 1923, and Henri Bergson was quoted as saying that Whitehead was \"the best philosopher writing in English.\" So impressive and different was Whitehead's philosophy that in 1924 he"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead define the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"?", "answer": "By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete", "gold_docs": ["single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"). To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining"]}
{"query": "What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?", "answer": "\"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\"", "gold_docs": ["a person) as being fundamentally the \"same\" thing throughout time, with any changes to it being secondary to its \"nature\", scientific materialism hides the fact that nothing ever stays the same. For Whitehead, change is fundamental and inescapable; he emphasizes that \"all things flow.\" In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a"]}
{"query": "Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?", "answer": "These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.", "gold_docs": ["a person) as being fundamentally the \"same\" thing throughout time, with any changes to it being secondary to its \"nature\", scientific materialism hides the fact that nothing ever stays the same. For Whitehead, change is fundamental and inescapable; he emphasizes that \"all things flow.\" In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?", "answer": "a continuum of overlapping events", "gold_docs": ["single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"). To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?", "answer": "a \"society\" of events", "gold_docs": ["single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"). To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining"]}
{"query": "What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?", "answer": "\"classical\" concepts", "gold_docs": ["a person) as being fundamentally the \"same\" thing throughout time, with any changes to it being secondary to its \"nature\", scientific materialism hides the fact that nothing ever stays the same. For Whitehead, change is fundamental and inescapable; he emphasizes that \"all things flow.\" In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a"]}
{"query": "Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?", "answer": "change", "gold_docs": ["single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"). To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining"]}
{"query": "What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?", "answer": "quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\"", "gold_docs": ["a person) as being fundamentally the \"same\" thing throughout time, with any changes to it being secondary to its \"nature\", scientific materialism hides the fact that nothing ever stays the same. For Whitehead, change is fundamental and inescapable; he emphasizes that \"all things flow.\" In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a"]}
{"query": "What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?", "answer": "society", "gold_docs": ["single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"). To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining"]}
{"query": "Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?", "answer": "continuum of overlapping events", "gold_docs": ["single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"). To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?", "answer": "discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing", "gold_docs": ["essence\" or a \"core identity\" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person \"really is\". In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. \"Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person\"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking"]}
{"query": "In that line of thinking, how are changes described?", "answer": "qualitative and secondary to their core identity", "gold_docs": ["essence\" or a \"core identity\" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person \"really is\". In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. \"Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person\"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking"]}
{"query": "Where do occasions of experience overlap?", "answer": "time and space", "gold_docs": ["essence\" or a \"core identity\" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person \"really is\". In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. \"Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person\"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking"]}
{"query": "Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?", "answer": "all things flow\"", "gold_docs": ["often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking. Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be"]}
{"query": "In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?", "answer": "people define identities", "gold_docs": ["often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking. Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be"]}
{"query": "Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?", "answer": "it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things", "gold_docs": ["difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?", "answer": "should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum", "gold_docs": ["difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?", "answer": "limitations of language", "gold_docs": ["often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking. Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?", "answer": "it is not philosophically or ontologically sound", "gold_docs": ["that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next. A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of \"relations\". It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only \"externally\" related to other things. The idea of matter as"]}
{"query": "Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?", "answer": "limitations of language", "gold_docs": ["often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking. Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?", "answer": "limitations of language", "gold_docs": ["often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking. Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be"]}
{"query": "Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?", "answer": "each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago", "gold_docs": ["difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions"]}
{"query": "What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?", "answer": "in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves", "gold_docs": ["primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that: \"Reality applies to \"connections\", and only relatively to the things connected. (A) is real for (B), and (B) is real for (A), but [they are] not absolutely real independent of each other.\" In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum"]}
{"query": "What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?", "answer": "It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.", "gold_docs": ["that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next. A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of \"relations\". It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only \"externally\" related to other things. The idea of matter as"]}
{"query": "What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?", "answer": "materialism", "gold_docs": ["that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next. A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of \"relations\". It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only \"externally\" related to other things. The idea of matter as"]}
{"query": "What does Materialism see each object as?", "answer": "distinct and discrete", "gold_docs": ["that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next. A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of \"relations\". It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only \"externally\" related to other things. The idea of matter as"]}
{"query": "How is each object related to other things?", "answer": "externally", "gold_docs": ["that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next. A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of \"relations\". It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only \"externally\" related to other things. The idea of matter as"]}
{"query": "How does he describe what makes something real?", "answer": "A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it", "gold_docs": ["of its relations to other entities \u2013 its \"synthesis of\" and \"reaction to\" the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not \"related\" to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they \"are\" what the thing is. It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not \"merely\" a sum of its"]}
{"query": "A real object forces the universe to do what?", "answer": "in some way conform to it", "gold_docs": ["of its relations to other entities \u2013 its \"synthesis of\" and \"reaction to\" the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not \"related\" to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they \"are\" what the thing is. It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not \"merely\" a sum of its"]}
{"query": "In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?", "answer": "Europe and China", "gold_docs": ["to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people. Isabelle Stengers wrote that \"Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education.\" Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was"]}
{"query": "Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?", "answer": "William Temple", "gold_docs": ["the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles. Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work"]}
{"query": "What was the basis for \"Nature, Man and God\"?", "answer": "Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934", "gold_docs": ["the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles. Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work"]}
{"query": "According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?", "answer": "practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education", "gold_docs": ["to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people. Isabelle Stengers wrote that \"Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education.\" Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was"]}
{"query": "What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?", "answer": "ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology", "gold_docs": ["to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people. Isabelle Stengers wrote that \"Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education.\" Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was"]}
{"query": "Where were the first followers mainly found?", "answer": "at the University of Chicago's Divinity School", "gold_docs": ["the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles. Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work"]}
{"query": "Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?", "answer": "Henry Nelson Wieman", "gold_docs": ["the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles. Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work"]}
{"query": "Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?", "answer": "John B. Cobb", "gold_docs": ["that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr. Although interest in Whitehead has since faded at Chicago's Divinity School, Cobb effectively grabbed the torch and planted it firmly in Claremont, California, where he began teaching at Claremont School of Theology in 1958 and founded the Center for Process Studies with David Ray Griffin in 1973. Largely due"]}
{"query": "What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?", "answer": "Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams", "gold_docs": ["that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr. Although interest in Whitehead has since faded at Chicago's Divinity School, Cobb effectively grabbed the torch and planted it firmly in Claremont, California, where he began teaching at Claremont School of Theology in 1958 and founded the Center for Process Studies with David Ray Griffin in 1973. Largely due"]}
{"query": "Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?", "answer": "China", "gold_docs": ["to Cobb's influence, today Claremont remains strongly identified with Whitehead's process thought. But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David"]}
{"query": "What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?", "answer": "modernization and industrialization", "gold_docs": ["to Cobb's influence, today Claremont remains strongly identified with Whitehead's process thought. But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David"]}
{"query": "What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy?", "answer": "traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism", "gold_docs": ["to Cobb's influence, today Claremont remains strongly identified with Whitehead's process thought. But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David"]}
{"query": "Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?", "answer": "interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts", "gold_docs": ["Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts. Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the"]}
{"query": "what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?", "answer": "his assertion that matter is an abstraction", "gold_docs": ["and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\" Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9, or"]}
{"query": "Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?", "answer": "the sheer difficulty and density of his prose", "gold_docs": ["simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose. Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller. Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive"]}
{"query": "What is a common opinion of metaphysics?", "answer": "perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9", "gold_docs": ["and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\" Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9, or"]}
{"query": "What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?", "answer": "Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools", "gold_docs": ["and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\" Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9, or"]}
{"query": "What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?", "answer": "American pragmatism", "gold_docs": ["rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era. Process philosophy is even more difficult to pin down than process theology. In practice, the two fields cannot be neatly separated. The 32-volume State University of New York series in constructive postmodern thought edited by process philosopher and theologian David Ray Griffin displays the range of areas in which different process philosophers work, including physics, ecology, medicine, public policy, nonviolence, politics, and psychology. One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John"]}
{"query": "What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to \"Process and Reality\"?", "answer": "William James and John Dewey", "gold_docs": ["cosmology that provides a systematic descriptive theory of the world which can be used for the diverse human intuitions gained through ethical, aesthetic, religious, and scientific experiences, and not just the scientific. Whitehead's influences were not restricted to philosophers or physicists or mathematicians. He was influenced by the French philosopher Henri Bergson (1859\u20131941), whom he credits along with William James and John Dewey in the preface to \"Process and Reality\". For Whitehead, metaphysics is about logical frameworks for the conduct of discussions of the character of the world. It is not directly and immediately about facts of nature, but only"]}
{"query": "Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?", "answer": "Nicholas Rescher", "gold_docs": ["Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to \"Process and Reality\". Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism. In addition, while they might not properly be called process philosophers, Whitehead has been influential in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, Mili\u010d \u010capek, Isabelle Stengers, Bruno Latour, Susanne Langer, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Scientists of the early 20th century for"]}
{"query": "What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?", "answer": "Charles Sanders Peirce", "gold_docs": ["Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to \"Process and Reality\". Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism. In addition, while they might not properly be called process philosophers, Whitehead has been influential in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, Mili\u010d \u010capek, Isabelle Stengers, Bruno Latour, Susanne Langer, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Scientists of the early 20th century for"]}
{"query": "What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?", "answer": "Richard Rorty", "gold_docs": ["Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to \"Process and Reality\". Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism. In addition, while they might not properly be called process philosophers, Whitehead has been influential in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, Mili\u010d \u010capek, Isabelle Stengers, Bruno Latour, Susanne Langer, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Scientists of the early 20th century for"]}
{"query": "How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?", "answer": "It has been severely criticized", "gold_docs": ["whom Whitehead's work has been influential include physical chemist Ilya Prigogine, biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, and geneticists Charles Birch and Sewall Wright. Henry Murray dedicated his \"Explorations in Personality\" to Whitehead, a contemporary at Harvard. In physics, Whitehead's theory of gravitation articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka suggested that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, and proposed that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves, phenomena observed locally that largely"]}
{"query": "What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?", "answer": "Henry Stapp and David Bohm", "gold_docs": ["violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead. In the 21 st century, Whiteheadian thought is still a stimulating influence:"]}
{"query": "What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?", "answer": "Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves", "gold_docs": ["whom Whitehead's work has been influential include physical chemist Ilya Prigogine, biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, and geneticists Charles Birch and Sewall Wright. Henry Murray dedicated his \"Explorations in Personality\" to Whitehead, a contemporary at Harvard. In physics, Whitehead's theory of gravitation articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka suggested that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, and proposed that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves, phenomena observed locally that largely"]}
{"query": "How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?", "answer": "Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation", "gold_docs": ["violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead. In the 21 st century, Whiteheadian thought is still a stimulating influence:"]}
{"query": "What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?", "answer": "Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order", "gold_docs": ["which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, \"Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy\" (1994), which aimed to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\" Whitehead is widely known for his influence in education theory. His philosophy inspired the formation of the Association for Process Philosophy of Education (APPE), which published eleven volumes of a journal titled \"Process Papers\" on process philosophy and education from 1996 to 2008. Whitehead's theories on education also led to the formation"]}
{"query": "What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?", "answer": "Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology", "gold_docs": ["of value lends itself so readily to an ecological point of view, many see his work as a promising alternative to the traditional mechanistic worldview, providing a detailed metaphysical picture of a world constituted by a web of interdependent relations.\" This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book \"Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology\" (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with leading ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly entitled \"For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future\" (1989),"]}
{"query": "On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?", "answer": "For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future", "gold_docs": ["of value lends itself so readily to an ecological point of view, many see his work as a promising alternative to the traditional mechanistic worldview, providing a detailed metaphysical picture of a world constituted by a web of interdependent relations.\" This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book \"Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology\" (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with leading ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly entitled \"For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future\" (1989),"]}
{"query": "What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?", "answer": "Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy", "gold_docs": ["which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, \"Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy\" (1994), which aimed to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\" Whitehead is widely known for his influence in education theory. His philosophy inspired the formation of the Association for Process Philosophy of Education (APPE), which published eleven volumes of a journal titled \"Process Papers\" on process philosophy and education from 1996 to 2008. Whitehead's theories on education also led to the formation"]}
{"query": "What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?", "answer": "to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\"", "gold_docs": ["which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, \"Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy\" (1994), which aimed to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\" Whitehead is widely known for his influence in education theory. His philosophy inspired the formation of the Association for Process Philosophy of Education (APPE), which published eleven volumes of a journal titled \"Process Papers\" on process philosophy and education from 1996 to 2008. Whitehead's theories on education also led to the formation"]}
{"query": "Who established the FEELS model in China?", "answer": "Xie Bangxiu", "gold_docs": ["of new modes of learning and new models of teaching. One such model is the ANISA model developed by Daniel C. Jordan, which sought to address a lack of understanding of the nature of people in current education systems. As Jordan and Raymond P. Shepard put it: \"Because it has not defined the nature of man, education is in the untenable position of having to devote its energies to the development of curricula without any coherent ideas about the nature of the creature for whom they are intended.\" Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed"]}
{"query": "What does \"FEELS\" stand for?", "answer": "Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher", "gold_docs": ["successfully in China. \"FEELS\" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\" This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China. Whitehead's philosophy of education has also found institutional support in Canada, where the University of Saskatchewan created a Process Philosophy Research Unit and sponsored several conferences on process philosophy and education. Dr. Howard Woodhouse at the"]}
{"query": "What is the purpose of the FEELS model?", "answer": "It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\"", "gold_docs": ["successfully in China. \"FEELS\" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\" This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China. Whitehead's philosophy of education has also found institutional support in Canada, where the University of Saskatchewan created a Process Philosophy Research Unit and sponsored several conferences on process philosophy and education. Dr. Howard Woodhouse at the"]}
{"query": "What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?", "answer": "Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China", "gold_docs": ["successfully in China. \"FEELS\" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\" This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China. Whitehead's philosophy of education has also found institutional support in Canada, where the University of Saskatchewan created a Process Philosophy Research Unit and sponsored several conferences on process philosophy and education. Dr. Howard Woodhouse at the"]}
{"query": "What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?", "answer": "Mark Dibben", "gold_docs": ["on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an \u201corganization studies\u201d discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls \"applied process thought\" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens"]}
{"query": "What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?", "answer": "\"applied process thought\"", "gold_docs": ["on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an \u201corganization studies\u201d discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls \"applied process thought\" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens"]}
{"query": "In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?", "answer": "philosophy of management and business ethics", "gold_docs": ["of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\" Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, \"Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research\" (2008), and \"Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze\" (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics. Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of"]}
{"query": "What business fields has Whitehead influenced?", "answer": "philosophy of business administration and organizational theory", "gold_docs": ["on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an \u201corganization studies\u201d discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls \"applied process thought\" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens"]}
{"query": "According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?", "answer": "this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\"", "gold_docs": ["of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\" Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, \"Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research\" (2008), and \"Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze\" (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics. Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of"]}
{"query": "During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?", "answer": "1910s", "gold_docs": ["most important works in mathematical logic, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library. Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that"]}
{"query": "After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?", "answer": "philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics", "gold_docs": ["most important works in mathematical logic, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library. Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that"]}
{"query": "What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?", "answer": "Process and Reality", "gold_docs": ["exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works \u2013 particularly \"Process and Reality\" \u2013 are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. Whitehead's process philosophy argues that \"there is urgency in coming to see the world as a web of interrelated processes of which we are integral parts, so that all of our choices and actions have consequences for the world around us.\" For this reason, one of the most promising applications of Whitehead's thought in recent years has been in the area of ecological civilization and environmental ethics pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr. Alfred North Whitehead"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead first study?", "answer": "mathematics", "gold_docs": ["most important works in mathematical logic, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library. Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's second area of study?", "answer": "philosophy", "gold_docs": ["most important works in mathematical logic, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library. Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's final area of study?", "answer": "metaphysics", "gold_docs": ["most important works in mathematical logic, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library. Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that"]}
{"query": "What type of system did he develop?", "answer": "metaphysical", "gold_docs": ["most important works in mathematical logic, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library. Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?", "answer": "processes", "gold_docs": ["most important works in mathematical logic, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by Modern Library. Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that"]}
{"query": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?", "answer": "Ramsgate, Kent, England", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "In what year was Whitehead born?", "answer": "1861", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "Who founded Chatham House Academy?", "answer": "Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?", "answer": "minister and schoolmaster", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "Who was Whitehead's mother?", "answer": "Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? ", "answer": "Ramsgate, Kent, England", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "What year was Whitehead born?", "answer": "1861", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?", "answer": "minister and schoolmaster", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's mother's name?", "answer": "Maria Sarah Whitehead,", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's wife's name?", "answer": "Evelyn", "gold_docs": ["was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. Whitehead was educated at Sherborne"]}
{"query": "In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?", "answer": "University of London system", "gold_docs": ["1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?", "answer": "Dean of the Faculty of Science", "gold_docs": ["1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully"]}
{"query": "In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?", "answer": "1924", "gold_docs": ["1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully"]}
{"query": "What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?", "answer": "Bachelor of Science", "gold_docs": ["lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. Toward the end of his time in England, Whitehead turned his attention to philosophy. Though he had no advanced training in philosophy, his philosophical work soon became highly regarded. After publishing \"The Concept of Nature\" in 1920, he served as president of the Aristotelian Society from 1922 to 1923. In 1924, Henry Osborn Taylor invited the 63-year-old Whitehead to join the faculty at Harvard University as"]}
{"query": "What was he elected at the University of London?", "answer": "Dean of the Faculty of Science", "gold_docs": ["1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully"]}
{"query": "Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?", "answer": "University of London", "gold_docs": ["1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully"]}
{"query": "When did Whitehead go to America?", "answer": "1924", "gold_docs": ["1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully"]}
{"query": "Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?", "answer": "Victor Lowe", "gold_docs": ["1947. The two-volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no \"Nachlass\"; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right"]}
{"query": "Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?", "answer": "his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death", "gold_docs": ["1947. The two-volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no \"Nachlass\"; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?", "answer": "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", "gold_docs": ["1947. The two-volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no \"Nachlass\"; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?", "answer": "Victor Lowe", "gold_docs": ["1947. The two-volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no \"Nachlass\"; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?", "answer": "all of his papers be destroyed after his death.", "gold_docs": ["1947. The two-volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no \"Nachlass\"; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?", "answer": "right to privacy", "gold_docs": ["1947. The two-volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no \"Nachlass\"; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?", "answer": "A Treatise on Universal Algebra", "gold_docs": ["known as \"mereotopology\", a theory describing spatial relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and the boundaries between parts. In \"A Treatise on Universal Algebra\" (1898) the term \"universal algebra\" had essentially the same meaning that it has today: the study of algebraic structures themselves, rather than examples (\"models\") of algebraic structures. Whitehead credits William Rowan Hamilton and Augustus De Morgan as originators of the subject matter, and James Joseph Sylvester with coining the term itself. At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative"]}
{"query": "With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?", "answer": "professional mathematicians", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?", "answer": "An Introduction to Mathematics", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?", "answer": "regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?", "answer": "mathematics", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?", "answer": "Principia Mathematica", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "When did Whitehead write his first book? ", "answer": "1898", "gold_docs": ["Universal Algebra\" (1898), \"Principia Mathematica\" (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and \"An Introduction to Mathematics\" (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. \"Principia Mathematica\" in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. In addition to his legacy as a co-writer of \"Principia Mathematica\", Whitehead's theory of \"extensive abstraction\" is considered foundational for the branch of ontology and computer science"]}
{"query": "What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?", "answer": "the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class", "gold_docs": ["model theory, which is sometimes described as \"universal algebra + logic\". In Alfred North Whitehead's book \"A Treatise on Universal Algebra,\" published in 1898, the term \"universal algebra\" had essentially the same meaning that it has today. Whitehead credits William Rowan Hamilton and Augustus De Morgan as originators of the subject matter, and James Joseph Sylvester with coining the term itself. At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: \"The main idea of the work is not"]}
{"query": "What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of \"A Treatise on Algebra\"?", "answer": "\"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\"", "gold_docs": ["class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: \"The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures.\" In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, \"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\" \"A Treatise on Universal Algebra\" sought to examine Hermann Grassmann's theory of extension (\"Ausdehnungslehre\"), Boole's algebra of logic, and Hamilton's quaternions (this last number system was to be taken up in Volume II, which was never finished"]}
{"query": "Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?", "answer": "expand algebraic structures", "gold_docs": ["known as \"mereotopology\", a theory describing spatial relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and the boundaries between parts. In \"A Treatise on Universal Algebra\" (1898) the term \"universal algebra\" had essentially the same meaning that it has today: the study of algebraic structures themselves, rather than examples (\"models\") of algebraic structures. Whitehead credits William Rowan Hamilton and Augustus De Morgan as originators of the subject matter, and James Joseph Sylvester with coining the term itself. At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative"]}
{"query": "What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? ", "answer": "unity of design", "gold_docs": ["class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: \"The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures.\" In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, \"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\" \"A Treatise on Universal Algebra\" sought to examine Hermann Grassmann's theory of extension (\"Ausdehnungslehre\"), Boole's algebra of logic, and Hamilton's quaternions (this last number system was to be taken up in Volume II, which was never finished"]}
{"query": "Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?", "answer": "several structures", "gold_docs": ["class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: \"The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures.\" In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, \"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\" \"A Treatise on Universal Algebra\" sought to examine Hermann Grassmann's theory of extension (\"Ausdehnungslehre\"), Boole's algebra of logic, and Hamilton's quaternions (this last number system was to be taken up in Volume II, which was never finished"]}
{"query": "How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "a year", "gold_docs": ["set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. Whitehead and Russell were working on such a foundational level of mathematics and logic that it took them until page 86 of Volume II to prove that 1+1=2, a proof humorously accompanied by the comment, \"The above proposition is occasionally useful.\" Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that \"Principia Mathematica\" would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. When it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so long (more than 2,000 pages) and its"]}
{"query": "How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? ", "answer": "ten years", "gold_docs": ["set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. Whitehead and Russell were working on such a foundational level of mathematics and logic that it took them until page 86 of Volume II to prove that 1+1=2, a proof humorously accompanied by the comment, \"The above proposition is occasionally useful.\" Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that \"Principia Mathematica\" would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. When it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so long (more than 2,000 pages) and its"]}
{"query": "How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "a year", "gold_docs": ["set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. Whitehead and Russell were working on such a foundational level of mathematics and logic that it took them until page 86 of Volume II to prove that 1+1=2, a proof humorously accompanied by the comment, \"The above proposition is occasionally useful.\" Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that \"Principia Mathematica\" would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. When it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so long (more than 2,000 pages) and its"]}
{"query": "How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "ten years", "gold_docs": ["set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. Whitehead and Russell were working on such a foundational level of mathematics and logic that it took them until page 86 of Volume II to prove that 1+1=2, a proof humorously accompanied by the comment, \"The above proposition is occasionally useful.\" Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that \"Principia Mathematica\" would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. When it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so long (more than 2,000 pages) and its"]}
{"query": "How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. Whitehead and Russell were working on such a foundational level of mathematics and logic that it took them until page 86 of Volume II to prove that 1+1=2, a proof humorously accompanied by the comment, \"The above proposition is occasionally useful.\" Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that \"Principia Mathematica\" would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. When it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so long (more than 2,000 pages) and its"]}
{"query": "How many pages was Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "2,000", "gold_docs": ["set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. Whitehead and Russell were working on such a foundational level of mathematics and logic that it took them until page 86 of Volume II to prove that 1+1=2, a proof humorously accompanied by the comment, \"The above proposition is occasionally useful.\" Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that \"Principia Mathematica\" would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. When it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so long (more than 2,000 pages) and its"]}
{"query": "Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "Cambridge University Press", "gold_docs": ["audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of \"Principia Mathematica\". The ultimate substantive legacy of \"Principia Mathematica\" is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there"]}
{"query": "What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?", "answer": "generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon", "gold_docs": ["was invited to join the faculty at Harvard University as a professor of philosophy at 63 years of age. This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927\u201328 \u2013 following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous \u2013 which Whitehead would later publish as \"Process"]}
{"query": "What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?", "answer": "Gifford lectures", "gold_docs": ["was invited to join the faculty at Harvard University as a professor of philosophy at 63 years of age. This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927\u201328 \u2013 following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous \u2013 which Whitehead would later publish as \"Process"]}
{"query": "Under what name were those lectures later published?", "answer": "Process and Reality", "gold_docs": ["exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works \u2013 particularly \"Process and Reality\" \u2013 are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. Whitehead's process philosophy argues that \"there is urgency in coming to see the world as a web of interrelated processes of which we are integral parts, so that all of our choices and actions have consequences for the world around us.\" For this reason, one of the most promising applications of Whitehead's thought in recent years has been in the area of ecological civilization and environmental ethics pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr. Alfred North Whitehead"]}
{"query": "Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?", "answer": "professional philosophers", "gold_docs": ["was invited to join the faculty at Harvard University as a professor of philosophy at 63 years of age. This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927\u201328 \u2013 following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous \u2013 which Whitehead would later publish as \"Process"]}
{"query": "Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?", "answer": "Process and Reality", "gold_docs": ["exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works \u2013 particularly \"Process and Reality\" \u2013 are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. Whitehead's process philosophy argues that \"there is urgency in coming to see the world as a web of interrelated processes of which we are integral parts, so that all of our choices and actions have consequences for the world around us.\" For this reason, one of the most promising applications of Whitehead's thought in recent years has been in the area of ecological civilization and environmental ethics pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr. Alfred North Whitehead"]}
{"query": "In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?", "answer": "the most difficult to understand", "gold_docs": ["was invited to join the faculty at Harvard University as a professor of philosophy at 63 years of age. This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927\u201328 \u2013 following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous \u2013 which Whitehead would later publish as \"Process"]}
{"query": "What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?", "answer": "Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest", "gold_docs": ["of the respect generally shown to Whitehead by his philosophical peers at the time arose from their sheer bafflement. Distinguished University of Chicago Divinity School theologian Shailer Mathews once remarked of Whitehead's 1926 book \"Religion in the Making\": \"It is infuriating, and I must say embarrassing as well, to read page after page of relatively familiar words without understanding a single sentence.\" However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of"]}
{"query": "What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?", "answer": "Henry Nelson Wieman", "gold_docs": ["the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought. Shortly after Whitehead's book \"Process and Reality\" appeared in 1929, Wieman famously wrote in his 1930 review: \"Not many people will read Whitehead's recent book in this generation; not many will read it in any generation. But"]}
{"query": "What was the result of that lecture?", "answer": "Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years", "gold_docs": ["the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought. Shortly after Whitehead's book \"Process and Reality\" appeared in 1929, Wieman famously wrote in his 1930 review: \"Not many people will read Whitehead's recent book in this generation; not many will read it in any generation. But"]}
{"query": "Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?", "answer": "Mathews", "gold_docs": ["of the respect generally shown to Whitehead by his philosophical peers at the time arose from their sheer bafflement. Distinguished University of Chicago Divinity School theologian Shailer Mathews once remarked of Whitehead's 1926 book \"Religion in the Making\": \"It is infuriating, and I must say embarrassing as well, to read page after page of relatively familiar words without understanding a single sentence.\" However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of"]}
{"query": "What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?", "answer": "Chicago's Divinity School", "gold_docs": ["the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought. Shortly after Whitehead's book \"Process and Reality\" appeared in 1929, Wieman famously wrote in his 1930 review: \"Not many people will read Whitehead's recent book in this generation; not many will read it in any generation. But"]}
{"query": "When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?", "answer": "1927", "gold_docs": ["the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought. Shortly after Whitehead's book \"Process and Reality\" appeared in 1929, Wieman famously wrote in his 1930 review: \"Not many people will read Whitehead's recent book in this generation; not many will read it in any generation. But"]}
{"query": "Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?", "answer": "Henry Nelson Wieman", "gold_docs": ["the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought. Shortly after Whitehead's book \"Process and Reality\" appeared in 1929, Wieman famously wrote in his 1930 review: \"Not many people will read Whitehead's recent book in this generation; not many will read it in any generation. But"]}
{"query": "What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?", "answer": "hired", "gold_docs": ["the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought. Shortly after Whitehead's book \"Process and Reality\" appeared in 1929, Wieman famously wrote in his 1930 review: \"Not many people will read Whitehead's recent book in this generation; not many will read it in any generation. But"]}
{"query": "What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?", "answer": "he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.", "gold_docs": ["separate them from every consensus.\" Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions. Whitehead was convinced that the scientific notion of matter was misleading as a way of describing the ultimate nature of things. In his 1925 book \"Science and the Modern World\", he wrote that \"There persists ... [a] fixed scientific cosmology which presupposes the ultimate fact of an irreducible brute matter, or material, spread through space in a flux of configurations. In"]}
{"query": "Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?", "answer": "Process and Reality", "gold_docs": ["its influence will radiate through concentric circles of popularization until the common man will think and work in the light of it, not knowing whence the light came. After a few decades of discussion and analysis one will be able to understand it more readily than can now be done.\" Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though \"Process and Reality\" has been called \"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\" it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands \u2013 as Isabelle Stengers puts it \u2013 \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will"]}
{"query": "Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?", "answer": "Isabelle Stengers", "gold_docs": ["its influence will radiate through concentric circles of popularization until the common man will think and work in the light of it, not knowing whence the light came. After a few decades of discussion and analysis one will be able to understand it more readily than can now be done.\" Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though \"Process and Reality\" has been called \"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\" it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands \u2013 as Isabelle Stengers puts it \u2013 \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will"]}
{"query": "What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?", "answer": "how the universe works", "gold_docs": ["separate them from every consensus.\" Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions. Whitehead was convinced that the scientific notion of matter was misleading as a way of describing the ultimate nature of things. In his 1925 book \"Science and the Modern World\", he wrote that \"There persists ... [a] fixed scientific cosmology which presupposes the ultimate fact of an irreducible brute matter, or material, spread through space in a flux of configurations. In"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?", "answer": "scientific and philosophical problems", "gold_docs": ["separate them from every consensus.\" Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions. Whitehead was convinced that the scientific notion of matter was misleading as a way of describing the ultimate nature of things. In his 1925 book \"Science and the Modern World\", he wrote that \"There persists ... [a] fixed scientific cosmology which presupposes the ultimate fact of an irreducible brute matter, or material, spread through space in a flux of configurations. In"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?", "answer": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence", "gold_docs": ["relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to"]}
{"query": "An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?", "answer": "reaction to them.", "gold_docs": ["relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to"]}
{"query": "All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?", "answer": "the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities", "gold_docs": ["predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable. The other side of creativity/freedom as the absolute principle is that every entity is constrained by the social structure of existence (i.e., its relations) \u2013 each actual entity must conform to the settled conditions of the world around it. Freedom always exists within limits. But an entity's uniqueness and individuality arise from its own self-determination as to just how it will take account of the world within the"]}
{"query": "Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?", "answer": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence", "gold_docs": ["relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?", "answer": "has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws", "gold_docs": ["relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to"]}
{"query": "What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?", "answer": "the mind only has private ideas about other entities", "gold_docs": ["needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin \"prehensio\", meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of \"representative\" perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way,"]}
{"query": "What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?", "answer": "prehension", "gold_docs": ["needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin \"prehensio\", meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of \"representative\" perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way,"]}
{"query": "What language does the term \"prehensio\" come from?", "answer": "Latin", "gold_docs": ["needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin \"prehensio\", meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of \"representative\" perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way,"]}
{"query": "What does the word \"Prehensio\" translate into?", "answer": "to seize", "gold_docs": ["needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin \"prehensio\", meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of \"representative\" perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way,"]}
{"query": "How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, \"causal efficacy\" (or \"physical prehension\") and \"presentational immediacy\" (or \"conceptual prehension\"). Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what"]}
{"query": "What is prehension used to define?", "answer": "a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons", "gold_docs": ["needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin \"prehensio\", meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of \"representative\" perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way,"]}
{"query": "What does the term \"prehension\" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?", "answer": "entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them", "gold_docs": ["entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, \"causal efficacy\" (or \"physical prehension\") and \"presentational immediacy\" (or \"conceptual prehension\"). Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what"]}
{"query": "How do the senses affect causal efficacy?", "answer": "unmediated by the senses", "gold_docs": ["entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, \"causal efficacy\" (or \"physical prehension\") and \"presentational immediacy\" (or \"conceptual prehension\"). Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what"]}
{"query": "What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?", "answer": "it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive", "gold_docs": ["is usually referred to as \"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for \"the real thing\"). In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms \"symbolic reference\", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person"]}
{"query": "What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?", "answer": "causal efficacy", "gold_docs": ["entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, \"causal efficacy\" (or \"physical prehension\") and \"presentational immediacy\" (or \"conceptual prehension\"). Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what"]}
{"query": "What is the other term for \"pure sense perception\"?", "answer": "Presentational immediacy", "gold_docs": ["entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, \"causal efficacy\" (or \"physical prehension\") and \"presentational immediacy\" (or \"conceptual prehension\"). Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what"]}
{"query": "What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?", "answer": "Presentational immediacy", "gold_docs": ["entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, \"causal efficacy\" (or \"physical prehension\") and \"presentational immediacy\" (or \"conceptual prehension\"). Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what"]}
{"query": "How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?", "answer": "\"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\"", "gold_docs": ["entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, \"causal efficacy\" (or \"physical prehension\") and \"presentational immediacy\" (or \"conceptual prehension\"). Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what"]}
{"query": "How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?", "answer": "\"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation", "gold_docs": ["is usually referred to as \"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for \"the real thing\"). In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms \"symbolic reference\", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person"]}
{"query": "Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?", "answer": "causal relationships", "gold_docs": ["by way of using it as such.\" In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates). Whitehead believed that when asking questions about the basic facts of existence, questions about value and purpose can never be fully escaped. This is borne out in his thoughts on abiogenesis, or the hypothetical natural process"]}
{"query": "What does symbolic reference link appearance with?", "answer": "causation", "gold_docs": ["is usually referred to as \"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for \"the real thing\"). In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms \"symbolic reference\", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person"]}
{"query": "What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?", "answer": "higher grade mentality", "gold_docs": ["by way of using it as such.\" In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates). Whitehead believed that when asking questions about the basic facts of existence, questions about value and purpose can never be fully escaped. This is borne out in his thoughts on abiogenesis, or the hypothetical natural process"]}
{"query": "What is the purpose of symbolic reference?", "answer": "links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it", "gold_docs": ["is usually referred to as \"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for \"the real thing\"). In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms \"symbolic reference\", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person"]}
{"query": "How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?", "answer": "\"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\"", "gold_docs": ["looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, \"might not have jumped to the notion of a chair\", but instead \"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\" This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog \"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it"]}
{"query": "What observation did Whitehead make about life?", "answer": "\"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\"", "gold_docs": ["by which life arises from simple organic compounds. Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?", "answer": "they are actively engaged in modifying their environment", "gold_docs": ["by which life arises from simple organic compounds. Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?", "answer": "living, living well, and living better", "gold_docs": ["directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible. For Whitehead, there is no such thing as wholly inert matter. Instead, all things have some measure of freedom or creativity, however small, which allows them to be at least partly self-directed. Process philosopher David Ray Griffin coined the term \"panexperientialism\" (the idea that all entities experience) to describe Whitehead's view, and to distinguish it from panpsychism (the idea"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?", "answer": "increasing its own satisfaction", "gold_docs": ["directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible. For Whitehead, there is no such thing as wholly inert matter. Instead, all things have some measure of freedom or creativity, however small, which allows them to be at least partly self-directed. Process philosopher David Ray Griffin coined the term \"panexperientialism\" (the idea that all entities experience) to describe Whitehead's view, and to distinguish it from panpsychism (the idea"]}
{"query": "Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?", "answer": "survival value", "gold_docs": ["by which life arises from simple organic compounds. Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is"]}
{"query": "What are higher life forms actively engaged in?", "answer": "modifying their environment", "gold_docs": ["by which life arises from simple organic compounds. Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is"]}
{"query": "How many goals of living is there?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible. For Whitehead, there is no such thing as wholly inert matter. Instead, all things have some measure of freedom or creativity, however small, which allows them to be at least partly self-directed. Process philosopher David Ray Griffin coined the term \"panexperientialism\" (the idea that all entities experience) to describe Whitehead's view, and to distinguish it from panpsychism (the idea"]}
{"query": "Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?", "answer": "increasing its own satisfaction", "gold_docs": ["directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible. For Whitehead, there is no such thing as wholly inert matter. Instead, all things have some measure of freedom or creativity, however small, which allows them to be at least partly self-directed. Process philosopher David Ray Griffin coined the term \"panexperientialism\" (the idea that all entities experience) to describe Whitehead's view, and to distinguish it from panpsychism (the idea"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?", "answer": "\"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\"", "gold_docs": ["by which life arises from simple organic compounds. Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's description of God?", "answer": "\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\"", "gold_docs": ["that all matter has consciousness). Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that \"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\" Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called \"the brief Galilean vision of humility\": \"It does not emphasize the ruling Caesar,"]}
{"query": "What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?", "answer": "\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\"", "gold_docs": ["that all matter has consciousness). Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that \"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\" Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called \"the brief Galilean vision of humility\": \"It does not emphasize the ruling Caesar,"]}
{"query": "What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?", "answer": "primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power", "gold_docs": ["that all matter has consciousness). Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that \"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\" Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called \"the brief Galilean vision of humility\": \"It does not emphasize the ruling Caesar,"]}
{"query": "What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?", "answer": "dipolar", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the \"primordial nature\" of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the \"consequent nature\". Whitehead's conception of God as a \"dipolar\" entity has called for fresh theological thinking. The primordial nature he described as \"the unlimited conceptual realization of the absolute wealth"]}
{"query": "Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?", "answer": "His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.", "gold_docs": ["his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the \"primordial nature\" of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the \"consequent nature\". Whitehead's conception of God as a \"dipolar\" entity has called for fresh theological thinking. The primordial nature he described as \"the unlimited conceptual realization of the absolute wealth"]}
{"query": "How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?", "answer": "God's reception of the world's activity", "gold_docs": ["of potentiality,\" i.e., the unlimited possibility of the universe. This primordial nature is eternal and unchanging, providing entities in the universe with possibilities for realization. Whitehead also calls this primordial aspect \"the lure for feeling, the eternal urge of desire,\" pulling the entities in the universe toward as-yet unrealized possibilities. God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can"]}
{"query": "What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?", "answer": "God saves and cherishes all experiences forever", "gold_docs": ["be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance. Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe"]}
{"query": "What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?", "answer": "those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world", "gold_docs": ["be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance. Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe"]}
{"query": "What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?", "answer": "God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.", "gold_docs": ["be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance. Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe"]}
{"query": "In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?", "answer": "deficient in actuality and change", "gold_docs": ["throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length: \"In this way God is completed by the individual, fluent satisfactions of finite fact, and the temporal occasions are completed by their everlasting union with their transformed selves, purged into conformation with the eternal order which is the final absolute 'wisdom.' The final summary can only be"]}
{"query": "How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?", "answer": "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another", "gold_docs": ["be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance. Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe"]}
{"query": "How does he define entities' need for God?", "answer": "He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide", "gold_docs": ["be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance. Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?", "answer": "individual", "gold_docs": ["you are never solitary, you are never religious.\" Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not \"necessarily\" good \u2013 an idea which he called a \"dangerous delusion\" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents). However, while Whitehead saw religion as \"beginning\" in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization"]}
{"query": "How did Whitehead define religion?", "answer": "a system of general truths that transformed a person's character", "gold_docs": ["you are never solitary, you are never religious.\" Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not \"necessarily\" good \u2013 an idea which he called a \"dangerous delusion\" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents). However, while Whitehead saw religion as \"beginning\" in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization"]}
{"query": "In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?", "answer": "solitariness", "gold_docs": ["you are never solitary, you are never religious.\" Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not \"necessarily\" good \u2013 an idea which he called a \"dangerous delusion\" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents). However, while Whitehead saw religion as \"beginning\" in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization"]}
{"query": "What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?", "answer": "\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\"", "gold_docs": ["of \"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\" In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others \u2013 meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity \"can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?", "answer": "meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community", "gold_docs": ["of \"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\" In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others \u2013 meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity \"can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?", "answer": "the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent", "gold_docs": ["appropriates it for itself.\" In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent. Whitehead also described religion more technically as \"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\" In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion"]}
{"query": "What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century\"?", "answer": "Bruno Latour", "gold_docs": ["and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\" Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9, or"]}
{"query": "Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?", "answer": "Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs", "gold_docs": ["Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts. Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the"]}
{"query": "Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine", "gold_docs": ["work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy \u2013 the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that \"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency,"]}
{"query": "In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?", "answer": "American progressive theology", "gold_docs": ["simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose. Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller. Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive"]}
{"query": "Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?", "answer": "Charles Hartshorne", "gold_docs": ["simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose. Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller. Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive"]}
{"query": "What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?", "answer": "developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology", "gold_docs": ["simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose. Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller. Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive"]}
{"query": "Who are some other distinguished process theologians?", "answer": "John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller", "gold_docs": ["simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose. Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller. Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive"]}
{"query": "What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?", "answer": "God's relational nature", "gold_docs": ["simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose. Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller. Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive"]}
{"query": "How is God usually perceived by process theologians?", "answer": "\"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events", "gold_docs": ["or emotionless, process theologians view God as \"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a \"process"]}
{"query": "Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?", "answer": "people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?", "gold_docs": ["or emotionless, process theologians view God as \"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a \"process"]}
{"query": "Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?", "answer": "as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world", "gold_docs": ["or emotionless, process theologians view God as \"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a \"process"]}
{"query": "What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?", "answer": "biology and economics", "gold_docs": ["naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God. In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In \"Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age\", futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see"]}
{"query": "What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?", "answer": "geneticist", "gold_docs": ["naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God. In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In \"Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age\", futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see"]}
{"query": "Who authored \"Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age\"?", "answer": "Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist", "gold_docs": ["naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God. In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In \"Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age\", futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see"]}
{"query": "Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?", "answer": "process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests", "gold_docs": ["naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God. In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In \"Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age\", futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see"]}
{"query": "What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?", "answer": "\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\"", "gold_docs": ["appropriates it for itself.\" In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent. Whitehead also described religion more technically as \"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\" In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion"]}
{"query": "What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?", "answer": "religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world", "gold_docs": ["appropriates it for itself.\" In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent. Whitehead also described religion more technically as \"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\" In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion"]}
{"query": "What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?", "answer": "a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society", "gold_docs": ["appropriates it for itself.\" In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent. Whitehead also described religion more technically as \"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\" In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion"]}
{"query": "What is Mary Parker Follett known for?", "answer": "pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior", "gold_docs": ["Mary Parker Follett Mary Parker Follett (September 3, 1868 - December 18, 1933) was an American social worker, management consultant, philosopher and pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Along with Lillian Gilbreth, she was one of two great women management experts in the early days of classical management theory. She has been called the \"Mother of Modern Management\". Follett was born in 1868 in Quincy, Massachusetts to a wealthy Quaker family. Her family was composed of Charles Allen Follett, a machinist in a local shoe factory, and Elizabeth Curtis (n\u00e9e Baxter) Follett, respectively of English-Scottish and"]}
{"query": "What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?", "answer": "ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\"", "gold_docs": ["organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\" This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in \"Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration\" Whitehead's political views sometimes appear to be Libertarian without the label. He wrote: On the other hand, many Whitehead scholars read his work as providing a philosophical foundation for the social liberalism of the New Liberal movement that was prominent throughout Whitehead's"]}
{"query": "What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?", "answer": "a conflict of interest", "gold_docs": ["super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\" Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets"]}
{"query": "Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?", "answer": "Professional investment managers", "gold_docs": ["super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\" Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets"]}
{"query": "What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?", "answer": "to maximize their compensation", "gold_docs": ["under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers continued to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, so they could maintain their assets under management. They supported this choice with a \"plausible deniability\" of the risks associated"]}
{"query": "What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?", "answer": "plausible deniability", "gold_docs": ["under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers continued to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, so they could maintain their assets under management. They supported this choice with a \"plausible deniability\" of the risks associated"]}
{"query": "Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?", "answer": "Countrywide Financial", "gold_docs": ["Southern California\u2013based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008. IndyMac Bank was founded as Countrywide"]}
{"query": "Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?", "answer": "IndyMac Bank", "gold_docs": ["IndyMac IndyMac, a contraction of Independent National Mortgage Corporation, was an American bank based in California that failed in 2008 and was seized by the United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles area and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift at that time. It was heavily involved in Alt-A mortgages and reverse mortgages which"]}
{"query": "Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?", "answer": "IndyMac Bancorp", "gold_docs": ["Southern California\u2013based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008. IndyMac Bank was founded as Countrywide"]}
{"query": "When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?", "answer": "April 2008", "gold_docs": ["to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies. May 12, 2008, in a small note in the \"Capital\" section of its what would become its last 10-Q released before receivership, IndyMac revealed\u2014but did not admit\u2014that it was no longer a well-capitalized institution and that it was headed for insolvency. IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds\u2014including $160 million issued by IndyMac that the bank retained in its"]}
{"query": "If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?", "answer": "9.27%", "gold_docs": ["on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by Indymac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. Indymac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, Indymac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. Indymac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below \"well capitalized\" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to \"adequately capitalized\" (8-10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might"]}
{"query": "What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?", "answer": "$160 million", "gold_docs": ["to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies. May 12, 2008, in a small note in the \"Capital\" section of its what would become its last 10-Q released before receivership, IndyMac revealed\u2014but did not admit\u2014that it was no longer a well-capitalized institution and that it was headed for insolvency. IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds\u2014including $160 million issued by IndyMac that the bank retained in its"]}
{"query": "What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?", "answer": "Moody's", "gold_docs": ["to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies. May 12, 2008, in a small note in the \"Capital\" section of its what would become its last 10-Q released before receivership, IndyMac revealed\u2014but did not admit\u2014that it was no longer a well-capitalized institution and that it was headed for insolvency. IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds\u2014including $160 million issued by IndyMac that the bank retained in its"]}
{"query": "What is a well capitalized ratio?", "answer": "minimum 10% risk-based", "gold_docs": ["on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by Indymac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. Indymac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, Indymac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. Indymac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below \"well capitalized\" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to \"adequately capitalized\" (8-10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might"]}
{"query": "Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?", "answer": "Charles Schumer (D-NY)", "gold_docs": ["no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds. Indymac further warned that if its level of deposit liquidity was reduced in this way, the bank anticipated that it would reduce its assets and, most likely, curtail its lending activities. This statement was comparable to those adopted by other Southern California banks that were experiencing liquidity problems, such as Pomona First Federal (PFF) and Vineyard Bank. Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of Indymac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether"]}
{"query": "What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?", "answer": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation", "gold_docs": ["and others by the member firms. In 2017, the total compensation and benefits of its 39 employees was $11 million. Although modeled loosely on the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which protects bank customers, unlike the FDIC where accounts are protected against loss of value, SIPC does not protect against market fluctuations or changes in market value. It does not protect against losses in the securities markets, identity theft, or other third-party fraud. Unlike the FDIC, SIPC also does not provide protection where there are claims against solvent brokers or dealers. It provides a form of protection for investors against"]}
{"query": "How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?", "answer": "a little over $7 billion", "gold_docs": ["more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits, and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30. IndyMac was"]}
{"query": "Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?", "answer": "June 30", "gold_docs": ["more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits, and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30. IndyMac was"]}
{"query": "How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?", "answer": "$500 million", "gold_docs": ["more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits, and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30. IndyMac was"]}
{"query": "How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?", "answer": "$1.55 billion", "gold_docs": ["hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This \u201crun\u201d on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator\u2019s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac\u2019s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated. On June 26, 2008, Senator"]}
{"query": "What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?", "answer": "7.5%", "gold_docs": ["hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This \u201crun\u201d on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator\u2019s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac\u2019s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated. On June 26, 2008, Senator"]}
{"query": "Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a \"run\" on IndyMac?", "answer": "Charles Schumer", "gold_docs": ["run after Senator Charles Schumer warned the public of them. IndyMac depositors, fearing the worst, withdrew about 7.5% of deposits from IndyMac. Shifting focus from the financial condition of the bank to Senator Schumer, regulators and others in the financial sector quickly criticized Schumer for publicly releasing his letters, which they attempted to discredit and claimed further destabilized the bank. Leading the criticism was John M. Reich, director of the OTS, who said that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) \"do not comment on open and operating institutions\". Mr Reich spoke widely of \"dissemination"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?", "answer": "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB", "gold_docs": ["it may cut them again. The following day, the bank's shares reached a 52-week closing low of $0.31. On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on Monday July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have to access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access would also be restored"]}
{"query": "What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?", "answer": "US$100,000", "gold_docs": ["on Monday, when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million. In response, Congress increased the FDIC insurance limit to $250,000 for any bank that failed since January 1, 2008, as part of the Dodd-Frank Act,"]}
{"query": "How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?", "answer": "roughly 10,000 depositors", "gold_docs": ["on Monday, when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million. In response, Congress increased the FDIC insurance limit to $250,000 for any bank that failed since January 1, 2008, as part of the Dodd-Frank Act,"]}
{"query": "On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?", "answer": "July 11, 2008", "gold_docs": ["its retail lending and wholesale divisions, halted new loan submissions, and cut 3,800 jobs. On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the"]}
{"query": "On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?", "answer": "July 14, 2008", "gold_docs": ["its retail lending and wholesale divisions, halted new loan submissions, and cut 3,800 jobs. On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the"]}
{"query": "How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?", "answer": "Over 100", "gold_docs": ["involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On October 6,"]}
{"query": "Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?", "answer": "Bear Stearns", "gold_docs": ["and other stimulative measures in the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008. In March 2008, Bear Stearns, a major US investment bank heavily invested in subprime mortgage derivatives, began to go under. Rumors of low cash reserves dragged Bear's stock price down while lenders to Bear began to withdraw their cash. The Federal Reserve funneled an emergency loan to Bear through JP Morgan Chase. (As an investment bank, Bear could not borrow from the Fed but JP Morgan Chase, a commercial bank, could). The Fed ended up brokering an agreement for the sale of Bear to JP Morgan Chase that took"]}
{"query": "When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?", "answer": "September and October 2008", "gold_docs": ["involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On October 6,"]}
{"query": "What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?", "answer": "Lehman Brothers", "gold_docs": ["2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in US history, Lehman's former CEO Richard S. Fuld Jr. found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a \"crisis of confidence\" in the markets for dooming his firm. In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal"]}
{"query": "What do money market funds frequently invest in?", "answer": "commercial paper issued by corporations", "gold_docs": ["2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in US history, Lehman's former CEO Richard S. Fuld Jr. found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a \"crisis of confidence\" in the markets for dooming his firm. In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal"]}
{"query": "When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?", "answer": "September 2008", "gold_docs": ["2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in US history, Lehman's former CEO Richard S. Fuld Jr. found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a \"crisis of confidence\" in the markets for dooming his firm. In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal"]}
{"query": "How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?", "answer": "$144.5 billion", "gold_docs": ["from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The US government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008. In a dramatic meeting on September"]}
{"query": "What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?", "answer": "4.65%", "gold_docs": ["from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The US government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008. In a dramatic meeting on September"]}
{"query": "What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?", "answer": "shadow banking system", "gold_docs": ["18, 2008, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Fed chairman Ben Bernanke met with key legislators to propose a $700 billion emergency bailout. Bernanke reportedly told them: \"If we don't do this, we may not have an economy on Monday.\" The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, which implemented the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3, 2008. Economist Paul Krugman and US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector"]}
{"query": "The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?", "answer": "investor funds", "gold_docs": ["as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations. This meant that nearly one-third of the US lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, at that time the traditional banking system did not have the capital to close this gap: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that"]}
{"query": "How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?", "answer": "nearly one-third", "gold_docs": ["as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations. This meant that nearly one-third of the US lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, at that time the traditional banking system did not have the capital to close this gap: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that"]}
{"query": "What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?", "answer": "the collapse of the shadow banking system", "gold_docs": ["additional lending volume.\" The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization were \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions.\" While traditional banks raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that was the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing. There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net"]}
{"query": "What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?", "answer": "Brookings Institution", "gold_docs": ["as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations. This meant that nearly one-third of the US lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, at that time the traditional banking system did not have the capital to close this gap: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that"]}
{"query": "What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?", "answer": "some forms of securitization", "gold_docs": ["years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume.\" The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions.\" Economist Gary Gorton wrote in May 2009: Unlike the historical banking panics of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the current banking panic is a wholesale panic, not a retail panic. In the earlier episodes, depositors ran to their banks and demanded cash in exchange for their checking accounts. Unable to meet those demands, the banking system became insolvent. The current panic involved"]}
{"query": "As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?", "answer": "capital", "gold_docs": ["the \"core of what happened\" to cause the crisis. He referred to this lack of controls as \"malign neglect\" and argued that regulation should have been imposed on all banking-like activity. The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a"]}
{"query": "How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?", "answer": "more than a quarter", "gold_docs": ["Fund estimated that large U.S. and European banks lost more than $1 trillion on toxic assets and from bad loans from January 2007 to September 2009. These losses were expected to top $2.8 trillion from 2007 to 2010. U.S. banks losses were forecast to hit $1 trillion and European bank losses will reach $1.6 trillion. The IMF estimated that U.S. banks were about 60 percent through their losses, but British and eurozone banks only 40 percent. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost more than a quarter of their net worth. By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock"]}
{"query": "In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?", "answer": "20%", "gold_docs": ["worth. By early November 2008, a broad US stock index, the S&P 500, was down 45% from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30\u201335% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22%, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement"]}
{"query": "How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?", "answer": "$13 trillion", "gold_docs": ["index, the S&P 500, was down 45 percent from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30\u201335% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22 percent, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets"]}
{"query": "How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?", "answer": "$8.8 trillion", "gold_docs": ["worth. By early November 2008, a broad US stock index, the S&P 500, was down 45% from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30\u201335% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22%, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement"]}
{"query": "According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?", "answer": "serious", "gold_docs": ["additional cuts in discretionary spending that would cause a loss of four million more jobs. The Center for Budget and Policy Priorities published a report in 2014 saying that a constitutional balanced budget amendment would pose serious risks. The amendment has been called \"political posturing\" because its proponents use it to position themselves as supporters of a balanced budget but without specifying which unpopular tax increases or spending cuts they would support to reach that goal. For example, Robert Bixby of the anti-deficit Concord Coalition called the amendment \"an avoidance device.\" Economist Dean Baker has noted that if the federal"]}
{"query": "What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?", "answer": "UBS", "gold_docs": ["to seek aid from the International Monetary Fund. Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis had prompted fears of an impending global economic collapse. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the \"beginning of the end\" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to"]}
{"query": "On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?", "answer": "three quarters", "gold_docs": ["make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms \"the worst is still to come\". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The"]}
{"query": "Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?", "answer": "Iceland", "gold_docs": ["after the Crash. 2008\u20132011 Icelandic financial crisis The Icelandic financial crisis was a major economic and political event in Iceland that involved the default of all three of the country's major privately owned commercial banks in late 2008, following their difficulties in refinancing their short-term debt and a run on deposits in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland's systemic banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history. The crisis led to a severe economic depression in 2008\u20132010 and significant political unrest. In the years preceding the crisis, three"]}
{"query": "What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?", "answer": "capital injection", "gold_docs": ["make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms \"the worst is still to come\". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The"]}
{"query": "According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?", "answer": "more than a third", "gold_docs": ["economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland's banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history. At the end of October UBS revised its outlook downwards: the forthcoming recession would be the worst since the early 1980s recession with negative 2009 growth for the US, Eurozone, UK; very limited recovery in 2010; but not as bad as the Great Depression. The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that US consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000"]}
{"query": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?", "answer": "14.4%", "gold_docs": ["and 2007. \"The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the US consumer as a source of global demand.\" With a recession in the US and the increased savings rate of US consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico. Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw"]}
{"query": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?", "answer": "21.5%", "gold_docs": ["and 2007. \"The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the US consumer as a source of global demand.\" With a recession in the US and the increased savings rate of US consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico. Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw"]}
{"query": "Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?", "answer": "the rest of the world", "gold_docs": ["and 2007. \"The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the US consumer as a source of global demand.\" With a recession in the US and the increased savings rate of US consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico. Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw"]}
{"query": "What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009?", "answer": "close to zero", "gold_docs": ["significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3\u20134% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute, reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (which reached a record $251 billion in 2007, but have fallen in many countries since). This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty"]}
{"query": "How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?", "answer": "$251 billion", "gold_docs": ["significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3\u20134% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute, reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (which reached a record $251 billion in 2007, but have fallen in many countries since). This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty"]}
{"query": "What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?", "answer": "sound economic policymaking and good governance", "gold_docs": ["line, be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana. Especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from Western states withdraw their money because of the crisis. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct"]}
{"query": "According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?", "answer": "falls in trade", "gold_docs": ["significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3\u20134% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute, reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (which reached a record $251 billion in 2007, but have fallen in many countries since). This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty"]}
{"query": "What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?", "answer": "Arab World", "gold_docs": ["line, be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana. Especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from Western states withdraw their money because of the crisis. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct"]}
{"query": "What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?", "answer": "Foreign Direct Investment", "gold_docs": ["purpose is financial gain, whereas in foreign direct investment a firm has control over the operations abroad. So, the traditional theory of investment based on differential interest rates does not explain the motivations for FDI. According to Hymer, there are two main determinants of FDI; where an imperfect market structure is the key element. The first is the firm-specific advantages which are developed at the specific companies home country and, profitably, used in the foreign country. The second determinant is the removal of control where Hymer wrote: \"When firms are interconnected, they compete in selling in the same market or"]}
{"query": "Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?", "answer": "global downturn", "gold_docs": ["Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest effect of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause"]}
{"query": "What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?", "answer": "lower oil prices", "gold_docs": ["Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest effect of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause"]}
{"query": "What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?", "answer": "oil prices", "gold_docs": ["Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest effect of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause"]}
{"query": "What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?", "answer": "10.1%", "gold_docs": ["Organization (ILO) predicted that at least 20 million jobs will have been lost by the end of 2009 due to the crisis \u2014 mostly in \"construction, real estate, financial services, and the auto sector\" \u2014 bringing world unemployment above 200 million for the first time. The number of unemployed people worldwide could increase by more than 50 million in 2009 as the global recession intensifies, the ILO has forecast. In December 2007, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9%. By October 2009, the unemployment rate had risen to 10.1%. A broader measure of unemployment (taking into account marginally attached workers, those"]}
{"query": "What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?", "answer": "33", "gold_docs": ["century it was estimated that the average work week was over 60 hours per week. Today the average hours worked in the U.S. is around 33, with the average man employed full-time for 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time for 7.9 hours per work day. The front runners for lowest average weekly work hours are the Netherlands with 27 hours, and France with 30 hours. At current rates the Netherlands is set to become the first country to reach an average work week under 21 hours. In a 2011 report of 26 OECD countries, Germany"]}
{"query": "What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?", "answer": "6%", "gold_docs": ["a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers. The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The US unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest"]}
{"query": "The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?", "answer": "1983", "gold_docs": ["a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers. The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The US unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest"]}
{"query": "Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?", "answer": "faulty risk-weightings", "gold_docs": ["regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed"]}
{"query": "What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?", "answer": "financial engineering", "gold_docs": ["regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed"]}
{"query": "Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?", "answer": "Johan Norberg", "gold_docs": ["regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed"]}
{"query": "What was increased by Basel III regulations?", "answer": "capital ratios", "gold_docs": ["regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed"]}
{"query": "When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?", "answer": "June 2009", "gold_docs": ["to take on increasingly risky bets and leverage after a key 2004 decision. The last year of Bush's second term was dominated by the Great Recession. GDP declined in the 1st, 3rd, and 4th quarters of 2008 by -2.7%, -1.9% and -8.2%, respectively. The recession officially lasted from December 2007 to June 2009, with the economy returning to consistent growth in Q3 2009, although civilian employment did not return to its December 2007 peak until September 2014. Fed chair Ben Bernanke explained in 2010 that vulnerabilities in the global financial system built up over a long period of time, and"]}
{"query": "When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?", "answer": "June 2009", "gold_docs": ["of 2012, in the United States, a large volume of troubled mortgages remained in place. It had proved impossible for most homeowners facing foreclosure to refinance or modify their mortgages and foreclosure rates remained high. The US recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the US National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 \"TIME\" magazine declared \"More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\" The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?", "answer": "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\"", "gold_docs": ["of 2012, in the United States, a large volume of troubled mortgages remained in place. It had proved impossible for most homeowners facing foreclosure to refinance or modify their mortgages and foreclosure rates remained high. The US recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the US National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 \"TIME\" magazine declared \"More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\" The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama"]}
{"query": "On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?", "answer": "January 27, 2010", "gold_docs": ["Secretary Steven Chu was chosen as the designated survivor and did not attend the speech. The 2010 State of the Union Address was given by United States President Barack Obama on January 27, 2010, to a joint session of Congress. It was aired on all the major networks starting at 9 pm ET. It was Obama's first State of the Union Address, though the president did give a non-State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress a month after taking office in 2009. The speech was delivered in the United States House of Representatives in the United"]}
{"query": "Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?", "answer": "\"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies", "gold_docs": ["itself some observers furthermore noted a change in social relations as some group culpability emerged. \"Advanced\" economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with \"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies lagging behind. The crisis overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that \"advanced\" economies accounted for only 26.5% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 73.5% of global GDP (PPP) from 2007 to 2017. In the table, the names of emerging and developing economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type. The initial articles and some"]}
{"query": "What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "global economic growth", "gold_docs": ["itself some observers furthermore noted a change in social relations as some group culpability emerged. \"Advanced\" economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with \"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies lagging behind. The crisis overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that \"advanced\" economies accounted for only 26.5% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 73.5% of global GDP (PPP) from 2007 to 2017. In the table, the names of emerging and developing economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type. The initial articles and some"]}
{"query": "What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?", "answer": "Advanced economies", "gold_docs": ["to withstand the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009 and most insurance companies restored their capital to pre-crisis levels by the end of 2010. With the continuation of the gradual recovery of the global economy, it is likely the insurance industry will continue to see growth in premium income both in industrialised countries and emerging markets in 2011. Advanced economies account for the bulk of global insurance. With premium income of $1.62 trillion, Europe was the most important region in 2010, followed by North America $1.409 trillion and Asia $1.161 trillion. Europe has however seen a decline in premium income"]}
{"query": "Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis?", "answer": "Krugman", "gold_docs": ["the 1997\u20132007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997\u20132007 [bubble] deflated.\" According to Wallison, the reason the US \"residential housing\" bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans\u2014generally with low or no downpayments. Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that US housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching"]}
{"query": "When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities?", "answer": "December 2010", "gold_docs": ["1997\u20132007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997\u20132007 [bubble] deflated.\" Other analysis calls into question the validity of comparing the residential loan crisis to the commercial loan crisis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): \"We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis.\" Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real"]}
{"query": "According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis.\" Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place \"after\" the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: \"The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:...most of the commercial real estate loans were good loans destroyed by a really bad economy. In other words, the borrowers did not cause the loans to go bad, it was"]}
{"query": "What are CMBS?", "answer": "commercial mortgage-backed securities", "gold_docs": ["and update ratings for investors based on performance, delinquency and potential loss events affecting the loans within the trust. Commercial mortgage-backed security Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) are a type of mortgage-backed security backed by commercial mortgages rather than residential real estate. CMBS tend to be more complex and volatile than residential mortgage-backed securities due to the unique nature of the underlying property assets. CMBS issues are usually structured as multiple tranches, similar to collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO), rather than typical residential \"passthroughs.\" The typical structure for the securitization of commercial real estate loans is a real estate mortgage investment conduit"]}
{"query": "According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate?", "answer": "the crisis in commercial real estate", "gold_docs": ["mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis.\" Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place \"after\" the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: \"The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:...most of the commercial real estate loans were good loans destroyed by a really bad economy. In other words, the borrowers did not cause the loans to go bad, it was"]}
{"query": "What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies?", "answer": "collateralized debt obligation", "gold_docs": ["Pool of Money\" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. Further, this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with financial innovation such as the mortgage-backed security (MBS) and collateralized debt obligation (CDO), which were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies. In effect, Wall Street connected this pool of money to the mortgage market in"]}
{"query": "How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments?", "answer": "$70 trillion", "gold_docs": ["Pool of Money\" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. Further, this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with financial innovation such as the mortgage-backed security (MBS) and collateralized debt obligation (CDO), which were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies. In effect, Wall Street connected this pool of money to the mortgage market in"]}
{"query": "How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007?", "answer": "roughly doubled in size", "gold_docs": ["Pool of Money\" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. Further, this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with financial innovation such as the mortgage-backed security (MBS) and collateralized debt obligation (CDO), which were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies. In effect, Wall Street connected this pool of money to the mortgage market in"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?", "answer": "mortgage-backed security", "gold_docs": ["Pool of Money\" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. Further, this pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with financial innovation such as the mortgage-backed security (MBS) and collateralized debt obligation (CDO), which were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies. In effect, Wall Street connected this pool of money to the mortgage market in"]}
{"query": "In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment?", "answer": "U.S. Treasury bonds", "gold_docs": ["approaches used by nations to bail out troubled banking industries and private bondholders, assuming private debt burdens or socializing losses. One narrative describing the causes of the crisis begins with the significant increase in savings available for investment during the 2000\u20132007 period when the global pool of fixed-income securities increased from approximately $36 trillion in 2000 to $70 trillion by 2007. This \"Giant Pool of Money\" increased as savings from high-growth developing nations entered global capital markets. Investors searching for higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds sought alternatives globally. The temptation offered by such readily available savings"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime?", "answer": "collateralized debt obligation", "gold_docs": ["rating agencies. In effect, Wall Street connected this pool of money to the mortgage market in the US, with enormous fees accruing to those throughout the mortgage supply chain, from the mortgage broker selling the loans to small banks that funded the brokers and the large investment banks behind them. By approximately 2003, the supply of mortgages originated at traditional lending standards had been exhausted, and continued strong demand began to drive down lending standards. The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble"]}
{"query": "What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies?", "answer": "investment-grade ratings", "gold_docs": ["and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority. Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies. Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested. By September 2008, average US housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to"]}
{"query": "What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into?", "answer": "single pool", "gold_docs": ["and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority. Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies. Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested. By September 2008, average US housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to"]}
{"query": "What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return?", "answer": "Securities with lower priority", "gold_docs": ["and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority. Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies. Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested. By September 2008, average US housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to"]}
{"query": "How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?", "answer": "over 20%", "gold_docs": ["at the heart of the crisis. By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. This major and unexpected decline in house prices means that many borrowers have zero or negative equity in their homes, meaning their homes were worth less than their mortgages. As of March 2008, an estimated 8.8 million borrowers \u2013 10.8% of all homeowners \u2013 had negative equity in their homes, a number that is believed to have risen to 12 million by November 2008. By September 2010, 23% of all U.S. homes were worth less than the mortgage"]}
{"query": "When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?", "answer": "mid-2006", "gold_docs": ["S&P/Case-Shiller housing price index, by November 2007, average U.S. housing prices had fallen approximately 8% from their mid-2006 peak and by June 2008 this was approximately 20%. Sales volume (units) of new homes dropped by 26.4% in 2007 versus the prior year. By January 2008, the inventory of unsold new homes stood at 9.8 months based on December 2007 sales volume, the highest level since 1981. Housing prices are expected to continue declining until this inventory of surplus homes (excess supply) is reduced to more typical levels. As MBS and CDO valuation is related to the value of the underlying"]}
{"query": "How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?", "answer": "nearly 1.3 million", "gold_docs": ["default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all US mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%. Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a"]}
{"query": "What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?", "answer": "81%", "gold_docs": ["default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all US mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%. Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a"]}
{"query": "How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?", "answer": "14.4%", "gold_docs": ["2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%. Between August 2007 and October 2008, 936,439 US residences completed foreclosure. Foreclosures are concentrated in particular states both in terms of the number and rate of foreclosure filings. Ten states accounted for 74% of the foreclosure filings during 2008; the top two (California and Florida) represented 41%. Nine states were above the national foreclosure rate average of 1.84% of households. \"The FBI defines mortgage fraud as 'the intentional misstatement, misrepresentation, or omission by an applicant or other interest parties,"]}
{"query": "Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?", "answer": "1.0%", "gold_docs": ["concerned that Federal Reserve actions could give rise to moral hazard. A Government Accountability Office critic said that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's rescue of Long-Term Capital Management in 1998 would encourage large financial institutions to believe that the Federal Reserve would intervene on their behalf if risky loans went sour because they were \"too big to fail.\" A contributing factor to the rise in house prices was the Federal Reserve's lowering of interest rates early in the decade. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was"]}
{"query": "In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?", "answer": "a housing bubble", "gold_docs": ["perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed \"needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble\". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis. Additional downward pressure on interest rates was created by the high and rising US current account deficit, which peaked along with the housing bubble in 2006. Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke explained how trade deficits required"]}
{"query": "What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "excessive credit growth", "gold_docs": ["perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed \"needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble\". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis. Additional downward pressure on interest rates was created by the high and rising US current account deficit, which peaked along with the housing bubble in 2006. Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke explained how trade deficits required"]}
{"query": "What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?", "answer": "Lower interest rates", "gold_docs": ["default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all US mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%. Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a"]}
{"query": "Per Bernanke, how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004?", "answer": "$650 billion", "gold_docs": ["the US to borrow money from abroad, in the process bidding up bond prices and lowering interest rates. Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the US current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that a country (such as the US) running a current account deficit also have a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount."]}
{"query": "What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004?", "answer": "5.8%", "gold_docs": ["losses during 2007 and 2008 as a result of marking-down MBS asset prices to market value. In 2005, Ben Bernanke addressed the implications of the United States's high and rising current account deficit, resulting from U.S. investment exceeding its savings, or imports exceeding exports. Between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. The U.S. attracted a great deal of foreign investment, mainly from the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that a country (such as the U.S.) running a current account deficit"]}
{"query": "What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports?", "answer": "Asia and oil-exporting nations", "gold_docs": ["2004, the USA current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the USA to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses, mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that a country (such as the USA) running a current account deficit also have a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount. Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds (capital) flowed into the USA to finance its imports. This created demand for various types of financial assets,"]}
{"query": "What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit?", "answer": "capital account", "gold_docs": ["account is classified as \"below the line\" and so not reported as part of the capital account. Expressed with the broader meaning for the \"capital account\", the BoP identity states that any current account surplus will be balanced by a capital account deficit of equal size \u2013 or alternatively a current account deficit will be balanced by a corresponding capital account surplus: The \"balancing item\", which may be positive or negative, is simply an amount that accounts for any statistical errors and assures that the current and capital accounts sum to zero. By the principles of double entry accounting, an"]}
{"query": "Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports?", "answer": "foreign funds", "gold_docs": ["2004, the USA current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the USA to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses, mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that a country (such as the USA) running a current account deficit also have a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount. Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds (capital) flowed into the USA to finance its imports. This created demand for various types of financial assets,"]}
{"query": "How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates?", "answer": "inversely", "gold_docs": ["of the direct effect of the crisis. US households, on the other hand, used funds borrowed from foreigners to finance consumption or to bid up the prices of housing and financial assets. Financial institutions invested foreign funds in mortgage-backed securities. The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it"]}
{"query": "Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners?", "answer": "raised the Fed funds rate", "gold_docs": ["of the September 2001 terrorist attacks, and to combat the perceived risk of deflation. The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates and it became riskier to speculate in housing. Globalization and trade imbalances contributed to enormous inflows of money into the U.S. from high savings countries, fueling debt-driven consumption"]}
{"query": "How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst?", "answer": "dramatically declined in value", "gold_docs": ["became riskier to speculate in housing. US housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst. Subprime lending standards declined in the USA: in early 2000, a subprime borrower had a FICO score of 660 or less. By 2005, many lenders dropped the required FICO score to 620, making it much easier to qualify for prime loans and making subprime lending a riskier business. Proof of income and assets were de-emphasized. Loans moved from full documentation to low documentation to no documentation. One subprime mortgage product that gained wide acceptance was the no income, no job,"]}
{"query": "Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution?", "answer": "Citigroup", "gold_docs": ["no asset verification required (NINJA) mortgage. Informally, these loans were aptly referred to as \"liar loans\" because they encouraged borrowers to be less than honest in the loan application process. Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the US housing bubble (2006\u20132007), the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic. His testimony stated that by 2006, 60% of"]}
{"query": "How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup?", "answer": "220", "gold_docs": ["no asset verification required (NINJA) mortgage. Informally, these loans were aptly referred to as \"liar loans\" because they encouraged borrowers to be less than honest in the loan application process. Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the US housing bubble (2006\u20132007), the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic. His testimony stated that by 2006, 60% of"]}
{"query": "In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards?", "answer": "1,600", "gold_docs": ["mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were \"defective\" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents)\u2014this, despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible (certified via representations and warrantees) that its mortgage originations met Citi's standards. Moreover, during 2007, \"defective mortgages (from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi's standards) increased ... to over 80% of production\". In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings\u2014the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe\u2014testified that Clayton's review"]}
{"query": "During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards?", "answer": "over 80%", "gold_docs": ["mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were \"defective\" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents)\u2014this, despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible (certified via representations and warrantees) that its mortgage originations met Citi's standards. Moreover, during 2007, \"defective mortgages (from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi's standards) increased ... to over 80% of production\". In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings\u2014the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe\u2014testified that Clayton's review"]}
{"query": "Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company?", "answer": "Clayton Holdings", "gold_docs": ["mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were \"defective\" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents)\u2014this, despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible (certified via representations and warrantees) that its mortgage originations met Citi's standards. Moreover, during 2007, \"defective mortgages (from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi's standards) increased ... to over 80% of production\". In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings\u2014the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe\u2014testified that Clayton's review"]}
{"query": "According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards?", "answer": "54%", "gold_docs": ["of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators' underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 \"too big to fail\" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting \"any\" issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors. There is strong evidence that the GSEs\u2014due to their large size and market power\u2014were far more effective"]}
{"query": "How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? ", "answer": "23", "gold_docs": ["of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators' underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 \"too big to fail\" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting \"any\" issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors. There is strong evidence that the GSEs\u2014due to their large size and market power\u2014were far more effective"]}
{"query": "Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer?", "answer": "28%", "gold_docs": ["of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators' underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 \"too big to fail\" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting \"any\" issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors. There is strong evidence that the GSEs\u2014due to their large size and market power\u2014were far more effective"]}
{"query": "What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans?", "answer": "Predatory lending", "gold_docs": ["at policing underwriting by originators and forcing underwriters to repurchase defective loans. By contrast, private securitizers have been far less aggressive and less effective in recovering losses from originators on behalf of investors. Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into \"unsafe\" or \"unsound\" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were covered by very detailed contracts, and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might state that 1% or 1.5%"]}
{"query": "What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates?", "answer": "Countrywide Financial", "gold_docs": ["at policing underwriting by originators and forcing underwriters to repurchase defective loans. By contrast, private securitizers have been far less aggressive and less effective in recovering losses from originators on behalf of investors. Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into \"unsafe\" or \"unsound\" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were covered by very detailed contracts, and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might state that 1% or 1.5%"]}
{"query": "Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1% or 1.5% interest rate loan as advertised?", "answer": "adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)", "gold_docs": ["bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into mind-numbingly detailed contracts and then swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might have stated that 1% or 1.5% interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid. This created negative amortization, which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated. Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry"]}
{"query": "What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid?", "answer": "negative amortization", "gold_docs": ["bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into mind-numbingly detailed contracts and then swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might have stated that 1% or 1.5% interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid. This created negative amortization, which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated. Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry"]}
{"query": "What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use?", "answer": "classic bait-and-switch", "gold_docs": ["at policing underwriting by originators and forcing underwriters to repurchase defective loans. By contrast, private securitizers have been far less aggressive and less effective in recovering losses from originators on behalf of investors. Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into \"unsafe\" or \"unsound\" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were covered by very detailed contracts, and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might state that 1% or 1.5%"]}
{"query": "Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?", "answer": "California Attorney General Jerry Brown", "gold_docs": ["interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the mortgage payments, creating negative amortization which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated. Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for \"unfair business practices\" and \"false advertising\", was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their"]}
{"query": "What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments?", "answer": "adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)", "gold_docs": ["interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the mortgage payments, creating negative amortization which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated. Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for \"unfair business practices\" and \"false advertising\", was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their"]}
{"query": "What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased?", "answer": "disappeared", "gold_docs": ["Brown for \"Unfair Business Practices\" and \"False Advertising\" was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments.\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared. This caused Countrywide's financial condition to deteriorate, ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender. Countrywide, according to Republican Lawmakers, had involved itself in making low-cost loans to politicians, for purposes of gaining political favors. Former employees from Ameriquest, which was United"]}
{"query": "Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated?", "answer": "Office of Thrift Supervision", "gold_docs": ["home equity had disappeared. This caused Countrywide's financial condition to deteriorate, ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender. One Countrywide employee\u2014who would later plead guilty to two counts of wire fraud and spent 18 months in prison\u2014stated that, \"If you had a pulse, we gave you a loan.\" Former employees from Ameriquest, which was United States' leading wholesale lender, described a system in which they were pushed to falsify mortgage documents and then sell the mortgages to Wall Street banks eager to make fast profits. There is growing evidence that such mortgage"]}
{"query": "What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have?", "answer": "weak credit", "gold_docs": ["interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the mortgage payments, creating negative amortization which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated. Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for \"unfair business practices\" and \"false advertising\", was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their"]}
{"query": "What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation?", "answer": "Paul Krugman", "gold_docs": ["to self-reinforcing asset price and credit cycles.\" Nobel laureate economist Paul Krugman described the run on the shadow banking system as the \"core of what happened\" to cause the crisis. As the shadow banking system expanded to rival or even surpass conventional banking in importance, politicians and government officials should have realized that they were re-creating the kind of financial vulnerability that made the Great Depression possible \u2013 and they should have responded by extending regulations and the financial safety net to cover these new institutions. Influential figures should have proclaimed a simple rule: anything that does what a bank"]}
{"query": "Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "Timothy Geithner", "gold_docs": ["18, 2008, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Fed chairman Ben Bernanke met with key legislators to propose a $700 billion emergency bailout. Bernanke reportedly told them: \"If we don't do this, we may not have an economy on Monday.\" The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, which implemented the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3, 2008. Economist Paul Krugman and US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector"]}
{"query": "Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices?", "answer": "OECD", "gold_docs": ["management and supervision including enhanced Pillar 2 guidelines, (d) enhanced Pillar 3 disclosures related to securitization, off-balance sheet exposures and trading activities which would promote transparency, and (e) cross-border supervisory cooperation. Given one of the major factors which drove the crisis was the evaporation of liquidity in the financial markets, the BCBS also published principles for better liquidity management and supervision in September 2008. A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced adverse systemic shocks that materialised during the financial crisis. According to the study,"]}
{"query": "It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation?", "answer": "regulatory framework", "gold_docs": ["perform. In addition, the increased risk (in the form of financial leverage) taken by the major investment banks was not adequately factored into the compensation of senior executives. Bank CEO Jamie Dimon argued: \"Rewards have to track real, sustained, risk-adjusted performance. Golden parachutes, special contracts, and unreasonable perks must disappear. There must be a relentless focus on risk management that starts at the top of the organization and permeates down to the entire firm. This should be business-as-usual, but at too many places, it wasn't.\" Critics have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such"]}
{"query": "What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis?", "answer": "Basel", "gold_docs": ["frauds may be a cause of the crisis. A 2012 OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include: Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators"]}
{"query": "What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?", "answer": "became highly leveraged", "gold_docs": ["frauds may be a cause of the crisis. A 2012 OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include: Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators"]}
{"query": "What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?", "answer": "complex", "gold_docs": ["frauds may be a cause of the crisis. A 2012 OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include: Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators"]}
{"query": "Who bailed out financial institutions?", "answer": "government", "gold_docs": ["back investors who refuse to roll over their ABCP. Several major financial institutions collapsed in the following year because of solvency issues and have to be bailed out by government. See Financial crisis of 2007\u20132008 for details on the crisis and see Great Recession for the recession triggered by the financial crisis. In December 2007, ABCP outstanding dropped from $1.3 trillion to $833 billion. By the end of 2008, there is no SIV left. As of March 2013, the outstanding of ABCP is about $300 billion. An ABCP conduit is set up by a sponsoring financial institution (henceforth, sponsor). The"]}
{"query": "Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?", "answer": "bankruptcy", "gold_docs": ["to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels. These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy, and contributed to the need for government bailouts. US households and financial institutions became increasingly indebted or overleveraged during the years preceding the crisis. This increased their vulnerability to the collapse of the housing bubble and worsened the ensuing economic downturn. Key statistics include: Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction doubled from $627 billion in 2001 to $1,428 billion in 2005 as the housing bubble built, a total of nearly $5 trillion over the"]}
{"query": "What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?", "answer": "complex financial instruments", "gold_docs": ["frauds may be a cause of the crisis. A 2012 OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include: Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators"]}
{"query": "How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["K. Black \u2014 lamenting as \u201cterrible\u201d that the \u201cFBI got virtually no assistance from the regulators, the banking regulators and the thrift regulators.\u201d During the investment banking crisis in 2008, some analysts blamed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for its 2004 decision that, they claimed, allowed greater leverage. This leverage enabled investment banks to substantially increase the level of debt they were taking on, fueling the growth in mortgage-backed securities supporting subprime mortgages. Subsequent analysis brings these claims into question. The critics note that the top five US investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage during the 2004\u20132007"]}
{"query": "U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what?", "answer": "financial shock", "gold_docs": ["period, contributing to economic growth worldwide. US home mortgage debt relative to GDP increased from an average of 46% during the 1990s to 73% during 2008, reaching $10.5 trillion. US household debt as a percentage of annual disposable personal income was 127% at the end of 2007, versus 77% in 1990. In 1981, US private debt was 123% of GDP; by the third quarter of 2008, it was 290%. From 2004 to 2007, the top five US investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended"]}
{"query": "Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts?", "answer": "capital requirements", "gold_docs": ["Council (WPC) have argued that European powers such as France and Germany pushed dogmatically and naively for the adoption of the \"Basel II recommendations\", adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD). In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself, to rely more than ever on the standardized assessments of \"credit risk\" marketed aggressively by two US credit rating agencies \u2013 Moody's and S&P, thus using public policy and ultimately taxpayers' money to strengthen anti-competitive duopolistic practices akin to exclusive dealing. Ironically, European governments have abdicated most of"]}
{"query": "How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007?", "answer": "over $4.1 trillion", "gold_docs": ["Commission (SEC) decision related to the net capital rule allowed US investment banks to issue substantially more debt, which was then used to purchase MBS. Over 2004\u201307, the top five US investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to the declining value of MBSs. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of US nominal GDP for 2007. Further, the percentage of subprime mortgages originated to total originations increased from below 10% in 2001\u201303 to between 18\u201320% from 2004 to 2006, due in-part to financing from"]}
{"query": "What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007?", "answer": "Lehman Brothers", "gold_docs": ["to keep US banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower \"risk weightings\" for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of US nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received"]}
{"query": "What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior?", "answer": "saving more during adverse economic conditions", "gold_docs": ["mercantilist policies to stimulate exports and reduce imports are other techniques to stimulate demand. He estimated in March 2010 that developed countries representing 70% of the world's GDP were caught in a liquidity trap. Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox"]}
{"query": "What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time?", "answer": "paradox of thrift", "gold_docs": ["for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox of deleveraging\" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets. In April 2009, US Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes:"]}
{"query": "What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?", "answer": "can cause or deepen a recession", "gold_docs": ["for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox of deleveraging\" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets. In April 2009, US Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes:"]}
{"query": "Who is the economist who described a \"paradox of deleveraging\"?", "answer": "Hyman Minsky", "gold_docs": ["As well, a paradox of toil and a paradox of flexibility have been proposed: A willingness to work more in a liquidity trap and wage flexibility after a debt deflation shock may lead not only to lower wages, but lower employment. During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chair Janet Yellen discussed the \"Paradox of deleveraging\" described by economist Hyman Minsky: \"Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn\u2019t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have"]}
{"query": "Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this?", "answer": "their assets", "gold_docs": ["of deleveraging\" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets. During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: \"Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn\u2019t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging"]}
{"query": "Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?", "answer": "Janet Yellen", "gold_docs": ["stated he brought \"decades of leadership and expertise from various roles, including serving at the International Monetary Fund and the Bank of Israel\". On May 21, 2014, the Senate confirmed Fischer's appointment to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. In a separate vote on June 12, he was confirmed as the vice chair. Fischer succeeded Janet Yellen as vice chair; Yellen became chair of the Federal Reserve earlier in 2014. Fischer resigned for personal reasons in mid-October, 2017, 8 months before the June, 2018, expiry of his term as vice chair. Fischer received an honorary doctorate from Hebrew University in"]}
{"query": "What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?", "answer": "we were in a recession", "gold_docs": ["As well, a paradox of toil and a paradox of flexibility have been proposed: A willingness to work more in a liquidity trap and wage flexibility after a debt deflation shock may lead not only to lower wages, but lower employment. During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chair Janet Yellen discussed the \"Paradox of deleveraging\" described by economist Hyman Minsky: \"Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn\u2019t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have"]}
{"query": "What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?", "answer": "recession", "gold_docs": ["As well, a paradox of toil and a paradox of flexibility have been proposed: A willingness to work more in a liquidity trap and wage flexibility after a debt deflation shock may lead not only to lower wages, but lower employment. During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve Vice Chair Janet Yellen discussed the \"Paradox of deleveraging\" described by economist Hyman Minsky: \"Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn\u2019t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have"]}
{"query": "What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?", "answer": "cancelling planned investments", "gold_docs": ["has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm. Once again, Minsky understood this dynamic. He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging, in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms\u2014and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state\u2014nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole.\" There are no known"]}
{"query": "What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "balance sheet deleveraging", "gold_docs": ["Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn't take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking"]}
{"query": "What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?", "answer": "financial innovation", "gold_docs": ["for trying too hard to inform her managers of systematic fraud in their home loans unit. Richard Bowen, chief underwriter of Citigroup's consumer division, was demoted with 218 of his 220 employees reassigned allegedly for attempting to inform several senior executives that over 80 percent of their mortgages violated Citigroup's own standards. In its \"Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy,\" dated 15 November 2008, leaders of the Group of 20 cited the following causes related to features of the modern financial markets: The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed"]}
{"query": "What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?", "answer": "adjustable-rate mortgage", "gold_docs": ["to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps(CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial"]}
{"query": "What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?", "answer": "CDS", "gold_docs": ["Commission noted that while the credit default swaps used in synthetics were often compared to insurance, unlike insurance policies in the US they were not regulated. That meant that a party with no \"insurable interest\" could buy a credit default swap as a pure bet (known as \u201cnaked credit default swaps\u201d) -- forbidden with insurance. This allowed inflation of potential losses or gains on the default of a loan or institution. Insurance regulators also required that insurers put aside reserves in case of a loss. In the housing boom, CDS were sold by firms that failed to put up any"]}
{"query": "What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?", "answer": "mortgage-backed securities (MBS)", "gold_docs": ["became less willing to invest in mortgage-backed securities (MBS). The crisis began to affect the financial sector in February 2007, when HSBC, one of the world's largest banks, wrote down its holdings of subprime-related mortgage securities by $10.5 billion, the first major subprime related loss to be reported. By April 2007, over 50 mortgage companies had declared bankruptcy, many of which had specialized in subprime mortgages, the largest of which was New Century Financial. At least 100 mortgage companies either shut down, suspended operations or were sold during 2007. These mortgage companies made money on the origination and sale of"]}
{"query": "What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?", "answer": "expanded dramatically", "gold_docs": ["the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions. CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1"]}
{"query": "When did the issuance of CDO peak?", "answer": "Q1 2007", "gold_docs": ["the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions. CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1"]}
{"query": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004?", "answer": "$20 billion", "gold_docs": ["the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions. CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1"]}
{"query": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007?", "answer": "over $180 billion", "gold_docs": ["the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions. CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1"]}
{"query": "What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007?", "answer": "36%", "gold_docs": ["2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As described in the section on subprime lending, the CDS and portfolio of CDS called synthetic CDO enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding, provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found. For example, buying a CDS to insure a CDO ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the CDO, when those CDO's"]}
{"query": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008?", "answer": "under $20 billion", "gold_docs": ["the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions. CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1"]}
{"query": "Which products created more complexity in the financial markets?", "answer": "innovative financial products", "gold_docs": ["his tenure at the World Bank, Rotberg was credited with opening up new capital markets throughout the world, establishing new ways of borrowing, developing worldwide capital markets, and creating innovative financial products in a score of different currencies. Many of these techniques and products were used in later years by both industrialized and developing countries to facilitate raising funds outside of their own borders for infrastructure, trade, and overall economic development. This permitted \u201cglobalization\u201d of the world\u2019s financial system, in which savings from one country were borrowed in the capital markets to facilitate economic growth in other countries. During his"]}
{"query": "What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage?", "answer": "multiplied the number of actors connected", "gold_docs": ["became worthless. This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances and providers of repo funding). With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information (including FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations, and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks). Instead of spreading risk this"]}
{"query": "What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred?", "answer": "indirect information", "gold_docs": ["became worthless. This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances and providers of repo funding). With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information (including FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations, and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks). Instead of spreading risk this"]}
{"query": "What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk?", "answer": "computer models of rating agencies", "gold_docs": ["became worthless. This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances and providers of repo funding). With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information (including FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations, and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks). Instead of spreading risk this"]}
{"query": "In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["without their seal of approval. Investors relied on them, often blindly. In some cases, they were obligated to use them, or regulatory capital standards were hinged on them. This crisis could not have happened without the rating agencies. In their book on the crisis, journalists Bethany McLean, and Joe Nocera, criticized rating agencies for continuing \"to slap their triple-A [ratings]s on subprime securities even as the underwriting deteriorated \u2013 and as the housing boom turned into an outright bubble\" in 2005, 2006, and 2007. McLean and Nocera blamed the practice on \"an erosion of standards, a willful suspension of skepticism,"]}
{"query": "What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called?", "answer": "pricing of risk", "gold_docs": ["historical trends of the past 50 years. Limitations of default and prepayment models, the heart of pricing models, led to overvaluation of mortgage and asset-backed products and their derivatives by originators, securitizers, broker-dealers, rating-agencies, insurance underwriters and the vast majority of investors (with the exception of certain hedge funds). While financial derivatives and structured products helped partition and shift risk between financial participants, it was the underestimation of falling housing prices and the resultant losses that led to aggregate risk. The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be"]}
{"query": "According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis?", "answer": "lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures", "gold_docs": ["measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward, readily understandable format. For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its effect on the overall stability of the financial system. For"]}
{"query": "What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?", "answer": "far more disruptive", "gold_docs": ["measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward, readily understandable format. For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its effect on the overall stability of the financial system. For"]}
{"query": "What did market participants fail to measure accurately?", "answer": "risk inherent with financial innovation", "gold_docs": ["measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward, readily understandable format. For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its effect on the overall stability of the financial system. For"]}
{"query": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated?", "answer": "approximately 32 cents on the dollar", "gold_docs": ["example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system. Banks estimated that $450 billion of CDO were sold between \"late 2005 to the middle of 2007\"; among the $102 billion of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for \"high quality\" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar, while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar. Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS"]}
{"query": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated?", "answer": "approximately five cents for every dollar", "gold_docs": ["example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system. Banks estimated that $450 billion of CDO were sold between \"late 2005 to the middle of 2007\"; among the $102 billion of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for \"high quality\" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar, while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar. Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS"]}
{"query": "How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007?", "answer": "$450bn", "gold_docs": ["of the global banking system in serious peril...Li's Gaussian copula formula will go down in history as instrumental in causing the unfathomable losses that brought the world financial system to its knees.\" The pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system. It has been estimated that the \"from late 2005 to the middle of 2007, around $450bn of CDO of ABS were issued, of which about one third were created from risky mortgage-backed bonds...[o]ut of that pile, around $305bn of the CDOs are now in a formal state of default, with"]}
{"query": "What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?", "answer": "AIG", "gold_docs": ["example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system. Banks estimated that $450 billion of CDO were sold between \"late 2005 to the middle of 2007\"; among the $102 billion of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for \"high quality\" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar, while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar. Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS"]}
{"query": "What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?", "answer": "credit default swaps", "gold_docs": ["5% of overall stock market capitalization. However, since they were primarily borne by levered financial institutions, spiral effects amplified the crisis so the stock market losses amounted to more than 8 trillion dollars. Credit default swaps (CDS) also played a significant role in the run up to the crisis. The buyer of a CDS is entitled to the principal of the bond in the case of default. A key characteristic of a CDS is that the buyer does not have to hold a bond in order to purchase a CDS. As a result, this financial instrument allowed pessimists to drive"]}
{"query": "When did the government take over AIG?", "answer": "September 2008", "gold_docs": ["transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. US taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) made the major government study of the crisis. It concluded"]}
{"query": "How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?", "answer": "over $180 billion", "gold_docs": ["transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. US taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) made the major government study of the crisis. It concluded"]}
{"query": "What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?", "answer": "a premium", "gold_docs": ["the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. U.S. taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions. Author Michael Lewis wrote that CDS enabled"]}
{"query": "Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated?", "answer": "George Soros", "gold_docs": ["rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models that theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they turned out to be. George Soros commented that \"The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\" Complex financing structures called structured investment vehicles (SIV) or conduits enabled banks to move significant amounts"]}
{"query": "What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value?", "answer": "more complex", "gold_docs": ["financial markets began behaving in ways that users of Li's formula hadn't expected. The cracks became full-fledged canyons in 2008\u2014when ruptures in the financial system's foundation swallowed up trillions of dollars and put the survival of the global banking system in serious peril... Li's Gaussian copula formula will go down in history as instrumental in causing the unfathomable losses that brought the world financial system to its knees.\" As financial assets became more complex, less transparent, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to"]}
{"query": "Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products?", "answer": "the originators of synthetic products", "gold_docs": ["rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models that theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they turned out to be. George Soros commented that \"The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\" Complex financing structures called structured investment vehicles (SIV) or conduits enabled banks to move significant amounts"]}
{"query": "When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information?", "answer": "the banks", "gold_docs": ["rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models that theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they turned out to be. George Soros commented that \"The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\" Complex financing structures called structured investment vehicles (SIV) or conduits enabled banks to move significant amounts"]}
{"query": "Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be?", "answer": "international bond rating agencies", "gold_docs": ["not properly understood. This formula assumed that the price of CDS was correlated with and could predict the correct price of mortgage-backed securities. Because it was highly tractable, it rapidly came to be used by a huge percentage of CDO and CDS investors, issuers, and rating agencies. According to one wired.com article: As financial assets became more complex and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators accepted as valid some complex mathematical models that showed the risks were much smaller than they actually were. George Soros commented that \"The"]}
{"query": "Who published \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" in 2007?", "answer": "World Scientific", "gold_docs": ["with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early \"vintages\" of subprime loans was so low. Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations. See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the"]}
{"query": "When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti, that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006. There is strong evidence that the riskiest, worst performing mortgages were funded through the \"shadow banking system\" and that competition from the shadow banking system may have pressured more traditional institutions to lower their own underwriting standards and originate riskier loans. In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the"]}
{"query": "What did the volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" propose models to rectify?", "answer": "some of the copula limitations", "gold_docs": ["with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early \"vintages\" of subprime loans was so low. Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations. See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the"]}
{"query": "What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti, that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006. There is strong evidence that the riskiest, worst performing mortgages were funded through the \"shadow banking system\" and that competition from the shadow banking system may have pressured more traditional institutions to lower their own underwriting standards and originate riskier loans. In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the"]}
{"query": "Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?", "answer": "Timothy Geithner", "gold_docs": ["2015. Many \"shadow bank\"-like institutions and vehicles have emerged in American and European markets, between the years 2000 and 2008, and have come to play an important role in providing credit across the global financial system. In a June 2008 speech, Timothy Geithner, then President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, described the growing importance of what he called the \"non-bank financial system\": \"In early 2007, asset-backed commercial paper conduits, in structured investment vehicles, in auction-rate preferred securities, tender option bonds and variable rate demand notes, had a combined asset size of roughly $2.2 trillion. Assets"]}
{"query": "What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["Timothy Geithner Timothy Franz \"Tim\" Geithner (; born August 18, 1961) is a former American central banker who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Barack Obama, from 2009 to 2013. He was the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 2003 to 2009, following service in the Clinton administration. Since March 2014, he has served as president and managing director of Warburg Pincus, a private equity firm headquartered in New York City. As President of the New York Fed and Secretary of the Treasury, Geithner had a key role in government"]}
{"query": "In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?", "answer": "\"parallel\" banking system", "gold_docs": ["banking system. Key components of the market \u2013 for example, the multitrillion-dollar repo lending market, off-balance-sheet entities, and the use of over-the-counter derivatives \u2013 were hidden from view, without the protections we had constructed to prevent financial meltdowns. We had a 21st-century financial system with 19th-century safeguards.\" In a June 2008 speech, President of the NY Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner, who later became Secretary of the Treasury, placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the"]}
{"query": "What is the \"parallel\" banking system also called?", "answer": "shadow banking system", "gold_docs": ["the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission to benefit the Financial Industry. Critics have also raised questions about Wallison's methodology and use of data. Unregulated financial institutions called the shadow banking system play a critical role in the credit markets. In a June 2008 speech, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, then President and CEO of the NY Federal Reserve Bank, placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. He described the significance of this unregulated banking system: \"In early 2007, asset-backed commercial paper conduits,"]}
{"query": "What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?", "answer": "maturity mismatch", "gold_docs": ["\"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities: Paul Krugman, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics, described the run on the shadow banking system as"]}
{"query": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down?", "answer": "spring of 2007", "gold_docs": ["the \"core of what happened\" to cause the crisis. He referred to this lack of controls as \"malign neglect\" and argued that regulation should have been imposed on all banking-like activity. The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a"]}
{"query": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?", "answer": "fall of 2008", "gold_docs": ["the \"core of what happened\" to cause the crisis. He referred to this lack of controls as \"malign neglect\" and argued that regulation should have been imposed on all banking-like activity. The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a"]}
{"query": "What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009?", "answer": "Brookings Institution", "gold_docs": ["the \"core of what happened\" to cause the crisis. He referred to this lack of controls as \"malign neglect\" and argued that regulation should have been imposed on all banking-like activity. The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a"]}
{"query": "How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?", "answer": "a number of years", "gold_docs": ["as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations. This meant that nearly one-third of the US lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, at that time the traditional banking system did not have the capital to close this gap: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that"]}
{"query": "What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?", "answer": "Mark Zandi", "gold_docs": ["financial firms \"running\" on other financial firms by not renewing sale and repurchase agreements (repo) or increasing the repo margin (\"haircut\"), forcing massive deleveraging, and resulting in the banking system being insolvent. Fed Chair Ben Bernanke stated in an interview with the FCIC during 2009 that 12 of the 13 largest U.S. financial institutions were at risk of failure during 2008. The FCIC report did not identify which of the 13 firms was not considered by Bernanke to be in danger of failure. Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: The securitization markets also"]}
{"query": "In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?", "answer": "securitization markets", "gold_docs": ["financial firms \"running\" on other financial firms by not renewing sale and repurchase agreements (repo) or increasing the repo margin (\"haircut\"), forcing massive deleveraging, and resulting in the banking system being insolvent. Fed Chair Ben Bernanke stated in an interview with the FCIC during 2009 that 12 of the 13 largest U.S. financial institutions were at risk of failure during 2008. The FCIC report did not identify which of the 13 firms was not considered by Bernanke to be in danger of failure. Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: The securitization markets also"]}
{"query": "What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?", "answer": "close to $2 trillion", "gold_docs": ["remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $2 trillion...In 2009, private issuance was less than $150 billion, and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve's TALF program to aid credit card, auto and small-business lenders. Issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs remains dormant. \"The Economist\" reported in March 2010: \"Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers were non-banks that were"]}
{"query": "What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?", "answer": "less than $150 billion", "gold_docs": ["remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $2 trillion...In 2009, private issuance was less than $150 billion, and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve's TALF program to aid credit card, auto and small-business lenders. Issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs remains dormant. \"The Economist\" reported in March 2010: \"Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers were non-banks that were"]}
{"query": "Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?", "answer": "Rapid increases", "gold_docs": ["number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume.\" The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions.\" Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments"]}
{"query": "What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?", "answer": "plunging", "gold_docs": ["oil prices given the onset of the global recession. The recession caused demand for energy to shrink in late 2008, with oil prices falling from the July 2008 high of $147 to a December 2008 low of $32. Oil prices stabilized by October 2009 and established a trading range between $60 and $80. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, which include the flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities to speculation"]}
{"query": "What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? ", "answer": "monetary policy", "gold_docs": ["that led to \"America\u2019s contemporary economic malaise.\" A commodity price bubble was created following the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $140 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, which include the flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities to speculation and monetary policy. An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline, which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries, as wealth flows"]}
{"query": "Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?", "answer": "Michael Greenberger", "gold_docs": ["and a gallon of gasoline was more than $4 across most of the US. The high of 2008 may have been part of broader pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the preceding decade. This pattern of instability in oil price may be a product of peak oil. There is concern that if the economy was to improve, oil prices might return to pre-recession levels. In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on 3 June 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named"]}
{"query": "Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?", "answer": "IntercontinentalExchange", "gold_docs": ["the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and British Petroleum as playing a key role in the speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York. The price of oil rose to $77 per barrel on 24 June as a cyclone begins to form in the south western Caribbean. The price for July 2010 was about $84\u2013$90 per barrel of crude oil. Oil prices ended the year at $101.80, falling to $100.01 per barrel on 30 and 31 January 2011., then the Egyptian civil war broke out, as it theoretically"]}
{"query": "Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?", "answer": "mainstream economics", "gold_docs": ["experimental learning, laboratory sessions, individual research and more chances to \"do economics.\" Some want more dialogue between instructors and students. Many feminist economists are urgently interested in how course content influences the demographic composition of future economists, suggesting that the \"classroom climate\" affects some students' perceptions of their own ability. Margunn Bj\u00f8rnholt and Ailsa McKay argue that the financial crisis of 2007\u201308 and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a"]}
{"query": "According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?", "answer": "feminist economics", "gold_docs": ["reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet. Feminist critiques of economics include that \"economics, like any science, is socially constructed.\" Feminist economists show that social constructs act to privilege male-identified, western, and heterosexual interpretations of economics. They generally incorporate feminist theory and frameworks to show how traditional economics communities signal expectations regarding appropriate participants, to the exclusion of outsiders. Such criticisms extend to the theories, methodologies and"]}
{"query": "What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?", "answer": "a reshaping", "gold_docs": ["experimental learning, laboratory sessions, individual research and more chances to \"do economics.\" Some want more dialogue between instructors and students. Many feminist economists are urgently interested in how course content influences the demographic composition of future economists, suggesting that the \"classroom climate\" affects some students' perceptions of their own ability. Margunn Bj\u00f8rnholt and Ailsa McKay argue that the financial crisis of 2007\u201308 and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a"]}
{"query": "Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?", "answer": "Raghuram Rajan", "gold_docs": ["would cause the housing bubble to burst, leading to financial collapse. Schiff regularly appeared on television in the years before the crisis and warned of the impending real estate collapse. Karim Abadir, based on his work with Gabriel Talmain, predicted the timing of the recession whose trigger had already started manifesting itself in the real economy from early 2007. The former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan, had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund. In 2005, at a celebration honoring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as"]}
{"query": "When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["Popescu-T\u0103riceanu claimed that \"Since 2005, IMF is constantly making mistakes when it appreciates the country's economic performances\". Former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere, who claimed that debt-ridden African states were ceding sovereignty to the IMF and the World Bank, famously asked, \"Who elected the IMF to be the ministry of finance for every country in the world?\" Former chief economist of IMF and former Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Raghuram Rajan who predicted Financial crisis of 2007\u201308 criticised IMF for remaining a sideline player to the Developed world. He criticised IMF for praising the monetary policies of the US, which"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?", "answer": "\"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\"", "gold_docs": ["in spreading opportunity and fighting poverty. \u2026Without vibrant, innovative financial markets, economies would ossify and decline.\" (p 1) In 2005, at a celebration honouring [[Alan Greenspan]], who was about to retire as chairman of the [[US Federal Reserve]], Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector. In that paper, \"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\", Rajan \"argued that disaster might loom.\" Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to \"take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but, in return, offer generous compensation the rest of the time. These risks are known"]}
{"query": "What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?", "answer": "tail risks", "gold_docs": ["chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector. In that paper, Rajan \"argued that disaster might loom.\" Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to \"take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but, in return, offer generous compensation the rest of the time. These risks are known as tail risks. But perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialize, financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that"]}
{"query": "Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?", "answer": "Raghuram Rajan", "gold_docs": ["would cause the housing bubble to burst, leading to financial collapse. Schiff regularly appeared on television in the years before the crisis and warned of the impending real estate collapse. Karim Abadir, based on his work with Gabriel Talmain, predicted the timing of the recession whose trigger had already started manifesting itself in the real economy from early 2007. The former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan, had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund. In 2005, at a celebration honoring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as"]}
{"query": "Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?", "answer": "Dirk Bezemer", "gold_docs": ["economics, most believe that financial crises are simply unpredictable, following Eugene Fama's efficient-market hypothesis and the related random-walk hypothesis, which state respectively that markets contain all information about possible future movements, and that the movements of financial prices are random and unpredictable. Recent research casts doubt on the accuracy of \"early warning\" systems of potential crises, which must also predict their timing. The Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble caused by laxity in monetary supply. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in"]}
{"query": "How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?", "answer": "as a vindication", "gold_docs": ["economics, most believe that financial crises are simply unpredictable, following Eugene Fama's efficient-market hypothesis and the related random-walk hypothesis, which state respectively that markets contain all information about possible future movements, and that the movements of financial prices are random and unpredictable. Recent research casts doubt on the accuracy of \"early warning\" systems of potential crises, which must also predict their timing. The Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble caused by laxity in monetary supply. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in"]}
{"query": "Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?", "answer": "Alan Greenspan", "gold_docs": ["based on a constant growth in the money supply. This approach was refined to include different classes of money and credit (M0, M1 etc.). In the US this approach to monetary policy was discontinued with the selection of Alan Greenspan as Fed Chairman. This approach is also sometimes called monetarism. Central banks might choose to set a money supply growth target as a nominal anchor to keep prices stable in the long term. The quantity theory, is a long run model, which links price levels to money supply and demand. Using this equation, we can rearrange to see the following:"]}
{"query": "Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?", "answer": "BusinessWeek", "gold_docs": ["Economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bj\u00f8rnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists. A cover story in \"BusinessWeek\" magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial"]}
{"query": "The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?", "answer": "Great Depression", "gold_docs": ["Economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bj\u00f8rnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists. A cover story in \"BusinessWeek\" magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial"]}
{"query": "Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?", "answer": "The Wharton School", "gold_docs": ["to oil-producing states. Spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has also been proposed as a causal factor in the financial crisis. A cover story in \"BusinessWeek\" magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis. An article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September"]}
{"query": "Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?", "answer": "Nouriel Roubini", "gold_docs": ["crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to \"The Guardian\", Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while \"The New York Times\" labelled him \"Dr. Doom\". Within mainstream financial"]}
{"query": "What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?", "answer": "\"Dr. Doom\"", "gold_docs": ["crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to \"The Guardian\", Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while \"The New York Times\" labelled him \"Dr. Doom\". Within mainstream financial"]}
{"query": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "the breakdown of the banking system", "gold_docs": ["the consequences to the real economy are minimized.\" Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book \"The Black Swan\", spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of and reliance on bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and framed the problem as part of \"robustness and fragility\". He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis (\"They didn't listen, so I took their money\"). According"]}
{"query": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?", "answer": "banking stocks", "gold_docs": ["the consequences to the real economy are minimized.\" Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book \"The Black Swan\", spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of and reliance on bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and framed the problem as part of \"robustness and fragility\". He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis (\"They didn't listen, so I took their money\"). According"]}
{"query": "Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?", "answer": "Phil Dow", "gold_docs": ["increased their lending to small- and medium sized businesses while overall lending to those businesses decreased. The US stock market peaked in October 2007, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average index exceeded 14,000 points. It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008. By March 2009, the Dow Jones average had reached a trough of around 6,600. Four years later, it hit an all-time high. It is probable, but debated, that the Federal Reserve's aggressive policy of quantitative easing spurred the partial recovery in the stock market. Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist \"between the current"]}
{"query": "How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?", "answer": "50%", "gold_docs": ["market malaise\" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. \"It's very troubling if you have a mirror image,\" said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of \"The New York Times\", wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the"]}
{"query": "What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?", "answer": "54.7%", "gold_docs": ["market malaise\" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. \"It's very troubling if you have a mirror image,\" said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of \"The New York Times\", wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the"]}
{"query": "Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?", "answer": "Floyd Norris", "gold_docs": ["market malaise\" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. \"It's very troubling if you have a mirror image,\" said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of \"The New York Times\", wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the"]}
{"query": "Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?", "answer": "Northern Rock", "gold_docs": ["The International Monetary Fund estimated that large US and European banks lost more than $1 trillion on toxic assets and from bad loans from January 2007 to September 2009. These losses are expected to top $2.8 trillion from 2007 to 2010. US bank losses were forecast to hit $1 trillion and European bank losses will reach $1.6 trillion. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated in 2009 that US banks were about 60% through their losses, but British and eurozone banks only 40%. One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its"]}
{"query": "When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?", "answer": "September 2007", "gold_docs": ["September 2007, the bank sought and received a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, to replace funds it was unable to raise from the money market. This led to panic among individual depositors, who feared that their savings might not be available should Northern Rock go into receivership. The result was a bank run \u2013 the UK's first in 150 years \u2013 where depositors lined up outside the bank to withdraw all of their savings as quickly as possible, particularly since everyone else was doing the same. On 22 February 2008, the bank was taken into state ownership"]}
{"query": "When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?", "answer": "February 2008", "gold_docs": ["2007, the mortgage bank Northern Rock suffered a liquidity crisis that required the bank to be rescued with a \u00a327 billion loan from the Government. In February 2008, Northern Rock was taken into public ownership, and Ron Sandler was appointed by the Government to become Executive Chairman. This appointment was not entirely without controversy, given Sandler's \u00a390,000 a month salary and his non-domicile status. He oversaw the turnaround of Northern Rock, which included the creation of an asset run-off (the\"bad bank\"), and a return of the bank to the private sector through the sale to Richard Branson's Virgin Money at"]}
{"query": "Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?", "answer": "Northern Rock", "gold_docs": ["business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored; in February 2008, however, the British government (having failed to find a private sector buyer) relented, and the bank was taken into public hands. Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions. The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the"]}
{"query": "IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?", "answer": "the borrower\u2019s income", "gold_docs": ["deposits, led to its demise when the mortgage market declined in 2007. IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower\u2019s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac\u2019s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower\u2019s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long"]}
{"query": "IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?", "answer": "poor", "gold_docs": ["deposits, led to its demise when the mortgage market declined in 2007. IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower\u2019s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac\u2019s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower\u2019s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long"]}
{"query": "IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?", "answer": "risky", "gold_docs": ["deposits, led to its demise when the mortgage market declined in 2007. IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower\u2019s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac\u2019s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower\u2019s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long"]}
{"query": "IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?", "answer": "issuing criteria", "gold_docs": ["as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market. IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies. May 12, 2008, in a small note in the \"Capital\" section of its what would become its last 10-Q released before receivership, IndyMac revealed - but did not admit - that it was no longer a well-capitalized institution and that it was headed for insolvency. IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings"]}
{"query": "How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?", "answer": "half", "gold_docs": ["level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period. Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those \"wealthy-but-not wealthiest\" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis."]}
{"query": "In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "63", "gold_docs": ["The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period. 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease. A 2015 study commissioned by the ACLU found that white home-owning households recovered from the financial crisis faster than black home-owning households, and projected that the financial crisis will likely widen the racial wealth gap in the US. The US Federal Reserve Open Market Committee release in"]}
{"query": "How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "77", "gold_docs": ["The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period. 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease. A 2015 study commissioned by the ACLU found that white home-owning households recovered from the financial crisis faster than black home-owning households, and projected that the financial crisis will likely widen the racial wealth gap in the US. The US Federal Reserve Open Market Committee release in"]}
{"query": "How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "50", "gold_docs": ["The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period. 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease. A 2015 study commissioned by the ACLU found that white home-owning households recovered from the financial crisis faster than black home-owning households, and projected that the financial crisis will likely widen the racial wealth gap in the US. The US Federal Reserve Open Market Committee release in"]}
{"query": "Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "poorest families", "gold_docs": ["level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period. Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those \"wealthy-but-not wealthiest\" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis."]}
{"query": "How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?", "answer": "0.1%", "gold_docs": ["years. The recession in the Eurozone economy deepens with a fall of 0.6% in GDP in the fourth quarter of 2012. Of the major economies, Germany shrinks by 0.6%, France by 0.3% and Italy by 0.9%. The economy of the 27 members of the EU, including non-Eurozone members such as Denmark and the UK, shrinks by 0.5%. Japan remains in recession as the economy shrinks by a further 0.1%. The European Commission forecast for 2013 expects growth of 0.1% across the 27 members of the EU but a contraction of 0.3% in the Eurozone economy. In its National Economic Report"]}
{"query": "On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?", "answer": "the IMF", "gold_docs": ["kept growth ticking over throughout the worst of the global conditions. In fact, sources such as the IMF and the Reserve Bank of Australia had predicted Australia was well positioned to weather the crisis with minimal disruption, sustaining more than 2% GDP growth in 2009 (as many Western nations went into recession). In the same year, the World Economic Forum ranked Australia's banking system the fourth best in the world, while the Australian dollar's 30% drop was seen as a boon for trade, shielding the country from the crisis and helping to slow growth and consumption. Australia's recession affected New"]}
{"query": "On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?", "answer": "3%", "gold_docs": ["jobs lost each month since the beginning of 2008. It is anticipated by experts that unemployment will rise to 8% by the middle of 2009. In the UK car sales fell by 23% in October, following a 21% decline in September. Amid predictions of a \"deep recession\" in the UK and the Eurozone, on Thursday, November 6, the Bank of England, citing a reduced danger of inflation due to falling commodities prices, lowered its base rate by 1.5 percentage points, from 4.5% to 3%. This was accompanied by a 50 basis point drop in the base rate to 3.25% by"]}
{"query": "What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?", "answer": "expand money supplies", "gold_docs": ["June 2009 stated: The US Federal Reserve and central banks around the world took steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment led to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The US Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with"]}
{"query": "What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?", "answer": "enacted large fiscal stimulus packages", "gold_docs": ["June 2009 stated: The US Federal Reserve and central banks around the world took steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment led to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The US Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with"]}
{"query": "What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?", "answer": "lender-of-last-resort", "gold_docs": ["June 2009 stated: The US Federal Reserve and central banks around the world took steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment led to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The US Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with"]}
{"query": "What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?", "answer": "self-reinforcing decline", "gold_docs": ["June 2009 stated: The US Federal Reserve and central banks around the world took steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment led to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The US Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with"]}
{"query": "What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?", "answer": "credit freeze", "gold_docs": ["would guarantee these funds up to a point. The money market had been a key source of credit for banks (CDs) and nonfinancial firms (commercial paper). The TED spread (see graph above), a measure of the risk of interbank lending, quadrupled shortly after the Lehman failure. This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. In a dramatic meeting on September 18, 2008, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke met with key legislators to propose a $700 billion emergency bailout of the banking system. Bernanke reportedly told them: \"If we don't do this,"]}
{"query": "How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?", "answer": "US$2.5 trillion", "gold_docs": ["access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity. This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history. Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package,"]}
{"query": "How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?", "answer": "$1.5 trillion", "gold_docs": ["the governments of European nations and the US guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the US Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy \u2014creating currency\u2014 as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas"]}
{"query": "In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?", "answer": "Joseph Stiglitz", "gold_docs": ["the governments of European nations and the US guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the US Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy \u2014creating currency\u2014 as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas"]}
{"query": "What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?", "answer": "a series of regulatory proposals", "gold_docs": ["The US executed two stimulus packages, totaling nearly $1 trillion during 2008 and 2009. Other countries also implemented fiscal stimulus plans beginning in 2008. United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed \"The"]}
{"query": "What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?", "answer": "consumer protection", "gold_docs": ["until it expired at 11:59PM EDT on October 8. The action was based on the view that short selling in a crisis market undermines confidence in financial institutions and erodes their stability. President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. Legislation has cleared the house and is progressing in the senate. A variety of regulatory changes"]}
{"query": "Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?", "answer": "proprietary", "gold_docs": ["The US executed two stimulus packages, totaling nearly $1 trillion during 2008 and 2009. Other countries also implemented fiscal stimulus plans beginning in 2008. United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed \"The"]}
{"query": "Who were proposed new regulations called \"The Volcker Rule\" named after?", "answer": "Paul Volcker", "gold_docs": ["Volcker Rule\", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes. The US Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House, which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The \"New York Times\" provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades. European"]}
{"query": "Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?", "answer": "Paul Volcker", "gold_docs": ["Volcker Rule\", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes. The US Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House, which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The \"New York Times\" provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades. European"]}
{"query": "When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?", "answer": "May 2010", "gold_docs": ["court. It passed the Senate in November 2010, 68 to 30, in a roll-call vote. In May 2010, Franken proposed a financial-reform amendment that created a board to select which credit rating agency would evaluate a given security. At the time, any company issuing a security could select the company that evaluated the security. The amendment was passed, but the financial industry lobbied to have it removed from the final bill. Negotiations between the Senate and House, whose version of financial reform did not include such a provision, resulted in the amendment's being watered down to require only a series"]}
{"query": "Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?", "answer": "Senate", "gold_docs": ["Volcker Rule\", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes. The US Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House, which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The \"New York Times\" provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades. European"]}
{"query": "What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?", "answer": "bailout of banks", "gold_docs": ["Lynch, AIG, HBOS, Royal Bank of Scotland, Bradford & Bingley, Fortis, Hypo Real Estate, and Alliance & Leicester were all expected to follow\u2014with a US federal bailout announced the following day beginning with $85 billion to AIG. In spite of trillions paid out by the US federal government, it became much more difficult to borrow money. The resulting decrease in buyers caused housing prices to plummet. While the collapse of large financial institutions was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures,"]}
{"query": "What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?", "answer": "August 9, 2007", "gold_docs": ["and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the Great Recession of 2008\u20132012 and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing \"a complete evaporation of liquidity\". The bursting of the US housing bubble, which peaked at the end of 2006, caused the values of securities tied to"]}
{"query": "What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?", "answer": "2012", "gold_docs": ["major economies of the next generation along with BRIC and Indonesia. South Korea was one of the few developed countries that was able to avoid a recession during the global financial crisis, and its economic growth rate reached 6.2% in 2010, a sharp recovery from economic growth rates of 2.3% in 2008 and 0.2% in 2009 when the global financial crisis hit. The South Korean economy again recovered with the record-surplus of US$70.7 billion mark of the current account in the end of 2013, up 47 percent growth from 2012, amid uncertainties of the global economic turmoil, with major economic"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?", "answer": "BNP Paribas", "gold_docs": ["and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the Great Recession of 2008\u20132012 and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing \"a complete evaporation of liquidity\". The bursting of the US housing bubble, which peaked at the end of 2006, caused the values of securities tied to"]}
{"query": "What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["bubble existed in the U.S. Dean Baker identified the bubble in August 2002, thereafter repeatedly warning of its nature and depth, and the political reasons it was being ignored. Prior to that, Robert Prechter wrote about it extensively as did Professor Shiller in his original publication of \"Irrational Exuberance\" in the year 2000. The burst of the housing bubble was predicted by a handful of political and economic analysts, such as Jeffery Robert Hunn in a March 3, 2003, editorial. Hunn wrote: Many contested any suggestion that there could be a housing bubble, particularly at its peak from 2004 to"]}
{"query": "What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["and clarified that his comments were directed at certain tea party leaders and not the tea party as a whole. On February 13, 2009, Carson voted to pass the H.R. 1, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from a deepening worldwide recession. This act included increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals. The ARRA has led to billions of dollars in investment in Carson's district, including grants to hire more police officers and save teaching"]}
{"query": "Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?", "answer": "escalate", "gold_docs": ["US real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers; overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate; questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers; compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation; and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability, and damaged"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?", "answer": "Levin\u2013Coburn Report", "gold_docs": ["policy expansion and institutional bailouts. There is some debate as to what role the repeal of Glass\u2013Steagall had on the late 2000s financial crisis. Although there have been aftershocks, the financial crisis itself ended sometime between late 2008 and mid-2009. While many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts, the United States Senate issuing the Levin\u2013Coburn Report found \"that the crisis was not a natural disaster, but the result of high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; and the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to"]}
{"query": "Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?", "answer": "Glass-Steagall Act", "gold_docs": ["Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, was signed by President of the United States Barack Obama on July 22, 2010, following a global financial crisis. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 placed a \"wall of separation\" between banks and brokerages, which was largely repealed by the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999. The bill was enacted during the Great Depression, which began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The Gramm\u2013Leach\u2013Bliley Act of 1999 repealed the \"wall of separation,\" allowing companies to simultaneously act as commercial banks, investment banks, and insurance companies. Though some commentators regard the restoration of the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?", "answer": "Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission", "gold_docs": ["the 1930s, was investigated by the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, which concluded that \"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: Widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve\u2019s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; An explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; Key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and"]}
{"query": "What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?", "answer": "credit rating agencies", "gold_docs": ["2006, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence affected global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary"]}
{"query": "What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?", "answer": "regulatory", "gold_docs": ["2006, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence affected global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary"]}
{"query": "What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?", "answer": "mortgage-backed securities", "gold_docs": ["the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the US housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses. Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing the lender with a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in"]}
{"query": "When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?", "answer": "major global financial institutions", "gold_docs": ["the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the US housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses. Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing the lender with a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in"]}
{"query": "Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?", "answer": "institutions and investors around the world", "gold_docs": ["the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the US housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses. Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing the lender with a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in"]}
{"query": "MBS and CDO derive their value from?", "answer": "mortgage payments and housing prices", "gold_docs": ["the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the US housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses. Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing the lender with a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in"]}
{"query": "How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?", "answer": "trillions of U.S. dollars", "gold_docs": ["Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in MBS reported significant losses. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses were estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally. While the housing and credit bubbles were growing, a series of factors caused the financial system to become increasingly fragile. Policymakers did not recognize the increasingly important role played"]}
{"query": "What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?", "answer": "foreclosure", "gold_docs": ["from their homes.\" Economist Stan Leibowitz argued in the \"Wall Street Journal\" that the extent of equity in the home was the key factor in foreclosure, rather than the type of loan, credit worthiness of the borrower, or ability to pay. Although only 12% of homes had negative equity (meaning the property was worth less than the mortgage obligation), they comprised 47% of foreclosures during the second half of 2008. Homeowners with negative equity have less financial incentive to stay in the home. The \"L.A. Times\" reported the results of a study that found homeowners with high credit scores at"]}
{"query": "What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?", "answer": "late 2006", "gold_docs": ["the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the US housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses. Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing the lender with a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in"]}
{"query": "What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?", "answer": "other loan types", "gold_docs": ["Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in MBS reported significant losses. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses were estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally. While the housing and credit bubbles were growing, a series of factors caused the financial system to become increasingly fragile. Policymakers did not recognize the increasingly important role played"]}
{"query": "What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?", "answer": "investment banks and hedge funds", "gold_docs": ["by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. These entities were not subject to the same regulations as depository banking. Further, shadow banks were able to mask the extent of their risk taking from investors and regulators through the use of complex, off-balance sheet derivatives and securitizations. Economist Gary Gorton has referred to the 2007\u20132008 aspects of the crisis as a \"run\" on the shadow banking system. The complexity of these off-balance sheet arrangements and the securities held, as well as the interconnection between larger financial institutions, made it virtually impossible"]}
{"query": "What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?", "answer": "investment banks and hedge funds", "gold_docs": ["business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the US economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations. These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described"]}
{"query": "What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?", "answer": "financialization", "gold_docs": ["the US and only reduced to historical levels in early 2014 drained significant wealth from consumers, losing up to $4.2 trillion in wealth from home equity. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of US dollars globally. While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. US government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage"]}
{"query": "What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?", "answer": "deregulation", "gold_docs": ["the US and only reduced to historical levels in early 2014 drained significant wealth from consumers, losing up to $4.2 trillion in wealth from home equity. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of US dollars globally. While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. US government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage"]}
{"query": "Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "MBS", "gold_docs": ["to re-organize them via bankruptcy, which contributed to the need for government bailouts. Some experts believe these shadow institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations. These institutions as well as certain regulated banks had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. The losses experienced by financial institutions on their mortgage-related securities impacted their ability to lend, slowing economic activity. Interbank lending dried-up"]}
{"query": "What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?", "answer": "slowing economic activity", "gold_docs": ["above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses affected the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments. The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that: The 2000s were the decade of"]}
{"query": "Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "central banks", "gold_docs": ["above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses affected the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments. The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that: The 2000s were the decade of"]}
{"query": "Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "Governments", "gold_docs": ["above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses affected the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments. The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that: The 2000s were the decade of"]}
{"query": "What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "large loan defaults or MBS losses", "gold_docs": ["above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses affected the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments. The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that: The 2000s were the decade of"]}
{"query": "When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?", "answer": "January 2011", "gold_docs": ["documents and witnesses for testimony, a power that the Pecora Commission had but the 9/11 Commission did not. The first public hearing of the Commission was held on January 13, 2010, with the presentation of testimony from various banking officials. Hearings continued during 2010 with \"hundreds\" of other persons in business, academia, and government testifying. The Commission reported its findings in January 2011. In briefly summarizing its main conclusions the Commission stated: \"While the vulnerabilities that created the potential for crisis were years in the making, it was the collapse of the housing bubble\u2014fueled by low interest rates, easy and"]}
{"query": "What was one of  the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation", "gold_docs": ["escalates with collapse of major lenders and investors. January The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that \"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: Widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve\u2019s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; An explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; Key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking"]}
{"query": "What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "Federal Reserve", "gold_docs": ["importance: 1) Flawed financial sector regulation and supervision; 2) Underestimating risks in financial engineering (e.g., CDOs); 3) Mortgage fraud and bad incentives; 4) Short-term funding decisions and corresponding runs in those markets (e.g., repo); and 5) Credit rating agency failures. The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that \"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: Widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; An explosive"]}
{"query": "Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?", "answer": "key policy makers", "gold_docs": ["the 1930s, was investigated by the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, which concluded that \"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: Widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve\u2019s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; Dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; An explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; Key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and"]}
{"query": "What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?", "answer": "tough competition", "gold_docs": ["subprime borrowers; no longer was this a segment left to fringe lenders. The relaxing of credit lending standards by investment banks and commercial banks drove this about-face. Subprime did not become magically less risky; Wall Street just accepted this higher risk. During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to"]}
{"query": "In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["or other counterparties through credit default swaps, making their actual risk exposures extremely difficult for investors and creditors to discern. From 2001-2003, financial institutions experienced high earnings due to an unprecedented re-financing boom brought about by historically low interest rates. When interest rates eventually rose, financial institutions sought to maintain their elevated earnings levels with a shift toward riskier mortgages and private label MBS distribution. Earnings depended on volume, so maintaining elevated earnings levels necessitated expanding the borrower pool using lower underwriting standards and new products that the GSEs would not (initially) securitize. Thus, the shift away from GSE securitization"]}
{"query": "What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?", "answer": "2004\u20132007", "gold_docs": ["2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The worst loans were originated in 2004\u20132007, the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs. As well as easy credit conditions, there is evidence that competitive pressures contributed to an increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis. Major US investment banks and GSEs such as Fannie Mae played an important role in the expansion of lending, with GSEs"]}
{"query": "What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?", "answer": "2004\u20132007", "gold_docs": ["2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The worst loans were originated in 2004\u20132007, the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs. As well as easy credit conditions, there is evidence that competitive pressures contributed to an increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis. Major US investment banks and GSEs such as Fannie Mae played an important role in the expansion of lending, with GSEs"]}
{"query": "Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?", "answer": "government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)", "gold_docs": ["subprime borrowers; no longer was this a segment left to fringe lenders. The relaxing of credit lending standards by investment banks and commercial banks drove this about-face. Subprime did not become magically less risky; Wall Street just accepted this higher risk. During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to"]}
{"query": "How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["the 2005\u20132006 peak of the United States housing bubble. The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by three of the four Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that"]}
{"query": "Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?", "answer": "Paul Krugman", "gold_docs": ["and Freddie have ranged from zero to trillions of dollars. For example, in 2008 Economist Paul Krugman erroneously claimed that Fannie and Freddie \"didn't do any subprime lending, because they can't; the definition of a subprime loan is precisely a loan that doesn't meet the requirement, imposed by law, that Fannie and Freddie buy only mortgages issued to borrowers who made substantial down payments and carefully documented their income.\" Economist Russell Roberts cited a June 2008 Washington Post article which stated that \"[f]rom 2004 to 2006, the two [GSEs] purchased $434 billion in securities backed by subprime loans, creating a"]}
{"query": "Several reports written by various agencies  concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?", "answer": "government affordable housing policy", "gold_docs": ["the 2005\u20132006 peak of the United States housing bubble. The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by three of the four Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that"]}
{"query": "According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?", "answer": "GSE loans", "gold_docs": ["the 2005\u20132006 peak of the United States housing bubble. The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by three of the four Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that"]}
{"query": "How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?", "answer": "4", "gold_docs": ["and ineffective crisis management capabilities. Bernanke also discussed \"Too big to fail\" institutions, monetary policy, and trade deficits. Economists surveyed by the University of Chicago rated the factors that caused the crisis in order of importance. The results included: 1) Flawed financial sector regulation and supervision; 2) Underestimating risks in financial engineering (e.g., CDOs); 3) Mortgage fraud and bad incentives; 4) Short-term funding decisions and corresponding runs in those markets (e.g., repo); and 5) Credit rating agency failures. The majority report of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (supported by six Democrat appointees without Republican participation) reported its findings in"]}
{"query": "How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? ", "answer": "13 million", "gold_docs": ["that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion. In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal"]}
{"query": "What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?", "answer": "over $2 trillion", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The highest estimate was produced by Wallison and Edward Pinto, based on amounts reported by the Securities and Exchange Commission in conjunction with its securities fraud case against former executives of Fannie and Freddie. Using the SEC information, Wallison and Pinto estimated that the two GSEs held over $2 trillion in substandard loans in 2008. The discrepancies can be attributed to the estimate sources and methods. The lowest estimate (Krugman's) is simply based on what is legally allowable, without regard to what was actually done. Other low estimates are simply based on the amounts reported by Fannie"]}
{"query": "Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?", "answer": "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac", "gold_docs": ["held loans in their own portfolios. In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against six former executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated"]}
{"query": "Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?", "answer": "HUD", "gold_docs": ["held loans in their own portfolios. In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against six former executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated"]}
{"query": "How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?", "answer": "6", "gold_docs": ["Wallison is that insofar as Fannie and Freddie contributed to the crisis, its own profit seeking and not government mandates for expanded homeownership are the cause. In December 2011, after the Securities and Exchange Commission charged 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie with Securities Fraud, Wallison stated, as did the SEC, that the full extent of GSE subprime purchases was hidden during the crisis. Based upon the SEC charges, Wallison estimated that Fannie and Freddie held, in reality, over $2 trillion in subprime loans as of June 2008. However, journalist Joe Nocera contends that the \"SEC complaint makes almost no"]}
{"query": "Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "answer": "Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)", "gold_docs": ["Armando Falcon Armando Falcon, Jr. (born June 4, 1960) is the former Director of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), a position he held from 1999-2005. During this period, he led an investigation of financial misconduct at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, is credited with raising early warning signs about the risks posed by both companies. The end result of the investigation led by Armando Falcon against Fannie Mae accounting - No misconduct by Fannie Mae CFO J. Timothy Howard and special recognition by the judge in the subject case of Mr. Howard's honest and ethical performance of"]}
{"query": "On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "answer": "September 10, 2003", "gold_docs": ["that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion. In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal"]}
{"query": "Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "answer": "House Financial Services Committee", "gold_docs": ["collected about $1.7 million for federal candidates. Much of the illegal fund raising benefited members of the House Financial Services Committee, a panel whose decisions can affect Freddie Mac. Notably, Freddie Mac held more than 40 fundraisers for House Financial Services Chairman Michael Oxley, R-Ohio. Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac often benefited from an implied guarantee of fitness equivalent to truly federally backed financial groups. As of 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac owned or guaranteed about half of the U.S.'s $12 trillion mortgage market. This made both corporations highly susceptible to the subprime mortgage crisis of that year."]}
{"query": "What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?", "answer": "$467 billion", "gold_docs": ["investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the US financial system that went unheeded. A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10%"]}
{"query": "What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?", "answer": "10%", "gold_docs": ["investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the US financial system that went unheeded. A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10%"]}
{"query": "What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?", "answer": "25%", "gold_docs": ["of all US mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. However, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005\u20132006 leading up to the crisis, nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or"]}
{"query": "What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?", "answer": "25%", "gold_docs": ["of all US mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. However, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005\u20132006 leading up to the crisis, nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or"]}
{"query": "How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?", "answer": "$4.5 trillion", "gold_docs": ["Secretary. In 2001, the independent research company, Graham Fisher & Company, stated: \"While the underlying initiatives of the [Strategy] were broad in content, the main theme ... was the relaxation of credit standards.\" The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is also identified as one of the causes of the recession, by some critics. They contend that lenders relaxed lending standards in an effort to meet CRA commitments, and they note that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. However, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) Democratic majority report concluded that Fannie"]}
{"query": "How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?", "answer": "prime", "gold_docs": ["Wallison of the American Enterprise Institute, that would make the SEC's estimate of GSE substandard loans about $2 trillion - significantly higher than Edward Pinto's estimate. The Federal Reserve also estimated that only six percent of higher-priced loans were extended by Community Reinvestment Act-covered lenders to lower-income borrowers or CRA neighborhoods. (As it did with respect to GSE loans, the Federal Reserve assumed that all CRA loans were prime unless they carried interest rates 3% or more above the normal rate, an assumption disputed by others.) In a 2008 speech, Federal Reserve Governor Randall Kroszner, argued that the CRA could"]}
{"query": "When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?", "answer": "after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001", "gold_docs": ["that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending. To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive,"]}
{"query": "What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?", "answer": "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.", "gold_docs": ["hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs. As of March 2011, the FDIC had paid out $9 billion to cover losses on bad loans at 165 failed financial institutions. The Congressional Budget Office estimated, in June 2011, that the bailout to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac exceeds $300 billion (calculated by adding the fair value deficits of the entities to the direct bailout funds at the time). Economist Paul Krugman argued in January"]}
{"query": "Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?", "answer": "derivatives", "gold_docs": ["an International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master agreement. Most credit derivatives of this sort are credit default swaps. If the credit derivative is entered into by a financial institution or a special purpose vehicle (SPV) and payments under the credit derivative are funded using securitization techniques, such that a debt obligation is issued by the financial institution or SPV to support these obligations, this is known as a funded credit derivative. This synthetic securitization process has become increasingly popular over the last decade, with the simple versions of these structures being known as synthetic collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), credit-linked"]}
{"query": "Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?", "answer": "Portfolio Magazine", "gold_docs": ["totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve's classification of CRA loans as \"prime\" is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal \"subprime\" loans. Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in \"Portfolio Magazine\", Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that \"There weren't enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.\" Essentially, investment banks and"]}
{"query": "What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?", "answer": "derivatives", "gold_docs": ["The fund\u2019s strategy used a sophisticated arbitrage program in currencies, emerging market debt, commodities and equities. Its investors included a large number of sophisticated investors, including, for example, Swiss private banks, pension funds, funds-of-hedge-funds, wealth management and private bank groups, broker-dealers, investment and commercial banks, and government authorities. The hedge fund was extensively involved in trading both exchange-traded and over-the-counter derivatives with broker-dealers and investment banks that included Goldman Sachs, Royal Bank of Canada and Chase Bank. Zask was one of the early practitioners in the growth of financial markets and derivatives in the 1980s and 1990s. He managed large"]}
{"query": "What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?", "answer": "low or no downpayments", "gold_docs": ["the 1997\u20132007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997\u20132007 [bubble] deflated.\" According to Wallison, the reason the US \"residential housing\" bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans\u2014generally with low or no downpayments. Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that US housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching"]}
{"query": "According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?", "answer": "it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans", "gold_docs": ["the 1997\u20132007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997\u20132007 [bubble] deflated.\" According to Wallison, the reason the US \"residential housing\" bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans\u2014generally with low or no downpayments. Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that US housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching"]}
{"query": "Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?", "answer": "1997\u20132007", "gold_docs": ["the 1997\u20132007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997\u20132007 [bubble] deflated.\" According to Wallison, the reason the US \"residential housing\" bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans\u2014generally with low or no downpayments. Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that US housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching"]}
{"query": "Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?", "answer": "Krugman", "gold_docs": ["crisis of 2007\u201308 have brought much comment. In December, 2011, the New York Times financial columnist Joe Nocera stated that Wallison had \"almost single-handedly created the myth that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac caused the financial crisis.\" Calling it \"a big lie,\" Nocera suggested that Wallison had engaged in a deliberate deception. Economist Paul Krugman has also accused Wallison of deception, criticizing him for\u2014among other things\u2014attacking Fannie and Freddie in a magazine article just a year before the subprime mortgage collapse for not doing a \"better job of providing affordable home financing to a neglected portion of the mortgage market.\""]}
{"query": "What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?", "answer": "the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel", "gold_docs": ["(\u00celots Syndare). A much bigger islet, \u00cele Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf. St. Barth\u00e9lemy forms, with St. Martin, Anguilla, and Dog Island, a distinct group that lies upon the western edge of a flat bank of soundings composed chiefly of shells, sand, and coral. From St. Barth\u00e9lemy, the bank extends east-southeast, ending in a small tongue or spit. It is separated from the main bank by a narrow length of deep water. East of the island,"]}
{"query": "What is the native language of St. Barts?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy French Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy French or St. Barts patois () is the dialect of French spoken in the Caribbean, on the French-controlled island of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy and by a small emigrant community on Saint Thomas in the US Virgin Islands. The dialect co-exists on St. Barts alongside Antillean Creole and Standard French. Despite this linguistic diversity on so small an island, fluency across the varieties of French is generally uncommon. Presently the language is spoken by 500\u2013700 people (mostly old people). A small population of St. Barth\u2019s fishermen settled in St. Thomas (over 200 km away) in the 19th century. The enclave"]}
{"query": "About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?", "answer": "500\u2013700", "gold_docs": ["Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy French Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy French or St. Barts patois () is the dialect of French spoken in the Caribbean, on the French-controlled island of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy and by a small emigrant community on Saint Thomas in the US Virgin Islands. The dialect co-exists on St. Barts alongside Antillean Creole and Standard French. Despite this linguistic diversity on so small an island, fluency across the varieties of French is generally uncommon. Presently the language is spoken by 500\u2013700 people (mostly old people). A small population of St. Barth\u2019s fishermen settled in St. Thomas (over 200 km away) in the 19th century. The enclave"]}
{"query": "Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["Denationalized citizenship Denationalized Citizenship is one of many new citizenship processes which redefine traditional notions of citizenship as intrinsically linked with the nation-state and occurs within a subnational scale. A denationalized citizen does not consider the nation-state as being necessary for political participation and identity. The concept of citizenship has historically been associated with national identity and the nation-state since the French Revolution saw the people claim sovereignty of the state and essentially become the state. The growing importance of global processes has led to practices which were previously uniquely bound with the nation-state moving to other private, supranational and"]}
{"query": "How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?", "answer": "racially", "gold_docs": ["French patois is spoken by some 500\u2013700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Cr\u00e9ole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Cr\u00e9ole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined. Until 2007, administratively, the whole island of St. Barth\u00e9lemy was a French commune (\"commune de Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy\") part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas \"r\u00e9gion\" and overseas \"d\u00e9partement\" of France, but, as one of the overseas countries and territories, not a part of the European Union : the inhabitants vote as"]}
{"query": "How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["and performed splendidly.\" (Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, five years after leaving office.) The ambiguities in Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution regarding death, removal, or disability of the president created difficulties several times: In 1963, Senator Kenneth Keating of New York proposed a Constitutional amendment which would have enabled Congress to enact legislation providing for how to determine when a President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the presidency, rather than, as the Twenty-fifth Amendment does, having the Constitution so provide. This proposal was based upon a recommendation of the"]}
{"query": "When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?", "answer": "15 July 2007", "gold_docs": ["European citizens but the local law derogate from Community law. In 2003, the population voted through referendum in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barth\u00e9lemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote"]}
{"query": "How many people are on the Territorial Council?", "answer": "nineteen", "gold_docs": ["On May 20, 2010, the Council convened the Territorial Council (Consell Territorial). This Council represents ten regional councils, ten regional capitals, nineteen municipalities with ski resorts, the presidents of provincial councils of Lleida, Girona and Barcelona, and representatives of the Government of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya). The Territorial Council is the piece that makes possible the territorial support for the Olympic Project. It also provides updates on all the advances of the candidate to the local institutions of the Catalan Pyrenees. On September 15, 2010, the Technical Office presented the candidature. In 2011, the mayor Trias spoke of his willingness"]}
{"query": "When was the last senate election in St. Barts?", "answer": "September 2014", "gold_docs": ["and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the most recent election in March 2012. One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barth\u00e9lemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force"]}
{"query": "How many senators represent St. Barts in France?", "answer": "One", "gold_docs": ["with the Royal London Hospital and St Bartholomew's Hospital. On 17 April 2015 it closed due to a reconfiguration of specialist cardiovascular services in north and east London. This enabled the creation of the Barts Heart Centre, one of Europe's largest cardiac centres. Local campaigners opposed the closure which was approved by NHS England in October 2014. Barts Health announced in April 2015 that 'the hospital is no longer up to the demands of rigorous specialised 21st century medicine and is now closed.' Services moved from the London Chest Hospital (Barts Health) and The Heart Hospital (UCLH) to the Barts"]}
{"query": "What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["2008 French Senate election Indirect Senate elections were held for 114 of the 343 seats in the French Senate on 21 September 2008. With this election, the number of senators was increased from 331 to 343; Saint Barth\u00e9lemy and Saint Martin elected two senators each for the first time. Furthermore, this election was the last to be held under the old system: prior to this election, senators were elected in three classes for nine-year terms. Under the new system instituted in 2011, senators are elected for six-year terms in two classes. Twelve new seats were filled in this election. They"]}
{"query": "What is grown in patches on the island?", "answer": "Sweet potato", "gold_docs": ["St Martin and St Barth\u00e9lemy (Barreau de la Guadeloupe, St Martin et St Barth\u00e9lemy) exists, there is no clear indication as to how demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the legal field. Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity,"]}
{"query": "What seasoning is found naturally on the island?", "answer": "salt", "gold_docs": ["same procedure, but using 15 grams of tequesquite, 15 tomatillo shells and 1/4 L water. It is also used in the preparation of cobalt blue and orange that is used to decorate handmade pieces, especially in Puebla Talavera. Tequesquite Tequesquite or tequexquite (from Nahuatl \"tequixquitl\") is a natural mineral salt containing compounds of sodium chlorate, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulphate, used in Mexico since pre-Hispanic times mainly as a food seasoning. It is found naturally in central Mexico particularly in previously lacustrine environments where the mineral salt forms a sedimentary crust. Chemically it is an alkaline rock composed of various"]}
{"query": "What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?", "answer": "fishing", "gold_docs": ["crops; while men did all work involving the forest, including the manufacture of anything involving wood. The Iroquois men carried out hunting and fishing, trading, and fighting, while the women took care of farming, food gathering and processing, rearing of children, and housekeeping. This gendered division of labor was the predominant means of dividing work in Iroquois society. At the time of contact with Europeans, Iroquois women produced about 65% of the goods and the men 35%. The combined production of food made famine and hunger extremely rare; early Europeans settlers often envied the success of Iroquois food production. The"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?", "answer": "Gustavia", "gold_docs": ["the town called the Rue du Centenaire. It has a bell tower. A rock wall encircles the church. Ancien presbyt\u00e8re de l'\u00e9glise catholique de Gustavia is the Catholic Church built in 1822 is a replacement of the oldest church of the same name in Lorient. This church also has a bell tower which is separated from the main church and which rings loud and clear. Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (mus\u00e9e \u2013 biblioth\u00e8que) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe."]}
{"query": "St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?", "answer": "the rich and famous", "gold_docs": ["International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector. Many Inter Inland ferry services operate regularly between St. Martin and St. Barts. The narrow and congested roads, and difficulty in parking, have been an impetus for driving Smart cars. A weekly journal entitled \"Journal de St. Barth\" is published in the French language. Its English language abridged version is published as \"St. Barth Weekly\" only during the winter months (for Anglophone tourists). Reflecting the island's popularity with the rich and famous, the"]}
{"query": "About how many hotels does St. Barts have?", "answer": "25", "gold_docs": ["fictional connection led to a donation by the Tokyo \"Sherlock Holmes Appreciation Society\" to the Save Barts Campaign in the 1990s. In 2012, the final episode of the second series of the BBC drama \"Sherlock\", \"The Reichenbach Fall\", had Holmes appearing to have deliberately leapt to his death from the roof of St Bartholomew's as a surrogate for the waterfall of the original story \"The Final Problem\". The hospital was again used as the location for the resolution to Holmes' faked suicide, in the first series three episode \"The Empty Hearse\". London Buses routes 4, 8, 17, 25, 45, 46,"]}
{"query": "Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?", "answer": "Portugal", "gold_docs": ["Law of Brazil The law of Brazil is based on statutes and, partly and more recently, a mechanism called \"s\u00famulas vinculantes\". It derives mainly from the civil law systems of European countries, particularly Portugal, the Napoleonic Code and the Germanic law. There are many codified statutes in force in Brazil. The current Federal Constitution, created on October 5, 1988, is the supreme law of the country. This Constitution has been amended many times. Other important federal law documents in the country include the Civil Code, the Penal Code, the Commercial Code, the National Tributary Code, the Consolidation of Labor Laws,"]}
{"query": "How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?", "answer": "12", "gold_docs": ["Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by boat. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal. The height of tourism is New Year's Eve, with celebrities and the wealthy converging on the island"]}
{"query": "About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?", "answer": "400", "gold_docs": ["Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by boat. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal. The height of tourism is New Year's Eve, with celebrities and the wealthy converging on the island"]}
{"query": "Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?", "answer": "The eastern part", "gold_docs": ["in yachts up to in length for the occasion. As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in"]}
{"query": "Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?", "answer": "the Pacific islands", "gold_docs": ["the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are: There are Flamboyant trees, frangipanis, sabal palms, wild trumpet and Manchineel trees on the island. Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?", "answer": "cereus", "gold_docs": ["Night-blooming cereus Night-blooming cereus is the common name referring to a large number of flowering ceroid cacti that bloom at night. The flowers are short lived, and some of these species, such as \"Selenicereus grandiflorus\", bloom only once a year, for a single night. Other names for one or more cacti with this habit are princess of the night, Honolulu queen (for \"Hylocereus undatus\"), Christ in the manger, dama de noche and queen of the night (which is also used for an unrelated plant species). While many cacti referred to as night-blooming cereus belong to the tribe Cereeae, other night-blooming"]}
{"query": "Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?", "answer": "South America", "gold_docs": ["the plant alternate in sides they grow on, which is where the plant gets the name diversifolia. This is accompanied by flowers which are yellow in colour and range from 6\u201313 cm in length. It can grow throughout the year and its seeds are spread through way of wind, water, and animals. This plant was originally domesticated in Mexico and spread to other parts of Central and South America and north into the United States. It was brought over to parts of Africa and Asia as an ornamental plant and has become an invasive weed that is widely spread. It"]}
{"query": "When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?", "answer": "May", "gold_docs": ["knowledge has demonstrated an increase of predators across summer ranges\"; \"an unknown number of caribou die every fall breaking through the ice crossing to the mainland\"; \"changes to sea ice freeze-up and break-up due to climate change could threaten migration; and \"Increased ship traffic through Dolphin and Union Strait may affect ice formation and caribou migration.\" Dolphin-Union caribou Dolphin and Union Caribou, Dolphin and Union caribou herd, Dolphin-Union, locally known as Island Caribou, are a migratory population of barren-ground caribou, \"Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus\", that occupy Victoria Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the nearby mainland. They are endemic to"]}
{"query": "When is the beggining of the whale migration season?", "answer": "December", "gold_docs": ["Whale watching in Sydney Whale watching is a popular pastime in Sydney in the winter and spring. There are a number of different migration and whale seasons. The humpback whale migration passing Sydney takes place between April and December each year. The season is split into two distinct sections depending on the direction of travel of the majority of whales at that time. The migrating population is named the Group 5 Southern Hemisphere humpback whale population or the Australian East coast humpbacks. As distinct from other humpback migration populations that travel along the West Australian and South African coasts. The"]}
{"query": "What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?", "answer": "Turtles", "gold_docs": ["cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others. Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15\u201350 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species"]}
{"query": "What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?", "answer": "jellyfish", "gold_docs": ["infertile. While little research has been done on \"Dermochelys\" populations in the Indian Ocean, nesting populations are known from Sri Lanka and the Nicobar Islands. These turtles are proposed to form a separate, genetically distinct Indian Ocean subpopulation. Leatherback sea turtles can be found primarily in the open ocean. Scientists tracked a leatherback turtle that swam from Jen Womom beach of Tambrauw regency in West Papua province of Indonesia to the U.S. in a foraging journey over a period of 647 days. Leatherbacks follow their jellyfish prey throughout the day, resulting in turtles \"preferring\" deeper water in the daytime, and"]}
{"query": "Where do green turtles live?", "answer": "amidst tall sea grasses", "gold_docs": ["of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as (average is about ) and weighing about 450 (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about in diameter and weigh about 60 and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses. Avifauna in the wild, both native and"]}
{"query": "What color are conch shells?", "answer": "pearly-pink", "gold_docs": ["migrating include brown pelican along the shore line, magnificent frigatebirds with long wingspans of up to , green herons, snowy egrets, belted kingfishers; bananaquits; broad-winged hawks; two species of hummingbirds, the green-throated carib and Antillean crested hummingbird; and zenaida doves. The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which"]}
{"query": "Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?", "answer": "shallow waters", "gold_docs": ["where it occurs in groups. Its spots may provide camouflage in the churned up, bubble-filled water. The whitespotted surgeonfish feeds on filamentous algae and calcareous algae. It is considered to form an important link between algae, the primary producers in the ocean, and the detrital food web in the Pacific Ocean. In American Samoa, breeding takes place all year round with eggs being deposited in drainage channels in the reef at dusk. Acanthurus guttatus Acanthurus guttatus (whitespotted surgeonfish) is a marine reef tang in the fish family Acanthuridae. It is found in shallow waters on reefs in the Indo-Pacific. The"]}
{"query": "What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?", "answer": "ghost", "gold_docs": ["area naturalists, and guided turtle walks are available. Shrimping is still important to the region, and shrimp boats are often seen just off the beaches. Like most barrier islands, St. Simons Island beaches are constantly shifting as tides, wind and storms move tons of sand annually. Along with umbrellas and folding chairs, beach-goers can encounter fast-moving ghost crabs, sand dollars, giant horseshoe crabs, and moving conch shells powered by resident hermit crabs. Sea oats and morning glories cover the dunes along East Beach. Jumping mullet and tiny bait fish populate the inshore waters. Dolphin sightings are common, particularly off the"]}
{"query": "What do hermit crabs eat?", "answer": "garbage and sewerage", "gold_docs": ["are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season. Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around"]}
{"query": "What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?", "answer": "sea turtles", "gold_docs": ["the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in"]}
{"query": "What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?", "answer": "Anchoring", "gold_docs": ["order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier. Apart from Gustavia, the capital of St. Barth\u00e9lemy, there are many notable places and monuments in the island which testify to the colonial regime of the Spanish, Swedes, the British and the French, and now a French territory. Gustavia is in a U-shaped cove facing the harbour on the west. The water side arm of this cove is in a peninsula while the dockyard is on the east side. When the British invaded"]}
{"query": "When was Fort Gustav built?", "answer": "1787", "gold_docs": ["Car\u00e9nage (The Careening)\" after the shelter it provided to damaged ships. According to the archives the name \"Gustavia\" appeared between December 28, 1786 and February 9, 1787. Gustavia remains as a reflection of the Swedish period. Three forts built in the mid- to late 17th century protected the harbour: Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolf), Karl and Gustav. The Saint-Bartholomew Anglican Church on the harbourfront was built in 1855. The sites of Fort Karl, overlooking Shell Beach south of town, and Fort Gustav, at the base of the lighthouse to the north, are popular with hikers. Fort Oscar, at the tip of"]}
{"query": "Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?", "answer": "ruins", "gold_docs": ["History of Workington Workington was historically a part of Cumberland now Cumbria, an historic county in North West England; the area around Workington has long been a producer of coal, steel and high-grade iron ore. Between 79 and 122, Roman forts, mile-forts and watchtowers were established down the Cumbrian coast.They acted as coastal defences against attacks by the Scoti in Ireland and by the Caledonii, the most powerful tribe in what we now call Scotland. The 16th century book, Britannia, written by William Camden describes ruins of the coastal defences at Workington. The fort, now known as Burrows Walls, was"]}
{"query": "On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?", "answer": "La Pointe", "gold_docs": ["or red depending on direction. The round conical tower has a single red band at the top. Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav,"]}
{"query": "How many restaurants does the island have?", "answer": "over 70", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy cuisine Saint Barth\u00e9lemy cuisine mainly revolves around French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call \"les snacks\" or \"les petits creux\" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such"]}
{"query": "What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?", "answer": "les petits creux", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy cuisine Saint Barth\u00e9lemy cuisine mainly revolves around French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call \"les snacks\" or \"les petits creux\" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such"]}
{"query": "What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?", "answer": "gastronomic", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy cuisine Saint Barth\u00e9lemy cuisine mainly revolves around French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call \"les snacks\" or \"les petits creux\" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such"]}
{"query": "How often is the AG2R Race held?", "answer": "every alternate year", "gold_docs": ["AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barth\u00e9lemy. It is a boat race with boats of length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and"]}
{"query": "What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?", "answer": "boats", "gold_docs": ["AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barth\u00e9lemy. It is a boat race with boats of length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and"]}
{"query": "How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["Remo, Cholet-Pays de Loire, Dwars door Vlaanderen, E3 Prijs Vlaanderen \u2013 Harelbeke, Paris\u2013Camembert, the Grand Prix de Denain, the Amstel Gold Race, La Fl\u00e8che Wallonne but their best result from this group of races was 13th, in E3 Prijs Vlaanderen \u2013 Harelbeke from Mondory and in the Grand Prix de Denain from Ravard. The team's season began in Africa with La Tropicale Amissa Bongo. The race was dominated by French teams, including Ag2r, which took two stage wins. Later in the month of January, at the UCI ProTour's first event of the season, the Tour Down Under, Ag2r won the"]}
{"query": "What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?", "answer": "charters", "gold_docs": ["it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier. The Swedish Marathon Race, also called the \"Gustavialoppet\", is held in December. Races of and are conducted when children, women and men participate in the races. St. Barth\u00e9lemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana"]}
{"query": "What country is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy a collectivity of?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy Saint Barth\u00e9lemy (), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (), called Ouanalao by the indigenous people, is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to \"St-Barth\" in French, and St. Barths or St. Barts in English, the island lies about southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is to the west in the Greater Antilles. Saint Barth\u00e9lemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order"]}
{"query": "What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?", "answer": "Saint-Barth", "gold_docs": ["of AD, Citizen K, Vanity Fair, W magazine, PHOTO magazine, Num\u00e9ro, and Vogue UK to name a few and has shot advertising campaigns for Google Glass and Audemars Piguet. His work has been published in several books including Liaigre 2 (Flammarion), Liaigre 3,(Flammarion) Living Next To Delphi (Assouline), The Eye of Saint-Barth (Pure). He is represented by CLIC gallery where his fine art photography is showcased and sold. Jean Philippe Piter Jean Philippe Piter (born 1968) is a French photographer well known for his fine art nudes. Alongside his work as a photographer and artist, he is also founder and"]}
{"query": "In what language is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy abbreviate St. Barts?", "answer": "English", "gold_docs": ["International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector. Many Inter Inland ferry services operate regularly between St. Martin and St. Barts. The narrow and congested roads, and difficulty in parking, have been an impetus for driving Smart cars. A weekly journal entitled \"Journal de St. Barth\" is published in the French language. Its English language abridged version is published as \"St. Barth Weekly\" only during the winter months (for Anglophone tourists). Reflecting the island's popularity with the rich and famous, the"]}
{"query": "What did the native peoples of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy call the island?", "answer": "Ouanalao", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy Saint Barth\u00e9lemy (), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (), called Ouanalao by the indigenous people, is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to \"St-Barth\" in French, and St. Barths or St. Barts in English, the island lies about southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is to the west in the Greater Antilles. Saint Barth\u00e9lemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order"]}
{"query": "In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?", "answer": "west", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy Saint Barth\u00e9lemy (), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (), called Ouanalao by the indigenous people, is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to \"St-Barth\" in French, and St. Barths or St. Barts in English, the island lies about southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is to the west in the Greater Antilles. Saint Barth\u00e9lemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order"]}
{"query": "What is the capital of St. Barts?", "answer": "Gustavia", "gold_docs": ["the town called the Rue du Centenaire. It has a bell tower. A rock wall encircles the church. Ancien presbyt\u00e8re de l'\u00e9glise catholique de Gustavia is the Catholic Church built in 1822 is a replacement of the oldest church of the same name in Lorient. This church also has a bell tower which is separated from the main church and which rings loud and clear. Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (mus\u00e9e \u2013 biblioth\u00e8que) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe."]}
{"query": "What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?", "answer": "Swedish", "gold_docs": ["At that time, France had trouble providing sufficient slaves to its colonies in the area. Sweden could try to export a certain number of slaves to the French colonies in the area each year. If Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy was a success, Sweden could later expand its colonial empire to more islands in the area. Gustav also knew that the leading slave trading nations in Europe made large amounts of money from it. In the autumn of 1786, the Swedish West India Company was established on the island. Gustav told investors that they could expect big profits in the future. Anyone who could"]}
{"query": "St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?", "answer": "Guadeloupe", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy Saint Barth\u00e9lemy (), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (), called Ouanalao by the indigenous people, is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to \"St-Barth\" in French, and St. Barths or St. Barts in English, the island lies about southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is to the west in the Greater Antilles. Saint Barth\u00e9lemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order"]}
{"query": "When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?", "answer": "2003", "gold_docs": ["Saint Barth\u00e9lemy Saint Barth\u00e9lemy (), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (), called Ouanalao by the indigenous people, is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies. Often abbreviated to \"St-Barth\" in French, and St. Barths or St. Barts in English, the island lies about southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is to the west in the Greater Antilles. Saint Barth\u00e9lemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003, the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order"]}
{"query": "When did St. Barts finally received its independence?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["1985 1986 Guy's 1987 1988 1989 1990 St Mary's 1991 St Mary's 1992 St Mary's 1993 St Mary's 1994 St Mary's 1995 Barts 1996 Barts and the London 1997 Barts and the London 1998 Barts and the London 1999 Barts and the London 2000 Barts and the London 2001 Barts and the London 2002 Barts and the London 2003 Barts and the London 2004 ICSM 2005 ICSM 2006 ICSM 2007 ICSM 2008 ICSM 2009 ICSM 2010 ICSM 2011 ICSM 2012 ICSM 2013 ICSM 2014 ICSM 2015 ICSM 2016 GKT (King's College) 2017 St George's United Hospitals United Hospitals RFC United"]}
{"query": "Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? ", "answer": "A senator", "gold_docs": ["Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivit\u00e9. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barth\u00e9lemy has retained its free port status. Saint Barth\u00e9lemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. The island sustained damage from Hurricane Irma in September 2017 but by March 2018, the airport was handling daily flights and the ferry between St. Martin and St. Barts was operating. Electricity and water had been restored; internet service and cell phone service were widely available. Some hotels were not yet"]}
{"query": "Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?", "answer": "small", "gold_docs": ["the edge of the bank lies away. Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve. The"]}
{"query": "The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?", "answer": "visible coral reef", "gold_docs": ["the edge of the bank lies away. Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve. The"]}
{"query": "Reefs are almost always in what type of water?", "answer": "shallow", "gold_docs": ["insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the Endangered Species Act. Warsaw groupers are classified as deep-water groupers, since they inhabit reefs on the continental shelf break in waters 180 to 1700 ft (55 to 525 m) deep; juveniles are occasionally seen on jetties and shallow-water reefs. They are the only grouper with 10 dorsal spines. They are dark reddish-brown or brownish-grey to almost black in color dorsally, and dull reddish-grey ventrally. They can very well exceed 8 ft in length. The major threat to the Warsaw grouper is from fishing or by catch"]}
{"query": "Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?", "answer": "a marine reserve", "gold_docs": ["the edge of the bank lies away. Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve. The"]}
{"query": "How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?", "answer": "15", "gold_docs": ["marine reserve, founded in 1999, covers more than of protected and vulnerable habitats, bays and islands, and includes a zone that is restricted to scientific observations only. As the sea surrounding the St. Barth\u00e9lemy is rich in coral reefs and other precious marine life, the area has been declared a protected area since 1996. Environmental awareness is quite pronounced in St. Barth\u00e9lemy and is promoted by the Environmental Commission. There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St. Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my are known as \"Anse de...\") of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided"]}
{"query": "The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?", "answer": "windsurfing", "gold_docs": ["into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean. Grand-cul-de-sac is a long beach with facilities for water sports. Anse de Flamands is a very wide sandy beach and Le petit Anse (The little beach), just to the north of Anse de"]}
{"query": "What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?", "answer": "arid", "gold_docs": ["stations and marinas. Paleo-Indian presence in what is now Grand Teton National Park dates back more than 11,000 years. Jackson Hole valley climate at that time was colder and more alpine than the semi-arid climate found today, and the first humans were migratory hunter-gatherers spending summer months in Jackson Hole and wintering in the valleys west of the Teton Range. Along the shores of Jackson Lake, fire pits, tools and what are thought to have been fishing weights have been discovered. One of the tools found is of a type associated with the Clovis culture, and tools from this cultural"]}
{"query": "How many hectares does the island have in total?", "answer": "2,500", "gold_docs": ["idols with Lord Shiva are seen.A Grand Festival is celebrated on the occasion of Mahashivratri. This village is 12 km away from Pen city. The total area of this village is 29,900 hectares. 4,900 hectares of land are cultivable, 2,500 hectares of land are irrigated and 12,400 hectares of land are non-irrigated. Vadhav village is a non-tribal village with majority of Agri Caste population. There are five Ali's in Vadhav village. Vadhav has many Hindu temples, some of which host annual festivals. Indulal Yagnik - Indian independence activist, a leader of the All India Kisan Sabha held a divisional Kisan"]}
{"query": "How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?", "answer": "1000 mm", "gold_docs": ["tropical climate of the Sudan type. Average rainfall is between 900\u20131500 mm per year, decreasing from south to north due to elevation. Garoua, the major city, thus receives between 500\u20131000 mm per year. Rainfall in the B\u00e9nou\u00e9 Depression is unpredictable, though it rarely drops to less than 1000 mm in any one year. North of the B\u00e9nou\u00e9 Depression, a Sahel climate prevails. Here, the dry season lasts longer, and temperatures reach even higher levels. Provincial temperatures average 24\u00b0C in the south along the plateau. In the Depression, they rise to 26\u00b0C. North of the reservoir, temperatures climb as high as"]}
{"query": "When does summer end in St. Barts?", "answer": "November", "gold_docs": ["home to Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton during filming in London, named for their children) as a support vessel for the America's Cup races, but has since sold the ship. He also once owned the luxury yacht MY \"Land's End\". He founded Pendennis Shipyard in Falmouth, Cornwall, which builds and restores luxury yachts. He is also a sponsor of the Grenada Sailing Festival. He has raced for many years in the Bucket Regatta in Newport, Rhode Island, and St Barts in the Caribbean. He was awarded the trophy \"Spirit of the Bucket\" in 2010. In November 2005, he succeeded Theo"]}
{"query": "What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?", "answer": "1785", "gold_docs": ["the harbour town in 1744, the town\u2019s architectural buildings were destroyed. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as \"Car\u00e9nage\". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post"]}
{"query": "What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?", "answer": "St. Barts Municipal Museum", "gold_docs": ["the town called the Rue du Centenaire. It has a bell tower. A rock wall encircles the church. Ancien presbyt\u00e8re de l'\u00e9glise catholique de Gustavia is the Catholic Church built in 1822 is a replacement of the oldest church of the same name in Lorient. This church also has a bell tower which is separated from the main church and which rings loud and clear. Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (mus\u00e9e \u2013 biblioth\u00e8que) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe."]}
{"query": "What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy", "gold_docs": ["the town called the Rue du Centenaire. It has a bell tower. A rock wall encircles the church. Ancien presbyt\u00e8re de l'\u00e9glise catholique de Gustavia is the Catholic Church built in 1822 is a replacement of the oldest church of the same name in Lorient. This church also has a bell tower which is separated from the main church and which rings loud and clear. Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (mus\u00e9e \u2013 biblioth\u00e8que) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe."]}
{"query": "In what fields of science is the genome studied?", "answer": "molecular biology and genetics", "gold_docs": ["against a future where genomic information fuels prejudice and extreme class differences between those who can and can't afford genetically engineered children. Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary"]}
{"query": "What is the content of the human genome?", "answer": "DNA", "gold_docs": ["against a future where genomic information fuels prejudice and extreme class differences between those who can and can't afford genetically engineered children. Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary"]}
{"query": "What constitutes the viral genome?", "answer": "RNA", "gold_docs": ["against a future where genomic information fuels prejudice and extreme class differences between those who can and can't afford genetically engineered children. Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary"]}
{"query": "Who coined the word genome?", "answer": "Hans Winkler", "gold_docs": ["Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name is a blend of the words \"gene\" and \"chromosome\". However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few"]}
{"query": "In what year was the word genome first created?", "answer": "1920", "gold_docs": ["Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name is a blend of the words \"gene\" and \"chromosome\". However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few"]}
{"query": "At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?", "answer": "University of Hamburg", "gold_docs": ["Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name is a blend of the words \"gene\" and \"chromosome\". However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few"]}
{"query": "A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?", "answer": "half", "gold_docs": ["diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism. (The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid.) Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes. In humans, this is 23 unpaired chromosomes. When two gametes (i.e. a spermatozoon and an ovum) meet during conception, they fuse together, creating a zygote. Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human"]}
{"query": "What process splits the chromosome between gametes?", "answer": "meiosis", "gold_docs": ["invade surrounding tissues. In certain lymphocytes in the human immune system, V(D)J recombination generates different genomic sequences such that each cell produces a unique antibody or T cell receptors. During meiosis, diploid cells divide twice to produce haploid germ cells. During this process, recombination results in a reshuffling of the genetic material from homologous chromosomes so each gamete has a unique genome. Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as karyotype (chromosome"]}
{"query": "What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?", "answer": "mitochondria and chloroplasts", "gold_docs": ["they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies widely. A larger genome does not necessarily contain more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in complex eukaryotes. Simple eukaryotes such as \"C. elegans\" and fruit fly, have more non-repetitive DNA"]}
{"query": "What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?", "answer": "genomics", "gold_docs": ["Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name is a blend of the words \"gene\" and \"chromosome\". However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few"]}
{"query": "What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?", "answer": "sequenced", "gold_docs": ["well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both \"in vivo\" and \"in silico\". Here is a table of some significant or representative genomes. See #See also for lists of sequenced genomes. All the cells of an organism originate from a single cell, so they are expected to have identical genomes; however, in some cases, differences arise. Both the process of copying DNA during cell division and exposure to environmental mutagens can result in mutations in somatic cells. In some cases, such mutations lead to cancer because they cause cells to divide more quickly and"]}
{"query": "How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?", "answer": "60,000", "gold_docs": ["are part of potentially transposable elements, brings the gene content to well over 60,000. There are three main ways to test for Trichomoniasis. Use of male condoms or female condoms may help prevent the spread of trichomoniasis, although careful studies have never been done that focus on how to prevent this infection. Infection with Trichomoniasis through water is unlikely because \"Trichomonas vaginalis\" dies in water after 45\u201360 minutes, in thermal water after 30 minutes to 3 hours and in diluted urine after 5\u20136 hours. Currently there are no routine standard screening requirements for the general U.S. population receiving family planning"]}
{"query": "Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?", "answer": "three times", "gold_docs": ["The X chromosome has three times more rearrangements than other chromosomes. The macaque gained 1,358 genes by duplication. Triangulation of human, chimpanzee, and macaque sequences showed expansion of gene families in each species. The \"PKFP\" gene, important in sugar (fructose) metabolism, is expanded in macaques, possibly because of their high-fruit diet. So are genes for the olfactory receptor, cytochrome P450 (which degrades toxins), and CCL3L1-CCL4 (associated in humans with HIV susceptibility). Immune genes are expanded in macaques, relative to all four great ape species. The macaque genome has 33 major histocompatibility genes, three times those of human. This has clinical"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?", "answer": "Walter Fiers", "gold_docs": ["related \"-ome\" words already existed, such as \"biome\", and \"rhizome\", forming a vocabulary into which \"genome\" fits systematically. A genome sequence is the complete list of the nucleotides (A, C, G, and T for DNA genomes) that make up all the chromosomes of an individual or a species. Within a species, the vast majority of nucleotides are identical between individuals, but sequencing multiple individuals is necessary to understand the genetic diversity. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year, Fred"]}
{"query": "Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?", "answer": "Bacteriophage MS2", "gold_docs": ["related \"-ome\" words already existed, such as \"biome\", and \"rhizome\", forming a vocabulary into which \"genome\" fits systematically. A genome sequence is the complete list of the nucleotides (A, C, G, and T for DNA genomes) that make up all the chromosomes of an individual or a species. Within a species, the vast majority of nucleotides are identical between individuals, but sequencing multiple individuals is necessary to understand the genetic diversity. In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year, Fred"]}
{"query": "Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?", "answer": "Fred Sanger", "gold_docs": ["be replaced by a new Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (RSRS). The RSRS keeps the same numbering system as the CRS, but represents the ancestral genome of Mitochondrial Eve, from which all currently known human mitochondria descend. The RSRS should be more useful for comparing the changes in different haplogroups although this has been debated. Family Tree DNA reports results for mtDNA for both rCRS and RSRS. Cambridge Reference Sequence The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for human mitochondrial DNA was first announced in 1981 leading to the initiation of the human genome project. A group led by Fred Sanger at the"]}
{"query": "What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?", "answer": "Institute for Genomic Research", "gold_docs": ["Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage \u03a6-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, \"Methanococcus jannaschii\", was completed"]}
{"query": "In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?", "answer": "1996", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. The development of new technologies has made genome sequencing dramatically cheaper and easier, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana\", the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire \"genome\" of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a"]}
{"query": "Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?", "answer": "US National Institutes of Health", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. The development of new technologies has made genome sequencing dramatically cheaper and easier, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana\", the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire \"genome\" of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a"]}
{"query": "What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?", "answer": "mouse", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. The development of new technologies has made genome sequencing dramatically cheaper and easier, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana\", the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire \"genome\" of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a"]}
{"query": "What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?", "answer": "puffer fish", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. The development of new technologies has made genome sequencing dramatically cheaper and easier, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana\", the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire \"genome\" of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a"]}
{"query": "When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?", "answer": "December 2013", "gold_docs": ["in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. The development of new technologies has made genome sequencing dramatically cheaper and easier, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant \"Arabidopsis thaliana\", the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire \"genome\" of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a"]}
{"query": "How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?", "answer": "130,000", "gold_docs": ["recurrent gene flow\". Due to natural selection, the percentage of Neanderthal DNA in ancient Europeans gradually decreased over time. From 45,000 BP to 7,000 BP, the percentage dropped from around 3\u20136% to 2%. The removal of Neanderthal-derived alleles occurred more frequently around genes than other parts of the genome. Neanderthals inhabited much of Europe and western Asia from as far back as 130,000 years ago. They existed in Europe as late as 30,000 years ago. They were eventually replaced by anatomically modern humans (AMH; sometimes known as Cro-Magnons), who began to appear in Europe circa 40,000 years ago. Given that"]}
{"query": "What is a recent development in sequencing methods?", "answer": "massive parallel sequencing", "gold_docs": ["130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome."]}
{"query": "Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?", "answer": "Manteia Predictive Medicine", "gold_docs": ["130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome."]}
{"query": "Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?", "answer": "James D. Watson", "gold_docs": ["130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome."]}
{"query": "What is Watson famous for helping discover?", "answer": "the structure of DNA", "gold_docs": ["130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome."]}
{"query": "What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?", "answer": "genome map", "gold_docs": ["130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome."]}
{"query": "Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?", "answer": "The Human Genome Project", "gold_docs": ["The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. Reference genome sequences and maps continue to be updated, removing errors and clarifying regions of high allelic complexity. The decreasing cost of genomic mapping has permitted genealogical sites to offer it as a service, to the extent that one may submit one's genome to crowdsourced scientific endeavours such as DNA.LAND at the New York Genome Center, an example both of the"]}
{"query": "Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?", "answer": "Jean Weissenbach", "gold_docs": ["The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. Reference genome sequences and maps continue to be updated, removing errors and clarifying regions of high allelic complexity. The decreasing cost of genomic mapping has permitted genealogical sites to offer it as a service, to the extent that one may submit one's genome to crowdsourced scientific endeavours such as DNA.LAND at the New York Genome Center, an example both of the"]}
{"query": "Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?", "answer": "Genoscope", "gold_docs": ["The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. Reference genome sequences and maps continue to be updated, removing errors and clarifying regions of high allelic complexity. The decreasing cost of genomic mapping has permitted genealogical sites to offer it as a service, to the extent that one may submit one's genome to crowdsourced scientific endeavours such as DNA.LAND at the New York Genome Center, an example both of the"]}
{"query": "What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?", "answer": "prokaryotes and eukaryotes", "gold_docs": ["economies of scale and of citizen science. Viral genomes can be composed of either RNA or DNA. The genomes of RNA viruses can be either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and may contain one or more separate RNA molecules. DNA viruses can have either single-stranded or double-stranded genomes. Most DNA virus genomes are composed of a single, linear molecule of DNA, but some are made up of a circular DNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA genomes. Archaea have a single circular chromosome. Most bacteria also have a single circular chromosome; however, some bacterial species have linear chromosomes or multiple chromosomes."]}
{"query": "What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?", "answer": "exon-intron", "gold_docs": ["they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies widely. A larger genome does not necessarily contain more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in complex eukaryotes. Simple eukaryotes such as \"C. elegans\" and fruit fly, have more non-repetitive DNA"]}
{"query": "In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?", "answer": "mammals and plants", "gold_docs": ["they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies widely. A larger genome does not necessarily contain more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in complex eukaryotes. Simple eukaryotes such as \"C. elegans\" and fruit fly, have more non-repetitive DNA"]}
{"query": "What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?", "answer": "virus", "gold_docs": ["infections, so they encode proteins related to retroviral proteins including gag (structural proteins of the virus), pol (reverse transcriptase and integrase), pro (protease), and in some cases env (envelope) genes. These genes are flanked by long repeats at both 5' and 3' ends. It has been reported that LTRs consist of the largest fraction in most plant genome and might account for the huge variation in genome size. Non-long terminal repeats (Non-LTRs) are classified as long interspersed elements (LINEs), short interspersed elements (SINEs), and Penelope-like elements. In \"Dictyostelium discoideum\", there is another DIRS-like elements belong to Non-LTRs. Non-LTRs are widely"]}
{"query": "Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?", "answer": "plasmids", "gold_docs": ["If the DNA is replicated faster than the bacterial cells divide, multiple copies of the chromosome can be present in a single cell. Most prokaryotes have very little repetitive DNA in their genomes. However, some symbiotic bacteria (e.g. \"Serratia symbiotica\") have reduced genomes and a high fraction of pseudogenes: only ~40% of their DNA encodes proteins. Some bacteria have auxiliary genetic material, which is carried in plasmids. Eukaryotic genomes are composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes. The number of chromosomes varies widely from Jack jumper ants and an asexual nemotode, which each have only one pair, to a"]}
{"query": "What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?", "answer": "plastome", "gold_docs": ["fern species that has 720 pairs. A typical human cell has two copies of each of 22 autosomes, one inherited from each parent, plus two sex chromosomes, making it diploid. Gametes, such as ova, sperm, spores, and pollen, are haploid, meaning they carry only one copy of each chromosome. In addition to the chromosomes in the nucleus, organelles such as the chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria"]}
{"query": "What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?", "answer": "mitochondrial genome", "gold_docs": ["fern species that has 720 pairs. A typical human cell has two copies of each of 22 autosomes, one inherited from each parent, plus two sex chromosomes, making it diploid. Gametes, such as ova, sperm, spores, and pollen, are haploid, meaning they carry only one copy of each chromosome. In addition to the chromosomes in the nucleus, organelles such as the chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\". Like the bacteria"]}
{"query": "What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?", "answer": "Genome size", "gold_docs": ["longest 260 000 000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA on the genomes. Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as"]}
{"query": "What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?", "answer": "morphological complexity", "gold_docs": ["longest 260 000 000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA on the genomes. Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as"]}
{"query": "What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?", "answer": "repetitive DNA", "gold_docs": ["longest 260 000 000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA on the genomes. Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as"]}
{"query": "What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?", "answer": "minimal genomes", "gold_docs": ["longest 260 000 000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA on the genomes. Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as"]}
{"query": "In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?", "answer": "proportion of non-repetitive DNA", "gold_docs": ["they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies widely. A larger genome does not necessarily contain more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in complex eukaryotes. Simple eukaryotes such as \"C. elegans\" and fruit fly, have more non-repetitive DNA"]}
{"query": "What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?", "answer": "genome size", "gold_docs": ["they originated from, mitochondria and chloroplasts have a circular chromosome. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have exon-intron organization of protein coding genes and variable amounts of repetitive DNA. In mammals and plants, the majority of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. DNA sequences that carry the instructions to make proteins are coding sequences. The proportion of the genome occupied by coding sequences varies widely. A larger genome does not necessarily contain more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in complex eukaryotes. Simple eukaryotes such as \"C. elegans\" and fruit fly, have more non-repetitive DNA"]}
{"query": "What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?", "answer": "20%", "gold_docs": ["be labelled as non-functional. Many noncoding DNA sequences must have some important biological function. This is indicated by comparative genomics studies that report highly conserved regions of noncoding DNA, sometimes on time-scales of hundreds of millions of years. This implies that these noncoding regions are under strong evolutionary pressure and positive selection. For example, in the genomes of humans and mice, which diverged from a common ancestor 65\u201375 million years ago, protein-coding DNA sequences account for only about 20% of conserved DNA, with the remaining 80% of conserved DNA represented in noncoding regions. Linkage mapping often identifies chromosomal regions associated"]}
{"query": "What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?", "answer": "tandem repeats and interspersed repeats", "gold_docs": ["than repetitive DNA, while the genomes of more complex eukaryotes tend to be composed largely of repetitive DNA. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of repetitive DNA is more than 80%. Similarly, only 2% of the human genome codes for proteins. Noncoding sequences include introns, sequences for non-coding RNAs, regulatory regions, and repetitive DNA. Noncoding sequences make up 98% of the human genome. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in the genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats. Short, non-coding sequences that are repeated head-to-tail are called tandem repeats. Microsatellites consisting of 2-5 basepair repeats, while minisatellite repeats are"]}
{"query": "What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?", "answer": "proportion of repetitive DNA", "gold_docs": ["than repetitive DNA, while the genomes of more complex eukaryotes tend to be composed largely of repetitive DNA. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of repetitive DNA is more than 80%. Similarly, only 2% of the human genome codes for proteins. Noncoding sequences include introns, sequences for non-coding RNAs, regulatory regions, and repetitive DNA. Noncoding sequences make up 98% of the human genome. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in the genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats. Short, non-coding sequences that are repeated head-to-tail are called tandem repeats. Microsatellites consisting of 2-5 basepair repeats, while minisatellite repeats are"]}
{"query": "Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?", "answer": "Tandem repeats", "gold_docs": ["disorders are known to result from similar tandem repeat expansions in various genes. The mechanism by which proteins with expanded polygulatamine tracts cause death of neurons is not fully understood. One possibility is that the proteins fail to fold properly and avoid degradation, instead accumulating in aggregates that also sequester important transcription factors, thereby altering gene expression. Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion. Transposable elements (TEs) are sequences of DNA with a defined structure that are able to change their location in the genome. TEs are categorized as either class I TEs,"]}
{"query": "What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?", "answer": "interspersed repeats.", "gold_docs": ["than repetitive DNA, while the genomes of more complex eukaryotes tend to be composed largely of repetitive DNA. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of repetitive DNA is more than 80%. Similarly, only 2% of the human genome codes for proteins. Noncoding sequences include introns, sequences for non-coding RNAs, regulatory regions, and repetitive DNA. Noncoding sequences make up 98% of the human genome. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in the genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats. Short, non-coding sequences that are repeated head-to-tail are called tandem repeats. Microsatellites consisting of 2-5 basepair repeats, while minisatellite repeats are"]}
{"query": "What is the main source of interspersed repeats?", "answer": "Transposable elements", "gold_docs": ["disorders are known to result from similar tandem repeat expansions in various genes. The mechanism by which proteins with expanded polygulatamine tracts cause death of neurons is not fully understood. One possibility is that the proteins fail to fold properly and avoid degradation, instead accumulating in aggregates that also sequester important transcription factors, thereby altering gene expression. Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion. Transposable elements (TEs) are sequences of DNA with a defined structure that are able to change their location in the genome. TEs are categorized as either class I TEs,"]}
{"query": "What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?", "answer": "retrotransposons", "gold_docs": ["which replicate by a copy-and-paste mechanism, or class II TEs, which can be excised from the genome and inserted at a new location. The movement of TEs is a driving force of genome evolution in eukaryotes because their insertion can disrupt gene functions, homologous recombination between TEs can produce duplications, and TE can shuffle exons and regulatory sequences to new locations. Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR). Long terminal repeats (LTRs) are derived from ancient retroviral"]}
{"query": "What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?", "answer": "DNA transposons", "gold_docs": ["spread in eukaryotic genomes. Long interspersed elements (LINEs) encode genes for reverse transcriptase and endonuclease, making them autonomous transposable elements. The human genome has around 500,000 LINEs, taking around 17% of the genome. Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are usually less than 500 base pairs and are non-autonomous, so they rely on the proteins encoded by LINEs for transposition. The Alu element is the most common SINE found in primates. It is about 350 base pairs and occupies about 11% of the human genome with around 1,500,000 copies. DNA transposons encode a transposase enzyme between inverted terminal repeats. When expressed, the"]}
{"query": "What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?", "answer": "RNA", "gold_docs": ["which replicate by a copy-and-paste mechanism, or class II TEs, which can be excised from the genome and inserted at a new location. The movement of TEs is a driving force of genome evolution in eukaryotes because their insertion can disrupt gene functions, homologous recombination between TEs can produce duplications, and TE can shuffle exons and regulatory sequences to new locations. Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR). Long terminal repeats (LTRs) are derived from ancient retroviral"]}
{"query": "What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?", "answer": "cut and paste", "gold_docs": ["does not move via the \"cut and paste\" method. Instead, helitrons replicate and move around the genome using a \"rolling circle\" mechanism, where a single stranded piece of donor DNA rolls in to a circular intermediate and inserts itself in to a target elsewhere in the genome. This systems creates duplicates of the gene sequence in the genome each time the TE moves. As of the most recent update in 2015, 23 superfamilies of DNA transposons were recognized and annotated in Repbase, a database of repetitive DNA elements maintained by the Genetic Information Research Institute: Barbara McClintock first discovered and"]}
{"query": "DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?", "answer": "RNA", "gold_docs": ["against a future where genomic information fuels prejudice and extreme class differences between those who can and can't afford genetically engineered children. Genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions) and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA. The study of the genome is called genomics. The term \"genome\" was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary"]}
{"query": "What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?", "answer": "karyotype", "gold_docs": ["invade surrounding tissues. In certain lymphocytes in the human immune system, V(D)J recombination generates different genomic sequences such that each cell produces a unique antibody or T cell receptors. During meiosis, diploid cells divide twice to produce haploid germ cells. During this process, recombination results in a reshuffling of the genetic material from homologous chromosomes so each gamete has a unique genome. Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as karyotype (chromosome"]}
{"query": "What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?", "answer": "Duplications", "gold_docs": ["number), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005). Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty. Horizontal gene transfer is"]}
{"query": "What is a possible product of duplications?", "answer": "genetic novelty", "gold_docs": ["number), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005). Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty. Horizontal gene transfer is"]}
{"query": "What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?", "answer": "Horizontal gene transfer", "gold_docs": ["invoked to explain how there is often an extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes. Recent empirical data suggest an important role of viruses and sub-viral RNA-networks to represent a main driving role to generate genetic novelty and natural genome editing. Works of science fiction illustrate concerns about the availability of genome sequences. Michael Crichton's 1990 novel"]}
{"query": "In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?", "answer": "microbes", "gold_docs": ["invoked to explain how there is often an extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes. Recent empirical data suggest an important role of viruses and sub-viral RNA-networks to represent a main driving role to generate genetic novelty and natural genome editing. Works of science fiction illustrate concerns about the availability of genome sequences. Michael Crichton's 1990 novel"]}
{"query": "Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?", "answer": "chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes", "gold_docs": ["invoked to explain how there is often an extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes. Recent empirical data suggest an important role of viruses and sub-viral RNA-networks to represent a main driving role to generate genetic novelty and natural genome editing. Works of science fiction illustrate concerns about the availability of genome sequences. Michael Crichton's 1990 novel"]}
{"query": "What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?", "answer": "comprehensive school", "gold_docs": ["Comprehensive school A comprehensive school is a secondary school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools (as opposed to independent schools or the small number of grammar schools). They correspond broadly"]}
{"query": "What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?", "answer": "selective school system", "gold_docs": ["Comprehensive school A comprehensive school is a secondary school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools (as opposed to independent schools or the small number of grammar schools). They correspond broadly"]}
{"query": "What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?", "answer": "England and Wales", "gold_docs": ["Comprehensive school A comprehensive school is a secondary school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools (as opposed to independent schools or the small number of grammar schools). They correspond broadly"]}
{"query": "How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?", "answer": "90%", "gold_docs": ["Comprehensive school A comprehensive school is a secondary school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools (as opposed to independent schools or the small number of grammar schools). They correspond broadly"]}
{"query": "What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?", "answer": "Gesamtschule", "gold_docs": ["to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the \"Gesamtschule\" in Germany. Comprehensive schools provide an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger"]}
{"query": "What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?", "answer": "Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges", "gold_docs": ["and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11\u201316 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain. In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take"]}
{"query": "Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?", "answer": "City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes", "gold_docs": ["and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11\u201316 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain. In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take"]}
{"query": "In what year were comprehensive schools first created?", "answer": "1965", "gold_docs": ["quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation. (though this is a small number compared to"]}
{"query": "What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?", "answer": "neighbourhood", "gold_docs": ["to the end of one key stage and the start of another. In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Coventry opened two Comprehensive School in 1954 by combining Grammar Schools and Secondary Modern Schools. These were Caludon Castle and Woodlands. Another early example was Tividale Comprehensive School"]}
{"query": "In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?", "answer": "1970s", "gold_docs": ["1970s. In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies"]}
{"query": "What type of school is the Gesamtschule?", "answer": "comprehensive", "gold_docs": ["to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the \"Gesamtschule\" in Germany. Comprehensive schools provide an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger"]}
{"query": "What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?", "answer": "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur", "gold_docs": ["the \"Realschule\" for intermediate students lasts six years; the \"Hauptschule\" prepares pupils for vocational education. In addition Germany has a comprehensive school known as the \"Gesamtschule\". While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "answer": "50%", "gold_docs": ["in school. The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In 2007 the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did. The general entrance requirement for university is Abitur, a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations; however there are a number of exceptions, and precise requirements vary, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2008, six of the"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "answer": "less than 1%", "gold_docs": ["in school. The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In 2007 the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did. The general entrance requirement for university is Abitur, a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations; however there are a number of exceptions, and precise requirements vary, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2008, six of the"]}
{"query": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?", "answer": "Stadtteilschule", "gold_docs": ["The state of Schleswig-Holstein also abolished the Hauptschule and mainstreamed students into the Regionalschule. The state of Rhineland-Palatinate has merged Hauptschulen and Realschulen to form a new type of school called \"Realschule plus\", which offers general education classes (that resemble classes held at the normal Realschule) as well as remedial classes. Starting in 2010/2011 Hauptschulen were formally abolished in the German States Berlin and Hamburg. They were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school called \"Stadtteilschule\" in Hamburg and \"Sekundarschule\" in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg). In the United States, most"]}
{"query": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?", "answer": "Sekundarschule", "gold_docs": ["The state of Schleswig-Holstein also abolished the Hauptschule and mainstreamed students into the Regionalschule. The state of Rhineland-Palatinate has merged Hauptschulen and Realschulen to form a new type of school called \"Realschule plus\", which offers general education classes (that resemble classes held at the normal Realschule) as well as remedial classes. Starting in 2010/2011 Hauptschulen were formally abolished in the German States Berlin and Hamburg. They were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school called \"Stadtteilschule\" in Hamburg and \"Sekundarschule\" in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg). In the United States, most"]}
{"query": "In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?", "answer": "2010/2011", "gold_docs": ["The state of Schleswig-Holstein also abolished the Hauptschule and mainstreamed students into the Regionalschule. The state of Rhineland-Palatinate has merged Hauptschulen and Realschulen to form a new type of school called \"Realschule plus\", which offers general education classes (that resemble classes held at the normal Realschule) as well as remedial classes. Starting in 2010/2011 Hauptschulen were formally abolished in the German States Berlin and Hamburg. They were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school called \"Stadtteilschule\" in Hamburg and \"Sekundarschule\" in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg). In the United States, most"]}
{"query": "What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?", "answer": "Hauptschule", "gold_docs": ["quarrying and petroleum recovery have grown into important branches of industry. Since the 1998/1999 schoolyear, Eich has had at its disposal a \u201cregional school\u201d (\"Regionale Schule\", a school type found in some parts of Germany that combines the Hauptschule and Realschule concepts, but not the Gymnasium concept). Eich, Rhineland-Palatinate Eich is an \"Ortsgemeinde\" \u2013 a municipality belonging to a \"Verbandsgemeinde\", a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The municipality lies in Rhenish Hesse, and is the seat of the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Eich. It lies roughly 15 km north of Worms, and 25 km southwest"]}
{"query": "Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?", "answer": "Christian Democratic Union", "gold_docs": ["any EU-wide approach to alcohol regulation, citing cultural differences across countries. Renate Sommer Renate Sommer (born 10 September 1958) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany. She is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party. Between 1999 and 2009, Sommer served on the Committee on Transport and Tourism. From 2009 to 2014, she was a member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. Since 2014, she has been a member of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. Since 2014, Sommer has"]}
{"query": "Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?", "answer": "Helmut Fend", "gold_docs": ["A study done by Helmut Fend revealed that gymnasium may not matter as much as is generally perceived. According to the study, parents' social class, not schooling, determined children's life trajectories. The study revealed that upper-middle-class children graduating from gymnasium (and upper-middle-class children graduating from comprehensive schools) later graduated from college and followed the footsteps of their parents into higher professional jobs. It also revealed that for every working-class child who graduated from college, there were 12 upper-middle-class children who did. Only a few specialised gymnasia admit their students on the basis of IQ tests. A 1999 study revealed 10th"]}
{"query": "To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?", "answer": "tripartite system", "gold_docs": ["secondary and further education but did not mention the 11+ exam or the tripartite system (secondary modern, secondary technical and grammar school). 'The tripartite system was no more than the continuation of the 19th century class-based system of English education which had been promoted by the reports of Spens (1938) and Norwood (1943)' (D. Gillard, 2011). However, as a result of the flexibility of the Education Act 1944, many Local Education Authorities (LEAs) were free to choose how to establish the secondary school sector. Many LEAs chose to adopt the tripartite system described in Norwood's 1943 report. Comprehensive schooling was"]}
{"query": "When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?", "answer": "1972", "gold_docs": ["Bayside Comprehensive School Bayside Comprehensive School, or simply Bayside, is a boys' comprehensive school in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. It is one of two secondary schools in Gibraltar and covers year 8 to year 13 (age 12 to 18). Bayside was established in 1972 when the comprehensive school system was implemented in Gibraltar. Four separate schools were merged to form Bayside, the sole secondary school for boys aged 12 to 18. The original four schools were St. Jago's Secondary Modern, Our Lady of Lourdes Secondary Modern the Gibraltar and Dockyard Technical School and the Gibraltar Grammar School. However,"]}
{"query": "Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?", "answer": "sixth form", "gold_docs": ["and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11\u201316 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by sixth form colleges and further education colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain. In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take"]}
{"query": "What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?", "answer": "A-levels", "gold_docs": ["Chong Sixth Form College, remains in operation as an upper secondary college. Sixth form college A sixth form college is an educational institution in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Belize, the Caribbean, Malta, Brunei, and Malaysia, among others, where students aged 16 to 19 typically study for advanced school-level qualifications, such as A-levels, Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) and the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or school-level qualifications such as General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations. In Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the phrase \"sixth form college\""]}
{"query": "When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?", "answer": "1966", "gold_docs": ["degrees through the Open University. Money was also channelled into local-authority run colleges of education. Wilson's record on secondary education is, by contrast, highly controversial. Pressure grew for the abolition of the selective principle underlying the \"eleven-plus\", and replacement with Comprehensive schools which would serve the full range of children (see the article Debates on the grammar school). Comprehensive education became Labour Party policy. From 1966 to 1970, the proportion of children in comprehensive schools increased from about 10% to over 30%. Labour pressed local authorities to convert grammar schools into comprehensives. Conversion continued on a large scale during the"]}
{"query": "What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "answer": "community school", "gold_docs": ["voluntary secondary and vocational schools. They offer a wide range of both academic and vocational subjects. Community schools are managed by boards of management which are representative of local interests. The schools are financed entirely by the Department of Education and Skills. The representative body for these schools is the Association of Community and Comprehensive Schools. Community school (Ireland) A community school () in the Republic of Ireland is a type of secondary school funded individually and directly by the state. Community and comprehensive schools were established in the 1960s in order to provide a broad curriculum for all the"]}
{"query": "In what decade were community schools conceived?", "answer": "1970s", "gold_docs": ["1970s. In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies"]}
{"query": "Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?", "answer": "The state", "gold_docs": ["elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland. When the first comprehensive schools appeared in the 1950s, the Australian Government started to transition to comprehensive schooling which has been expanding and improving ever since. Prior to the transition into comprehensive schooling systems, primary and secondary state schools regularly measured students' academic merit based on their performance in public examinations. The state of Western Australia was the first to replace many multilateral school systems, proceeding with Queensland, and finally South Australia and Victoria. The Australian education system"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Walworth School established?", "answer": "1946", "gold_docs": ["to the end of one key stage and the start of another. In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Coventry opened two Comprehensive School in 1954 by combining Grammar Schools and Secondary Modern Schools. These were Caludon Castle and Woodlands. Another early example was Tividale Comprehensive School"]}
{"query": "Who established the Walworth School?", "answer": "London County Council", "gold_docs": ["to the end of one key stage and the start of another. In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Coventry opened two Comprehensive School in 1954 by combining Grammar Schools and Secondary Modern Schools. These were Caludon Castle and Woodlands. Another early example was Tividale Comprehensive School"]}
{"query": "What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?", "answer": "Holyhead County School", "gold_docs": ["to the end of one key stage and the start of another. In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Coventry opened two Comprehensive School in 1954 by combining Grammar Schools and Secondary Modern Schools. These were Caludon Castle and Woodlands. Another early example was Tividale Comprehensive School"]}
{"query": "When was Holyhead County School established?", "answer": "1949", "gold_docs": ["to the end of one key stage and the start of another. In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Coventry opened two Comprehensive School in 1954 by combining Grammar Schools and Secondary Modern Schools. These were Caludon Castle and Woodlands. Another early example was Tividale Comprehensive School"]}
{"query": "Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?", "answer": "Anthony Crosland", "gold_docs": ["in Tipton. The first, purpose-built comprehensive in the North of England was Colne Valley High School near Huddersfield in 1956. The largest expansion of comprehensive schools resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964\u20131970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were"]}
{"query": "what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?", "answer": "Secretary of State for Education", "gold_docs": ["in Tipton. The first, purpose-built comprehensive in the North of England was Colne Valley High School near Huddersfield in 1956. The largest expansion of comprehensive schools resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964\u20131970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were"]}
{"query": "Which type of school was not in widespread usage?", "answer": "Secondary technical schools", "gold_docs": ["in Tipton. The first, purpose-built comprehensive in the North of England was Colne Valley High School near Huddersfield in 1956. The largest expansion of comprehensive schools resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964\u20131970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were"]}
{"query": "What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?", "answer": "comprehensive", "gold_docs": ["never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location. In 1970 Margaret Thatcher, the Secretary of State for Education in the new Conservative government, ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Thatcher than any other education secretary. By 1975 the majority of"]}
{"query": "What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?", "answer": "Conservative", "gold_docs": ["never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location. In 1970 Margaret Thatcher, the Secretary of State for Education in the new Conservative government, ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Thatcher than any other education secretary. By 1975 the majority of"]}
{"query": "What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?", "answer": "neighbourhood comprehensives", "gold_docs": ["local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-Plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the"]}
{"query": "Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?", "answer": "comprehensive schools", "gold_docs": ["local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-Plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the"]}
{"query": "What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?", "answer": "Sandwell and Dudley", "gold_docs": ["local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-Plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the"]}
{"query": "Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?", "answer": "James Callaghan", "gold_docs": ["1970s. In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies"]}
{"query": "What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?", "answer": "Comprehensive school", "gold_docs": ["1970s. In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies"]}
{"query": "Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?", "answer": "Labour", "gold_docs": ["1970s. In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies"]}
{"query": "What law enables parents full control over their child's education?", "answer": "Education Reform Act", "gold_docs": ["by region. Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of \"school choice\" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original \"neighbourhood comprehensive\" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?", "answer": "1988", "gold_docs": ["by region. Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of \"school choice\" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original \"neighbourhood comprehensive\" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose"]}
{"query": "What concept does the government currently support for education?", "answer": "specialisation", "gold_docs": ["by region. Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of \"school choice\" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original \"neighbourhood comprehensive\" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose"]}
{"query": "Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?", "answer": "league tables of school performance", "gold_docs": ["a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance. Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005. Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used"]}
{"query": "All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?", "answer": "comprehensive", "gold_docs": ["a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance. Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005. Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used"]}
{"query": "What has Scotland refused to adopt?", "answer": "specialist schools", "gold_docs": ["a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance. Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005. Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used"]}
{"query": "When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance. Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005. Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used"]}
{"query": "Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?", "answer": "Scotland", "gold_docs": ["elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland. When the first comprehensive schools appeared in the 1950s, the Australian Government started to transition to comprehensive schooling which has been expanding and improving ever since. Prior to the transition into comprehensive schooling systems, primary and secondary state schools regularly measured students' academic merit based on their performance in public examinations. The state of Western Australia was the first to replace many multilateral school systems, proceeding with Queensland, and finally South Australia and Victoria. The Australian education system"]}
{"query": "Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?", "answer": "England and Wales", "gold_docs": ["elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland. When the first comprehensive schools appeared in the 1950s, the Australian Government started to transition to comprehensive schooling which has been expanding and improving ever since. Prior to the transition into comprehensive schooling systems, primary and secondary state schools regularly measured students' academic merit based on their performance in public examinations. The state of Western Australia was the first to replace many multilateral school systems, proceeding with Queensland, and finally South Australia and Victoria. The Australian education system"]}
{"query": "What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?", "answer": "R\u00e9publique du Congo", "gold_docs": ["Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name \"R\u00e9publique du Congo\" (\"Republic of Congo\" or \"Republic of the Congo\" in English). As the neighboring French colony of Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) also chose the name \"Republic of Congo\" upon achieving its independence, the two countries were more commonly known as \"Congo-L\u00e9opoldville\" and \"Congo-Brazzaville\", after their capital cities. Shortly after independence the Force Publique mutinied, and on July 11 the province of Katanga (led by Mo\u00efse Tshombe) and South Kasai engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership. Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after"]}
{"query": "Whic country lies on Congo's western border?", "answer": "Gabon", "gold_docs": ["medicine, law, and other fields\u2014is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo ( , ), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast; the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the south; and the Atlantic Ocean to"]}
{"query": "Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?", "answer": "Cameroon", "gold_docs": ["medicine, law, and other fields\u2014is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo ( , ), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast; the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the south; and the Atlantic Ocean to"]}
{"query": "In what part of Africa is the Congo located?", "answer": "Central Africa", "gold_docs": ["medicine, law, and other fields\u2014is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo ( , ), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast; the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the south; and the Atlantic Ocean to"]}
{"query": "What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?", "answer": "Bantu", "gold_docs": ["Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo ( , ), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast; the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the south; and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo was formerly part"]}
{"query": "When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?", "answer": "1960", "gold_docs": ["of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on the 28th of November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960. In 1970, the People's Republic of the Congo was established as a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state; this lasted until 1991. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 33 of the past 38 years. The Republic of the Congo has become the"]}
{"query": "Who is the ruler of the Congo?", "answer": "Denis Sassou Nguesso", "gold_docs": ["of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on the 28th of November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960. In 1970, the People's Republic of the Congo was established as a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state; this lasted until 1991. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 33 of the past 38 years. The Republic of the Congo has become the"]}
{"query": "What title does Nguesso hold?", "answer": "President", "gold_docs": ["of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on the 28th of November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960. In 1970, the People's Republic of the Congo was established as a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state; this lasted until 1991. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 33 of the past 38 years. The Republic of the Congo has become the"]}
{"query": "What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?", "answer": "fourth", "gold_docs": ["fourth-largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea, providing the country with a degree of prosperity despite political and economic instability in some areas and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. Congo's economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector, and economic growth has slowed considerably since the post-2015 drop in oil prices. Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the"]}
{"query": "What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?", "answer": "oil revenues", "gold_docs": ["government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. 12January1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The"]}
{"query": "The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?", "answer": "Bantu", "gold_docs": ["fourth-largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea, providing the country with a degree of prosperity despite political and economic instability in some areas and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. Congo's economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector, and economic growth has slowed considerably since the post-2015 drop in oil prices. Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the"]}
{"query": "Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?", "answer": "Diogo C\u00e3o", "gold_docs": ["basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms\u2014notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke\u2014built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. The Portuguese explorer Diogo C\u00e3o reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region."]}
{"query": "What was Diogo Cao's nationality?", "answer": "Portuguese", "gold_docs": ["basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms\u2014notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke\u2014built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. The Portuguese explorer Diogo C\u00e3o reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region."]}
{"query": "When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?", "answer": "late 19th century", "gold_docs": ["basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms\u2014notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke\u2014built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. The Portuguese explorer Diogo C\u00e3o reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region."]}
{"query": "Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?", "answer": "Bantu societies", "gold_docs": ["basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms\u2014notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke\u2014built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. The Portuguese explorer Diogo C\u00e3o reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region."]}
{"query": "When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?", "answer": "1880", "gold_docs": ["The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with King Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo\u2013Ocean Railroad following World War I"]}
{"query": "Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?", "answer": "Pierre de Brazza", "gold_docs": ["The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with King Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo\u2013Ocean Railroad following World War I"]}
{"query": "What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?", "answer": "Middle Congo", "gold_docs": ["The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with King Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo\u2013Ocean Railroad following World War I"]}
{"query": "How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?", "answer": "14,000", "gold_docs": ["has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives. During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic. Following the revision of the French"]}
{"query": "What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?", "answer": "Brazzaville", "gold_docs": ["has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives. During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic. Following the revision of the French"]}
{"query": "What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?", "answer": "the Fourth Republic", "gold_docs": ["has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives. During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic. Following the revision of the French"]}
{"query": "When was the Fifth Republic founded?", "answer": "1958", "gold_docs": ["constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the Mbochis (who favored Jacques Opangault) and the Laris and Kongos (who favored Fulbert Youlou, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued. New elections took place in April 1959. By the time"]}
{"query": "What was disbanded in 1958?", "answer": "the AEF", "gold_docs": ["constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the Mbochis (who favored Jacques Opangault) and the Laris and Kongos (who favored Fulbert Youlou, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued. New elections took place in April 1959. By the time"]}
{"query": "When did the Congo establish its first constitution?", "answer": "1959", "gold_docs": ["constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the Mbochis (who favored Jacques Opangault) and the Laris and Kongos (who favored Fulbert Youlou, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued. New elections took place in April 1959. By the time"]}
{"query": "Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?", "answer": "Fulbert Youlou", "gold_docs": ["constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the Mbochis (who favored Jacques Opangault) and the Laris and Kongos (who favored Fulbert Youlou, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued. New elections took place in April 1959. By the time"]}
{"query": "Who replaced Youlou?", "answer": "Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat", "gold_docs": ["the Congo became independent in August 1960, Opangault, the former opponent of Youlou, agreed to serve under him. Youlou became the first President of the Republic of the Congo. Since the political tension was so high in Pointe-Noire, Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville. The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on 15 August 1960. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military briefly took charge of the country, and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat. Under the"]}
{"query": "Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?", "answer": "labour elements and rival political parties", "gold_docs": ["the Congo became independent in August 1960, Opangault, the former opponent of Youlou, agreed to serve under him. Youlou became the first President of the Republic of the Congo. Since the political tension was so high in Pointe-Noire, Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville. The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on 15 August 1960. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military briefly took charge of the country, and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat. Under the"]}
{"query": "Who became president of the Congo in 1963?", "answer": "Massamba-D\u00e9bat", "gold_docs": ["1963 constitution, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-D\u00e9bat's term in office the regime adopted \"scientific socialism\" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-D\u00e9bat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his"]}
{"query": "Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?", "answer": "Cuban", "gold_docs": ["1963 constitution, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-D\u00e9bat's term in office the regime adopted \"scientific socialism\" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-D\u00e9bat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his"]}
{"query": "When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?", "answer": "September 1968", "gold_docs": ["regime ended abruptly with a bloodless \"coup\" in September 1968. Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). He survived an attempted \"coup\" in 1972 but was assassinated on 16March1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years"]}
{"query": "Who became president of the Congo in 1968?", "answer": "Marien Ngouabi", "gold_docs": ["1963 constitution, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-D\u00e9bat's term in office the regime adopted \"scientific socialism\" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-D\u00e9bat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his"]}
{"query": "What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?", "answer": "People's Republic of the Congo", "gold_docs": ["regime ended abruptly with a bloodless \"coup\" in September 1968. Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). He survived an attempted \"coup\" in 1972 but was assassinated on 16March1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years"]}
{"query": "What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?", "answer": "Congolese Labour Party", "gold_docs": ["regime ended abruptly with a bloodless \"coup\" in September 1968. Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). He survived an attempted \"coup\" in 1972 but was assassinated on 16March1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years"]}
{"query": "In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?", "answer": "1972", "gold_docs": ["regime ended abruptly with a bloodless \"coup\" in September 1968. Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). He survived an attempted \"coup\" in 1972 but was assassinated on 16March1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years"]}
{"query": "Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?", "answer": "Eastern Bloc", "gold_docs": ["later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of"]}
{"query": "Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?", "answer": "the Soviet Union", "gold_docs": ["later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of"]}
{"query": "What was an important tool of the Sassou government?", "answer": "political repression", "gold_docs": ["later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of"]}
{"query": "Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?", "answer": "Pascal Lissouba", "gold_docs": ["later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of"]}
{"query": "Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?", "answer": "IMF", "gold_docs": ["later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of"]}
{"query": "What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?", "answer": "civil war", "gold_docs": ["announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997. Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997, when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan"]}
{"query": "What does ESAF stand for?", "answer": "enhanced structural adjustment facility", "gold_docs": ["later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of"]}
{"query": "Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?", "answer": "Lissouba and Sassou", "gold_docs": ["announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997. Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997, when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Sassou's personal army?", "answer": "Cobras", "gold_docs": ["announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997. Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997, when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan"]}
{"query": "What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?", "answer": "Angolan", "gold_docs": ["announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997. Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997, when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan"]}
{"query": "In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?", "answer": "October", "gold_docs": ["announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997. Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997, when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan"]}
{"query": "Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?", "answer": "Milongo", "gold_docs": ["r\u00e9gime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president. In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andr\u00e9 Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers"]}
{"query": "When was the new constitution ratified?", "answer": "January 2002", "gold_docs": ["r\u00e9gime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president. In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andr\u00e9 Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers"]}
{"query": "When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?", "answer": "April 2003", "gold_docs": ["took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003. Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\". In March 2015 Sassou announced that he wanted"]}
{"query": "Who won the presidential election in 2009?", "answer": "Sassou", "gold_docs": ["took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003. Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\". In March 2015 Sassou announced that he wanted"]}
{"query": "Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?", "answer": "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights", "gold_docs": ["took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003. Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\". In March 2015 Sassou announced that he wanted"]}
{"query": "What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?", "answer": "very low", "gold_docs": ["took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003. Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\". In March 2015 Sassou announced that he wanted"]}
{"query": "What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?", "answer": "multi-party", "gold_docs": ["to run for yet another term in office and a constitutional referendum in October resulted in a changed constitution which allowed him to run during the 2016 presidential election. Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party () as well as a range of smaller parties. Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found"]}
{"query": "Which party does Sassou belong to?", "answer": "Congolese Labour Party", "gold_docs": ["to run for yet another term in office and a constitutional referendum in October resulted in a changed constitution which allowed him to run during the 2016 presidential election. Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party () as well as a range of smaller parties. Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found"]}
{"query": "What is the French term for Sassou's political party?", "answer": "Parti Congolais du Travail", "gold_docs": ["later as army general (1989). He had socialist leanings and supported the opposition to Fulbert Youlou in \"Les Trois Glorieuses\" of August 1963. He was later part of the 1968 military coup that brought Marien Ngouabi to power, and he was a founding member of the Congolese Party of Labor (\"Parti Congolais du Travail\", PCT) in December 1969. In 1970, Sassou Nguesso was made Director of Security and a minister in the new presidential council. During the extraordinary session of the Central Committee of the PCT, which was held from 5 to 12 December 1975, the party's political bureau was"]}
{"query": "What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?", "answer": "corruption revelations", "gold_docs": ["to run for yet another term in office and a constitutional referendum in October resulted in a changed constitution which allowed him to run during the 2016 presidential election. Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party () as well as a range of smaller parties. Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found"]}
{"query": "What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as \"racist\" and \"colonial\". Denis Christel Sassou-Nguesso, son of Denis Sassou Nguesso, has been named in association with the Panama Papers. On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters with 72% of"]}
{"query": "Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as \"racist\" and \"colonial\". Denis Christel Sassou-Nguesso, son of Denis Sassou Nguesso, has been named in association with the Panama Papers. On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters with 72% of"]}
{"query": "How many government TV stations exist?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["eligible voters participating. The opposition, who boycotted the referendum, said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a sham. The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters; at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October. In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but much more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels. Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a"]}
{"query": "How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["eligible voters participating. The opposition, who boycotted the referendum, said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a sham. The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters; at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October. In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but much more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels. Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a"]}
{"query": "Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?", "answer": "Bantus", "gold_docs": ["eligible voters participating. The opposition, who boycotted the referendum, said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a sham. The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters; at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October. In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but much more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels. Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a"]}
{"query": "The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?", "answer": "pets", "gold_docs": ["relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way \"pets\" are. On 30December2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent. The Republic of the Congo is divided into 12 \"d\u00e9partements\" (departments). Departments are divided into communes and districts. These are: Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying"]}
{"query": "Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?", "answer": "4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "What ocean connects to the Congo?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "Which country lies southwest of the Congo?", "answer": "Cabinda", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "What is another name for Cabinda?", "answer": "Angola", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "What is the capital of the Congo?", "answer": "Brazzaville", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "On what river can Brazzaville be found?", "answer": "Congo River", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?", "answer": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?", "answer": "coastal plain", "gold_docs": ["between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is"]}
{"query": "Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?", "answer": "Kouilou-Niari River", "gold_docs": ["the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure. Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid and nights generally between and . The average yearly rainfall ranges from in the Niari Valley in the south to over in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and"]}
{"query": "The middle of the country features what kind of geography?", "answer": "plateau", "gold_docs": ["the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure. Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid and nights generally between and . The average yearly rainfall ranges from in the Niari Valley in the south to over in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and"]}
{"query": "What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?", "answer": "Forests", "gold_docs": ["the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure. Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid and nights generally between and . The average yearly rainfall ranges from in the Niari Valley in the south to over in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and"]}
{"query": "On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?", "answer": "Equator", "gold_docs": ["the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure. Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid and nights generally between and . The average yearly rainfall ranges from in the Niari Valley in the south to over in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and"]}
{"query": "When does the Congo experience dry season?", "answer": "June to August", "gold_docs": ["the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure. Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid and nights generally between and . The average yearly rainfall ranges from in the Niari Valley in the south to over in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and"]}
{"query": "Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?", "answer": "Wildlife Conservation Society", "gold_docs": ["another in September\u2013November. In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 western lowland gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps. The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of"]}
{"query": "What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?", "answer": "Sangha Region", "gold_docs": ["another in September\u2013November. In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 western lowland gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps. The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of"]}
{"query": "What are two issues in the Congolese government?", "answer": "budget problems and overstaffing", "gold_docs": ["another in September\u2013November. In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 western lowland gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps. The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of"]}
{"query": "What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?", "answer": "forestry", "gold_docs": ["another in September\u2013November. In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 western lowland gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps. The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?", "answer": "65%", "gold_docs": ["another in September\u2013November. In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 western lowland gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps. The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of"]}
{"query": "What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?", "answer": "92%", "gold_docs": ["government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. 12January1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The"]}
{"query": "What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?", "answer": "large-scale development projects", "gold_docs": ["government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. 12January1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The"]}
{"query": "What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?", "answer": "5%", "gold_docs": ["government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. 12January1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The"]}
{"query": "By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?", "answer": "50%", "gold_docs": ["government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. 12January1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The"]}
{"query": "How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?", "answer": "46%", "gold_docs": ["government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. 12January1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The"]}
{"query": "What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?", "answer": "civil war", "gold_docs": ["reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit. The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural"]}
{"query": "What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?", "answer": "slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict", "gold_docs": ["reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit. The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural"]}
{"query": "When did military conflict resume in the Congo?", "answer": "December 1998", "gold_docs": ["reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit. The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural"]}
{"query": "What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?", "answer": "stimulating recovery and reducing poverty", "gold_docs": ["reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit. The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural"]}
{"query": "When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007. The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers"]}
{"query": "What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?", "answer": "base metal, gold, iron and phosphate", "gold_docs": ["gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007. The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers"]}
{"query": "What business organization is the Congo a member of?", "answer": "Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa", "gold_docs": ["gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007. The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers"]}
{"query": "How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?", "answer": "200,000 hectares", "gold_docs": ["gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007. The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers"]}
{"query": "What forms of transport are available in the Congo?", "answer": "land, air and water", "gold_docs": ["to reduce its dependence on imports. The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015. Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to destinations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The country also has a large port on the"]}
{"query": "When was the Congo's train system built?", "answer": "1930s", "gold_docs": ["to reduce its dependence on imports. The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015. Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to destinations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The country also has a large port on the"]}
{"query": "What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?", "answer": "Paris", "gold_docs": ["the pioneering releases of the newly emerging world music scene in Europe. The musical style of the East Africa-based Congolese bands gradually incorporated new elements, including Kenyan benga music, and spawned what is sometimes called the \"Swahili sound\" or \"Congolese sound\". Soukous became popular in London and Paris in the 1980s. A few more musicians left Kinshasa to work around central and east Africa before settling in either the UK or France. The basic line-up for a soukous band included three or four guitars, bass guitar, drums, brass, vocals, and some of them having over 20 musicians. Lyrics were often"]}
{"query": "On what ocean is a major port located?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean", "gold_docs": ["Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo. The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural"]}
{"query": "How many languages are used in the Congo?", "answer": "62", "gold_docs": ["economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence. Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse\u2014Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country\u2014but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M\u2019Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville"]}
{"query": "How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?", "answer": "2%", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?", "answer": "12%", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?", "answer": "about 9,000", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "How many Americans live in the Congo?", "answer": "Around 300", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?", "answer": "Catholics", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?", "answer": "22.3%", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?", "answer": "19.9%", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?", "answer": "1.6%", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?", "answer": "foreign workers", "gold_docs": ["and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population. Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. According to a 2011\u201312 survey, total"]}
{"query": "How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?", "answer": "8.9%", "gold_docs": ["fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas. Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. , the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade). , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000"]}
{"query": "What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?", "answer": "2.8%", "gold_docs": ["fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas. Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. , the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade). , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000"]}
{"query": "For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas. Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. , the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade). , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000"]}
{"query": "As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?", "answer": "560", "gold_docs": ["fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas. Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. , the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade). , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000"]}
{"query": "What does FGM stand for?", "answer": "Female genital mutilation", "gold_docs": ["live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country. The Congolese culture has been influenced by a wide variety of natural landscapes, stretching from the savannah plains in the North Niari flooded forests, to the great Congo River, to rugged mountains and forest of Mayombe, and including 170 km of beaches along the Atlantic coast. The presence of numerous ethnic groups and various political structures once (Kongo Empire, Kingdom of Loango kingdom Teke, Northern chiefdoms) provided an enormous amount of diversity in the traditional cultures as well as in"]}
{"query": "How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?", "answer": "59.34", "gold_docs": ["fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas. Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. , the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade). , the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000"]}
{"query": "Public schooling is required for people under what age?", "answer": "16", "gold_docs": ["A Ministry of Social Affairs was also set up, allowing for social services to be decentralised in the early Nineties and to be available to all citizens, rather than only to those with social security. The pension system was extended to needy people, universal public schooling was expanded from all children under the age of 16, and new universities were established. Healthcare was reformed, creating the National Health Service and the development of primary care medicine based on \"health centres\" where integral primary care for adults, pregnant women and paediatric patients was provided. When he left office, Spain had the"]}
{"query": "What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?", "answer": "44%", "gold_docs": ["due to the various successive governments creating instability. Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002\u201305 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds but, in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. The country has universities. At university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University\u2014which offers courses in"]}
{"query": "What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?", "answer": "baccalaureate", "gold_docs": ["due to the various successive governments creating instability. Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002\u201305 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds but, in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. The country has universities. At university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University\u2014which offers courses in"]}
{"query": "What language is used in Congolese schools?", "answer": "French", "gold_docs": ["medicine, law, and other fields\u2014is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo ( , ), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply the Congo, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast; the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the south; and the Atlantic Ocean to"]}
{"query": "What branch of government does the prime minister lead?", "answer": "executive", "gold_docs": ["Prime minister A prime minister is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head"]}
{"query": "What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?", "answer": "cabinet", "gold_docs": ["Prime minister A prime minister is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head"]}
{"query": "In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?", "answer": "civil service", "gold_docs": ["Prime minister A prime minister is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head"]}
{"query": "What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?", "answer": "Westminster system", "gold_docs": ["of state. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (often the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive"]}
{"query": "What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?", "answer": "ceremonial", "gold_docs": ["of state. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (often the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive"]}
{"query": "What is a central duty of the prime minister?", "answer": "ensure the passage of bills", "gold_docs": ["of state. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (often the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive"]}
{"query": "What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?", "answer": "royal prerogative", "gold_docs": ["powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament. As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or posts\u2014the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts. For example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence) and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as"]}
{"query": "What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?", "answer": "First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service", "gold_docs": ["powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament. As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or posts\u2014the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts. For example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence) and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as"]}
{"query": "Who coined the term prime minister?", "answer": "Cardinal Richelieu", "gold_docs": ["Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior. The term \"prime minister\" in its French form, \"premier ministre\", is attested in 17th Century sources referring to Cardinal Richelieu after he was named to head the royal council in 1624. The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal \"principal ministre d'\u00c9tat\" (\"chief minister of the state\") more as a job description. After 1661, Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others, so the term was not in use. The term \"prime minister\" in the sense"]}
{"query": "What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["\"Chief Minister\", \"Chancellor\", \"Taoiseach\", \"Minister of State (\"Statsminister\")\", \"President of the Government\", \"President of the Council of Minister\" and \"Secretary of State\": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, \"prime minister\". This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential and all semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the"]}
{"query": "Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?", "answer": "Louis XIV", "gold_docs": ["Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior. The term \"prime minister\" in its French form, \"premier ministre\", is attested in 17th Century sources referring to Cardinal Richelieu after he was named to head the royal council in 1624. The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal \"principal ministre d'\u00c9tat\" (\"chief minister of the state\") more as a job description. After 1661, Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others, so the term was not in use. The term \"prime minister\" in the sense"]}
{"query": "When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?", "answer": "18th century", "gold_docs": ["that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. During the whole of the 18th Century, Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France, periodically bursting into all-out war, and Britons took outspoken pride in their \"Liberty\" as contrasted to the \"Tyranny\" of French Absolute Monarchy; therefore, being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century. The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers"]}
{"query": "Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?", "answer": "Sir Robert Walpole", "gold_docs": ["that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. During the whole of the 18th Century, Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France, periodically bursting into all-out war, and Britons took outspoken pride in their \"Liberty\" as contrasted to the \"Tyranny\" of French Absolute Monarchy; therefore, being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century. The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers"]}
{"query": "Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?", "answer": "Thomas Cromwell", "gold_docs": ["in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\". The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority"]}
{"query": "Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?", "answer": "Godolphin", "gold_docs": ["in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\". The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority"]}
{"query": "Who served as the head minister under Charles II?", "answer": "Clarendon", "gold_docs": ["in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\". The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority"]}
{"query": "From whom did ministers derive their power?", "answer": "the monarch", "gold_docs": ["in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\". The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority"]}
{"query": "Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?", "answer": "the monarch", "gold_docs": ["in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\". The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority"]}
{"query": "Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?", "answer": "Clarendon", "gold_docs": ["for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings. When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and Viscount Bolingbroke shared power. In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642\u20131651), Parliament strengthened its position"]}
{"query": "What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?", "answer": "Bill of Rights", "gold_docs": ["relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his"]}
{"query": "What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?", "answer": "House of Commons", "gold_docs": ["relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his"]}
{"query": "The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?", "answer": "George I", "gold_docs": ["relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his"]}
{"query": "In what year did Queen Anne die?", "answer": "1714", "gold_docs": ["relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his"]}
{"query": "Where was George I's home?", "answer": "Hanover", "gold_docs": ["time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government. From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also"]}
{"query": "For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?", "answer": "twenty-one years", "gold_docs": ["time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government. From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also"]}
{"query": "What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?", "answer": "doctrine of cabinet solidarity", "gold_docs": ["time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government. From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also"]}
{"query": "What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?", "answer": "resign", "gold_docs": ["that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, \"It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.\" Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who"]}
{"query": "Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?", "answer": "Lord Melbourne", "gold_docs": ["that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, \"It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.\" Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who"]}
{"query": "Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?", "answer": "parliamentarians and legal scholars", "gold_docs": ["that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, \"It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.\" Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who"]}
{"query": "Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?", "answer": "George II and George III", "gold_docs": ["that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, \"It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.\" Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who"]}
{"query": "During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?", "answer": "Benjamin Disraeli", "gold_docs": ["could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783\u20131801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries"]}
{"query": "When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?", "answer": "1905", "gold_docs": ["could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783\u20131801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries"]}
{"query": "In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?", "answer": "president", "gold_docs": ["and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. In some places alternative titles such as \"premier\", \"chief minister\", \"first minister of state\", \"president of the council\" or \"chancellor\" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same. By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority."]}
{"query": "Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?", "answer": "Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah", "gold_docs": ["Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945-1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey (1923-2018)). See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\","]}
{"query": "When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?", "answer": "1970", "gold_docs": ["Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945-1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey (1923-2018)). See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\","]}
{"query": "Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?", "answer": "parliamentary republics", "gold_docs": ["Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945-1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey (1923-2018)). See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\","]}
{"query": "In whic type of government is the leader elected?", "answer": "parliamentary republics", "gold_docs": ["Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister. The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945-1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey (1923-2018)). See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\","]}
{"query": "What is the term for the head of China's government?", "answer": "Premier of the State Council", "gold_docs": ["president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different"]}
{"query": "Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?", "answer": "legislature", "gold_docs": ["\"Chief Minister\", \"Chancellor\", \"Taoiseach\", \"Minister of State (\"Statsminister\")\", \"President of the Government\", \"President of the Council of Minister\" and \"Secretary of State\": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, \"prime minister\". This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential and all semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the"]}
{"query": "What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?", "answer": "cohabitation", "gold_docs": ["from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation. In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means. The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution. Australia's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention, based on the British model. Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. The People's Republic of China constitution"]}
{"query": "What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?", "answer": "resignation of the government", "gold_docs": ["president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different"]}
{"query": "Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?", "answer": "Bangladesh's", "gold_docs": ["from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation. In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means. The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution. Australia's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention, based on the British model. Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. The People's Republic of China constitution"]}
{"query": "What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?", "answer": "the process of his/her appointment and dismissal", "gold_docs": ["from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation. In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means. The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution. Australia's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention, based on the British model. Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. The People's Republic of China constitution"]}
{"query": "What is the pinyin form of premier?", "answer": "Z\u014fngl\u012d", "gold_docs": ["set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: \u603b\u7406; pinyin: Z\u014fngl\u012d) in Chinese. Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by \"convention\". In the \"Constitution Act, 1982\", passing reference to a \"Prime Minister of Canada\" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers. Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the"]}
{"query": "When was the Constitution Act passed?", "answer": "1982", "gold_docs": ["set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: \u603b\u7406; pinyin: Z\u014fngl\u012d) in Chinese. Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by \"convention\". In the \"Constitution Act, 1982\", passing reference to a \"Prime Minister of Canada\" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers. Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the"]}
{"query": "The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?", "answer": "federal and provincial first ministers", "gold_docs": ["set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: \u603b\u7406; pinyin: Z\u014fngl\u012d) in Chinese. Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by \"convention\". In the \"Constitution Act, 1982\", passing reference to a \"Prime Minister of Canada\" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers. Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the"]}
{"query": "What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?", "answer": "constitution", "gold_docs": ["from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation. In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means. The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution. Australia's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention, based on the British model. Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal. The People's Republic of China constitution"]}
{"query": "When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?", "answer": "first decade of the twentieth century", "gold_docs": ["of the President of the Executive Yuan. The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had \"de facto\" existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said \"not to exist\", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer"]}
{"query": "When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "answer": "1905", "gold_docs": ["(the last of whom was Balfour in 1905). However as the government will have to outline its legislative programme to parliament in, for example, the Speech from the Throne, the speech is sometimes used to test parliamentary support. A defeat of the Speech is taken to mean a loss of confidence and so requires either a new draft, resignation, or a request for a dissolution of parliament. Until the early 20th century governments when defeated in a general election remained in power until their Speech from the Throne was defeated and then resigned. No government has done so for one"]}
{"query": "Which prime minister was appointed only one time?", "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "gold_docs": ["leader, the incoming leader will usually be referred as \"prime minister-in-waiting\". An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister. Ukraine's constitution (1996) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Ukraine. Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on \"one\" occasion, in 1979. She"]}
{"query": "When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?", "answer": "1979", "gold_docs": ["leader, the incoming leader will usually be referred as \"prime minister-in-waiting\". An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister. Ukraine's constitution (1996) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Ukraine. Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on \"one\" occasion, in 1979. She"]}
{"query": "When did Thatcher last hold power?", "answer": "1990", "gold_docs": ["remained \"continuously\" in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which \"appear\" to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general"]}
{"query": "What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?", "answer": "cabinet", "gold_docs": ["remained \"continuously\" in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which \"appear\" to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general"]}
{"query": "From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?", "answer": "the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament", "gold_docs": ["election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a \"vote of confidence\", have a \"motion of no confidence\" passed against them, or where they lose"]}
{"query": "Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?", "answer": "lower house of parliament", "gold_docs": ["election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a \"vote of confidence\", have a \"motion of no confidence\" passed against them, or where they lose"]}
{"query": "Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?", "answer": "upper houses", "gold_docs": ["election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a \"vote of confidence\", have a \"motion of no confidence\" passed against them, or where they lose"]}
{"query": "What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?", "answer": "vote of confidence", "gold_docs": ["election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament. In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a \"vote of confidence\", have a \"motion of no confidence\" passed against them, or where they lose"]}
{"query": "If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?", "answer": "resignation of the prime minister and his or her government", "gold_docs": ["supply, most constitutional systems require either: The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state \"may\" refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior"]}
{"query": "When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?", "answer": "1918", "gold_docs": ["supply, most constitutional systems require either: The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state \"may\" refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior"]}
{"query": "In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?", "answer": "1937", "gold_docs": ["to then, it was the \"entire\" government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the \"Executive Council\" (the then name for the Irish cabinet). In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard, Kevin Rudd and Malcolm Turnbull. In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled \"Chairman of the government\""]}
{"query": "The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?", "answer": "the Executive Council", "gold_docs": ["while the Irish prime minister is called the (which is rendered into English as \"prime minister\"), and in Israel he is \"Rosh HaMemshalah\" meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (). Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, ), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called \"Statsminister\", meaning \"Minister of State\". In federations, the head of government of subnational entities"]}
{"query": "What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?", "answer": "cabinet", "gold_docs": ["to then, it was the \"entire\" government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the \"Executive Council\" (the then name for the Irish cabinet). In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard, Kevin Rudd and Malcolm Turnbull. In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled \"Chairman of the government\""]}
{"query": "What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?", "answer": "spill motion", "gold_docs": ["to then, it was the \"entire\" government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the \"Executive Council\" (the then name for the Irish cabinet). In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard, Kevin Rudd and Malcolm Turnbull. In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled \"Chairman of the government\""]}
{"query": "What is the Russian term for prime minister?", "answer": "Chairman of the government", "gold_docs": ["to then, it was the \"entire\" government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the \"Executive Council\" (the then name for the Irish cabinet). In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard, Kevin Rudd and Malcolm Turnbull. In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled \"Chairman of the government\""]}
{"query": "What is the Israeli term for prime minister?", "answer": "Rosh HaMemshalah", "gold_docs": ["while the Irish prime minister is called the (which is rendered into English as \"prime minister\"), and in Israel he is \"Rosh HaMemshalah\" meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (). Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, ), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called \"Statsminister\", meaning \"Minister of State\". In federations, the head of government of subnational entities"]}
{"query": "What is the Italian term for the prime minister?", "answer": "president of the council of ministers", "gold_docs": ["while the Irish prime minister is called the (which is rendered into English as \"prime minister\"), and in Israel he is \"Rosh HaMemshalah\" meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (). Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, ), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called \"Statsminister\", meaning \"Minister of State\". In federations, the head of government of subnational entities"]}
{"query": "What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?", "answer": "statsminister", "gold_docs": ["while the Irish prime minister is called the (which is rendered into English as \"prime minister\"), and in Israel he is \"Rosh HaMemshalah\" meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (). Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, ), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called \"Statsminister\", meaning \"Minister of State\". In federations, the head of government of subnational entities"]}
{"query": "What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?", "answer": "premier", "gold_docs": ["such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president. The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of \"premier\") except in the cases where the head of state and head of government are fused into one position, usually a presidency, regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor;"]}
{"query": "Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?", "answer": "Germany and Austria", "gold_docs": ["such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president. The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of \"premier\") except in the cases where the head of state and head of government are fused into one position, usually a presidency, regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor;"]}
{"query": "What is the head of Monaco's government called?", "answer": "Minister of State", "gold_docs": ["Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages. In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a"]}
{"query": "What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?", "answer": "Secretary of State", "gold_docs": ["Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages. In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a"]}
{"query": "What is the head of Iran's government called?", "answer": "President", "gold_docs": ["such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president. The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of \"premier\") except in the cases where the head of state and head of government are fused into one position, usually a presidency, regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor;"]}
{"query": "In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?", "answer": "non-Commonwealth countries", "gold_docs": ["Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages. In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a"]}
{"query": "What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?", "answer": "Right Honourable", "gold_docs": ["president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. Between 1921 and 1972,"]}
{"query": "What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?", "answer": "Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council", "gold_docs": ["president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. Between 1921 and 1972,"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?", "answer": "Canada", "gold_docs": ["president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. Between 1921 and 1972,"]}
{"query": "What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "devolved", "gold_docs": ["president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. Between 1921 and 1972,"]}
{"query": "What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?", "answer": "First Minister", "gold_docs": ["president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. Between 1921 and 1972,"]}
{"query": "What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?", "answer": "Wazir-e-Azam", "gold_docs": ["when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\". The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. In"]}
{"query": "What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?", "answer": "Grand Vizier", "gold_docs": ["when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\". The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. In"]}
{"query": "What is the head of government's office called in Canada?", "answer": "Office of the Prime Minister", "gold_docs": ["when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\". The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. In"]}
{"query": "What is the head of government's office called in the UK?", "answer": "Cabinet Office", "gold_docs": ["when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\". The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. In"]}
{"query": "What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?", "answer": "IT", "gold_docs": ["learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases \"polytechnic\" were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an \"institute of technology\". A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations,"]}
{"query": "In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?", "answer": "19th century", "gold_docs": ["Institute of technology An institute of technology (also: university of technology, technological university, and polytechnic university) is a type of university which specializes in engineering, technology, applied science and sometimes natural sciences. The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique\", an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \"\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\" (\"pol\u00fa\" or \"pol\u00fd\") meaning \"many\" and \"\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\" (\"tekhnik\u00f3s\") meaning \"arts\". The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of"]}
{"query": "What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?", "answer": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique", "gold_docs": ["Institute of technology An institute of technology (also: university of technology, technological university, and polytechnic university) is a type of university which specializes in engineering, technology, applied science and sometimes natural sciences. The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique\", an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \"\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\" (\"pol\u00fa\" or \"pol\u00fd\") meaning \"many\" and \"\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\" (\"tekhnik\u00f3s\") meaning \"arts\". The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of"]}
{"query": "What word means the same thing as \"institute of technology\"?", "answer": "polytechnic", "gold_docs": ["crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL) and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees. Some colleges of education or institutes of technology are privately owned, however, the qualification levels vary widely. Since the 1990s, there has"]}
{"query": "What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?", "answer": "World War II", "gold_docs": ["Institute of technology An institute of technology (also: university of technology, technological university, and polytechnic university) is a type of university which specializes in engineering, technology, applied science and sometimes natural sciences. The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique\", an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \"\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\" (\"pol\u00fa\" or \"pol\u00fd\") meaning \"many\" and \"\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\" (\"tekhnik\u00f3s\") meaning \"arts\". The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of"]}
{"query": "What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?", "answer": "Collegium Carolinum", "gold_docs": ["engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc), was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary (now Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia), in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology, founded in 1745 as \"Collegium Carolinum\". Another exception is the \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique\", which has educated French \"\u00e9lites\" since"]}
{"query": "In what year was the \u00c9cole Polytechnique founded?", "answer": "1794", "gold_docs": ["Institute of technology An institute of technology (also: university of technology, technological university, and polytechnic university) is a type of university which specializes in engineering, technology, applied science and sometimes natural sciences. The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique\", an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \"\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\" (\"pol\u00fa\" or \"pol\u00fd\") meaning \"many\" and \"\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\" (\"tekhnik\u00f3s\") meaning \"arts\". The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of"]}
{"query": "What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?", "answer": "institutions of higher education", "gold_docs": ["its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, \u0130YTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities. In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher"]}
{"query": "In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?", "answer": "1992", "gold_docs": ["education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees mainly in STEM subjects from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster), was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term \"institute of technology\" is the more"]}
{"query": "What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?", "answer": "polytechnics", "gold_docs": ["learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases \"polytechnic\" were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an \"institute of technology\". A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations,"]}
{"query": "What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?", "answer": "University of Technology", "gold_docs": ["own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later. Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degrees. This usage of the term is most"]}
{"query": "What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?", "answer": "College of Advanced Education system", "gold_docs": ["institution advocates to the study of technology is the National Technological University which has brand ramifications through all the country geographic space in the way of \"Regional Faculties\". The Buenos Aires Institute of Technology (ITBA) is other important recognized institute of technology with renowned and prestige in the country. During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their"]}
{"query": "What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?", "answer": "Melbourne Polytechnic", "gold_docs": ["own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later. Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degrees. This usage of the term is most"]}
{"query": "TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s\u20131990s period. In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase \"university of technology\", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education"]}
{"query": "In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s\u20131990s period. In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase \"university of technology\", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education"]}
{"query": "What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?", "answer": "Fachhochschule", "gold_docs": ["before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates): These institutions are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. These institutions focus only on research. Several universities have faculties of technology that are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and which focus on research. Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and"]}
{"query": "In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?", "answer": "master's degrees", "gold_docs": ["before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates): These institutions are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. These institutions focus only on research. Several universities have faculties of technology that are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and which focus on research. Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and"]}
{"query": "What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?", "answer": "hogeschool", "gold_docs": ["term \"polytechnic\" to the term \"university of applied sciences\" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the \"hogeschool\" in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the \"Fachhochschule\" in the German language areas. Some recognized Finnish polytechnics are: A complete list may be found in List of polytechnics in Finland. Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes \u00e9coles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include: They provide science and technology master's degrees and doctoral degrees. French education system also includes three universities"]}
{"query": "What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?", "answer": "academization", "gold_docs": ["the German language areas and to the \"ammattikorkeakoulu\" in Finland. \"Hogeschool\" institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees. In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all \"hogescholen\" in the Netherlands, including some which might be called"]}
{"query": "How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["the German language areas and to the \"ammattikorkeakoulu\" in Finland. \"Hogeschool\" institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees. In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all \"hogescholen\" in the Netherlands, including some which might be called"]}
{"query": "How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["the German language areas and to the \"ammattikorkeakoulu\" in Finland. \"Hogeschool\" institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees. In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all \"hogescholen\" in the Netherlands, including some which might be called"]}
{"query": "What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?", "answer": "Cambodia", "gold_docs": ["polytechnics, can be found here. In Cambodia, there are institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas and degrees. Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions. In Canada, there are affiliate schools, colleges, institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates and diplomas. Affiliate schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, institutes of technology/polytechnic"]}
{"query": "What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?", "answer": "Affiliate Schools", "gold_docs": ["polytechnics, can be found here. In Cambodia, there are institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas and degrees. Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions. In Canada, there are affiliate schools, colleges, institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates and diplomas. Affiliate schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, institutes of technology/polytechnic"]}
{"query": "In what city is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al located?", "answer": "Quebec", "gold_docs": ["institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions. Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level; however, university-affiliated schools like the \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure and the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics"]}
{"query": "In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?", "answer": "public funding", "gold_docs": ["institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions. Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level; however, university-affiliated schools like the \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure and the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics"]}
{"query": "What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?", "answer": "collaborative institute-industry projects", "gold_docs": ["institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions. Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level; however, university-affiliated schools like the \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure and the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?", "answer": "1895", "gold_docs": ["Canada, a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997. EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences."]}
{"query": "What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?", "answer": "Capital University", "gold_docs": ["Canada, a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997. EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences."]}
{"query": "What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?", "answer": "half", "gold_docs": ["Canada, a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997. EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences."]}
{"query": "What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?", "answer": "1997", "gold_docs": ["Canada, a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology. China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical. In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997. EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences."]}
{"query": "What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands?", "answer": "The Geophysics Institute", "gold_docs": ["The Geophysics Institute monitors the country's seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. It was founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School. The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation facilities like cobalt-60 source"]}
{"query": "What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?", "answer": "Quito Astronomical Observatory", "gold_docs": ["The Geophysics Institute monitors the country's seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. It was founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School. The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation facilities like cobalt-60 source"]}
{"query": "What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?", "answer": "National Polytechnic School", "gold_docs": ["The Geophysics Institute monitors the country's seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. It was founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School. The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation facilities like cobalt-60 source"]}
{"query": "When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?", "answer": "1873", "gold_docs": ["The Geophysics Institute monitors the country's seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. It was founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School. The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation facilities like cobalt-60 source"]}
{"query": "MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?", "answer": "50", "gold_docs": ["Yale, Caltech and MIT as the most selective colleges in the country. Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516. In 2015\u20132016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board). On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among"]}
{"query": "What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?", "answer": "Instituts de technologie", "gold_docs": ["and electron beam processing. Universities of technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universit\u00e4t of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and \u00c5bo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees. Universities of technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits."]}
{"query": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?", "answer": "180", "gold_docs": ["and electron beam processing. Universities of technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universit\u00e4t of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and \u00c5bo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees. Universities of technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits."]}
{"query": "In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?", "answer": "Finland", "gold_docs": ["The credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable. Some Finnish universities of technology are: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. \"Ammattikorkeakoulu\" is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative \"\"yrkesh\u00f6gskola\"\" \u2013 their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance \"insin\u00f6\u00f6ri\", engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English"]}
{"query": "What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?", "answer": "ammattikorkeakoulus", "gold_docs": ["The credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable. Some Finnish universities of technology are: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. \"Ammattikorkeakoulu\" is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative \"\"yrkesh\u00f6gskola\"\" \u2013 their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance \"insin\u00f6\u00f6ri\", engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English"]}
{"query": "What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?", "answer": "yrkesh\u00f6gskola", "gold_docs": ["The credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable. Some Finnish universities of technology are: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. \"Ammattikorkeakoulu\" is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative \"\"yrkesh\u00f6gskola\"\" \u2013 their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance \"insin\u00f6\u00f6ri\", engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English"]}
{"query": "Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?", "answer": "technology", "gold_docs": ["term \"polytechnic\" to the term \"university of applied sciences\" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the \"hogeschool\" in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the \"Fachhochschule\" in the German language areas. Some recognized Finnish polytechnics are: A complete list may be found in List of polytechnics in Finland. Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes \u00e9coles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include: They provide science and technology master's degrees and doctoral degrees. French education system also includes three universities"]}
{"query": "What are an institute of technology called in France?", "answer": "institut universitaire de technologie", "gold_docs": ["of technology: In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as \"institut universitaire de technologie\" (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula. In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term \"haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e\" for a type of institution called \"Fachhochschule\" in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below). Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use"]}
{"query": "What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e?", "answer": "Fachhochschule", "gold_docs": ["of technology: In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as \"institut universitaire de technologie\" (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula. In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term \"haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e\" for a type of institution called \"Fachhochschule\" in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below). Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use"]}
{"query": "In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?", "answer": "Polytechnicum", "gold_docs": ["a terminology derived by reference to the French \"\u00c9cole polytechnique\". Such terms include \"\u00c9coles Polytechniques\" (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe). In French language, higher education refers to \"\u00e9coles polytechniques\", providing science and engineering curricula: \"Fachhochschulen\" were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2009/10, there existed about 200 \"Fachhochschulen\" in Germany."]}
{"query": "What century in France's history included the French \u00c9cole polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?", "answer": "18th", "gold_docs": ["of technology: In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as \"institut universitaire de technologie\" (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula. In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term \"haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e\" for a type of institution called \"Fachhochschule\" in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below). Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use"]}
{"query": "What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?", "answer": "Escola Polit\u00e9cnica", "gold_docs": ["a terminology derived by reference to the French \"\u00c9cole polytechnique\". Such terms include \"\u00c9coles Polytechniques\" (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe). In French language, higher education refers to \"\u00e9coles polytechniques\", providing science and engineering curricula: \"Fachhochschulen\" were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2009/10, there existed about 200 \"Fachhochschulen\" in Germany."]}
{"query": "Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?", "answer": "1970s", "gold_docs": ["a terminology derived by reference to the French \"\u00c9cole polytechnique\". Such terms include \"\u00c9coles Polytechniques\" (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe). In French language, higher education refers to \"\u00e9coles polytechniques\", providing science and engineering curricula: \"Fachhochschulen\" were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2009/10, there existed about 200 \"Fachhochschulen\" in Germany."]}
{"query": "Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?", "answer": "teaching", "gold_docs": ["a terminology derived by reference to the French \"\u00c9cole polytechnique\". Such terms include \"\u00c9coles Polytechniques\" (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe). In French language, higher education refers to \"\u00e9coles polytechniques\", providing science and engineering curricula: \"Fachhochschulen\" were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2009/10, there existed about 200 \"Fachhochschulen\" in Germany."]}
{"query": "In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?", "answer": "business", "gold_docs": ["a terminology derived by reference to the French \"\u00c9cole polytechnique\". Such terms include \"\u00c9coles Polytechniques\" (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe). In French language, higher education refers to \"\u00e9coles polytechniques\", providing science and engineering curricula: \"Fachhochschulen\" were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2009/10, there existed about 200 \"Fachhochschulen\" in Germany."]}
{"query": "What's the main focus of a Technische Universit\u00e4t?", "answer": "research", "gold_docs": ["See the for a list. \"Technische Universit\u00e4t\" (abbreviation: \"TU\") is the common term for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. The nine largest and most renowned \"Technische Universit\u00e4ten\" in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universit\u00e4ten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU M\u00fcnchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital"]}
{"query": "Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?", "answer": "medicine", "gold_docs": ["See the for a list. \"Technische Universit\u00e4t\" (abbreviation: \"TU\") is the common term for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. The nine largest and most renowned \"Technische Universit\u00e4ten\" in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universit\u00e4ten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU M\u00fcnchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital"]}
{"query": "How many Technische Universit\u00e4ten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["See the for a list. \"Technische Universit\u00e4t\" (abbreviation: \"TU\") is the common term for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. The nine largest and most renowned \"Technische Universit\u00e4ten\" in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universit\u00e4ten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU M\u00fcnchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital"]}
{"query": "How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?", "answer": "17", "gold_docs": ["Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital). There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a \"Technische Universit\u00e4t\". Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of \"TUs\", while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology. In Greece, they are part of the public higher education the Technological Educational Institute, or Institute of Technology (IoT), or Technological University, or the TEI University of Applied Sciences, confers a legally equivalent to a 4-year bachelor's degree, and 1-year to 1-and-half-year for master's degree."]}
{"query": "What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?", "answer": "290,000", "gold_docs": ["Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital). There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a \"Technische Universit\u00e4t\". Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of \"TUs\", while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology. In Greece, they are part of the public higher education the Technological Educational Institute, or Institute of Technology (IoT), or Technological University, or the TEI University of Applied Sciences, confers a legally equivalent to a 4-year bachelor's degree, and 1-year to 1-and-half-year for master's degree."]}
{"query": "Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?", "answer": "Saxony", "gold_docs": ["Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital). There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a \"Technische Universit\u00e4t\". Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of \"TUs\", while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology. In Greece, they are part of the public higher education the Technological Educational Institute, or Institute of Technology (IoT), or Technological University, or the TEI University of Applied Sciences, confers a legally equivalent to a 4-year bachelor's degree, and 1-year to 1-and-half-year for master's degree."]}
{"query": "What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?", "answer": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic", "gold_docs": ["The former Technological Educational Institute undergraduate degree was 3 \u00bd years, three-and-a-half-year, confers a legally equivalent to a Bachelor's ordinary (ord) degree (pass, without honors). In Greece, the Polytechnic University is an AEI University with 5-year (full-time) undergraduate degree programmes (300 ECTS) awarded qualification \u0394\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 (Greek), Diploma. The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United"]}
{"query": "In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?", "answer": "1984", "gold_docs": ["The former Technological Educational Institute undergraduate degree was 3 \u00bd years, three-and-a-half-year, confers a legally equivalent to a Bachelor's ordinary (ord) degree (pass, without honors). In Greece, the Polytechnic University is an AEI University with 5-year (full-time) undergraduate degree programmes (300 ECTS) awarded qualification \u0394\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 (Greek), Diploma. The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United"]}
{"query": "What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?", "answer": "Hong Kong University of Science and Technology", "gold_docs": ["Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991. The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?", "answer": "1994", "gold_docs": ["Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991. The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?", "answer": "copper", "gold_docs": ["Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991. The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?", "answer": "1735", "gold_docs": ["Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991. The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "Who established the Berg-Schola?", "answer": "Court Chamber of Vienna", "gold_docs": ["Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991. The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "How many private institutes of technology are there in India?", "answer": "16", "gold_docs": ["conditions and for conducting research. This association of a textile mill with an institute in textile technology is unique in India and not frequent even in the Western world. This institute is among those few institutes (the others being the National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and Indian Institute of Technology) in India that offer degrees in technology (B. Tech. with Honours) at the undergraduate level as opposed to the B.E. (Bachelor in Engineering). Ranked 5th in Harayana, sixth in north India and 20th in top 50 private engineering college in India by the \"Hindustan Times\", June 16, 2010. The institute"]}
{"query": "How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar (IIT Bhubaneswar or IIT BBS) is a public engineering institution established by the government of India in 2008, located at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. It is one of the eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India under The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011 which establishes the eight new IITs as well as declares IT-BHU as Indian Institute of Technology. The Act was passed in the Lok Sabha on 24 March 2011 and by the Rajya Sabha on 30 April"]}
{"query": "What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?", "answer": "Diploma in Engineering", "gold_docs": ["Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron. In India, polytechnic institutes offer three years post Tenth class Diploma in Engineering. These institutes have affiliation from state boards of technical education and industrial training from respective state governments. After successfully completion of diploma at a polytechnic, students can get employment or take admission in direct second year of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) or Bachelor of Engineering (BE) (Lateral Entry). There are also Indian Institutes of Technology and National Institutes of Technology in India which are autonomous government institutions. These institutions are Institutes of National Importance. In addition to these,"]}
{"query": "How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["there are many other universities which offer higher technical courses. The authority controlling technical education in India is AICTE. There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions. Four public institutes are: Politeknik provides vocational education offers either three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to an associate degree, or four-year bachelor's degree. The more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees are still in progress. There are 18 technological universities in Iran. An \"Institute of Technology\" was formerly referred to"]}
{"query": "Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["there are many other universities which offer higher technical courses. The authority controlling technical education in India is AICTE. There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions. Four public institutes are: Politeknik provides vocational education offers either three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to an associate degree, or four-year bachelor's degree. The more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees are still in progress. There are 18 technological universities in Iran. An \"Institute of Technology\" was formerly referred to"]}
{"query": "What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?", "answer": "Regional Technical College", "gold_docs": ["as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The abbreviation IT is now widely used to refer to an Institute of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have \"delegated authority\" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council. Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system and after several decades of association with the University"]}
{"query": "What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?", "answer": "Dublin Institute of Technology", "gold_docs": ["as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The abbreviation IT is now widely used to refer to an Institute of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have \"delegated authority\" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council. Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system and after several decades of association with the University"]}
{"query": "Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["system. In higher education, \"Politecnico\" refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two \"Politecnici\", one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north: A third \"Politecnico\" was added in the south in 1990: However, many other universities have a faculty of engineering. In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research, not entirely in the fields of engineering and does not"]}
{"query": "What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?", "answer": "Genoa", "gold_docs": ["system. In higher education, \"Politecnico\" refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two \"Politecnici\", one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north: A third \"Politecnico\" was added in the south in 1990: However, many other universities have a faculty of engineering. In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research, not entirely in the fields of engineering and does not"]}
{"query": "What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?", "answer": "Imperial College of Engineering", "gold_docs": ["offer undergraduate degrees. In Japan, an is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty. Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer"]}
{"query": "What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?", "answer": "sciences", "gold_docs": ["offer undergraduate degrees. In Japan, an is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty. Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer"]}
{"query": "What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?", "answer": "Malaysia", "gold_docs": ["offer undergraduate degrees. In Japan, an is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty. Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer"]}
{"query": "What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?", "answer": "UNESCO", "gold_docs": ["offer undergraduate degrees. In Japan, an is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty. Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer"]}
{"query": "In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?", "answer": "Ipoh", "gold_docs": ["of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012. The following is a list of the polytechnics in Malaysia in order of establishment:- There are 4 technical universities in Malaysia and all are belongs to Malaysian Technical University Network: The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has"]}
{"query": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?", "answer": "60,840", "gold_docs": ["of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012. The following is a list of the polytechnics in Malaysia in order of establishment:- There are 4 technical universities in Malaysia and all are belongs to Malaysian Technical University Network: The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has"]}
{"query": "What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?", "answer": "University of Technology, Mauritius", "gold_docs": ["of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012. The following is a list of the polytechnics in Malaysia in order of establishment:- There are 4 technical universities in Malaysia and all are belongs to Malaysian Technical University Network: The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has"]}
{"query": "What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?", "answer": "technology", "gold_docs": ["a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country\u2019s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science and public sector policy and management. New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended and are typically considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education and w\u0101nanga; there is today often much"]}
{"query": "What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?", "answer": "New Zealand", "gold_docs": ["crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL) and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees. Some colleges of education or institutes of technology are privately owned, however, the qualification levels vary widely. Since the 1990s, there has"]}
{"query": "What does UCOL stand for?", "answer": "Universal College of Learning", "gold_docs": ["crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL) and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees. Some colleges of education or institutes of technology are privately owned, however, the qualification levels vary widely. Since the 1990s, there has"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?", "answer": "1989", "gold_docs": ["a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country\u2019s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science and public sector policy and management. New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended and are typically considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education and w\u0101nanga; there is today often much"]}
{"query": "What school did Massey University combine with?", "answer": "Wellington Polytechnic", "gold_docs": ["been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.) The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had"]}
{"query": "What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?", "answer": "Central Institute of Technology", "gold_docs": ["been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.) The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had"]}
{"query": "What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?", "answer": "North Island", "gold_docs": ["been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.) The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had"]}
{"query": "What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?", "answer": "Auckland University of Technology", "gold_docs": ["been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.) The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had"]}
{"query": "In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?", "answer": "10th", "gold_docs": ["in 2008. The polytechnic institutes in Pakistan offer diploma spanning three years in different engineering branches. This diploma is known as Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE). Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of the diploma offered in polytechnic institutes is to train people in various trades. These institutes are located throughout Pakistan and have been in service since early 1950s. After successfully completion of diploma at a polytechnic, students can get employment or enroll either in Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) or Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree"]}
{"query": "How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["in 2008. The polytechnic institutes in Pakistan offer diploma spanning three years in different engineering branches. This diploma is known as Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE). Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of the diploma offered in polytechnic institutes is to train people in various trades. These institutes are located throughout Pakistan and have been in service since early 1950s. After successfully completion of diploma at a polytechnic, students can get employment or enroll either in Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) or Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree"]}
{"query": "What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?", "answer": "BE", "gold_docs": ["Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron. In India, polytechnic institutes offer three years post Tenth class Diploma in Engineering. These institutes have affiliation from state boards of technical education and industrial training from respective state governments. After successfully completion of diploma at a polytechnic, students can get employment or take admission in direct second year of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) or Bachelor of Engineering (BE) (Lateral Entry). There are also Indian Institutes of Technology and National Institutes of Technology in India which are autonomous government institutions. These institutions are Institutes of National Importance. In addition to these,"]}
{"query": "What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?", "answer": "F.Sc", "gold_docs": ["programs. List of Technical Colleges in Pakistan. Universities of Engineering & Technology in Pakistan offer undergraduate (BE/BS/BSc Engineering) and postgraduate (ME/MS/MSc Engineering and PhD) degree programs in engineering. BE/BS/BSc Engineering is a professional degree in Pakistan. It is a 4 years full-time program after HSSC (higher secondary school certificate) also known as F.Sc (12 years of education). Politechnika (translated as a \"technical university\" or \"university of technology\") is the designation of a technical university in Poland. Here are some of the larger Polytechnics in Poland: Other polytechnical universities: The designation \"Institute of Technology\" is not applied at all, being meaningless"]}
{"query": "What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?", "answer": "Bologna Process", "gold_docs": ["then be compared to the US community colleges. Since the implementation of Bologna Process in Portugal in 2007, the polytechnics offer the 1st cycle (licentiate degree) and 2nd cycle (master's degree) of higher studies. Until 1998, the polytechnics only awarded bachelor () degrees (three-year short-cycle degrees) and were not authorized to award higher degrees. They however granted post-bachelor diplomas in specialized higher studies (DESE, \"diploma de estudos superiores especializados\"), that could be obtained after the conclusion of a two-year second cycle of studies and were academical equivalent to the university's licentiate degrees (\"licenciatura\"). After 1998, they started to be allowed"]}
{"query": "What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?", "answer": "Millennia Institute", "gold_docs": ["introduced in Singapore in the late 1980s with an education reform involving the pre-university education system. The establishment of centralised institutes as specialised pre-university centres for Commerce pre-university streams was in line with the crease of commerce and technical streams at junior colleges. Technical streams are reformed as diplomas in polytechnics. Outram Institute Chinese: \u6b27\u5357\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e2d\u5b66) was one of four original centralised institutes in Singapore, and one of the two that was merged to establish the nation's current only centralized institute, Millennia Institute. Outram Institute is the first centre in Singapore specializing in commercial studies. Students in Outram Institute take the"]}
{"query": "How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?", "answer": "5", "gold_docs": ["to confer their own licentiate degrees, which replaced the DESE diplomas. The Polytechnics in Singapore do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. However, the Polytechnics in Singapore offers three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. The Polytechnic diploma certification in Singapore is equivalent to a junior college in the UK or a community college in the United States. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely: Singapore Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Temasek Polytechnic, Nanyang Polytechnic and Republic Polytechnic. A Polytechnic diploma in Singapore is known to"]}
{"query": "How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["to confer their own licentiate degrees, which replaced the DESE diplomas. The Polytechnics in Singapore do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. However, the Polytechnics in Singapore offers three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. The Polytechnic diploma certification in Singapore is equivalent to a junior college in the UK or a community college in the United States. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely: Singapore Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Temasek Polytechnic, Nanyang Polytechnic and Republic Polytechnic. A Polytechnic diploma in Singapore is known to"]}
{"query": "What queen set up the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "answer": "queen Maria Theresa", "gold_docs": ["Design (2009). The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world. South Africa has completed a process of transforming"]}
{"query": "What year was the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia founded?", "answer": "1735", "gold_docs": ["Design (2009). The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world. South Africa has completed a process of transforming"]}
{"query": "The Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?", "answer": "silver and gold", "gold_docs": ["Design (2009). The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world. South Africa has completed a process of transforming"]}
{"query": "What year did teaching start at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "answer": "1764", "gold_docs": ["Design (2009). The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world. South Africa has completed a process of transforming"]}
{"query": "What are the university buildings still standing at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia used for now?", "answer": "teaching", "gold_docs": ["Design (2009). The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world. South Africa has completed a process of transforming"]}
{"query": "What are polytechnics called in South Africa?", "answer": "Technikons", "gold_docs": ["its \"higher education landscape\". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees. Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees). Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed"]}
{"query": "What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?", "answer": "1993", "gold_docs": ["its \"higher education landscape\". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees. Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees). Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed"]}
{"query": "When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["its \"higher education landscape\". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees. Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees). Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed"]}
{"query": "Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?", "answer": "technical colleges", "gold_docs": ["from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre) and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School). There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute). Institutes of technology"]}
{"query": "What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?", "answer": "bachelor's degrees", "gold_docs": ["from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre) and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School). There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute). Institutes of technology"]}
{"query": "What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?", "answer": "Pathumwan Institute of Technology", "gold_docs": ["from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre) and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School). There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute). Institutes of technology"]}
{"query": "What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?", "answer": "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi", "gold_docs": ["from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre) and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School). There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute). Institutes of technology"]}
{"query": "What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?", "answer": "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education", "gold_docs": ["from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre) and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School). There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute). Institutes of technology"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?", "answer": "Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology", "gold_docs": ["with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the"]}
{"query": "What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?", "answer": "Suranaree University of Technology", "gold_docs": ["with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the"]}
{"query": "What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?", "answer": "1989", "gold_docs": ["with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?", "answer": "Mahanakorn University of Technology", "gold_docs": ["with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the"]}
{"query": "What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?", "answer": "Bursa Technical University", "gold_docs": ["military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring. In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical"]}
{"query": "When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["Bursa Technical University Bursa Technical University (), is a public research university in Bursa, Turkey. Established in 2010, it is country's fifth Technical University. The university consists of six faculties, two institutes and a school. It started education in the 2011-12 semester. Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, was founded with the university\u2019s other 5 Faculties, 2 Institutes and 1 College by the decision of the Council of Ministers which was published in the Official Gazette dated 21/07/2010 and numbered 27648. There are Forest Engineering and Forest Industry Engineering departments in the faculty. Faculty of Forestry has not yet accepted"]}
{"query": "What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?", "answer": "Ankara and Trabzon", "gold_docs": ["military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring. In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical"]}
{"query": "What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?", "answer": "Central Institutions", "gold_docs": ["University. Polytechnics Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. From 1965 to 1992, UK polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA). They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses and other STEM subjects similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. Polytechnics were associated with innovations including women\u2019s studies, the academic study of communications"]}
{"query": "What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?", "answer": "Royal Polytechnic Institution", "gold_docs": ["and media, sandwich degrees and the rise of management and business studies. Britain's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain \"at little expense.\" The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th century. Most polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied"]}
{"query": "How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["science and technology education. The designation \"institute of technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's) and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation university and there were two \"institutes of science and technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation. Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of"]}
{"query": "What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?", "answer": "Loughborough University of Technology", "gold_docs": ["science and technology education. The designation \"institute of technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's) and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation university and there were two \"institutes of science and technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation. Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of"]}
{"query": "In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?", "answer": "1960s", "gold_docs": ["students choose to attend colleges of technology as an alternative route. These schools allow them to gain job skills without the intense pressure of the university admissions process. Many students attend specifically to get professional certifications and then proceed to enter the workforce afterwards. However, its also common for university graduates to attend colleges of technology if their efforts to secure a job with a university degree comes to no avail. 70 trade and technical schools have been operating since the early 1960s. A small percentage of college technology graduates transfer to universities as third-year students, and some universities such"]}
{"query": "What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?", "answer": "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992", "gold_docs": ["science and technology education. The designation \"institute of technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's) and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation university and there were two \"institutes of science and technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation. Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of"]}
{"query": "The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?", "answer": "CNAA", "gold_docs": ["the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities. Technical colleges In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation college of advanced technology. They became universities in 1966 meaning they could award their own degrees. Institutions called \"technical institutes\" or \"technical schools\" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and university or polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university. In 2016 the UK government announced plans to establish new \"institutes"]}
{"query": "If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?", "answer": "university colleges", "gold_docs": ["the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities. Technical colleges In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation college of advanced technology. They became universities in 1966 meaning they could award their own degrees. Institutions called \"technical institutes\" or \"technical schools\" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and university or polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university. In 2016 the UK government announced plans to establish new \"institutes"]}
{"query": "In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?", "answer": "1824", "gold_docs": ["and technology. The earliest of these institutions include: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT, 1829), Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute (1854), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (1865), Stevens Institute of Technology (1870), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI or VT, 1872), New Jersey Institute of Technology (1881), Georgia Institute of Technology (1885), California Institute of Technology (Caltech, 1891), Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (1891) and Carnegie Institute of Technology (1900). Conversely, schools dubbed \"technical colleges\" or \"technical institutes\" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on"]}
{"query": "Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?", "answer": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "gold_docs": ["and technology. The earliest of these institutions include: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT, 1829), Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute (1854), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861), Worcester Polytechnic Institute (1865), Stevens Institute of Technology (1870), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI or VT, 1872), New Jersey Institute of Technology (1881), Georgia Institute of Technology (1885), California Institute of Technology (Caltech, 1891), Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (1891) and Carnegie Institute of Technology (1900). Conversely, schools dubbed \"technical colleges\" or \"technical institutes\" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on"]}
{"query": "What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?", "answer": "middle class", "gold_docs": ["training vocational skills primarily at a community college level, parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution. Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the \"polytechnic\" French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy. Nowadays, most of the \"Institutos de Tecnolog\u00eda\" are privately run businesses, with varying degrees of quality. Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The institute"]}
{"query": "When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?", "answer": "1950s", "gold_docs": ["training vocational skills primarily at a community college level, parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution. Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the \"polytechnic\" French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy. Nowadays, most of the \"Institutos de Tecnolog\u00eda\" are privately run businesses, with varying degrees of quality. Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The institute"]}
{"query": "What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?", "answer": "Caracas", "gold_docs": ["of technology implementation (IUT, from \"Instituto universitario de tecnologia\" in Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French \"Institut Universitaire de Technologie\"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUTs were created in Venezuela, regardless"]}
{"query": "Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?", "answer": "Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio", "gold_docs": ["of technology implementation (IUT, from \"Instituto universitario de tecnologia\" in Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French \"Institut Universitaire de Technologie\"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUTs were created in Venezuela, regardless"]}
{"query": "Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?", "answer": "World Wide Web", "gold_docs": ["Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index\". Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire"]}
{"query": "Which company made the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "Internet Archive", "gold_docs": ["Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index\". Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire"]}
{"query": "Where is Internet Archive headquartered?", "answer": "San Francisco", "gold_docs": ["Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index\". Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire"]}
{"query": "What individuals founded Internet Archive?", "answer": "Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat", "gold_docs": ["Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index\". Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire"]}
{"query": "What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "three dimensional index", "gold_docs": ["Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index\". Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire"]}
{"query": "What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?", "answer": "Linux", "gold_docs": ["information was kept on digital tape, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary in 2001, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. By the time the Wayback Machine launched, it already contained over 10 billion archived pages. Today the data is stored on the Internet Archive's large cluster of Linux nodes. It revisits and archives new versions of websites on occasion (see technical details below). Sites can also be captured manually by entering a website's URL into"]}
{"query": "What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?", "answer": "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show", "gold_docs": ["Internet and provide \"universal access to all knowledge.\" The name \"Wayback Machine\" was chosen as a reference to the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced \"way-back\"), a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", an animated cartoon. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, \"Peabody's Improbable History\", the characters routinely used the machine to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history. The Wayback Machine began archiving cached web pages in 1996, with the goal of making the service public five years later. From 1996 to 2001 the"]}
{"query": "Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?", "answer": "Mr. Peabody and Sherman", "gold_docs": ["Internet and provide \"universal access to all knowledge.\" The name \"Wayback Machine\" was chosen as a reference to the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced \"way-back\"), a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", an animated cartoon. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, \"Peabody's Improbable History\", the characters routinely used the machine to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history. The Wayback Machine began archiving cached web pages in 1996, with the goal of making the service public five years later. From 1996 to 2001 the"]}
{"query": "What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?", "answer": "WABAC machine", "gold_docs": ["Internet and provide \"universal access to all knowledge.\" The name \"Wayback Machine\" was chosen as a reference to the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced \"way-back\"), a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", an animated cartoon. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, \"Peabody's Improbable History\", the characters routinely used the machine to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history. The Wayback Machine began archiving cached web pages in 1996, with the goal of making the service public five years later. From 1996 to 2001 the"]}
{"query": "When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?", "answer": "1996", "gold_docs": ["Internet and provide \"universal access to all knowledge.\" The name \"Wayback Machine\" was chosen as a reference to the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced \"way-back\"), a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", an animated cartoon. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, \"Peabody's Improbable History\", the characters routinely used the machine to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history. The Wayback Machine began archiving cached web pages in 1996, with the goal of making the service public five years later. From 1996 to 2001 the"]}
{"query": "What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?", "answer": "crawlers", "gold_docs": ["the search box, provided the website allows the Wayback Machine to \"crawl\" it and save the data. Software has been developed to \"crawl\" the web and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these \"crawlers\" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of"]}
{"query": "What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?", "answer": "Archive-It.org", "gold_docs": ["the search box, provided the website allows the Wayback Machine to \"crawl\" it and save the data. Software has been developed to \"crawl\" the web and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these \"crawlers\" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of"]}
{"query": "Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?", "answer": "researchers and scientists", "gold_docs": ["information was kept on digital tape, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary in 2001, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. By the time the Wayback Machine launched, it already contained over 10 billion archived pages. Today the data is stored on the Internet Archive's large cluster of Linux nodes. It revisits and archives new versions of websites on occasion (see technical details below). Sites can also be captured manually by entering a website's URL into"]}
{"query": "At what milestone was the archive made public?", "answer": "fifth anniversary", "gold_docs": ["information was kept on digital tape, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary in 2001, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. By the time the Wayback Machine launched, it already contained over 10 billion archived pages. Today the data is stored on the Internet Archive's large cluster of Linux nodes. It revisits and archives new versions of websites on occasion (see technical details below). Sites can also be captured manually by entering a website's URL into"]}
{"query": "Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?", "answer": "University of California, Berkeley", "gold_docs": ["information was kept on digital tape, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary in 2001, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. By the time the Wayback Machine launched, it already contained over 10 billion archived pages. Today the data is stored on the Internet Archive's large cluster of Linux nodes. It revisits and archives new versions of websites on occasion (see technical details below). Sites can also be captured manually by entering a website's URL into"]}
{"query": "What are the saved versions of a site called?", "answer": "Snapshots", "gold_docs": ["archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion \"in limine\" to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion \"in limine\" to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge"]}
{"query": "What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?", "answer": "six months", "gold_docs": ["for a minimum of 4 months and maximum of 24 months, based on the period that the unemployed person has contributed. The benefit amount is based on the most recent 180 days salary with both a minimum and a maximum amount. The average daily salary of the last 180 days is multiplied by 30 to arrive at a monthly benefit base. The monthly benefit amount is 70% of the monthly base for the first six months of unemployment and 50% of the monthly base for additional months, unless limited by the minimum or maximum amounts allowed. The base amount is"]}
{"query": "What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?", "answer": "variable", "gold_docs": ["domotic system. Everyone can require protocol message extension. It is enough to propose your own RFC. It will be examined and disclosed if it respects \"OpenWebNet\" syntax. An \"OpenWebNet\" message is structured with variable length fields separated by the special character '*' and closed by '##'. The characters admitted in the fields are numbers and the character \u201c#\u201d. The structure of a message is therefore: The following fields are admitted: WHO WHAT WHERE DIMENSION VALUE WHO It characterizes the domotic system function to which the OpenWebNet message is referred. For example: WHO = 1, characterizes the messages for lighting system"]}
{"query": "In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?", "answer": "three petabytes", "gold_docs": ["Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus. , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month. In 2011"]}
{"query": "As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "12 terabytes/month", "gold_docs": ["Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus. , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month. In 2011"]}
{"query": "Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?", "answer": "PetaBox rack systems", "gold_docs": ["Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus. , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month. In 2011"]}
{"query": "Who makes PetaBox rack systems?", "answer": "Capricorn Technologies", "gold_docs": ["PetaBox PetaBox is a storage unit from Capricorn Technologies. It was designed by the staff of the Internet Archive and C. R. Saikley to store and process one petabyte (a million gigabytes) of information. The PetaBox, custom-designed by Internet Archive staff, was originally created to safely store and process one petabyte (a million gigabytes) of information. The goals and design points were: The first 100 terabyte rack became operational at the European Archive in June 2004. The second 80 terabyte rack became operational in San Francisco that same year. The Internet Archive then spun off its PetaBox production to the"]}
{"query": "When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus. , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month. In 2011"]}
{"query": "Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?", "answer": "Sun Open Storage", "gold_docs": ["Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus. , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month. In 2011"]}
{"query": "Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?", "answer": "Sun Microsystems' California campus", "gold_docs": ["Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus. , the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month. In 2011"]}
{"query": "When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that, \"the Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year.\" Also in 2011, the Internet Archive"]}
{"query": "When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?", "answer": "March 2011", "gold_docs": ["a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that, \"the Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year.\" Also in 2011, the Internet Archive"]}
{"query": "The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that, \"the Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year.\" Also in 2011, the Internet Archive"]}
{"query": "The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that, \"the Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year.\" Also in 2011, the Internet Archive"]}
{"query": "What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?", "answer": "Save a Page", "gold_docs": ["installed their sixth pair of PetaBox racks which increased the Wayback Machine's storage capacity by 700 terabytes. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs. In October 2013, the company announced the \"Save a Page\" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries. , the Wayback Machine contained 435 billion web pages\u2014almost nine petabytes of data and was growing about 20 terabytes a week. , the Wayback Machine reportedly contained around 15 petabytes of data. As of"]}
{"query": "What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.", "gold_docs": ["request that their pages be excluded from the archive. In a 2009 case, \"Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.\", defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's website and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn"]}
{"query": "Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?", "answer": "Chordiant", "gold_docs": ["request that their pages be excluded from the archive. In a 2009 case, \"Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.\", defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's website and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn"]}
{"query": "What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?", "answer": "the robots.txt file", "gold_docs": ["request that their pages be excluded from the archive. In a 2009 case, \"Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.\", defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's website and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn"]}
{"query": "Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?", "answer": "Internet Archive", "gold_docs": ["request that their pages be excluded from the archive. In a 2009 case, \"Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.\", defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's website and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn"]}
{"query": "Which party did Internet Archive side with?", "answer": "Chordiant", "gold_docs": ["statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\" Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. In an October 2004 case, \"Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite\", No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine"]}
{"query": "Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?", "answer": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd", "gold_docs": ["statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\" Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. In an October 2004 case, \"Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite\", No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine"]}
{"query": "In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?", "answer": "Northern District of California, San Jose Division", "gold_docs": ["statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\" Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. In an October 2004 case, \"Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite\", No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine"]}
{"query": "Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?", "answer": "Chordiant", "gold_docs": ["statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\" Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. In an October 2004 case, \"Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite\", No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine"]}
{"query": "What does Telewizja Polska operate?", "answer": "TVP Polonia", "gold_docs": ["archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion \"in limine\" to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion \"in limine\" to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge"]}
{"query": "What is EchoStar's platform?", "answer": "the Dish Network", "gold_docs": ["archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion \"in limine\" to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion \"in limine\" to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge"]}
{"query": "Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?", "answer": "Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys", "gold_docs": ["archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion \"in limine\" to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion \"in limine\" to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge"]}
{"query": "When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?", "answer": "in examining a patent application", "gold_docs": ["public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application. There are technical limitations to archiving a website, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by website archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore,"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?", "answer": "authoritative statement of the archivist", "gold_docs": ["Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings, and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page, printouts were not self-authenticating. Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g., providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the"]}
{"query": "What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?", "answer": "technical", "gold_docs": ["public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application. There are technical limitations to archiving a website, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by website archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore,"]}
{"query": "The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?", "answer": "underlying links", "gold_docs": ["public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application. There are technical limitations to archiving a website, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by website archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore,"]}
{"query": "What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?", "answer": "forms", "gold_docs": ["public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application. There are technical limitations to archiving a website, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by website archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore,"]}
{"query": "What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?", "answer": "e-commerce", "gold_docs": ["do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. In Europe, the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. A number of cases have been brought against the Internet Archive specifically for its Wayback Machine archiving efforts. In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical"]}
{"query": "What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?", "answer": "copyright laws", "gold_docs": ["do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. In Europe, the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. A number of cases have been brought against the Internet Archive specifically for its Wayback Machine archiving efforts. In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical"]}
{"query": "What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?", "answer": "delete pages from its system", "gold_docs": ["do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. In Europe, the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. A number of cases have been brought against the Internet Archive specifically for its Wayback Machine archiving efforts. In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical"]}
{"query": "In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?", "answer": "FAQ", "gold_docs": ["do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives. In Europe, the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. A number of cases have been brought against the Internet Archive specifically for its Wayback Machine archiving efforts. In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical"]}
{"query": "Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?", "answer": "Scientology", "gold_docs": ["of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner\". Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed. In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their website from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their"]}
{"query": "Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?", "answer": "the site owner", "gold_docs": ["of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner\". Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed. In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their website from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their"]}
{"query": "Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?", "answer": "Church of Scientology", "gold_docs": ["of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner\". Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed. In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their website from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their"]}
{"query": "Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?", "answer": "Healthcare Advocates", "gold_docs": ["complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their website, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff website from the Wayback Machine, however, some material continued to be publicly visible on Wayback. The lawsuit was settled out of court, after Wayback fixed the problem. In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US$100,000"]}
{"query": "What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?", "answer": "the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act", "gold_docs": ["complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their website, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff website from the Wayback Machine, however, some material continued to be publicly visible on Wayback. The lawsuit was settled out of court, after Wayback fixed the problem. In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US$100,000"]}
{"query": "What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "answer": "voluntary", "gold_docs": ["is intended to provide a practical and consensual solution to some of the rights-related issues which in some cases have led to litigation between publishers and search engines. The Robots Exclusion Standard has always been implemented voluntarily by both content providers and search engines, and ACAP implementation is similarly voluntary for both parties. However, Beth Noveck has expressed concern that the emphasis on communicating access permissions in legal terms will lead to lawsuits if search engines do not comply with ACAP permissions. No public search engines recognise ACAP. Only one, Exalead, ever confirmed that they will be adopting the standard,"]}
{"query": "What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "answer": "Robots.txt", "gold_docs": ["September 2018, the Wayback Machine contained more than 25 petabytes of data. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the website's global Alexa rank changed from 163 to 208. Historically, Wayback Machine has respected the robots exclusion standard (robots.txt) in determining if a website would be crawled or not; or if already crawled, if its archives would be publicly viewable. Website owners had the option to opt-out of Wayback Machine through the use of robots.txt. It applied robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocked the Internet Archive, any previously archived pages from the domain were immediately rendered unavailable as well. In"]}
{"query": "If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?", "answer": "Robots.txt", "gold_docs": ["September 2018, the Wayback Machine contained more than 25 petabytes of data. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the website's global Alexa rank changed from 163 to 208. Historically, Wayback Machine has respected the robots exclusion standard (robots.txt) in determining if a website would be crawled or not; or if already crawled, if its archives would be publicly viewable. Website owners had the option to opt-out of Wayback Machine through the use of robots.txt. It applied robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocked the Internet Archive, any previously archived pages from the domain were immediately rendered unavailable as well. In"]}
{"query": "Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?", "answer": "Internet Archive", "gold_docs": ["addition the Internet Archive stated, \"Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests.\" In addition, the website says: \"The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection.\" Wayback's retroactive exclusion policy is based in part upon \"Recommendations for Managing Removal Requests and Preserving Archival Integrity\" published by the School of Information Management and Systems at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, which gives a website"]}
{"query": "What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?", "answer": "profane-justice.org", "gold_docs": ["for archiving her website profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss"]}
{"query": "In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?", "answer": "Northern District of California", "gold_docs": ["for archiving her website profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss"]}
{"query": "In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?", "answer": "District of Colorado", "gold_docs": ["for archiving her website profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss"]}
{"query": "When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?", "answer": "April 25, 2007", "gold_docs": ["copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward. On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation.\" Shell said, \"I respect the historical value of"]}
{"query": "Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?", "answer": "Suzanne Shell", "gold_docs": ["copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward. On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation.\" Shell said, \"I respect the historical value of"]}
{"query": "What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?", "answer": "DMCA requests", "gold_docs": ["Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\" In 2013\u20132016, a pornographic actor tried to remove archived images of himself from the Wayback Machine's archive, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the archive, and then by appealing to the Federal Court of Canada. Archive.org is currently blocked in China. After the site enabled the encrypted HTTPS protocol, the Internet Archive was blocked in its entirety in Russia in 2015. Alison Macrina, director of the Library Freedom Project, notes that \"while librarians deeply value individual privacy, we also strongly oppose censorship\". There"]}
{"query": "What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?", "answer": "Federal Court of Canada", "gold_docs": ["Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\" In 2013\u20132016, a pornographic actor tried to remove archived images of himself from the Wayback Machine's archive, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the archive, and then by appealing to the Federal Court of Canada. Archive.org is currently blocked in China. After the site enabled the encrypted HTTPS protocol, the Internet Archive was blocked in its entirety in Russia in 2015. Alison Macrina, director of the Library Freedom Project, notes that \"while librarians deeply value individual privacy, we also strongly oppose censorship\". There"]}
{"query": "The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?", "answer": "Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg", "gold_docs": ["in official correspondence were: And in Latin: Until the 16th century, the Low Countries \u2013 corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg \u2013 consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France. Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces"]}
{"query": "Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "Flanders", "gold_docs": ["in official correspondence were: And in Latin: Until the 16th century, the Low Countries \u2013 corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg \u2013 consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France. Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces"]}
{"query": "The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?", "answer": "the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg", "gold_docs": ["in official correspondence were: And in Latin: Until the 16th century, the Low Countries \u2013 corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg \u2013 consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France. Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces"]}
{"query": "Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?", "answer": "Holy Roman Emperor Charles V", "gold_docs": ["in official correspondence were: And in Latin: Until the 16th century, the Low Countries \u2013 corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg \u2013 consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France. Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "answer": "1568", "gold_docs": ["under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the"]}
{"query": "Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "answer": "high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces", "gold_docs": ["under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the"]}
{"query": "Who signed the Union of Utrecht?", "answer": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries", "gold_docs": ["under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the"]}
{"query": "What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?", "answer": "the Act of Abjuration", "gold_docs": ["expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and Zeeland. The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\" Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?", "answer": "1581", "gold_docs": ["under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the"]}
{"query": "What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?", "answer": "to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army", "gold_docs": ["under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War. In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the"]}
{"query": "In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?", "answer": "1582", "gold_docs": ["Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces"]}
{"query": "In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?", "answer": "1583", "gold_docs": ["Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces"]}
{"query": "When was William of Orange assassinated?", "answer": "10 July 1584", "gold_docs": ["Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces"]}
{"query": "Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?", "answer": "Elizabeth I", "gold_docs": ["Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces"]}
{"query": "In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?", "answer": "1588", "gold_docs": ["Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces"]}
{"query": "The republican forces fled to which country?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["Netherlands in 1787. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French Republic (1793\u201395), ousting stadtholder William V, abolishing the Dutch Republic, and replacing it with the Batavian Republic (1795\u20131806). After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland (1806\u20131810). The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to"]}
{"query": "The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?", "answer": "the Batavian Republic", "gold_docs": ["Netherlands in 1787. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French Republic (1793\u201395), ousting stadtholder William V, abolishing the Dutch Republic, and replacing it with the Batavian Republic (1795\u20131806). After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland (1806\u20131810). The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?", "answer": "1813", "gold_docs": ["Netherlands in 1787. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French Republic (1793\u201395), ousting stadtholder William V, abolishing the Dutch Republic, and replacing it with the Batavian Republic (1795\u20131806). After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland (1806\u20131810). The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to"]}
{"query": "What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?", "answer": "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\"", "gold_docs": ["Netherlands in 1787. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French Republic (1793\u201395), ousting stadtholder William V, abolishing the Dutch Republic, and replacing it with the Batavian Republic (1795\u20131806). After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland (1806\u20131810). The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to"]}
{"query": "The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?", "answer": "the Dutch Golden Age", "gold_docs": ["become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. On 16 March 1815, the son of stadtholder William V crowned himself King William I of the Netherlands. Between 1815 and 1890 the King of the Netherlands was also in a personal union the Grand Duke of the sovereign Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. After Belgium gained its independence in 1830, the state became unequivocally known as the \"Kingdom of the Netherlands\", as it remains today. During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th and 17th"]}
{"query": "What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?", "answer": "The County of Holland", "gold_docs": ["centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities. Later, a court"]}
{"query": "When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?", "answer": "1602", "gold_docs": ["centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities. Later, a court"]}
{"query": "Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?", "answer": "Rotterdam", "gold_docs": ["centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities. Later, a court"]}
{"query": "The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["centuries, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. The free trade spirit of the time was augmented by the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands. The Dutch East-India Company exchange went public in six different cities. Later, a court"]}
{"query": "Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?", "answer": "Amsterdam", "gold_docs": ["ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output. Between 1590 and 1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests, including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. The republic was"]}
{"query": "The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?", "answer": "Africa and the Pacific", "gold_docs": ["ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output. Between 1590 and 1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests, including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. The republic was"]}
{"query": "What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?", "answer": "breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient", "gold_docs": ["ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output. Between 1590 and 1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests, including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. The republic was"]}
{"query": "The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (\"Staten-Generaal\" in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each"]}
{"query": "The States General was made up of what?", "answer": "representatives of each of the seven provinces", "gold_docs": ["a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (\"Staten-Generaal\" in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each"]}
{"query": "What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?", "answer": "the County of Drenthe", "gold_docs": ["a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (\"Staten-Generaal\" in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each"]}
{"query": "Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?", "answer": "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes", "gold_docs": ["a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (\"Staten-Generaal\" in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order: In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each"]}
{"query": "The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?", "answer": "raadspensionaris", "gold_docs": ["province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists,"]}
{"query": "Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?", "answer": "the stadtholder", "gold_docs": ["province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists,"]}
{"query": "Who commanded the army?", "answer": "the stadtholder", "gold_docs": ["province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists,"]}
{"query": "Who appointed the stadtholders?", "answer": "the states of each province", "gold_docs": ["province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists,"]}
{"query": "Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?", "answer": "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent", "gold_docs": ["province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists,"]}
{"query": "Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?", "answer": "Zeeland and usually Utrecht", "gold_docs": ["province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists,"]}
{"query": "What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?", "answer": "Orangists", "gold_docs": ["province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris. In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists,"]}
{"query": "Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?", "answer": "Republicans", "gold_docs": ["who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally governed Generality Lands (\"Generaliteitslanden\"). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeelandic Flanders), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715). The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping"]}
{"query": "Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?", "answer": "the Peace of Westphalia", "gold_docs": ["who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally governed Generality Lands (\"Generaliteitslanden\"). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeelandic Flanders), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715). The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping"]}
{"query": "Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?", "answer": "The States General of the United Provinces", "gold_docs": ["who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally governed Generality Lands (\"Generaliteitslanden\"). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeelandic Flanders), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715). The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping"]}
{"query": "Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?", "answer": "The framers of the US Constitution", "gold_docs": ["expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and Zeeland. The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\" Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of"]}
{"query": "Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\"", "answer": "James Madison", "gold_docs": ["expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and Zeeland. The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\" Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of"]}
{"query": "The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?", "answer": "the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces", "gold_docs": ["than of things to imitate. In addition, the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces from the Spanish throne, is strikingly similar to the later American Declaration of Independence, though there is no concrete evidence that one influenced the other. John Adams went so far as to say that \"the origins of the two Republics are so much alike that the history of one seems but a transcript from that of the other.\" The Articles of Capitulation (outlining the terms of transfer to the English) in 1664 provided for the right to worship as one"]}
{"query": "What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?", "answer": "the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579", "gold_docs": ["the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent. In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and"]}
{"query": "Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?", "answer": "William of Orange", "gold_docs": ["the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent. In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and"]}
{"query": "What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?", "answer": "the Reformed Church", "gold_docs": ["17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this"]}
{"query": "The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?", "answer": "the time period and regional or city leaders", "gold_docs": ["Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Dutch Reformed Church became the \"public\" or \"privileged\" church in the Republic. During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In"]}
{"query": "What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?", "answer": "fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city", "gold_docs": ["17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this"]}
{"query": "What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?", "answer": "personal freedom of religion", "gold_docs": ["17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this"]}
{"query": "What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?", "answer": "predestination", "gold_docs": ["17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this"]}
{"query": "The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?", "answer": "the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants", "gold_docs": ["17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this"]}
{"query": "What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?", "answer": "the Synod of Dort", "gold_docs": ["17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe. In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this"]}
{"query": "When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?", "answer": "in the 18th century", "gold_docs": ["issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith. Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in Dutch society, the \"Staatsgezinden\" (Republicans) and the \"Prinsgezinden\" (Royalists or Orangists), sapped the strength and unity of the country. Johan de Witt and the Republicans did reign supreme for a time at the middle of the 17th century (the First Stadtholderless Period) until his overthrow"]}
{"query": "Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?", "answer": "as long as their services took place secretly in private churches", "gold_docs": ["issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith. Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in Dutch society, the \"Staatsgezinden\" (Republicans) and the \"Prinsgezinden\" (Royalists or Orangists), sapped the strength and unity of the country. Johan de Witt and the Republicans did reign supreme for a time at the middle of the 17th century (the First Stadtholderless Period) until his overthrow"]}
{"query": "What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?", "answer": "Greek", "gold_docs": ["Symbiosis Symbiosis (from Greek \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living together\", from \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd \"together\" and \u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living\") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as \"the living together of unlike organisms\". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens; biologists have now abandoned that restriction. Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or both of the"]}
{"query": "What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?", "answer": "lichens", "gold_docs": ["Symbiosis Symbiosis (from Greek \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living together\", from \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd \"together\" and \u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living\") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as \"the living together of unlike organisms\". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens; biologists have now abandoned that restriction. Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or both of the"]}
{"query": "What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?", "answer": "German", "gold_docs": ["Albert Bernhard Frank used the term \"symbiosis\" to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as \"the living together of unlike organisms\". The definition has varied among scientists, with some advocating that it should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others thought it should apply to all persistent biological interactions, in other words mutualisms, commensalism, or parasitism, but excluding brief interactions such as predation. Current biology and ecology textbooks use the latter \"de Bary\" definition, or an even broader one where symbiosis means all interspecific interactions; the restrictive definition where"]}
{"query": "How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?", "answer": "130 years", "gold_docs": ["symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional) when they can generally live independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. When one organism lives on the surface of another, such as head lice on humans, it is called ectosymbiosis; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as \"Symbiodinium\" within coral, it is termed endosymbiosis. The definition of \"symbiosis\" was a matter of debate for 130 years. In 1877,"]}
{"query": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?", "answer": "obligate", "gold_docs": ["symbiosis means only mutualism is no longer used. In 1949, Edward Haskell proposed an integrative approach, proposing a classification of \"co-actions\", later adopted by biologists as \"interactions\". Biological interactions can involve individuals of the same species (intraspecific interactions) or individuals of different species (interspecific interactions). These can be further classified by either the mechanism of the interaction or the strength, duration and direction of their effects. Relationships can be obligate, meaning that one or both of the symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, in lichens, which consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts, the fungal partners cannot"]}
{"query": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?", "answer": "facultative", "gold_docs": ["symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional) when they can generally live independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. When one organism lives on the surface of another, such as head lice on humans, it is called ectosymbiosis; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as \"Symbiodinium\" within coral, it is termed endosymbiosis. The definition of \"symbiosis\" was a matter of debate for 130 years. In 1877,"]}
{"query": "What is an example of an obligate relationship?", "answer": "lichens", "gold_docs": ["symbiosis means only mutualism is no longer used. In 1949, Edward Haskell proposed an integrative approach, proposing a classification of \"co-actions\", later adopted by biologists as \"interactions\". Biological interactions can involve individuals of the same species (intraspecific interactions) or individuals of different species (interspecific interactions). These can be further classified by either the mechanism of the interaction or the strength, duration and direction of their effects. Relationships can be obligate, meaning that one or both of the symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, in lichens, which consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts, the fungal partners cannot"]}
{"query": "What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?", "answer": "disjunctive symbiosis", "gold_docs": ["symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional) when they can generally live independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. When one organism lives on the surface of another, such as head lice on humans, it is called ectosymbiosis; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as \"Symbiodinium\" within coral, it is termed endosymbiosis. The definition of \"symbiosis\" was a matter of debate for 130 years. In 1877,"]}
{"query": "What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?", "answer": "endosymbiosis", "gold_docs": ["symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional) when they can generally live independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis. When one organism lives on the surface of another, such as head lice on humans, it is called ectosymbiosis; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as \"Symbiodinium\" within coral, it is termed endosymbiosis. The definition of \"symbiosis\" was a matter of debate for 130 years. In 1877,"]}
{"query": "What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?", "answer": "insects", "gold_docs": ["live on their own. The algal or cyanobacterial symbionts in lichens, such as \"Trentepohlia\", can generally live independently, and their symbiosis is, therefore, facultative (optional). Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete, nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as \"Frankia\", which live in alder root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%\u201315% of insects. Ectosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?", "answer": "Frankia", "gold_docs": ["live on their own. The algal or cyanobacterial symbionts in lichens, such as \"Trentepohlia\", can generally live independently, and their symbiosis is, therefore, facultative (optional). Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete, nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as \"Frankia\", which live in alder root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%\u201315% of insects. Ectosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont"]}
{"query": "What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?", "answer": "barnacles", "gold_docs": ["lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice; commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles, which attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales; and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. Competition can be defined as an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both usually facilitates this type of interaction, although the"]}
{"query": "Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.", "answer": "lice", "gold_docs": ["lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice; commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles, which attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales; and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish. Competition can be defined as an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both usually facilitates this type of interaction, although the"]}
{"query": "What is another term for mutualism?", "answer": "interspecies reciprocal altruism", "gold_docs": ["competition may also exist over other 'amenities', such as females for reproduction (in case of male organisms of the same species). Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines."]}
{"query": "What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?", "answer": "mutualistic", "gold_docs": ["competition may also exist over other 'amenities', such as females for reproduction (in case of male organisms of the same species). Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines."]}
{"query": "How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?", "answer": "fix carbon from the air", "gold_docs": ["Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae which live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. An example of mutualism is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish"]}
{"query": "What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?", "answer": "mycorrhyzal", "gold_docs": ["Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae which live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. An example of mutualism is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish"]}
{"query": "What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?", "answer": "ocellaris clownfish", "gold_docs": ["Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae which live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. An example of mutualism is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish"]}
{"query": "What prevents the clownfish from being stung?", "answer": "A special mucus", "gold_docs": ["Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae which live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. An example of mutualism is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish"]}
{"query": "What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?", "answer": "the goby fish", "gold_docs": ["protects it from the stinging tentacles. A further example is the goby, a fish which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger, the goby touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (\"Elacatinus spp.\") also clean up ectoparasites in other fish, possibly another kind"]}
{"query": "What part of the fish is used to signal danger?", "answer": "its tail", "gold_docs": ["protects it from the stinging tentacles. A further example is the goby, a fish which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger, the goby touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (\"Elacatinus spp.\") also clean up ectoparasites in other fish, possibly another kind"]}
{"query": "What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?", "answer": "non-obligate", "gold_docs": ["of mutualism. A non-obligate symbiosis is seen in encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs. The bryozoan colony (\"Acanthodesia commensale\") develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (\"Pseudopagurus granulimanus\") a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. Many types of tropical and sub-tropical ants that have evolved very complex relationships with certain tree species. In endosymbiosis, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients which the endosymbiont provides. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in"]}
{"query": "When were the worms found?", "answer": "the late 1980s", "gold_docs": ["order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensure that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). A spectacular example of obligate mutualism is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found"]}
{"query": "What does the bacteria give the worm?", "answer": "nutrition", "gold_docs": ["order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensure that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). A spectacular example of obligate mutualism is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found"]}
{"query": "What land is near the worms' first known location?", "answer": "the Galapagos Islands", "gold_docs": ["order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensure that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). A spectacular example of obligate mutualism is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found"]}
{"query": "What is given to the host cell?", "answer": "nutrients", "gold_docs": ["of mutualism. A non-obligate symbiosis is seen in encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs. The bryozoan colony (\"Acanthodesia commensale\") develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (\"Pseudopagurus granulimanus\") a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. Many types of tropical and sub-tropical ants that have evolved very complex relationships with certain tree species. In endosymbiosis, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients which the endosymbiont provides. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in"]}
{"query": "What does the host make that affect its genes?", "answer": "specialized cells", "gold_docs": ["of mutualism. A non-obligate symbiosis is seen in encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs. The bryozoan colony (\"Acanthodesia commensale\") develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (\"Pseudopagurus granulimanus\") a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. Many types of tropical and sub-tropical ants that have evolved very complex relationships with certain tree species. In endosymbiosis, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients which the endosymbiont provides. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in"]}
{"query": "In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?", "answer": "vertical transmission", "gold_docs": ["order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensure that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity). A spectacular example of obligate mutualism is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found"]}
{"query": "What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?", "answer": "drastic reduction in its genome size", "gold_docs": ["at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. As the endosymbiont adapts to the host's lifestyle, the endosymbiont changes dramatically. There is a drastic reduction in its genome size, as many genes are lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination, while important genes participating in the DNA-to-RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. The decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes"]}
{"query": "What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?", "answer": "Muller's ratchet phenomenon", "gold_docs": ["of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. When endosymbiotic bacteria related with insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria go across many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes, as compared to the free-living bacteria. The incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate their wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called \"Muller's ratchet\" phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon, together with less effective population sizes, leads to an accretion of deleterious mutations in"]}
{"query": "What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?", "answer": "lack of selection mechanisms", "gold_docs": ["the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively \"rich\" host environment. Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from \"com-\" (with) and \"mensa\" (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after"]}
{"query": "What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?", "answer": "Latin", "gold_docs": ["the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively \"rich\" host environment. Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from \"com-\" (with) and \"mensa\" (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after"]}
{"query": "What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?", "answer": "Commensalism", "gold_docs": ["the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively \"rich\" host environment. Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from \"com-\" (with) and \"mensa\" (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after"]}
{"query": "What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?", "answer": "inquilinism", "gold_docs": ["the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively \"rich\" host environment. Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from \"com-\" (with) and \"mensa\" (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after"]}
{"query": "What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?", "answer": "metabiosis", "gold_docs": ["its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies, and spiders building their webs on plants. In a parasitic relationship, the parasite benefits while the host is harmed. Parasitism takes many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites and parasitic castrators that live on its surface and micropredators like mosquitoes that visit intermittently. Parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life; as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost"]}
{"query": "In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?", "answer": "phoresy", "gold_docs": ["the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This can be due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the relatively \"rich\" host environment. Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from \"com-\" (with) and \"mensa\" (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after"]}
{"query": "Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?", "answer": "A parasitic relationship", "gold_docs": ["its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies, and spiders building their webs on plants. In a parasitic relationship, the parasite benefits while the host is harmed. Parasitism takes many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites and parasitic castrators that live on its surface and micropredators like mosquitoes that visit intermittently. Parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life; as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost"]}
{"query": "What is it called when parasites need their host to live?", "answer": "biotrophic", "gold_docs": ["cells and their growth of these parasites is greatly influenced by the metabolism of the host. Biotrophic mycoparasites tend to have a high host specificity, and often form specialized infection structures or a host parasite transition. Necrotrophic mycoparasites could only rely on saprophytic growth. On the other hand, the antagonistic action is strongly aggressive in necrotrophic relationships which is dominated by necrotrophic mycoparasites. Necrotrophic parasites tend to have a low host specificity, and are relatively unspecialized in their mechanism of parasitism. Balanced mycoparasites and destructive mycoparasites are classified depending on their influence on host fungi. Balanced mycoparsites have little or"]}
{"query": "What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?", "answer": "as many as half", "gold_docs": ["its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies, and spiders building their webs on plants. In a parasitic relationship, the parasite benefits while the host is harmed. Parasitism takes many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites and parasitic castrators that live on its surface and micropredators like mosquitoes that visit intermittently. Parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life; as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost"]}
{"query": "What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?", "answer": "Amensalism", "gold_docs": ["another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process, the mature tree is unaffected by the sapling. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. An example of antagonism is \"Juglans nigra\" (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. A clear case of amensalism is"]}
{"query": "When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?", "answer": "competition", "gold_docs": ["another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process, the mature tree is unaffected by the sapling. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. An example of antagonism is \"Juglans nigra\" (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. A clear case of amensalism is"]}
{"query": "What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?", "answer": "juglone", "gold_docs": ["another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process, the mature tree is unaffected by the sapling. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. An example of antagonism is \"Juglans nigra\" (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone. A clear case of amensalism is"]}
{"query": "What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?", "answer": "weevils", "gold_docs": ["where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus \"Timarcha\" which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. Cleaning"]}
{"query": "What does the Spanish ibex eat?", "answer": "shrub", "gold_docs": ["where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus \"Timarcha\" which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. Cleaning"]}
{"query": "What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?", "answer": "Amensalism", "gold_docs": ["where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus \"Timarcha\" which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it. Cleaning"]}
{"query": "What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?", "answer": "death", "gold_docs": ["its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies, and spiders building their webs on plants. In a parasitic relationship, the parasite benefits while the host is harmed. Parasitism takes many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites and parasitic castrators that live on its surface and micropredators like mosquitoes that visit intermittently. Parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life; as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost"]}
{"query": "What are eukaryotes?", "answer": "plants, animals, fungi, and protists", "gold_docs": ["interdependent co-evolution. Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) developed by symbiogenesis from a symbiosis between bacteria and archaea. Evidence for this includes the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own genome. The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contended that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considered Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claimed that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and her son Dorion Sagan,"]}
{"query": "What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?", "answer": "symbiosis", "gold_docs": ["interdependent co-evolution. Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) developed by symbiogenesis from a symbiosis between bacteria and archaea. Evidence for this includes the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own genome. The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contended that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considered Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claimed that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and her son Dorion Sagan,"]}
{"query": "Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?", "answer": "Dorion Sagan", "gold_docs": ["interdependent co-evolution. Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) developed by symbiogenesis from a symbiosis between bacteria and archaea. Evidence for this includes the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own genome. The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contended that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considered Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claimed that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and her son Dorion Sagan,"]}
{"query": "What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?", "answer": "dependent", "gold_docs": ["certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects, the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect. The acacia ant (\"Pseudomyrmex ferruginea\") is an obligate plant ant that protects at least five species of \"Acacia\" (\"Vachellia\") from preying insects and from other plants competing for sunlight, and the tree provides nourishment and shelter for the ant and its larvae. Symbiosis Symbiosis (from Greek \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living"]}
{"query": "What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "answer": "Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes", "gold_docs": ["volunteer organizations. After a two-week selection period, SAR Techs undergo 11 months of initial training at the Canadian Forces School of Search and Rescue, based at 19 Wing Comox in British Columbia. Additional resources available for SAR include: Retired aircraft (1968\u2013present): Canadian Armed Forces Search and Rescue \"'Canadian Armed Forces Search and Rescue\" (CAFSAR) (\"Recherche et sauvetage des Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes\" in French) is the collective name used to refer to search and rescue (SAR) resources and operations within the Canadian Armed Forces. CAFSAR is currently the responsibility of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Military search and rescue in"]}
{"query": "What law constitutes the CAF?", "answer": "the National Defence Act", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Armed Forces The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; , \"FAC\"), or Canadian Forces (CF) (, \"FC\"), are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\" This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve,"]}
{"query": "Who are the CAF supposed to protect?", "answer": "Her Majesty", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Armed Forces The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; , \"FAC\"), or Canadian Forces (CF) (, \"FC\"), are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\" This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve,"]}
{"query": "How many sub components are there?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Armed Forces The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; , \"FAC\"), or Canadian Forces (CF) (, \"FC\"), are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\" This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve,"]}
{"query": "What act defines the CAF?", "answer": "the National Defence Act", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Armed Forces The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; , \"FAC\"), or Canadian Forces (CF) (, \"FC\"), are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\" This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve,"]}
{"query": "Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth II", "gold_docs": ["Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces () is the supreme commander of Canada's armed forces. Constitutionally, command-in-chief is vested in the Canadian sovereign, presently Queen Elizabeth II. As the representative of the Queen, the Governor General of Canada, presently Julie Payette, has been authorized to exercise the powers and responsibilities belonging to the sovereign and has consequently been bestowed with the title \"Commander-in-Chief\". By viceregal protocol, the title used with Canadian audiences is \"Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces\" and, in international contexts, \"Commander-in-Chief of Canada\". The Constitution Act, 1867, states that \"The Command-in-Chief"]}
{"query": "Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?", "answer": "the Governor General of Canada", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "Who leads the CAF?", "answer": "the Chief of the Defence Staff", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "Who advises the Chief of the Defence?", "answer": "the Armed Forces Council.", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "What war were the CAF involved in?", "answer": "Cold War", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?", "answer": "the security of Europe", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?", "answer": "the Soviet military threat", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?", "answer": "the early 1950s", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "What year did the CAF leave Europe?", "answer": "the early 1990s", "gold_docs": ["represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. Since the Second World War, Canadian defence policy has consistently stressed three overarching objectives: During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. However, since the end of the Cold War, as the"]}
{"query": "What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?", "answer": "international security operations", "gold_docs": ["North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to: Consistent with the missions"]}
{"query": "What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?", "answer": "Afghanistan", "gold_docs": ["North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to: Consistent with the missions"]}
{"query": "Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?", "answer": "out of area", "gold_docs": ["North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to: Consistent with the missions"]}
{"query": "What is Canada's defense policy based on?", "answer": "Canada First Defence Strategy", "gold_docs": ["North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to: Consistent with the missions"]}
{"query": "When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to: Consistent with the missions"]}
{"query": "How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?", "answer": "six core missions", "gold_docs": ["North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to: Consistent with the missions"]}
{"query": "What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?", "answer": "North America", "gold_docs": ["North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to: Consistent with the missions"]}
{"query": "What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?", "answer": "conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy", "gold_docs": ["and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts. The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2016\u201317 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was . (2016\u20132017) The Federal Government"]}
{"query": "What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?", "answer": "deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s", "gold_docs": ["and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts. The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2016\u201317 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was . (2016\u20132017) The Federal Government"]}
{"query": "What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?", "answer": "the American Air Forces", "gold_docs": ["and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts. The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2016\u201317 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was . (2016\u20132017) The Federal Government"]}
{"query": "What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?", "answer": "military training", "gold_docs": ["and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts. The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2016\u201317 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was . (2016\u20132017) The Federal Government"]}
{"query": "What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?", "answer": "relationship-building efforts", "gold_docs": ["and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts. The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2016\u201317 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was . (2016\u20132017) The Federal Government"]}
{"query": "What year was Canada united in a confederation?", "answer": "1867", "gold_docs": ["now factors in military related spending from departments such as Veterans Affairs, Public Works, and the Treasury Board when calculating \"defence spending\". It is believed that this move was made in order to improve Canada's defence related NATO reporting metrics. Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as"]}
{"query": "The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?", "answer": "French and British forces", "gold_docs": ["now factors in military related spending from departments such as Veterans Affairs, Public Works, and the Treasury Board when calculating \"defence spending\". It is believed that this move was made in order to improve Canada's defence related NATO reporting metrics. Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as"]}
{"query": "What is one of the threats that faced them?", "answer": "European powers", "gold_docs": ["now factors in military related spending from departments such as Veterans Affairs, Public Works, and the Treasury Board when calculating \"defence spending\". It is believed that this move was made in order to improve Canada's defence related NATO reporting metrics. Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as"]}
{"query": "What American war threatened Canada?", "answer": "the American Revolutionary War", "gold_docs": ["now factors in military related spending from departments such as Veterans Affairs, Public Works, and the Treasury Board when calculating \"defence spending\". It is believed that this move was made in order to improve Canada's defence related NATO reporting metrics. Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as"]}
{"query": "Early on, what did they defend against with the British?", "answer": "invasion by the United States", "gold_docs": ["well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States. The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air"]}
{"query": "Who initially had military command?", "answer": "the British Crown-in-Council", "gold_docs": ["well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States. The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air"]}
{"query": "When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?", "answer": "1906", "gold_docs": ["well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States. The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air"]}
{"query": "The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?", "answer": "the Department of Militia and Defence", "gold_docs": ["Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militiasfrequently shortened to simply \"The Militia.\" By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence. The first significant overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Second Battle"]}
{"query": "When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?", "answer": "November 1940", "gold_docs": ["of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Second Battle of Passchendaele, as well as a series of attacks undertaken by the Canadian Corps during the Hundred Days Offensive. During this period, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War. In November 1940,"]}
{"query": "When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?", "answer": "Second Boer War", "gold_docs": ["Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militiasfrequently shortened to simply \"The Militia.\" By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence. The first significant overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Second Battle"]}
{"query": "Under what command did they serve?", "answer": "British command", "gold_docs": ["Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militiasfrequently shortened to simply \"The Militia.\" By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence. The first significant overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Second Battle"]}
{"query": "When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?", "answer": "the First World War", "gold_docs": ["Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militiasfrequently shortened to simply \"The Militia.\" By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence. The first significant overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Second Battle"]}
{"query": "What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "answer": "Second World War", "gold_docs": ["the Canadian militia is formally renamed the Canadian Army. Canadian Forces entered the Second World War in September 1939, after the Canadian Crown-in-Council declared war on Nazi Germany. Battles and campaigns during the Second World War that were particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of the Atlantic, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of Hong Kong, the Dieppe Raid, the invasion of Sicily and Italy, Operation Overlord, the Siegfried Line Campaign, Operation Veritable, as well as the strategic bombing of German cities. At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and"]}
{"query": "What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "answer": "Korean War", "gold_docs": ["professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Korean War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and"]}
{"query": "How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?", "answer": "more than 200 operations", "gold_docs": ["fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect. Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class"]}
{"query": "How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?", "answer": "72", "gold_docs": ["fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect. Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class"]}
{"query": "What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?", "answer": "United Nations Peacekeeping operations", "gold_docs": ["professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Korean War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and"]}
{"query": "What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?", "answer": "the strategic bombing of German cities", "gold_docs": ["the Canadian militia is formally renamed the Canadian Army. Canadian Forces entered the Second World War in September 1939, after the Canadian Crown-in-Council declared war on Nazi Germany. Battles and campaigns during the Second World War that were particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of the Atlantic, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of Hong Kong, the Dieppe Raid, the invasion of Sicily and Italy, Operation Overlord, the Siegfried Line Campaign, Operation Veritable, as well as the strategic bombing of German cities. At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and"]}
{"query": "What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?", "answer": "the Battle of Vimy Ridge", "gold_docs": ["of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Second Battle of Passchendaele, as well as a series of attacks undertaken by the Canadian Corps during the Hundred Days Offensive. During this period, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War. In November 1940,"]}
{"query": "What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?", "answer": "Croatia", "gold_docs": ["professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Korean War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and"]}
{"query": "Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?", "answer": "the largest volunteer army ever", "gold_docs": ["fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect. Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class"]}
{"query": "What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?", "answer": "the Soviet Union", "gold_docs": ["fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect. Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class"]}
{"query": "Which other country had a sizable naval army?", "answer": "Japanese", "gold_docs": ["fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect. Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class"]}
{"query": "When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?", "answer": "1 February 1968", "gold_docs": ["professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Korean War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and"]}
{"query": "What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?", "answer": "the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force", "gold_docs": ["professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Korean War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and"]}
{"query": "What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?", "answer": "the British government", "gold_docs": ["of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Second Battle of Passchendaele, as well as a series of attacks undertaken by the Canadian Corps during the Hundred Days Offensive. During this period, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War. In November 1940,"]}
{"query": "When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?", "answer": "1931", "gold_docs": ["of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Second Battle of Passchendaele, as well as a series of attacks undertaken by the Canadian Corps during the Hundred Days Offensive. During this period, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War. In November 1940,"]}
{"query": "What war aided Canadian legislative independence?", "answer": "the First World War", "gold_docs": ["of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Second Battle of Passchendaele, as well as a series of attacks undertaken by the Canadian Corps during the Hundred Days Offensive. During this period, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War. In November 1940,"]}
{"query": "What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?", "answer": "Canadian Armed Forces", "gold_docs": ["superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained. After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\". The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011,"]}
{"query": "When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?", "answer": "After the 1980s", "gold_docs": ["superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained. After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\". The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011,"]}
{"query": "When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained. After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\". The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011,"]}
{"query": "What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "answer": "Canadian Forces", "gold_docs": ["superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained. After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\". The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011,"]}
{"query": "What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?", "answer": "Land Forces", "gold_docs": ["superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained. After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\". The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011,"]}
{"query": "Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained. After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\". The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011,"]}
{"query": "What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?", "answer": "ISAF", "gold_docs": ["under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan. The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 50th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 79,000, plus 32,500 reservists, bringing the total force to approximately 111,250. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000"]}
{"query": "Who requested the aid of the Canadians?", "answer": "the Government of Afghanistan", "gold_docs": ["under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan. The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 50th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 79,000, plus 32,500 reservists, bringing the total force to approximately 111,250. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000"]}
{"query": "What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?", "answer": "peacekeeping", "gold_docs": ["superseded by elemental commands, known as Air Command, Land Force, and Maritime Command. On 16 August 2011, the names for the three elemental commands were reverted to their historical predecessor, although the unified structure of the Canadian Armed Forces was maintained. After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\". The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013. Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011,"]}
{"query": "How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?", "answer": "74th in size", "gold_docs": ["under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan. The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 50th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 79,000, plus 32,500 reservists, bringing the total force to approximately 111,250. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000"]}
{"query": "By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?", "answer": "2020", "gold_docs": ["under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan. The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 50th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 79,000, plus 32,500 reservists, bringing the total force to approximately 111,250. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000"]}
{"query": "What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?", "answer": "around 124,000", "gold_docs": ["supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act. In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s,"]}
{"query": "What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?", "answer": "the Canada First Defence Strategy", "gold_docs": ["supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act. In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s,"]}
{"query": "How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?", "answer": "through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness", "gold_docs": ["supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act. In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s,"]}
{"query": "What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?", "answer": "loss of existing members", "gold_docs": ["of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually. The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been"]}
{"query": "What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?", "answer": "main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles", "gold_docs": ["of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually. The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been"]}
{"query": "What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?", "answer": "C-130 Hercules", "gold_docs": ["of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually. The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been"]}
{"query": "What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?", "answer": "CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters", "gold_docs": ["of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually. The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been"]}
{"query": "When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually. The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been"]}
{"query": "What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?", "answer": "medicine, communication, logistics, and administration", "gold_docs": ["acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to: In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas\u2014vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic"]}
{"query": "What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?", "answer": "1971", "gold_docs": ["acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to: In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas\u2014vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic"]}
{"query": "Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?", "answer": "the Department changed its policies", "gold_docs": ["controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons. In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed"]}
{"query": "What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?", "answer": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", "gold_docs": ["controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons. In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed"]}
{"query": "Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.", "answer": "infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery", "gold_docs": ["to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women. All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean"]}
{"query": "On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?", "answer": "5 February 1987", "gold_docs": ["to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women. All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean"]}
{"query": "Who created an office to study these effects?", "answer": "the Minister of National Defence", "gold_docs": ["to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women. All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean"]}
{"query": "What was the study called?", "answer": "Combat-Related Employment of Women", "gold_docs": ["to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women. All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean"]}
{"query": "What year were most military occupations opened to women?", "answer": "1989", "gold_docs": ["to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women. All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean"]}
{"query": "What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?", "answer": "submarine service", "gold_docs": ["to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women. All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean"]}
{"query": "By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?", "answer": "100 percent", "gold_docs": ["to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women. All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean"]}
{"query": "What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?", "answer": "equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force", "gold_docs": ["Chr\u00e9tien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines. All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments. The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who,"]}
{"query": "What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?", "answer": "Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots", "gold_docs": ["Chr\u00e9tien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines. All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments. The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who,"]}
{"query": "What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?", "answer": "an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments", "gold_docs": ["Chr\u00e9tien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines. All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments. The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who,"]}
{"query": "Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?", "answer": "the governor general", "gold_docs": ["since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to"]}
{"query": "What orders fall under the royal prerogative?", "answer": "troop deployment and disposition orders", "gold_docs": ["since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to"]}
{"query": "Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?", "answer": "the monarch or governor general", "gold_docs": ["since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to"]}
{"query": "Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?", "answer": "the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet", "gold_docs": ["since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to"]}
{"query": "Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?", "answer": "the Chief of the Defence Staff", "gold_docs": ["the elected House of Commons. The Armed Forces' 92,600 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council also includes the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, the commanders of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian"]}
{"query": "Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?", "answer": "The governor general", "gold_docs": ["the elected House of Commons. The Armed Forces' 92,600 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council also includes the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, the commanders of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian"]}
{"query": "What location does the National Defense operate out of?", "answer": "Ottawa, Ontario", "gold_docs": ["Special Operations Forces Command, and other key Level 1 organizations. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial. Canada's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian"]}
{"query": "How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?", "answer": "27", "gold_docs": ["Special Operations Forces Command, and other key Level 1 organizations. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial. Canada's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian"]}
{"query": "Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?", "answer": "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu", "gold_docs": ["Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Officers will generally either directly enter the Canadian Armed Forces with a degree from a civilian university, or receive their commission upon graduation from the Royal Military College of Canada. Specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout Canada, and to a lesser extent, the world. The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 28 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Majesty's Canadian"]}
{"query": "Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?", "answer": "Halifax", "gold_docs": ["Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. Currently, the Regular Force"]}
{"query": "What formation is located in Quebec?", "answer": "the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)", "gold_docs": ["Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. Currently, the Regular Force"]}
{"query": "What international exercises does the RCN partake in?", "answer": "NATO exercises", "gold_docs": ["Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. Currently, the Regular Force"]}
{"query": "Who heads the Canadian Army?", "answer": "Commander of the Canadian Army", "gold_docs": ["Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. Currently, the Regular Force"]}
{"query": "How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?", "answer": "four divisions", "gold_docs": ["Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. Currently, the Regular Force"]}
{"query": "What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?", "answer": "the 5th Canadian Division", "gold_docs": ["Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. Currently, the Regular Force"]}
{"query": "The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?", "answer": "the 5th Canadian Division", "gold_docs": ["Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments. The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters. Currently, the Regular Force"]}
{"query": "How many brigades does the Army consist of?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command"]}
{"query": "What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?", "answer": "tactical helicopter squadron", "gold_docs": ["component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command"]}
{"query": "What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?", "answer": "a field ambulance", "gold_docs": ["component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command"]}
{"query": "Where is most of the major training performed?", "answer": "CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.", "gold_docs": ["structure. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the 4th Canadian Division and the 3rd Canadian Division each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright. The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian"]}
{"query": "Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?", "answer": "the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force", "gold_docs": ["Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force The Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force (French: \"commandant de l'Aviation royale canadienne\") is the institutional head of the Royal Canadian Air Force. This appointment also includes the title Chief of the Air Force Staff and is based at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario. With the creation of the Canadian Aviation Corps in 1914, a provisional commander was appointed. This small and short-lived organization was dissolved in 1915 and it was not until 1918 that the Canadian Air Force came into being under the authority of its Officer Commanding. The Canadian"]}
{"query": "Where is the commander based out of?", "answer": "Winnipeg", "gold_docs": ["Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel"]}
{"query": "How many air force wings are located across Canada?", "answer": "eleven", "gold_docs": ["Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel"]}
{"query": "Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?", "answer": "tactical commander", "gold_docs": ["Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel"]}
{"query": "What are some locations of the air bases?", "answer": "Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "Where are the command facilities located?", "answer": "Winnipeg and North Bay", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?", "answer": "Geilenkirchen, Germany", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "What NATO force are the Canadians part of?", "answer": "Airborne Early Warning Force", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?", "answer": "Labrador", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "What does JTFN stand for?", "answer": "Joint Task Force (North)", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?", "answer": "a chain of forward operating locations", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "What can each forwarding operation location provide?", "answer": "fighter operations", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "What squadrons deploy to these locations?", "answer": "CF-18 squadrons", "gold_docs": ["to several thousand. Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany. The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or"]}
{"query": "What patrols are organized from these locations?", "answer": "Arctic sovereignty patrols.", "gold_docs": ["Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the"]}
{"query": "When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?", "answer": "October 2012", "gold_docs": ["Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the"]}
{"query": "What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?", "answer": "Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command", "gold_docs": ["Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the"]}
{"query": "What specifically prompted this merger?", "answer": "the 2012 federal budget", "gold_docs": ["Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the"]}
{"query": "what does CANSOFCOM stand for?", "answer": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command", "gold_docs": ["Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the"]}
{"query": "What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?", "answer": "generating special operations forces", "gold_docs": ["Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the"]}
{"query": "What do the special forces support?", "answer": "CJOC", "gold_docs": ["Arctic sovereignty patrols. The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters. The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the"]}
{"query": "Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?", "answer": "CFB Trenton", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa. Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces"]}
{"query": "How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?", "answer": "427", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa. Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces"]}
{"query": "What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?", "answer": "electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa. Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces"]}
{"query": "Where is the Information Management Group located?", "answer": "CFS Leitrim in Ottawa", "gold_docs": ["Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa. Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces"]}
{"query": "What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?", "answer": "design and build cyber warfare capabilities", "gold_docs": ["Network Operations Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces. The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing"]}
{"query": "When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?", "answer": "June 2011", "gold_docs": ["Network Operations Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces. The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing"]}
{"query": "Who does The Health Services Group serve?", "answer": "the Canadian Armed Forces", "gold_docs": ["health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command. The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows: after 2002 there is no sub division of the Supplementary Reserve. Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers,"]}
{"query": "Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?", "answer": "Joint Task Force", "gold_docs": ["health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command. The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows: after 2002 there is no sub division of the Supplementary Reserve. Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers,"]}
{"query": "What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?", "answer": "domestic support", "gold_docs": ["health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command. The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows: after 2002 there is no sub division of the Supplementary Reserve. Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers,"]}
{"query": "When can the reserve force be called upon?", "answer": "in times of national emergency or threat", "gold_docs": ["health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command. The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows: after 2002 there is no sub division of the Supplementary Reserve. Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers,"]}
{"query": "What troops does The reserve force consists of?", "answer": "primary and supplementary", "gold_docs": ["health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command. The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows: after 2002 there is no sub division of the Supplementary Reserve. Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers,"]}
{"query": "Who conducts training of the cadets?", "answer": "Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service", "gold_docs": ["under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group. The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Organization. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation"]}
{"query": "What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?", "answer": "12 to 18 years", "gold_docs": ["under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group. The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Organization. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation"]}
{"query": "What branch are the majority of COATS members?", "answer": "officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre", "gold_docs": ["under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group. The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Organization. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation"]}
{"query": "Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?", "answer": "Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS", "gold_docs": ["under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group. The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Organization. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation"]}
{"query": "What do Canadian Rangers perform?", "answer": "provide surveillance and patrol services", "gold_docs": ["of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve. The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory. Although the Canadian Armed Forces are a single service, there are three similar but distinctive environmental uniforms (DEUs): navy blue (which is actually black) for the navy, rifle green for the army, and light blue for the air force. CAF members in operational occupations generally wear the DEU to which their"]}
{"query": "Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?", "answer": "in Canada's arctic", "gold_docs": ["of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve. The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory. Although the Canadian Armed Forces are a single service, there are three similar but distinctive environmental uniforms (DEUs): navy blue (which is actually black) for the navy, rifle green for the army, and light blue for the air force. CAF members in operational occupations generally wear the DEU to which their"]}
{"query": "Which force are the Rangers part of?", "answer": "reserve force", "gold_docs": ["of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve. The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory. Although the Canadian Armed Forces are a single service, there are three similar but distinctive environmental uniforms (DEUs): navy blue (which is actually black) for the navy, rifle green for the army, and light blue for the air force. CAF members in operational occupations generally wear the DEU to which their"]}
{"query": "What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?", "answer": "Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory", "gold_docs": ["of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve. The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory. Although the Canadian Armed Forces are a single service, there are three similar but distinctive environmental uniforms (DEUs): navy blue (which is actually black) for the navy, rifle green for the army, and light blue for the air force. CAF members in operational occupations generally wear the DEU to which their"]}
{"query": "What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?", "answer": "service dress", "gold_docs": ["occasions and \"dressed down\" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. Units of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force, and cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada also wear"]}
{"query": "What other parts are there to a uniform?", "answer": "gloves, swords, and medals", "gold_docs": ["occupation \"belongs.\" CAF members in non-operational occupations (the \"purple\" trades) are allocated a uniform according to the \"distribution\" of their branch within the CAF, association of the branch with one of the former services, and the individual's initial preference. Therefore, on any given day, in any given CAF unit, all three coloured uniforms may be seen. The uniforms of the CAF are sub-divided into five orders of dress: Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring \"dirty work\" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial"]}
{"query": "What can be worn in cold winter weather?", "answer": "Approved parkas", "gold_docs": ["occasions and \"dressed down\" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. Units of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force, and cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada also wear"]}
{"query": "What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?", "answer": "beret, wedge cap, ballcap", "gold_docs": ["although the Canadian Forces dress instructions state that naval full dress is no longer worn. Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or \"regimental\" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most"]}
{"query": "Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?", "answer": "coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn", "gold_docs": ["although the Canadian Forces dress instructions state that naval full dress is no longer worn. Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or \"regimental\" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most"]}
{"query": "What is the most popular head dress worn?", "answer": "The beret", "gold_docs": ["divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided \"pillbox\" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur \"Astrakhan\" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet. Canadian Armed Forces The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; , \"FAC\"), or Canadian Forces (CF) (, \"FC\"), are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces"]}
{"query": "What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?", "answer": "CG634 helmet", "gold_docs": ["divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided \"pillbox\" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur \"Astrakhan\" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet. Canadian Armed Forces The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; , \"FAC\"), or Canadian Forces (CF) (, \"FC\"), are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces"]}
{"query": "What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?", "answer": "The Constitution of Canada", "gold_docs": ["and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts. The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2016\u201317 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was . (2016\u20132017) The Federal Government"]}
{"query": "In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? ", "answer": "the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.", "gold_docs": ["see becomes vacant. During the \"sede vacante\" (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of"]}
{"query": "At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?", "answer": "cardinal", "gold_docs": ["appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome. The term \"cardinal\" at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin \"cardo\" (hinge), meaning \"principal\" or \"chief\". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the \"tituli\" (parishes) of the"]}
{"query": "What Latin word does \"cardinal\" come from?", "answer": "cardo", "gold_docs": ["cardinals and cardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty), nearly half of whom were created after 1655. The word \"cardinal\" is derived from the Latin \"cardo\", meaning \"hinge\". The office of cardinal as it is known today slowly evolved during the first millennium from the clergy of Rome. \"The first time that the term \"cardinal\" appears in the \"Liber Pontificalis\" is in the biography of Pope Stephen III(IV) when in the Roman Synod of 769, it was decided that the Roman pontiff should be elected from"]}
{"query": "Which church still holds on to the original meaning of \"cardinal\" from the above Latin word?", "answer": "The Church of England", "gold_docs": ["is still sometimes used today, although much less often than in earlier centuries. Papist Papist is a pejorative term referring to the Roman Catholic Church, its teachings, practices, or adherents. The word gained currency during the English Reformation, as it was used to denote a person whose loyalties were to the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, rather than to the Church of England. First used in 1522, \"papist\" derives (through Middle French) from Latin \"papa\", meaning \"Pope\". The term was also common in use in the Eastern Orthodox Church in the 19th century. The word was in common use"]}
{"query": "Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? ", "answer": "the deacons of the seven regions of the city", "gold_docs": ["diocese of Rome. There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but the consensus that \"\"cardinalis\"\" from the word \"cardo\" (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean \"principal,\" \"eminent,\" or \"superior.\" The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the"]}
{"query": "What year did the ruling \"only a cardinal was eligible to become pope\" come in effect?", "answer": "769", "gold_docs": ["\"title\" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a"]}
{"query": "Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?", "answer": "Nicholas II", "gold_docs": ["right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II gave cardinals the right to elect the bishop of Rome in the papal bull \"In nomine Domini\". For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the Third Lateran Council restored the right to the whole body of cardinals. In 1586 Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing the need to staff Church offices. In November 1970"]}
{"query": "Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?", "answer": "Pope Innocent IV", "gold_docs": ["Galero A galero (plural: galeri; from ) is a broad-brimmed hat with tasselated strings worn by clergy in the Catholic Church. Over the centuries, the red \"galero\" was restricted to use by individual cardinals while such other colors as green and violet were reserved to clergy of other ranks and styles. The privilege of wearing the red \"galero\" was first granted to cardinals by Pope Innocent IV in 1245 at the First Council of Lyon. Tradition in the Archdiocese of Lyon is that the red color was inspired by the red hats of the canons of Lyon. Pope Innocent wanted"]}
{"query": "What term was given to certain church men of honor?", "answer": "cardinal", "gold_docs": ["the mystical experiences of his long-time friend and convert, the physician Adrienne von Speyr. Balthasar published varied works spanning many decades, fields of study (e.g., literature and literary analysis, lives of the saints, and the Church Fathers), and languages. Balthasar used the expression \"Casta Meretrix\" to argue that the term Whore of Babylon was acceptable in a certain tradition of the Church, in the writings of Rabanus Maurus for instance. At Balthasar's funeral, then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later to become Pope Benedict XVI, said, speaking of Balthasar's work in general: \"What the pope intended to express by this mark of distinction"]}
{"query": "When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?", "answer": "1567", "gold_docs": ["mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V. In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius"]}
{"query": "In regards to the word \"cardinal\" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?", "answer": "Pope Zacharias", "gold_docs": ["mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V. In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius"]}
{"query": "Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?", "answer": "Pius V.", "gold_docs": ["Rome. He held that post from August 1561 until May 1562. In 1562-63, he was a participant in the Council of Trent, which would imply that he was certainly a bishop by 1562. Pope Pius IV made him a cardinal priest in his fourth Consistory for the creation of cardinals on 12 March 1565. Pope Pius died on 9 December 1565, before Luigi had been invested with a titular church. He participated in the papal conclave of 1565-66 that elected Pope Pius V. He received the red hat and the titular church of San Vitale on 8 February 1566. On"]}
{"query": "In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? ", "answer": "1563", "gold_docs": ["II; the papal conclave of May 1555 that elected Pope Paul IV; and the papal conclave of 1559 that elected Pope Pius IV. On November 10, 1561, he became administrator of the see of Montepulciano. He served as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from January 30, 1563 until 1564. He participated in the papal conclave of 1565-66 that elected Pope Pius V. On January 30, 1566, he opted for Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, a deaconry assigned as \"titulus\", and then, on October 7, 1566, for the titular church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. He was transferred to the metropolitan"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?", "answer": "1563", "gold_docs": ["mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V. In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius"]}
{"query": "Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?", "answer": "Pope Pius IV", "gold_docs": ["13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563. Pope Paul III, who convoked the Council, oversaw the first eight sessions (1545\u201347), while the twelfth to sixteenth sessions (1551\u201352) were overseen by Pope Julius III and the seventeenth to twenty-fifth sessions (1562\u201363) by Pope Pius IV. The consequences of the Council were also significant in regards to the Church's liturgy and practices. During its deliberations, the Council made the Vulgate the official example of the Biblical canon and commissioned the creation of a standard version, although this was not achieved until the 1590s. In 1565, a year after the Council finished its"]}
{"query": "Who were generally temporal rulers?", "answer": "French kings", "gold_docs": ["shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office.\" The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called \"crown-cardinal\". In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that"]}
{"query": "In what roles did cardinals have important roles?", "answer": "secular affairs.", "gold_docs": ["shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office.\" The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called \"crown-cardinal\". In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that"]}
{"query": "What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?", "answer": "Cardinal Richelieu", "gold_docs": ["as well as elsewhere in Europe \u2013 France, always fearful of the Habsburgs \u2013 feared Ferdinand II and the increasing resources that he could bring to bear. France was in favor of Swedish intervention, but because France was also Catholic, and Cardinal Richelieu, France's de facto prime minister, did not desire to openly declare against Catholicism, only offered monetary contributions. However, France refused Gustavus' demands for contributions. He demanded a lump sum upfront, and 600,000 Rixdollars(or 400,000 talers) per year subsequently. Although Sweden lacked many qualities that great powers of the era had: in addition to having the best military"]}
{"query": "Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?", "answer": "Cardinal Richelieu", "gold_docs": ["assassination in 1634. Despite Wallenstein's fall, the imperial forces recaptured Regensburg and were victorious in the Battle of N\u00f6rdlingen (1634). The Swedish army was substantially weakened, and the fear that the power of the Habsburgs would become overwhelming caused France, led by Louis XIII of France and Cardinal Richelieu, to enter the war on the Protestant side. (Louis's father Henry IV of France had once been a Huguenot leader.) In 1635 Ferdinand signed his last important act, the Peace of Prague (1635), yet this did not end the war. Ferdinand died in 1637, leaving to his son Ferdinand III, Holy"]}
{"query": "Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?", "answer": "Henry, King of Portugal", "gold_docs": ["was elected king of Portugal at the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar in 1581\u2014on the condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories would not become Spanish provinces. Henry, King of Portugal Cardinal Henry ( ; 31 January 1512 \u2013 31 January 1580) was King of Portugal and the Algarves and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He ruled Portugal between 1578 and 1580 and was known as \"Henry the Chaste\" (Portuguese: \"Henrique o Casto\") and the \"Cardinal-King\". As a clergyman, he was bound to chastity, and as such, had no children to succeed him, and thus an end to"]}
{"query": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["and ninth days. The cardinals disliked these rules; Pope Adrian V temporarily suspended them in 1276 and John XXI's \"Licet felicis recordationis\" revoked them later that same year. Lengthy elections resumed and continued to be the norm until 1294, when Pope Celestine V reinstated the 1274 rules. Long interregna followed: in 1314\u20131316 during the Avignon Papacy, where the original conclaves were dispersed by besieging mercenaries and not reconvened for almost two years; and in 1415\u20131417, as a result of the Western Schism. In 1587 Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, following the precedent of Moses who"]}
{"query": "Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? ", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["his 80th birthday would be allowed to enter a conclave. When the 1973 consistory increased the size of the College to 145, the number of those under 80 who constituted the \"cardinal electors\" was 117. In 1975, he set the maximum number of cardinal electors at 120. Each of his later consistories in 1976 and 1977 brought the number of electors to the full complement of 120. Three of those Paul named a cardinal became pope, Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Benedict XVI. When Paul VI added members to the College for the first time,"]}
{"query": "What is the maximum age for electors?", "answer": "80", "gold_docs": ["lost its significance when Paul decided to allow only cardinals under the age of 80 to vote in a conclave from 1971 onward. Then, in 1975, Paul set the maximum number of those under 80, the cardinal electors, at 120. His next consistory in 1976 brought the number of cardinal electors to its full complement of 120. All three of Paul's successors have at times exceeded the 120 maximum. Pope John Paul II reiterated the 120 maximum in 1996, yet his appointments to the College resulted in more than 120 cardinal electors on 4 of his nine consistories, reaching a"]}
{"query": "Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?", "answer": "120", "gold_docs": ["his 80th birthday would be allowed to enter a conclave. When the 1973 consistory increased the size of the College to 145, the number of those under 80 who constituted the \"cardinal electors\" was 117. In 1975, he set the maximum number of cardinal electors at 120. Each of his later consistories in 1976 and 1977 brought the number of electors to the full complement of 120. Three of those Paul named a cardinal became pope, Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Benedict XVI. When Paul VI added members to the College for the first time,"]}
{"query": "Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?", "answer": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals", "gold_docs": ["consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia. There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati, and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held,"]}
{"query": "In was year was the title decreed Eminence?", "answer": "1630", "gold_docs": ["of Bin. In early 1586, she gave birth to another son, named Zhu Changxun. In 1589, Zheng's one year-old daughter Zhu Xuanyao died. She was posthumously given the title Princess Lingqiu. Zheng died in 1630. She was entombed at Yinquan Mountain within the Ming Tombs, but in the area for imperial consorts. In 1586, Zheng was pregnant and the emperor decreed that she should be made Imperial Noble Consort. His advisers argued that doing so was not appropriate, as this would raise her in status above Consort Gong, who had given birth to the emperor's eldest son. This was widely"]}
{"query": "What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?", "answer": "Prince", "gold_docs": ["it \"one of the most difficult situations I have ever faced.\" On Luxembourg's National Day on 23 June 2009, a decree was issued granting Tessy the title of Princess of Luxembourg and Princess of Bourbon-Parma with the style Her Royal Highness. The same decree gave the title Prince of Nassau and style Royal Highness to their sons Gabriel and Noah and possible future children. In 2012, Princess Tessy received the Order of Civil and Military Merit of Adolph of Nassau. The decree granting Tessy de Nassau the rank of Princess of Luxembourg was, however, unlike previous decrees conferring titles, not"]}
{"query": "The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? ", "answer": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\"", "gold_docs": ["as the Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as \"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use \"Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis\" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy. In Latin, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by"]}
{"query": "How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?", "answer": "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis", "gold_docs": ["as the Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as \"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use \"Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis\" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy. In Latin, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by"]}
{"query": "What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?", "answer": "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]", "gold_docs": ["as the Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as \"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use \"Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis\" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy. In Latin, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by"]}
{"query": "What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?", "answer": "Cardinal", "gold_docs": ["if elected pope he would buy each cardinal a villa to escape the summer heat. After having been lay abbot of Santa Maria in Sylvis since 1441, in 1445 he succeeded Giuliano Cesarini as archpriest of the Vatican Basilica. Platina reported that Pius II suggested he should have been called \"Maria Pietissima\" (Our Lady of Pity), as \"when he could not obtain what he aimed at by praying, entreating, and requesting, he would join tears to his petitions to make them the sooner believed.\" Some historians have suggested the nickname may also have been an allusion either to Paul's propensity"]}
{"query": "When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?", "answer": "1378", "gold_docs": ["the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as he has been since 1378. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the seven suburbicarian sees. In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of"]}
{"query": "When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?", "answer": "1378", "gold_docs": ["Pope Gregory XVI in 1831, and the last to be elected when not even a priest was Pope Leo X in 1513, and the last to be elected when not a cardinal was Pope Urban VI in 1378. If someone who is not a bishop is elected, he must be given episcopal ordination before the election is announced to the people. The Second Council of Lyon was convened on 7 May 1274, to regulate the election of the pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain"]}
{"query": "Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?", "answer": "no", "gold_docs": ["a street with friends and Williams sees her boyfriend and his new girl walking down the overhead road stairs and he sees Williams leaning against the car and tries to talk to her, but she pushes him away because he lied to her. The video then fades as the girls are standing in front of the black picket fence. No More (Baby I'ma Do Right) \"No More (Baby I'ma Do Right)\" is the debut single from 3LW's self-titled debut album \"3LW\". The single was released on October 3, 2000, but did not chart in most countries until early 2001. It"]}
{"query": "Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?", "answer": "Cardinal bishops", "gold_docs": ["the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as he has been since 1378. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the seven suburbicarian sees. In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of"]}
{"query": "What is a cardinal bishop?", "answer": "cardinals of the episcopal order", "gold_docs": ["the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as he has been since 1378. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the seven suburbicarian sees. In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of"]}
{"query": "Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?", "answer": "Cardinal bishops", "gold_docs": ["the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as he has been since 1378. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the seven suburbicarian sees. In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of"]}
{"query": "In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?", "answer": "a Roman priest", "gold_docs": ["the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as he has been since 1378. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the seven suburbicarian sees. In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of"]}
{"query": "What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? ", "answer": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.", "gold_docs": ["consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia. There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati, and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held,"]}
{"query": "What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?", "answer": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.", "gold_docs": ["consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia. There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati, and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held,"]}
{"query": "Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, of which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome serves as apostolic administrator. The current cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian dioceses are given in the table below (along with those Cardinals whose titular churches were co-opted to suburbicarian rank in June 2018). Those over 80 years of age are"]}
{"query": "Which see doesn't have its own bishop?", "answer": "Ostia", "gold_docs": ["adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, of which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome serves as apostolic administrator. The current cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian dioceses are given in the table below (along with those Cardinals whose titular churches were co-opted to suburbicarian rank in June 2018). Those over 80 years of age are"]}
{"query": "In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["any member of College to one of the suburbicarian sees and the rank of cardinal bishop. Previously only the senior cardinal priest and the senior cardinal deacon had the privilege of requesting such an appointment (\"jus optionis\") when a vacancy occurred. In 1962 he established that all cardinals should be bishops, ending the identification of the order of cardinal deacon with cardinals who were not bishops. He consecrated the twelve non-bishop members of the College himself. In February 1965, Pope Paul VI decided that an Eastern Rite Patriarch who is created a cardinal would no longer be assigned a titular"]}
{"query": "Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?", "answer": "the pope", "gold_docs": ["Catholic Church, they are schismatics, and as such are automatically excommunicated. The Palmarian Catholic Church regards Pope Paul VI, whom they revere as a martyr, and his predecessors as true popes, but hold, on the grounds of claimed apparitions, that the Pope of Rome is excommunicated and that the position of the Holy See has, since 1978, been transferred to the See of El Palmar de Troya. The following were elected by allegedly faithful Catholics, none of whom was a cardinal: As the Patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt, has historically also held the title of Pope, a person who, in opposition"]}
{"query": "Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?", "answer": "the pope", "gold_docs": ["did not attend. The new cardinals were given the rank of Cardinal Priest except for Zenari, Farrell, and Simoni, who were made Cardinal Deacons. Cardinal Nzapalainga became the youngest member of the College of Cardinals and the first born after the Second Vatican Council. Following the consistory ceremony, Pope Francis and the 16 new cardinals present visited the Pope emeritus as a group at his residence in Mater Ecclesiae Monastery and received his blessing. On 21 May 2017, Pope Francis announced a consistory for the elevation of five new cardinals on 28 June. He adhered to his established pattern of"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "answer": "a galero.", "gold_docs": ["become known as such. Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had"]}
{"query": "In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?", "answer": "1969", "gold_docs": ["youngest player ever selected in an NHL draft. The Entry Draft system did not fully replace the sponsorship system until 1969. Goaltender Clint Benedict was the first to wear facial protection, donning it in 1930 to protect a broken nose. Because its design interfered with his vision, Benedict quickly abandoned the mask. Twenty-nine years later, Jacques Plante made the goalie mask a permanent fixture in hockey. In 1956, Plante began wearing a mask in practice after shots from teammates twice broke cheekbones. Montreal coach Toe Blake refused to allow Plante to wear his mask in games. On November 1, 1959,"]}
{"query": "What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "answer": "scarlet biretta", "gold_docs": ["become known as such. Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had"]}
{"query": "Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?", "answer": "Eastern Catholic cardinals", "gold_docs": ["become known as such. Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had"]}
{"query": "The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?", "answer": "the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture", "gold_docs": ["birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet \"ferraiolo\" which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has"]}
{"query": "When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?", "answer": "1460s", "gold_docs": ["birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet \"ferraiolo\" which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has"]}
{"query": "Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?", "answer": "Pope Martin V", "gold_docs": ["not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals \"in pectore\" (Latin for \"in the breast\"). During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals"]}
{"query": "What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?", "answer": "marry", "gold_docs": ["Lay cardinal A lay cardinal was a cardinal in the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church who was a lay person, that is, who had never have been given major orders through ordainstion as a deacon, priest, or bishop. Properly speaking these cardinals were not laymen, since they were all given what was called first tonsure, which at that time made them clerics and no lon laymen. They were also given minor orders, which were no obstacle to marrying or to living in a marriage previously contracted. The freedom to marry and to live in marriage is likely the"]}
{"query": "In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?", "answer": "1917", "gold_docs": ["Code of Canon Law is the second comprehensive codification of the non-liturgical laws of the Latin Church, replacing the Pio-Benedictine code that had been promulgated by Benedict XV in 1917. See also Canon Law-Codification and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. Pope John XXIII, when proclaiming a new ecumenical council for the Catholic Church, also announced the intention of revising the 1917 CIC. It was not feasible to revise the Code of Canon Law until after the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council, so that the decisions of the Council could guide the revision of ecclesiastical laws. Several of"]}
{"query": "What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?", "answer": "only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals", "gold_docs": ["not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals \"in pectore\" (Latin for \"in the breast\"). During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals"]}
{"query": "Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves. At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\". Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was"]}
{"query": "In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?", "answer": "1917", "gold_docs": ["already have received the ministries of lector and acolyte and exercised them for a suitable period, with an interval of at least six months between becoming an acolyte and becoming a deacon. The 1917 Code of Canon Law also restricted conferral of tonsure and any order below that of the presbyterate to those who intended to become priests and who were judged likely to be worthy priests. Previously, there were lay cardinals and others, including the famous Franz Liszt, who received minor orders alone. They could even marry and remain, clerics, the status of belonging to the clergy being at"]}
{"query": "In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule"]}
{"query": "Who announces the election of a new pope?", "answer": "The cardinal protodeacon", "gold_docs": ["the \"\"Habemus Papam\"\" formula did not follow a strict model but varied in considerable form for many years. Here are some examples of the announcement in the course of its history: This is a list of Cardinal Deacons who have given the \"Habemus Papam\" announcement: Habemus Papam Habemus Papam! (\"We Have a Pope!\") is the announcement given in Latin by the Cardinal Protodeacon, the senior Cardinal Deacon, upon the election of a new Roman Catholic pope. The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope is presented to"]}
{"query": "Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?", "answer": "Pope John Paul I", "gold_docs": ["Roman rite, the senior Cardinal Deacon is the Cardinal Protodeacon of the Holy Roman Church. He has the privilege of announcing the new Pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) in the Habemus Papam announcement given from the central balcony at St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the Proto-Deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony,"]}
{"query": "What color is the hat?", "answer": "white", "gold_docs": ["work site. Government agencies such as the United States Navy and DOT have their own hard hat color scheme that may apply to subcontractors. On very large projects involving a number of companies, employees of the same company may wear the same color hat. The most common color scheme is white for managers, architects, engineers, foremen or supervisors. Other hard hat styles may be required for a job; brown fiberglass hard hats are worn by welders and other workers for high heat applications. Green often signifies a safety inspector, but is also used for new workers. General laborers and earth-moving"]}
{"query": "How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (\"optazione\") after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant \"title\" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's \"title\" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal"]}
{"query": "How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?", "answer": "10 years", "gold_docs": ["there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (\"optazione\") after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant \"title\" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's \"title\" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal"]}
{"query": "In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "answer": "about half", "gold_docs": ["church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and"]}
{"query": "In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "answer": "third", "gold_docs": ["days prescribed by the \"Ordo Romanis\") to prevent \"factional coercion\", he gave the cardinals permission to hold the conclave outside of Rome and move it as many times as necessary, and also seemingly suspended the two-thirds requirement, replacing it with \"the greater part\" (an ambiguous statement, in the original). The cardinals were divided into three factions: the first constituting the four Italian cardinals (two Romans, one Florentine, and one Milanese), the second constituting the seven \"Limoges\" cardinals (referred to individually as \"Limousins\"), and the third constituting the five remaining French cardinals. The conclave was delayed one day because of a"]}
{"query": "Which cardinals are ranked lowest?", "answer": "cardinal deacons", "gold_docs": ["conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand. The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when"]}
{"query": "Who can become the cardinal protopriest?", "answer": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests", "gold_docs": ["70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled \"cardinal protopriest\". He had certain ceremonial duties in the"]}
{"query": "In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?", "answer": "the Pope", "gold_docs": ["the College of Cardinals, elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. The position of Dean formerly belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. The Vice-Dean is similarly elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their own number with the Pope's approval and also formerly belonged by right to the second-longest-serving of the cardinal bishops. In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his \"motu proprio\" \"Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium\" that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e.,"]}
{"query": "Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?", "answer": "a suburbicarian see", "gold_docs": ["Patriarch is elected and enthroned, he requests ecclesiastical recognition by the Pope, thus maintaining communion with the Holy See. As an Eastern Catholic Patriarch, the Patriarch is usually created a Cardinal by the Pope in the rank of a Cardinal Bishop; he does however not receive a suburbicarian see (required to become Dean), even ranks below those six, but is known by the title of the patriarchate of his sui iuris Church. Celibacy is not strictly required for Maronite deacons and priests of parishes outside of North America; monks, however, must remain celibate, as well as bishops who are normally"]}
{"query": "Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?", "answer": "cardinal deacons", "gold_docs": ["conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand. The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when"]}
{"query": "Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?", "answer": "cardinal bishops", "gold_docs": ["patriarch cardinals) would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees. Unlike all other cardinals, these patriarch cardinals do not receive any title associated with the Diocese of Rome. Unlike the other cardinal bishops, they do not participate in electing the dean nor can they be chosen dean. There are currently four Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops: If a Latin Church prelate who carries the title patriarch, such as that of Venice or Lisbon, becomes a cardinal, he ranks as a cardinal priest, not automatically as a cardinal bishop, unless specifically appointed as"]}
{"query": "Which rank has the most cardinals?", "answer": "Cardinal priests", "gold_docs": ["lesser order. On June 26, 2018, it was announced that, corresponding to the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades, there would be an expansion in cardinal bishops (of Roman titles). Four cardinals, effective June 28, were elevated to this rank by having their titular churches co-opted to suburbicarian rank. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors because of having reached age 80. The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal Dean, is the \"primus inter pares\" of"]}
{"query": "In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?", "answer": "1587", "gold_docs": ["and ninth days. The cardinals disliked these rules; Pope Adrian V temporarily suspended them in 1276 and John XXI's \"Licet felicis recordationis\" revoked them later that same year. Lengthy elections resumed and continued to be the norm until 1294, when Pope Celestine V reinstated the 1274 rules. Long interregna followed: in 1314\u20131316 during the Avignon Papacy, where the original conclaves were dispersed by besieging mercenaries and not reconvened for almost two years; and in 1415\u20131417, as a result of the Western Schism. In 1587 Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, following the precedent of Moses who"]}
{"query": "What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["Paul VI. Cardinals created by Pius XII Pope Pius XII () created 56 cardinals in two consistories. On both occasions Pius tried to bring the membership of the College of Cardinals to 70, the maximum established by Pope Sixtus V in 1586. The death of one cardinal meant his first consistory brought the College to 69 members, but his second consistory, through the prompt addition of another name after a cardinal-designate died, brought the number of cardinals to 70. Pius was elected in 1939 by a papal conclave in which 62 cardinals participated. The Second World War forced him to"]}
{"query": "Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?", "answer": "Pope John XXIII", "gold_docs": ["1946 to hold a consistory to create cardinals. He then waited seven years as the membership of the College fell to 46 before holding another consistory in 1953, and it had fallen to 55 when he died five and a half years later without holding another consistory. He named one cardinal who later became pope, Pope John XXIII. On 23 December 1945, Pope Pius XII announced he would create 32 cardinals at a consistory on 18 February 1946. The new cardinals came from 19 countries, with the number in the College of Cardinals from the Western Hemisphere growing from three"]}
{"query": "What is another term meaning Iranian languages?", "answer": "Iranic languages", "gold_docs": ["Iranian languages The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC \u2013 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD). The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian"]}
{"query": "What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?", "answer": "Indo-Iranian languages", "gold_docs": ["Iranian languages The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC \u2013 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD). The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian"]}
{"query": "What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?", "answer": "Indo-European language family", "gold_docs": ["Iranian languages The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC \u2013 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD). The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a Sassanid language?", "answer": "Middle Persian", "gold_docs": ["Iranian languages The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC \u2013 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD). The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian"]}
{"query": "How many different Iranian languages exist?", "answer": "86", "gold_docs": ["(from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. \"Ethnologue\" estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest among them being Persian, Pashto, and the Kurdish dialect continuum. The term \"Iranian\" is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term \"Irano-Aryan\" in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted \"Irano-Aryan\" (Iranian) and \"Indo-Aryan\" (Indic). Some recent"]}
{"query": "Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?", "answer": "Proto-Iranian", "gold_docs": ["(from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. \"Ethnologue\" estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest among them being Persian, Pashto, and the Kurdish dialect continuum. The term \"Iranian\" is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term \"Irano-Aryan\" in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted \"Irano-Aryan\" (Iranian) and \"Indo-Aryan\" (Indic). Some recent"]}
{"query": "When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?", "answer": "1836", "gold_docs": ["(from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. \"Ethnologue\" estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest among them being Persian, Pashto, and the Kurdish dialect continuum. The term \"Iranian\" is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term \"Irano-Aryan\" in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted \"Irano-Aryan\" (Iranian) and \"Indo-Aryan\" (Indic). Some recent"]}
{"query": "Who first used the term Iranian language?", "answer": "Christian Lassen", "gold_docs": ["(from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. \"Ethnologue\" estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest among them being Persian, Pashto, and the Kurdish dialect continuum. The term \"Iranian\" is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term \"Irano-Aryan\" in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted \"Irano-Aryan\" (Iranian) and \"Indo-Aryan\" (Indic). Some recent"]}
{"query": "Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?", "answer": "Robert Needham Cust", "gold_docs": ["(from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. \"Ethnologue\" estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest among them being Persian, Pashto, and the Kurdish dialect continuum. The term \"Iranian\" is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term \"Irano-Aryan\" in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted \"Irano-Aryan\" (Iranian) and \"Indo-Aryan\" (Indic). Some recent"]}
{"query": "When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?", "answer": "1878", "gold_docs": ["(from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. \"Ethnologue\" estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest among them being Persian, Pashto, and the Kurdish dialect continuum. The term \"Iranian\" is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term \"Irano-Aryan\" in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted \"Irano-Aryan\" (Iranian) and \"Indo-Aryan\" (Indic). Some recent"]}
{"query": "What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?", "answer": "Central Asia", "gold_docs": ["scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches: The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: the so-called Proto-Iranian which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia and the Andronovo Culture is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BC. It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others,"]}
{"query": "What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?", "answer": "Andronovo", "gold_docs": ["scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches: The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: the so-called Proto-Iranian which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia and the Andronovo Culture is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BC. It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others,"]}
{"query": "When did the Andronovo culture exist?", "answer": "2000 BC", "gold_docs": ["scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches: The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: the so-called Proto-Iranian which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia and the Andronovo Culture is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BC. It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others,"]}
{"query": "What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?", "answer": "Indo-European", "gold_docs": ["scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches: The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: the so-called Proto-Iranian which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia and the Andronovo Culture is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BC. It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others,"]}
{"query": "Where did early Iranian people establish societies?", "answer": "southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia", "gold_docs": ["and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include: the turning of sibilant fricative *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated plosives *b\u02b0, *d\u02b0, *g\u02b0 yielding"]}
{"query": "What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?", "answer": "linguistic diversity", "gold_docs": ["to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the voiceless unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *\u03b8, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *p\u02b0, *t\u02b0, *k\u02b0 turning into fricatives *f, *\u03b8, *x, resp. The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, \"direct\" evidence of only two have survived. These are: \"Indirectly\" attested Old Iranian languages are discussed below. Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the"]}
{"query": "How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the voiceless unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *\u03b8, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *p\u02b0, *t\u02b0, *k\u02b0 turning into fricatives *f, *\u03b8, *x, resp. The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, \"direct\" evidence of only two have survived. These are: \"Indirectly\" attested Old Iranian languages are discussed below. Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the"]}
{"query": "In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?", "answer": "the Behistun inscription", "gold_docs": ["inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to"]}
{"query": "When was the Behistun inscription written?", "answer": "520 BC", "gold_docs": ["inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to"]}
{"query": "During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?", "answer": "4th century BC", "gold_docs": ["inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to"]}
{"query": "What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?", "answer": "Avestan", "gold_docs": ["retain an \"old\" quality for official proclamations. The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as \"vohu daena\" (later: \"behdin\"). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan',"]}
{"query": "What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?", "answer": "Zoroastrianism", "gold_docs": ["retain an \"old\" quality for official proclamations. The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as \"vohu daena\" (later: \"behdin\"). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan',"]}
{"query": "What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?", "answer": "Rigvedic Sanskrit", "gold_docs": ["but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes)."]}
{"query": "What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?", "answer": "Old Persian", "gold_docs": ["but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes)."]}
{"query": "What language did Herodotus invent a name for?", "answer": "Scythian", "gold_docs": ["its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called \"Scythian\". Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either."]}
{"query": "What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?", "answer": "western and eastern", "gold_docs": ["Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is \"western\", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to \"eastern\". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian"]}
{"query": "Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?", "answer": "Old Persian", "gold_docs": ["Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is \"western\", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to \"eastern\". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian"]}
{"query": "What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?", "answer": "*\u0107 and *d\u017a", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "What type of letters are *\u0107 and *d\u017a?", "answer": "first-series palatal consonants", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "What languages share a similar situation?", "answer": "Nuristani languages", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?", "answer": "*\u0107w and *d\u017aw", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "What is the linguistic categorization of *\u0107w and *d\u017aw?", "answer": "consonant clusters", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "What may have also been in use at the time?", "answer": "other distinct dialect groups", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?", "answer": "Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?", "answer": "Old Parthian", "gold_docs": ["first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a: As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw: A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian"]}
{"query": "When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?", "answer": "9th century", "gold_docs": ["ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *\u0107w). What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from"]}
{"query": "What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?", "answer": "Western and Eastern", "gold_docs": ["ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *\u0107w). What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from"]}
{"query": "Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?", "answer": "Eastern", "gold_docs": ["their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by"]}
{"query": "Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?", "answer": "Avestan", "gold_docs": ["their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by"]}
{"query": "Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?", "answer": "Aramaic", "gold_docs": ["their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by"]}
{"query": "What did the Bactrian language use for writing?", "answer": "Greek script", "gold_docs": ["their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by"]}
{"query": "What is another term for Middle Persian?", "answer": "Pahlavi", "gold_docs": ["their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by"]}
{"query": "When did Middle Persian start being u sed?", "answer": "3rd century CE", "gold_docs": ["their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by"]}
{"query": "What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?", "answer": "Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian", "gold_docs": ["their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by"]}
{"query": "What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?", "answer": "Dari", "gold_docs": ["the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between"]}
{"query": "What was the first dynasty to use Dari?", "answer": "Saffarid", "gold_docs": ["the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between"]}
{"query": "When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?", "answer": "875 CE", "gold_docs": ["the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between"]}
{"query": "What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?", "answer": "Khorasan", "gold_docs": ["the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between"]}
{"query": "What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?", "answer": "Arabic script", "gold_docs": ["Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains"]}
{"query": "When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?", "answer": "second half of the 8th century", "gold_docs": ["Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains"]}
{"query": "What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?", "answer": "Tajik script", "gold_docs": ["in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script, used to write the Tajik language, was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising"]}
{"query": "When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?", "answer": "the 1930s", "gold_docs": ["in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script, used to write the Tajik language, was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising"]}
{"query": "What is another term for Western Iran?", "answer": "Khuzestan", "gold_docs": ["in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script, used to write the Tajik language, was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising"]}
{"query": "What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?", "answer": "Sogdian and Bactrian", "gold_docs": ["in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script, used to write the Tajik language, was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising"]}
{"query": "By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?", "answer": "6th century AD", "gold_docs": ["the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant"]}
{"query": "Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?", "answer": "Zarafshan valley", "gold_docs": ["the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant"]}
{"query": "What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "answer": "Daylighting", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?", "answer": "positive", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?", "answer": "energy consumption", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?", "answer": "artificial light sources", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?", "answer": "Lighting or illumination", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "answer": "Daylighting", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?", "answer": "Lighting", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?", "answer": "positive", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?", "answer": "energy consumption", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "What is the used to achieve a practical effect?", "answer": "Lighting or illumination", "gold_docs": ["Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting"]}
{"query": "What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?", "answer": "light fixtures", "gold_docs": ["is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel."]}
{"query": "What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?", "answer": "lighting", "gold_docs": ["is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel."]}
{"query": "What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?", "answer": "light fixtures", "gold_docs": ["is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel."]}
{"query": "What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?", "answer": "lighting", "gold_docs": ["is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel."]}
{"query": "When was fluorescent lighting first available?", "answer": "1939", "gold_docs": ["This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting. Soffit or close to wall lighting can be general or a decorative wall-wash, sometimes used to bring out texture (like stucco or plaster) on a wall, though this may also show its defects as well. The effect depends heavily on the exact type of lighting source used. Recessed lighting (often called \"pot lights\" in Canada, \"can lights\" or 'high hats\" in the US) is popular, with fixtures"]}
{"query": "What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?", "answer": "Recessed lighting", "gold_docs": ["mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall."]}
{"query": "Peking man kindled fire as early as?", "answer": "400,000 BCE", "gold_docs": ["is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel."]}
{"query": "Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?", "answer": "birds and fish", "gold_docs": ["Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of \"light fixture\". A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil. The use of whale oil declined after Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, first refined kerosene in the 1840s, allowing brighter light to"]}
{"query": "What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?", "answer": "campfires or torches", "gold_docs": ["is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel."]}
{"query": "The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?", "answer": "15,000 years", "gold_docs": ["Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of \"light fixture\". A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil. The use of whale oil declined after Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, first refined kerosene in the 1840s, allowing brighter light to"]}
{"query": "What type of lighting was powered by electricity?", "answer": "incandescent light", "gold_docs": ["buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about in the 1880s with the introduction of electric lighting in the form of arc lights for large space and street lighting followed on by incandescent light bulb based utilities for indoor and outdoor lighting. Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of"]}
{"query": "Street lights help reduce?", "answer": "urban crime.", "gold_docs": ["buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about in the 1880s with the introduction of electric lighting in the form of arc lights for large space and street lighting followed on by incandescent light bulb based utilities for indoor and outdoor lighting. Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of"]}
{"query": "What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?", "answer": "Lighting fixtures", "gold_docs": ["simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, designers, and engineers to determine which configuration of lighting fixtures will deliver the amount of light needed. Other parameters that can be determined are the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended practices for the type of application. Depending on the building type, client, or safety requirements, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality. Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional CAD drawings"]}
{"query": "Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?", "answer": "visual glare", "gold_docs": ["styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can"]}
{"query": "Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?", "answer": "lumen per watt", "gold_docs": ["styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can"]}
{"query": "How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?", "answer": "6400", "gold_docs": ["6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect."]}
{"query": "What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?", "answer": "incandescent bulb", "gold_docs": ["also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the \"bulb\" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvins of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvins; daylight is around"]}
{"query": "It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?", "answer": "blue-white", "gold_docs": ["6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect."]}
{"query": "A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?", "answer": "Lower color temperature", "gold_docs": ["6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect."]}
{"query": "A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?", "answer": "light produced by the fixture.", "gold_docs": ["6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect."]}
{"query": "Who invented track lighting?", "answer": "Lightolier", "gold_docs": ["mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall."]}
{"query": "What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.", "answer": "master transformer", "gold_docs": ["It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under"]}
{"query": "What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?", "answer": "cable lighting", "gold_docs": ["It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under"]}
{"query": "How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?", "answer": "12 or 24 volts", "gold_docs": ["It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under"]}
{"query": "What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?", "answer": "table lamp", "gold_docs": ["tension. A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torch\u00e8re is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. Further interior light fixtures include chandeliers, pendant lights, ceiling fans with lights, close-to-ceiling or flush lights, and various types of lamps The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps"]}
{"query": "Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? ", "answer": "task lighting", "gold_docs": ["tension. A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torch\u00e8re is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. Further interior light fixtures include chandeliers, pendant lights, ceiling fans with lights, close-to-ceiling or flush lights, and various types of lamps The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps"]}
{"query": "When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?", "answer": "dark nightclub", "gold_docs": ["are also task lighting. The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety,"]}
{"query": "What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?", "answer": "illuminated ceiling", "gold_docs": ["are also task lighting. The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety,"]}
{"query": "Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?", "answer": "accent lighting", "gold_docs": ["are also task lighting. The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety,"]}
{"query": "What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?", "answer": "small lights", "gold_docs": ["are also task lighting. The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety,"]}
{"query": "What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?", "answer": "LED based versions", "gold_docs": ["when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. Floodlights can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. Beacon lights are positioned at the"]}
{"query": "What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?", "answer": "translucent tube", "gold_docs": ["when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. Floodlights can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. Beacon lights are positioned at the"]}
{"query": "What is used to light walkways at night?", "answer": "Street Lights", "gold_docs": ["when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. Floodlights can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. Beacon lights are positioned at the"]}
{"query": "What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?", "answer": "photovoltaic luminaires", "gold_docs": ["when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. Floodlights can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. Beacon lights are positioned at the"]}
{"query": "What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?", "answer": "Floodlights", "gold_docs": ["when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. Floodlights can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. Beacon lights are positioned at the"]}
{"query": "Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?", "answer": "security lighting", "gold_docs": ["intersection of two roads to aid in navigation. Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like. Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle,"]}
{"query": "What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?", "answer": "Entry lights", "gold_docs": ["intersection of two roads to aid in navigation. Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like. Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle,"]}
{"query": "What color are tail lights?", "answer": "red", "gold_docs": ["designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position"]}
{"query": "What color are headlamps on a vehicle?", "answer": "white or selective yellow", "gold_docs": ["intersection of two roads to aid in navigation. Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like. Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle,"]}
{"query": "When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?", "answer": "late 1950s", "gold_docs": ["or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb"]}
{"query": "What color are reversing indicator lamps?", "answer": "White", "gold_docs": ["designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position"]}
{"query": "What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?", "answer": "turn signals", "gold_docs": ["designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position"]}
{"query": "What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?", "answer": "light bulbs", "gold_docs": ["or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb"]}
{"query": "What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?", "answer": "electrical energy", "gold_docs": ["produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen"]}
{"query": "Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.", "answer": "60 w", "gold_docs": ["or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb"]}
{"query": "How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?", "answer": "800 lumens", "gold_docs": ["produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen"]}
{"query": "What is designing as it applies to built environments?", "answer": "architectural lighting design", "gold_docs": ["output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. Lamp types include: Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use"]}
{"query": "Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?", "answer": "tabular", "gold_docs": ["output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. Lamp types include: Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use"]}
{"query": "What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.", "answer": "Daylight factor calculation.", "gold_docs": ["output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. Lamp types include: Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use"]}
{"query": "What type of paint tends to absorb light?", "answer": "dark paint", "gold_docs": ["mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to"]}
{"query": "What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?", "answer": "light paint", "gold_docs": ["mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to"]}
{"query": "What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?", "answer": "Photometric studies", "gold_docs": ["mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design. In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to"]}
{"query": "What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?", "answer": "lighting cues", "gold_docs": ["and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32, Visual, Dialux). Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics. The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared"]}
{"query": "Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?", "answer": "stage lighting", "gold_docs": ["so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments. Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat. Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from"]}
{"query": "What is the basic SI unit of measurement?", "answer": "candela (cd)", "gold_docs": ["a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from"]}
{"query": "What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? ", "answer": "lumen (lm)", "gold_docs": ["a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes"]}
{"query": "What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?", "answer": "luminosity function", "gold_docs": ["through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural. Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of"]}
{"query": "What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?", "answer": "Lux", "gold_docs": ["through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural. Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of"]}
{"query": "What does UGR stand for?", "answer": "Unified Glare Rating", "gold_docs": ["through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural. Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of"]}
{"query": "What does CCT stand for?", "answer": "correlated color temperature", "gold_docs": ["the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source\u2019s ability to make objects appear natural. However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as"]}
{"query": "What does CRI stand for?", "answer": "color rendering index", "gold_docs": ["the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source\u2019s ability to make objects appear natural. However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as"]}
{"query": "What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?", "answer": "CRI", "gold_docs": ["the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source\u2019s ability to make objects appear natural. However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as"]}
{"query": "What metric indicates \"warmth\" or \"coolness\"?", "answer": "CCT", "gold_docs": ["the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source\u2019s ability to make objects appear natural. However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as"]}
{"query": "What does GAI stand for?", "answer": "gamut area index", "gold_docs": ["new types of light sources, particularly light emitting diodes (LEDs), become more prevalent in the market. For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. Typical"]}
{"query": "The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?", "answer": "GAI", "gold_docs": ["new types of light sources, particularly light emitting diodes (LEDs), become more prevalent in the market. For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. Typical"]}
{"query": "What is typically used to measure light?", "answer": "light dosimeters", "gold_docs": ["measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The"]}
{"query": "What measures the amount of light entering the eye?", "answer": "Daysimeter", "gold_docs": ["measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The"]}
{"query": "A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?", "answer": "circadian light meter", "gold_docs": ["measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The"]}
{"query": "How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis. Several strategies are available to minimize energy requirements for lighting a building: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400"]}
{"query": "What type of light stimulates the circadian system?", "answer": "short-wavelength light", "gold_docs": ["measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock. The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The"]}
{"query": "What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? ", "answer": "Specification of illumination requirements", "gold_docs": ["device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis. Several strategies are available to minimize energy requirements for lighting a building: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400"]}
{"query": "What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? ", "answer": "Lighting control", "gold_docs": ["is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems. Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to further reduce energy"]}
{"query": "What type of standard do newer control systems use? ", "answer": "wireless mesh open standards", "gold_docs": ["is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems. Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to further reduce energy"]}
{"query": "What is the name of one type of control system used? ", "answer": "ZigBee", "gold_docs": ["is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems. Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to further reduce energy"]}
{"query": "Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?", "answer": "no", "gold_docs": ["is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems. Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to further reduce energy"]}
{"query": "What sensor controls light with motion sensors? ", "answer": "Occupancy sensors", "gold_docs": ["no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any"]}
{"query": "What does a passive infrared sensor react to? ", "answer": "changes in heat", "gold_docs": ["no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any"]}
{"query": "What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?", "answer": "Ultrasonic sensors", "gold_docs": ["no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any"]}
{"query": "What is the oldest method of interior lighting? ", "answer": "Daylighting", "gold_docs": ["have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. It is valuable to provide the correct light intensity and color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise, energy not only"]}
{"query": "Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?", "answer": "not", "gold_docs": ["have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. It is valuable to provide the correct light intensity and color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise, energy not only"]}
{"query": "What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?", "answer": "nonimaging optics", "gold_docs": ["have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics. It is valuable to provide the correct light intensity and color spectrum for each task or environment. Otherwise, energy not only"]}
{"query": "What can cause health effects such headache frequency?", "answer": "higher lighting levels", "gold_docs": ["could be wasted but over-illumination can lead to adverse health and psychological effects. Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency. Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have"]}
{"query": "Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? ", "answer": "Alzheimer's Disease", "gold_docs": ["shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth\u2019s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian"]}
{"query": "The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?", "answer": "24", "gold_docs": ["It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under"]}
{"query": "Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?", "answer": "Robert Ulrich", "gold_docs": ["cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments. A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses\u2019 notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature"]}
{"query": "Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?", "answer": "no", "gold_docs": ["no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any"]}
{"query": "Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?", "answer": "no", "gold_docs": ["no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any"]}
{"query": "What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?", "answer": "University of Toronto Scarborough", "gold_docs": ["of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health. Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how"]}
{"query": "What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?", "answer": "Northwestern University", "gold_docs": ["of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health. Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how"]}
{"query": "What does CFL stand for?", "answer": "Compact fluorescent lamps", "gold_docs": ["attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices\u2013all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, \"we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed.\" They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) use less power than an incandescent lamp to supply the same amount of"]}
{"query": "Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?", "answer": "not", "gold_docs": ["light, however they contain mercury which is a disposal hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electricity consumption, many organizations encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electricity demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. Unlike incandescent lamps CFLs need a little time to warm up and reach full brightness. Not all CFLs are suitable for dimming. LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental"]}
{"query": "How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?", "answer": "10%", "gold_docs": ["lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer \u2014 up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. Recent findings about the increased use of blue-white LEDs may be a policy mistake. The wide-scale adoption of LEDs will reap energy savings but the energy savings may be compromising human health and ecosystems. The American Medical Association warned on the"]}
{"query": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?", "answer": "50,000 hours", "gold_docs": ["lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer \u2014 up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. Recent findings about the increased use of blue-white LEDs may be a policy mistake. The wide-scale adoption of LEDs will reap energy savings but the energy savings may be compromising human health and ecosystems. The American Medical Association warned on the"]}
{"query": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?", "answer": "50,000 hours", "gold_docs": ["lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer \u2014 up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. Recent findings about the increased use of blue-white LEDs may be a policy mistake. The wide-scale adoption of LEDs will reap energy savings but the energy savings may be compromising human health and ecosystems. The American Medical Association warned on the"]}
{"query": "How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?", "answer": "70%", "gold_docs": ["lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer \u2014 up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. Recent findings about the increased use of blue-white LEDs may be a policy mistake. The wide-scale adoption of LEDs will reap energy savings but the energy savings may be compromising human health and ecosystems. The American Medical Association warned on the"]}
{"query": "What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?", "answer": "Light pollution", "gold_docs": ["use of high blue content white LEDs in street lighting, due to their higher impact on human health and environment, compared to low blue content light sources (e.g. High Pressure Sodium, PC amber LEDs, and low CCT LEDs). Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering"]}
{"query": "What causes sharp shadows around buildings? ", "answer": "glare", "gold_docs": ["it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. The ecologic effects of artificial light have been documented. The World Health Organization in 2007 issued a report that noted the effects of bright light on flora and fauna, sea turtle hatchlings, frogs during mating season and the migratory patterns of birds. The American Medical Association in 2012 issued a warning that extended exposure to light at night increases the risk of some cancers. Two studies in Israel from"]}
{"query": "The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? ", "answer": "light", "gold_docs": ["motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to"]}
{"query": "What can be used by military for targeting?", "answer": "Flares", "gold_docs": ["LCA prototypes. Tejas is also to be equippable with an infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor, which can detect and track thermal energy emissions. This system shall be pod-based, additional sensor pods are to include drop tanks for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time, FLIR targeting pod, ECM pods, Flares/Infrared decoys dispenser pod and chaff pod, EO/IR sensor pod, LITENING targeting pods, forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensor, and a laser designator/laser rangefinder, which can be used in various capacities, including reconnaissance, training, or attack. Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight"]}
{"query": "What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?", "answer": "laser-guided and GPS weapons", "gold_docs": ["of the main force of bombers to indicate the aiming point. Flares can be used to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have reduced this function. GPS-guided bombs, for example, rely only on GPS signals, without any locally-provided target designation. Laser-guided bombs require a laser designator to guide them to the target, in turn requiring an observer (in the aircraft or on the ground) able to see the target and aim the laser designator. During the Korean War and the Vietnam War, US ground forces used the M127A1 White Star Signal Flare Parachute to light up"]}
{"query": "What does the CIE stand for?", "answer": "International Commission on Illumination", "gold_docs": ["2008 have yielded some additional findings about a possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light"]}
{"query": "What does the IESNA stand for? ", "answer": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America", "gold_docs": ["2008 have yielded some additional findings about a possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light"]}
{"query": "Who else publishes along with IESNA? ", "answer": "ANSI and ASHRAE", "gold_docs": ["2008 have yielded some additional findings about a possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light"]}
{"query": "What does IALD stand for?", "answer": "The International Association of Lighting Designers", "gold_docs": ["released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name. The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout"]}
{"query": "What does PLDA stand for?", "answer": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association", "gold_docs": ["released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name. The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout"]}
{"query": "What was the PLDA formerly known as?", "answer": "ELDA", "gold_docs": ["released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name. The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout"]}
{"query": "Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? ", "answer": "NCQLP", "gold_docs": ["the world. The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services"]}
{"query": "What does NCQLP stand for?", "answer": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions", "gold_docs": ["the world. The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services"]}
{"query": "What other national examinations are available?", "answer": "CLEP and CLMC", "gold_docs": ["the world. The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services"]}
{"query": "What does PLASA stand for? ", "answer": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association", "gold_docs": ["the world. The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services"]}
{"query": "Where is PLASA based?", "answer": "UK", "gold_docs": ["the world. The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services"]}
{"query": "How many individuals does PLASA represent?", "answer": "500+", "gold_docs": ["the world. The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services"]}
{"query": "What does RoHS stand for?", "answer": "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive", "gold_docs": ["sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. Lighting Lighting"]}
{"query": "Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?", "answer": "Separation of powers", "gold_docs": ["Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in \"The Spirit of the Laws\", in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of"]}
{"query": "How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in \"The Spirit of the Laws\", in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of"]}
{"query": "What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?", "answer": "United States Constitution", "gold_docs": ["Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in \"The Spirit of the Laws\", in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of"]}
{"query": "What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?", "answer": "checks and balances", "gold_docs": ["powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution. Some U.S. states did not"]}
{"query": "What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?", "answer": "separation of powers", "gold_docs": ["Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in \"The Spirit of the Laws\", in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of"]}
{"query": "Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?", "answer": "John Locke", "gold_docs": ["Revolution was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette\u2019s draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition. Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state \u2013 these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. The philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment \u2013 Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried"]}
{"query": "Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?", "answer": "Montesquieu", "gold_docs": ["powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution. Some U.S. states did not"]}
{"query": "Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?", "answer": "the framers of the United States Constitution", "gold_docs": ["powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution. Some U.S. states did not"]}
{"query": "Who was an opponent of separation of powers?", "answer": "Thomas Hobbes", "gold_docs": ["powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution. Some U.S. states did not"]}
{"query": "What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?", "answer": "UK", "gold_docs": ["Constitutions with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide. The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers. A number of Latin American countries have electoral branches of government. Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada. Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice, although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government. New Zealand's constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers through a series of constitutional safeguards, many of which are tacit. The Executive's ability to carry out decisions often depends on the Legislature, which"]}
{"query": "What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?", "answer": "separate and distinct", "gold_docs": ["Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\" Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case \"Clinton v. The city of New York\" that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the"]}
{"query": "What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?", "answer": "United Kingdom", "gold_docs": ["powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. Strict separation of powers did not operate in the United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution. Some U.S. states did not"]}
{"query": "What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?", "answer": "Congress", "gold_docs": ["Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\" Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case \"Clinton v. The city of New York\" that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the"]}
{"query": "Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?", "answer": "Clinton v. City of New York", "gold_docs": ["provisions of the Recovery Act. In the 1989 case \"Mistretta v. United States\", the Court stated that: Only rarely has the Supreme Court invalidated laws as violations of the nondelegation doctrine. Exemplifying the Court's legal reasoning on this matter, it ruled in the 1998 case \"Clinton v. City of New York\" that the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, which authorized the President to selectively void portions of appropriation bills, was a violation of the Presentment Clause, which sets forth the formalities governing the passage of legislation. Although the Court noted that the attorneys prosecuting the case had extensively discussed"]}
{"query": "When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?", "answer": "1998", "gold_docs": ["Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\" Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case \"Clinton v. The city of New York\" that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the"]}
{"query": "What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?", "answer": "nondelegation doctrine", "gold_docs": ["Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\" Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case \"Clinton v. The city of New York\" that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the"]}
{"query": "What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?", "answer": "Clinton v. City of New York", "gold_docs": ["Supreme Court ruled the act to be unconstitutional in a 6-3 decision in \"Clinton v. City of New York\". The court found that exercise of the line-item veto is tantamount to a unilateral amendment or repeal by the executive of only parts of statutes authorizing federal spending, and therefore violated the Presentment Clause of the United States Constitution. Thus a federal line-item veto, at least in this particular formulation, would only be possible through a constitutional amendment. Prior to that ruling, President Clinton applied the line-item veto to the federal budget 82 times. Though the Supreme Court struck down the"]}
{"query": "What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?", "answer": "1998", "gold_docs": ["Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\" Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case \"Clinton v. The city of New York\" that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the"]}
{"query": "What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?", "answer": "Wayman v. Southard", "gold_docs": ["earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was \"Wayman v. Southard\" 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\" Marshall's words"]}
{"query": "Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?", "answer": "John Marshall", "gold_docs": ["earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was \"Wayman v. Southard\" 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\" Marshall's words"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?", "answer": "Wayman v. Southard", "gold_docs": ["earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was \"Wayman v. Southard\" 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\" Marshall's words"]}
{"query": "Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?", "answer": "John Marshall", "gold_docs": ["earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was \"Wayman v. Southard\" 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power is given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\" Marshall's words"]}
{"query": "When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?", "answer": "the 1930s", "gold_docs": ["and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called \"A.L.A. Schechtes\", 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of \"fair competition.\" It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as \"just and reasonable,\" \"public interest\" and \"public convenience\" suffice. Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the"]}
{"query": "The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?", "answer": "National Recovery Administration", "gold_docs": ["and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called \"A.L.A. Schechtes\", 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of \"fair competition.\" It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as \"just and reasonable,\" \"public interest\" and \"public convenience\" suffice. Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the"]}
{"query": "In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?", "answer": "1935", "gold_docs": ["and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called \"A.L.A. Schechtes\", 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of \"fair competition.\" It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as \"just and reasonable,\" \"public interest\" and \"public convenience\" suffice. Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the"]}
{"query": "What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?", "answer": "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States", "gold_docs": ["Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned \"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States\", another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of"]}
{"query": "Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?", "answer": "Army and Navy", "gold_docs": ["President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress"]}
{"query": "Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?", "answer": "Senate", "gold_docs": ["President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress"]}
{"query": "What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?", "answer": "impeachment", "gold_docs": ["and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight. Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In \"Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\" (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress"]}
{"query": "What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?", "answer": "quasi-judicial", "gold_docs": ["and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight. Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In \"Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\" (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress"]}
{"query": "Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?", "answer": "Executive", "gold_docs": ["and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight. Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In \"Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\" (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress"]}
{"query": "What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?", "answer": "impeachment", "gold_docs": ["and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight. Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In \"Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\" (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress"]}
{"query": "Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?", "answer": "Congress", "gold_docs": ["President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress"]}
{"query": "To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?", "answer": "the performance of their duties", "gold_docs": ["and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight. Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In \"Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\" (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress"]}
{"query": "When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?", "answer": "1983", "gold_docs": ["and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission (created by the War Claims Act of 1948), the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight. Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In \"Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha\" (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress"]}
{"query": "By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?", "answer": "two-thirds", "gold_docs": ["consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives\u2014and \u00a7 7\u2014requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House\u2014represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a majority. Legislation may"]}
{"query": "In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?", "answer": "Judicial", "gold_docs": ["always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\" Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form"]}
{"query": "Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?", "answer": "president", "gold_docs": ["always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\" Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form"]}
{"query": "Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?", "answer": "Senate", "gold_docs": ["always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\" Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form"]}
{"query": "What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?", "answer": "constitutional courts", "gold_docs": ["always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\" Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form"]}
{"query": "What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?", "answer": "Judicial power", "gold_docs": ["always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\" Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form"]}
{"query": "Who appoints a judge?", "answer": "the president", "gold_docs": ["always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\" Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form"]}
{"query": "Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?", "answer": "the Senate", "gold_docs": ["always prescribe regulations governing executive officers. Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\" Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form"]}
{"query": "What kind of courts did congress establish?", "answer": "legislative courts", "gold_docs": ["of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In \"Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.\" (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty,\" as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate \"public rights\" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations). The president exercises a check over Congress through his"]}
{"query": "What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?", "answer": "judicial power of the United States", "gold_docs": ["of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In \"Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.\" (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty,\" as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate \"public rights\" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations). The president exercises a check over Congress through his"]}
{"query": "Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?", "answer": "President", "gold_docs": ["power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not"]}
{"query": "Who can call congress into emergency session?", "answer": "The president", "gold_docs": ["power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not"]}
{"query": "Who serves as president of the Senate?", "answer": "The Vice President", "gold_docs": ["power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not"]}
{"query": "Who has the power to issue a pardon?", "answer": "The president", "gold_docs": ["power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not"]}
{"query": "Who has the power to issue a reprieve? ", "answer": "The president", "gold_docs": ["power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not"]}
{"query": "Who is the commander and chief of the Army?", "answer": "The president", "gold_docs": ["and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can"]}
{"query": "Who has the power to declare ware?", "answer": "Congress", "gold_docs": ["and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can"]}
{"query": "Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?", "answer": "the Senate", "gold_docs": ["and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can"]}
{"query": "Who is responsible for judicial review?", "answer": "Courts", "gold_docs": ["assume their office. Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, \"The Federalist Papers\" mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in \"Marbury v. Madison\". There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional. A"]}
{"query": "What is the court case that established judicial review?", "answer": "Marbury v. Madison", "gold_docs": ["assume their office. Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, \"The Federalist Papers\" mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in \"Marbury v. Madison\". There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional. A"]}
{"query": "Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?", "answer": "the Supreme Court", "gold_docs": ["common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction. The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court"]}
{"query": "Who can limit judicial review of a law?", "answer": "Congress", "gold_docs": ["may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one. McCulloch v. Maryland, decided in 1819, established two important principles. One of which explains that states cannot make actions to impede on valid constitutional exercises of power by the federal government. The other explains that Congress has the implied powers to implement"]}
{"query": "Who presides over an impeachment trial?", "answer": "The Chief Justice", "gold_docs": ["may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one. McCulloch v. Maryland, decided in 1819, established two important principles. One of which explains that states cannot make actions to impede on valid constitutional exercises of power by the federal government. The other explains that Congress has the implied powers to implement"]}
{"query": "Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?", "answer": "James Madison", "gold_docs": ["establish executive privilege, which means that they can enforce statutes and laws already passed by Congress. They can also enforce the Constitution and treaties that were previously made by other branches of government. The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.\" One may claim that the judiciary has historically been"]}
{"query": "Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?", "answer": "Congress", "gold_docs": ["great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms. The first six presidents of the United States did"]}
{"query": "How many bills did George Washington veto?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed 12 bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically"]}
{"query": "How many bills did James Monroe veto?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed 12 bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically"]}
{"query": "Who was the seventh President of the United States?", "answer": "Andrew Jackson", "gold_docs": ["not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed 12 bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically"]}
{"query": "How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress", "answer": "fifteen", "gold_docs": ["cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\" Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the \"Radical Republicans.\" Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval"]}
{"query": "What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?", "answer": "Tenure of Office Act", "gold_docs": ["cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\" Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the \"Radical Republicans.\" Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval"]}
{"query": "Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?", "answer": "Grover Cleveland", "gold_docs": ["for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a \"de facto\" prime minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his"]}
{"query": "Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? ", "answer": "Grover Cleveland", "gold_docs": ["for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a \"de facto\" prime minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his"]}
{"query": "Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?", "answer": "Franklin Roosevelt", "gold_docs": ["Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned \"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States\", another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of"]}
{"query": "Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?", "answer": "Congress", "gold_docs": ["Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned \"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States\", another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of"]}
{"query": "Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?", "answer": "national security", "gold_docs": ["successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the 18th and 19th centuries. Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United"]}
{"query": "What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?", "answer": "checks and balances", "gold_docs": ["precedents. Many legislators hold the view that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that \"checks and balances\" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches\u2014for example, in the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment by Congress of rules for the conduct of federal courts, and by state legislatures for state courts. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court,"]}
{"query": "Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? ", "answer": "the Supreme Court", "gold_docs": ["the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time. On the other side of this debate, many judges hold the view that separation of powers means that the Judiciary is independent and untouchable within the judicial sphere. In this view, separation of powers means that the Judiciary alone holds all powers relative to the judicial function and that the Legislative and Executive branches may not interfere in any aspect of the Judicial branch. An example of the second view"]}
{"query": "Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?", "answer": "the Florida Supreme Court", "gold_docs": ["at the state level is found in the Florida Supreme Court holding that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts. The State of New Hampshire also follows this system. Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in \"The Spirit of the Laws\", in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which"]}
{"query": "Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?", "answer": "the Florida Supreme Court", "gold_docs": ["at the state level is found in the Florida Supreme Court holding that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts. The State of New Hampshire also follows this system. Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in \"The Spirit of the Laws\", in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which"]}
{"query": "What is the latin word for architecture?", "answer": "Architectural", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "What is the Latin word for architecture?", "answer": "architectura", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "What do you call the planning and building of buildings?", "answer": "Architecture", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?", "answer": "Architectural works", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?", "answer": "architectural achievements", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "In what language does the word \"architecture\" have its origins?", "answer": "Greek", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "Architecture involves the creation of what?", "answer": "buildings and other physical structures", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?", "answer": "as works of art", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "What can extant architectural works be used to identify?", "answer": "Historical civilizations", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?", "answer": "De architectura", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?", "answer": "Roman architect Vitruvius", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?", "answer": "De architectura", "gold_docs": ["Architecture Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architecture (Latin \"architectura\", from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"arkhitekton\" \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"creator\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture can mean: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is \"De architectura\", by the Roman architect"]}
{"query": "Who was the author of  De architectura?", "answer": "Vitruvius", "gold_docs": ["Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of \"firmitas, utilitas, venustas\", commonly known by the original translation \u2013 \"firmness, commodity and delight\". An equivalent in modern English would be: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, \"De Re Aedificatoria\", saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised"]}
{"query": "What was Vitruvius' profession?", "answer": "architect", "gold_docs": ["Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of \"firmitas, utilitas, venustas\", commonly known by the original translation \u2013 \"firmness, commodity and delight\". An equivalent in modern English would be: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, \"De Re Aedificatoria\", saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised"]}
{"query": "What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?", "answer": "firmitas, utilitas, venustas", "gold_docs": ["Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of \"firmitas, utilitas, venustas\", commonly known by the original translation \u2013 \"firmness, commodity and delight\". An equivalent in modern English would be: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, \"De Re Aedificatoria\", saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised"]}
{"query": "What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?", "answer": "firmness, commodity and delight", "gold_docs": ["Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of \"firmitas, utilitas, venustas\", commonly known by the original translation \u2013 \"firmness, commodity and delight\". An equivalent in modern English would be: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, \"De Re Aedificatoria\", saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised"]}
{"query": "When were the styles of arts created?", "answer": "16th century", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?", "answer": "Vasari", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?", "answer": "architect", "gold_docs": ["Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of \"firmitas, utilitas, venustas\", commonly known by the original translation \u2013 \"firmness, commodity and delight\". An equivalent in modern English would be: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, \"De Re Aedificatoria\", saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised"]}
{"query": "Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?", "answer": "Leon Battista Alberti", "gold_docs": ["Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of \"firmitas, utilitas, venustas\", commonly known by the original translation \u2013 \"firmness, commodity and delight\". An equivalent in modern English would be: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, \"De Re Aedificatoria\", saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised"]}
{"query": "What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?", "answer": "proportion", "gold_docs": ["Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of \"firmitas, utilitas, venustas\", commonly known by the original translation \u2013 \"firmness, commodity and delight\". An equivalent in modern English would be: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, \"De Re Aedificatoria\", saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised"]}
{"query": "What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?", "answer": "the Golden mean", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "In what century did \"style\" as an artistic concept arise?", "answer": "16th", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the book Contrasts?", "answer": "Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "What year was Contrasts written in?", "answer": "1836", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "What was the name of Pugin's book?", "answer": "Contrasts", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "In what year was Contrasts written?", "answer": "1836", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "What world did Pugin dislike?", "answer": "modern, industrial world", "gold_docs": ["human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote \"Contrasts\" (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an"]}
{"query": "What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?", "answer": "Gothic", "gold_docs": ["idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\" The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his \"Seven Lamps of Architecture\", published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way"]}
{"query": "Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "answer": "John Ruskin", "gold_docs": ["idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\" The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his \"Seven Lamps of Architecture\", published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way"]}
{"query": "Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "answer": "John Ruskin", "gold_docs": ["idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\" The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his \"Seven Lamps of Architecture\", published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way"]}
{"query": "What was Ruskin's career? ", "answer": "art critic", "gold_docs": ["idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\" The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his \"Seven Lamps of Architecture\", published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way"]}
{"query": "When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?", "answer": "1849", "gold_docs": ["idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\" The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his \"Seven Lamps of Architecture\", published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way"]}
{"query": "What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?", "answer": "to his mental health, power, and pleasure", "gold_docs": ["idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\" The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his \"Seven Lamps of Architecture\", published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way"]}
{"query": "What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?", "answer": "string courses or rustication", "gold_docs": ["\"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. On the difference between the ideals of \"architecture\" and mere \"construction\", the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\". Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said \"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins.\""]}
{"query": "What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?", "answer": "20th-century", "gold_docs": ["\"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. On the difference between the ideals of \"architecture\" and mere \"construction\", the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\". Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said \"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins.\""]}
{"query": "Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? ", "answer": "Le Corbusier", "gold_docs": ["\"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. On the difference between the ideals of \"architecture\" and mere \"construction\", the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\". Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said \"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins.\""]}
{"query": "What was Le Corbusier 's profession?", "answer": "Architect", "gold_docs": ["\"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. On the difference between the ideals of \"architecture\" and mere \"construction\", the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\". Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said \"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins.\""]}
{"query": "When did Le Corbusier live and write?", "answer": "20th-century", "gold_docs": ["\"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. On the difference between the ideals of \"architecture\" and mere \"construction\", the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\". Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said \"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins.\""]}
{"query": "What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?", "answer": "heart", "gold_docs": ["\"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. On the difference between the ideals of \"architecture\" and mere \"construction\", the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\". Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said \"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins.\""]}
{"query": "What term replaced Vitruvius' term \"utility\"?", "answer": "Function", "gold_docs": ["The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: \"Form follows function\". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with"]}
{"query": "In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?", "answer": "aesthetic, psychological and cultural", "gold_docs": ["The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: \"Form follows function\". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with"]}
{"query": "Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?", "answer": "Vitruvius", "gold_docs": ["The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: \"Form follows function\". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with"]}
{"query": "What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?", "answer": "both popularity and skepticism", "gold_docs": ["The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: \"Form follows function\". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with"]}
{"query": "What are some philosophies that modern architects use?", "answer": "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?", "answer": "philosophies", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?", "answer": "their approach to building design", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?", "answer": "late 20th century", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?", "answer": "sustainability", "gold_docs": ["compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. Philosophy of Architecture is a branch of philosophy of art, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its semantics and relations with development of culture. Plato to Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Robert"]}
{"query": "To what should a building be friendly?", "answer": "environment", "gold_docs": ["compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. Philosophy of Architecture is a branch of philosophy of art, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its semantics and relations with development of culture. Plato to Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Robert"]}
{"query": "What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?", "answer": "non-sustainable power sources", "gold_docs": ["compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. Philosophy of Architecture is a branch of philosophy of art, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its semantics and relations with development of culture. Plato to Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Robert"]}
{"query": "What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?", "answer": "shelter, security, worship", "gold_docs": ["Venturi as well as many other philosophers and theoreticians, distinguish architecture ('technion') from building ('demiorgos'), attributing the former to mental traits, and the latter to the divine or natural. The Wittgenstein House is considered one of the most important examples of interactions between philosophy and architecture. Built by renowned Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, the house has been the subject of extensive research about the relationship between its stylistic features, Wittgenstein's personality, and his philosophy. Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and"]}
{"query": "Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?", "answer": "knowledge", "gold_docs": ["knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural."]}
{"query": "What was building considered?", "answer": "a craft", "gold_docs": ["knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural."]}
{"query": "What was the most valued type of building craft called?", "answer": "architecture", "gold_docs": ["Venturi as well as many other philosophers and theoreticians, distinguish architecture ('technion') from building ('demiorgos'), attributing the former to mental traits, and the latter to the divine or natural. The Wittgenstein House is considered one of the most important examples of interactions between philosophy and architecture. Built by renowned Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, the house has been the subject of extensive research about the relationship between its stylistic features, Wittgenstein's personality, and his philosophy. Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and"]}
{"query": "Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?", "answer": "building materials", "gold_docs": ["Venturi as well as many other philosophers and theoreticians, distinguish architecture ('technion') from building ('demiorgos'), attributing the former to mental traits, and the latter to the divine or natural. The Wittgenstein House is considered one of the most important examples of interactions between philosophy and architecture. Built by renowned Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, the house has been the subject of extensive research about the relationship between its stylistic features, Wittgenstein's personality, and his philosophy. Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and"]}
{"query": "What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?", "answer": "vernacular buildings", "gold_docs": ["knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural."]}
{"query": "Why did the economy begin to expand?", "answer": "a surplus in production", "gold_docs": ["Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. The architecture and urbanism of"]}
{"query": "Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?", "answer": "trial and error", "gold_docs": ["knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural."]}
{"query": "What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?", "answer": "vernacular", "gold_docs": ["knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural."]}
{"query": "In what environment were many of the first human settlements?", "answer": "rural", "gold_docs": ["knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural."]}
{"query": "What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?", "answer": "urbanization", "gold_docs": ["Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. The architecture and urbanism of"]}
{"query": "At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?", "answer": "rapidly", "gold_docs": ["Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. The architecture and urbanism of"]}
{"query": "What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?", "answer": "Egypt and Mesopotamia", "gold_docs": ["Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. The architecture and urbanism of"]}
{"query": "What are two examples of past civilizations?", "answer": "Egypt and Mesopotamia", "gold_docs": ["Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. The architecture and urbanism of"]}
{"query": "To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?", "answer": "the divine and the supernatural", "gold_docs": ["Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. The architecture and urbanism of"]}
{"query": "What does architectural monumentality often represent?", "answer": "political power", "gold_docs": ["Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan. In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself. The architecture and urbanism of"]}
{"query": "Name one Asian architectural writer.", "answer": "Kao Gong Ji", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "When was the Kao Gong Ji written?", "answer": "7th\u20135th centuries BCE", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?", "answer": "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "India produced which early architectural text?", "answer": "Shilpa Shastras", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?", "answer": "pantheistic religion", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?", "answer": "Buddhist architecture", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?", "answer": "3rd century BCE", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?", "answer": "the macrocosm and the microcosm", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?", "answer": "the Shastras", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences", "answer": "Buddhist", "gold_docs": ["religious. Early Asian writings on architecture include the \"Kao Gong Ji\" of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian"]}
{"query": "What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?", "answer": "pantheistic religion", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "When was Islamic architecture first seen?", "answer": "7th century CE", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?", "answer": "Byzantium", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?", "answer": "religious and social needs", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?", "answer": "pointed arch", "gold_docs": ["Saracens\" The 18th-century English historian Thomas Warton summarized: The pointed arch originated in the Byzantine and Sassanian empires, where it mostly appears in early Christian church buildings, although engineering works such as the Byzantine Karamagara Bridge also showed it fully developed at an early stage. The priority of the Byzantines in its use is also evidenced by slightly pointed examples in Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, and the Hagia Irene, Constantinople. The pointed arch was subsequently adopted and widely used by Muslim architects, becoming the characteristic arch of Islamic architecture. According to Bony, it has spread from Islamic lands, possibly through"]}
{"query": "What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?", "answer": "abbeys and cathedrals.", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What were the most important buildings of the time?", "answer": "abbeys and cathedrals", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What style is Gothic?", "answer": "pan-European", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What is another pan-European style?", "answer": "Romanesque", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?", "answer": "900 CE onwards", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "When was Renaissance Humanism developed?", "answer": "1400", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What continent did this revival take place on?", "answer": "Europe", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What was the name for the time period?", "answer": "Renaissance", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?", "answer": "role of the individual", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?", "answer": "artist, architect and engineer", "gold_docs": ["Palladio \u2013 and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of"]}
{"query": "Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?", "answer": "Nunzia Rondanini", "gold_docs": ["The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: \"Form follows function\". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with"]}
{"query": "In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?", "answer": "Through its aesthetic dimension", "gold_docs": ["The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: \"Form follows function\". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with"]}
{"query": "What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture \"stimulate and influence\"?", "answer": "social life", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?", "answer": "social development", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "What does architecture share with other sciences?", "answer": "functional aspects", "gold_docs": ["The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: \"Form follows function\". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with"]}
{"query": "What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?", "answer": "art for art's sake", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "What sort of quest lacks purpose?", "answer": "quest for perfection or originality", "gold_docs": ["other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.' To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\". Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the"]}
{"query": "These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?", "answer": "new building types", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?", "answer": "religious or empirical ones", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "What owes its development to the Classical orders?", "answer": "Architectural \"style\"", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "When were architectural writings first made?", "answer": "ancient time", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?", "answer": "specific formal prescriptions", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?", "answer": "canons", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "When did Vitruvius write his canons?", "answer": "1st-century BCE", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "What is a significant early architectural canonical type?", "answer": "religious", "gold_docs": ["the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are"]}
{"query": "What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?", "answer": "guilds", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "What records of the guilds are still in existence?", "answer": "written contracts", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?", "answer": "ecclesiastical buildings", "gold_docs": ["countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master"]}
{"query": "What is another term for master mason?", "answer": "Magister lathomorum", "gold_docs": ["mason, or \"Magister lathomorum\" as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo,"]}
{"query": "What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?", "answer": "proportions and structure", "gold_docs": ["Palladio \u2013 and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of"]}
{"query": "Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?", "answer": "generalist", "gold_docs": ["Palladio \u2013 and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of"]}
{"query": "What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?", "answer": "technical aspects of building design", "gold_docs": ["new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the \"gentleman architect\" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of"]}
{"query": "What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?", "answer": "context and feasibility", "gold_docs": ["beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors"]}
{"query": "What started with the Industrial Revolution?", "answer": "mass production and consumption", "gold_docs": ["beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors"]}
{"query": "What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?", "answer": "ornamented products", "gold_docs": ["beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors"]}
{"query": "As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?", "answer": "Aesthetics", "gold_docs": ["beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors"]}
{"query": "What kind of books did housebuilders use?", "answer": "pattern books and architectural journals", "gold_docs": ["beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors"]}
{"query": "At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? ", "answer": "20th", "gold_docs": ["beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors"]}
{"query": "What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?", "answer": "Modern Architecture", "gold_docs": ["to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology. When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate"]}
{"query": "When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?", "answer": "1907", "gold_docs": ["to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology. When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate"]}
{"query": "What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?", "answer": "to produce better quality machine made objects", "gold_docs": ["to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology. When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate"]}
{"query": "In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?", "answer": "the Bauhaus school", "gold_docs": ["to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology. When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate"]}
{"query": "What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?", "answer": "avant-garde movement", "gold_docs": ["to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology. When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate"]}
{"query": "Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?", "answer": "the middle and working classes", "gold_docs": ["for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and"]}
{"query": "Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?", "answer": "the rapidly declining aristocratic order", "gold_docs": ["for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and"]}
{"query": "What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?", "answer": "functionalist", "gold_docs": ["for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and"]}
{"query": "What details did Modernists' do away with?", "answer": "historical references and ornament", "gold_docs": ["for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and"]}
{"query": "Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?", "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "gold_docs": ["for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and"]}
{"query": "What are two of Wright's designs?", "answer": "Robie House and Fallingwater", "gold_docs": ["purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. Fazlur Rahman Khan's development of the tube structure was a technological break-through in building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed"]}
{"query": "What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?", "answer": "to promote harmony", "gold_docs": ["purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. Fazlur Rahman Khan's development of the tube structure was a technological break-through in building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed"]}
{"query": "What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?", "answer": "the Industrial Revolution", "gold_docs": ["purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. Fazlur Rahman Khan's development of the tube structure was a technological break-through in building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed"]}
{"query": "What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?", "answer": "steel-frame construction", "gold_docs": ["purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. Fazlur Rahman Khan's development of the tube structure was a technological break-through in building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed"]}
{"query": "What is an example of International Style?", "answer": "Twin Towers", "gold_docs": ["into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after World War II, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural fa\u00e7ades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and"]}
{"query": "Who designed the Twin Towers?", "answer": "Minoru Yamasaki", "gold_docs": ["into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after World War II, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural fa\u00e7ades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and"]}
{"query": "What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?", "answer": "decorative richness", "gold_docs": ["into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after World War II, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural fa\u00e7ades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and"]}
{"query": "Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?", "answer": "Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen", "gold_docs": ["into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after World War II, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural fa\u00e7ades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and"]}
{"query": "What material was used in Brutalist structures?", "answer": "unfinished concrete", "gold_docs": ["into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after World War II, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural fa\u00e7ades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and"]}
{"query": "Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?", "answer": "postwar generation", "gold_docs": ["into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after World War II, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural fa\u00e7ades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and"]}
{"query": "What school was a response to Brutalism?", "answer": "the school of metaphoric architecture", "gold_docs": ["not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as"]}
{"query": "What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?", "answer": "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture", "gold_docs": ["not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as"]}
{"query": "What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?", "answer": "nature", "gold_docs": ["not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as"]}
{"query": "What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?", "answer": "expressionist architecture", "gold_docs": ["not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as"]}
{"query": "When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?", "answer": "the late 1950s and 1960s", "gold_docs": ["not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture. Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as"]}
{"query": "What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?", "answer": "modernism", "gold_docs": ["an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the United States, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti, Michele Valori, Bruno Zevi in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an"]}
{"query": "What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?", "answer": "human experience", "gold_docs": ["an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the United States, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti, Michele Valori, Bruno Zevi in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an"]}
{"query": "Who called postmodern architecture a \"decorated shed\"?", "answer": "Robert Venturi", "gold_docs": ["an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the United States, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti, Michele Valori, Bruno Zevi in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an"]}
{"query": "What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?", "answer": "\"ducks\"", "gold_docs": ["ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist \"ducks\" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability. The preparatory processes for the"]}
{"query": "About when did architecture begin specializing?", "answer": "Since the 1980s", "gold_docs": ["ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist \"ducks\" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability. The preparatory processes for the"]}
{"query": "Who can no longer design a large structure?", "answer": "one person", "gold_docs": ["design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental,"]}
{"query": "What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? ", "answer": "Modernism and Postmodernism", "gold_docs": ["design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental,"]}
{"query": "What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?", "answer": "Environmental sustainability", "gold_docs": ["and social sciences. Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet"]}
{"query": "What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?", "answer": "the environment", "gold_docs": ["and social sciences. Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet"]}
{"query": "Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?", "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "gold_docs": ["for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and"]}
{"query": "What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?", "answer": "The U.S. Green Building Council", "gold_docs": ["green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Glass curtain walls, which were the"]}
{"query": "What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?", "answer": "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture", "gold_docs": ["green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Glass curtain walls, which were the"]}
{"query": "What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?", "answer": "solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.", "gold_docs": ["green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Glass curtain walls, which were the"]}
{"query": "What are three things the new movements try to achieve?", "answer": "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design", "gold_docs": ["green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Glass curtain walls, which were the"]}
{"query": "What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?", "answer": "modernist and globally uniform architecture", "gold_docs": ["green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Glass curtain walls, which were the"]}
{"query": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?", "answer": "longer", "gold_docs": ["literary sources. They are of little use in the study of Roman demography, which tends to rely instead on conjecture and comparison, rather than records and observations. When the high infant mortality rate is factored in (life expectancy at birth) inhabitants of the Roman Empire had a life expectancy at birth of about 25 years. However, when infant mortality is factored out, life expectancy is doubled to the late-50s. If a Roman survived infancy to their mid-teens, they could, on average, expect near six decades of life, although of course many lived much longer or shorter lives for varied reasons."]}
{"query": "Who developed the HDI?", "answer": "Mahbub ul Haq", "gold_docs": ["Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. It was developed by Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, with help from Gustav Ranis of Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics, and was further used to measure a country's development"]}
{"query": "What entity publishes the HDI?", "answer": "United Nations Development Programme", "gold_docs": ["The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report: This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say formula_7, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: where formula_9 and formula_10 are the lowest and highest values the variable formula_7 can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with contributed by each of the following"]}
{"query": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?", "answer": "longer", "gold_docs": ["literary sources. They are of little use in the study of Roman demography, which tends to rely instead on conjecture and comparison, rather than records and observations. When the high infant mortality rate is factored in (life expectancy at birth) inhabitants of the Roman Empire had a life expectancy at birth of about 25 years. However, when infant mortality is factored out, life expectancy is doubled to the late-50s. If a Roman survived infancy to their mid-teens, they could, on average, expect near six decades of life, although of course many lived much longer or shorter lives for varied reasons."]}
{"query": "In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)\", and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)\". The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking for some"]}
{"query": "What does IHDI stand for?", "answer": "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index", "gold_docs": ["by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)\", and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)\". The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking for some"]}
{"query": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?", "answer": "the HDI", "gold_docs": ["by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)\", and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)\". The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking for some"]}
{"query": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?", "answer": "the HDI", "gold_docs": ["by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)\", and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)\". The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking for some"]}
{"query": "Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?", "answer": "people-centered policies", "gold_docs": ["by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose \"to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies\". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, \"Farhan C.M\", Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities. Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development"]}
{"query": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions: In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) formula_1 2. Education Index (EI) formula_2 3. Income Index (II) formula_5 Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: formula_6"]}
{"query": "What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?", "answer": "the United Nations Development Programme", "gold_docs": ["The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report: This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say formula_7, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: where formula_9 and formula_10 are the lowest and highest values the variable formula_7 can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with contributed by each of the following"]}
{"query": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?", "answer": "2014", "gold_docs": ["Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar,"]}
{"query": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries or regions: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a"]}
{"query": "What does the IHDI specifically take into account?", "answer": "Inequality", "gold_docs": ["Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar,"]}
{"query": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development? ", "answer": "the average level", "gold_docs": ["Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar,"]}
{"query": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "answer": "Barbados", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "Is the top quartile of HDI considered \"high\" or \"very high\" human development?", "answer": "very high", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?", "answer": "lack of necessary data", "gold_docs": ["Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries or regions: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a"]}
{"query": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?", "answer": "North Korea", "gold_docs": ["Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries or regions: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a"]}
{"query": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?", "answer": "2012", "gold_docs": ["distributor estimates that 235,000 service members viewed \"The Invisible War\" in 2012. On January 4, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013. This law included many improvements to the military's handling of sexual assault cases, such as barring individuals with felony sex abuse convictions from receiving enlistment waivers, forming special victims units to investigate and prosecute sexual assault cases, and installing new policies to prevent professional retaliation against assault survivors. According to \"The New York Times\", the film \"has been credited with both persuading more women to come forward to report abuse and"]}
{"query": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development?", "answer": "the average level", "gold_docs": ["Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar,"]}
{"query": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "answer": "Barbados", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "answer": "Barbados", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions: In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) formula_1 2. Education Index (EI) formula_2 3. Income Index (II) formula_5 Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: formula_6"]}
{"query": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "answer": "Barbados", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "answer": "Barbados", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?", "answer": "North Korea", "gold_docs": ["Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries or regions: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a"]}
{"query": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "answer": "Barbados", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?", "answer": "Cuba", "gold_docs": ["Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries or regions: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a"]}
{"query": "What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?", "answer": "very high human development", "gold_docs": ["Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries or regions: Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a"]}
{"query": "How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank \"very high\"?", "answer": "developed countries", "gold_docs": ["index makes an effort to simplify human development, it is much more complex than any index or set of indicators. The 2007 report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with the previous year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries. To reflect gaps in the Human Development Index, the United Nations came out with the Human Poverty Index (HPI) in 1997. The HPI measures the deficiencies in"]}
{"query": "What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "answer": "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world", "gold_docs": ["director of the United Nations Development Program\u2019s Human Development Report. During this time, he directed a total of three reports, from 2005-2008: \"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world\" \"Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis\" \"International cooperation at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world\" As lead author of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report he produced the 2009, 2010 and 2011 reports: \"The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education\" \"Reaching the marginalized\" \"Overcoming inequality: why governance matters\" He was Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the Global Economic Governance Programme at"]}
{"query": "What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["with other open standards based software, access to third party proprietary software has been added in recent years. Additionally, the company licenses by CPU rather than by named user. The history of InetSoft product development is as follows: InetSoft Style Report won Best Java Reporting Tool in 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, and in 2007. Also in 2007, InetSoft's Style Report Analytic Edition won Best Java Business Intelligence Tool, the first year it had been nominated and the final year of the JDJ Awards program. In 2011, InetSoft was named to Information Management's list of top \"40 Vendors We're"]}
{"query": "The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["consumption-based HDI of 0.920, which is better than that of many developed countries. Comparatively higher spending by the government on [[primary education|primary level education]], [[health care]] and the elimination of [[poverty in India|poverty]] from the 19th century onward has helped the state maintain an exceptionally high HDI; the report was prepared by the central government's Institute of Applied Manpower Research. However, the Human Development Report 2005, prepared by Centre for Development Studies envisages a virtuous phase of inclusive development for the state since the advancement in human development had already started aiding the economic development of the state. Kerala is"]}
{"query": "Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?", "answer": "high income countries", "gold_docs": ["index makes an effort to simplify human development, it is much more complex than any index or set of indicators. The 2007 report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with the previous year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries. To reflect gaps in the Human Development Index, the United Nations came out with the Human Poverty Index (HPI) in 1997. The HPI measures the deficiencies in"]}
{"query": "On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?", "answer": "Africa", "gold_docs": ["African Cricket Association The African Cricket Association (ACA) is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries. The ACA was founded in 1997, and has 22 member countries. The ACA is a sub-ordinate body to the International Cricket Council. South African and Zimbabwean Cricket is independently administered by their own boards, however the ACA is its own national organization responsible for the administration, promotion and development of cricket across the rest of Africa. They are also responsible for the development of coaching and umpiring, and expanding cricket administration within national organisations on the African Continent. Prior to the Creation"]}
{"query": "What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"high development\" country?", "answer": "0.8", "gold_docs": ["the period up to 2007: 1 is the highest possible theoretical score, indicating perfect education attainment. All countries considered to be developed countries possess a minimum score of 0.8 or above, although the great majority have a score of 0.9 or above. For ranking based on the Human Development Index, see List of countries by Human Development Index. Education Index The United Nations publishes a Human Development Index every year, which consists of the Education index, GDP Index and Life Expectancy Index. These three components measure the educational attainment, GDP per capita and life expectancy respectively. Before 2010, the Education"]}
{"query": "Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?", "answer": "Brazil", "gold_docs": ["Argentina (34.9%) and the United States (8.7%). In terms of region of origin, most international visitors came from neighboring South American countries with 3,732,722 visitor (56.7%), mainly from Mercosul. In total, there were 6,578,074 international arrivals. Top international arrivals by country of origin for 2012-2016 are presented in the following table: The following is a comparative summary of Brazil's tourism industry key performance indicators as compared with countries considered among the most popular destinations in Latin America, and relevant economic indicators are included to show the relative importance that international tourism has on the economy of the selected countries. Tourist"]}
{"query": "What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?", "answer": "Russia", "gold_docs": ["populations included: Census participants were asked what country (or countries) they were citizens of. 142,442,000 respondents reported being Russian citizens; among them, 44,000 also had citizenship of another country. Among Russia's resident population, 1,025,413 foreign citizens and 429,881 stateless persons were counted. 1,269,023 persons did not report their citizenship. Among the questions asked were \"Are you competent in the Russian language?\" (\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438 \u0412\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c?) and \"What other languages are you competent in?\" (\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0412\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0435?). As the census manual explained, \"competence\" (\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435) meant either the ability to speak, read and write a language, or only the"]}
{"query": "Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?", "answer": "Norway", "gold_docs": ["\"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account\". Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait. The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses"]}
{"query": "The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?", "answer": "national performance and ranking", "gold_docs": ["is the year for which the index was calculated. The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a"]}
{"query": "Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?", "answer": "Western", "gold_docs": ["Eurocentrism Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism) is a worldview centered on or biased towards Western civilization. The exact scope of centrism varies from the entire Western world to only Europe or even just Western Europe (especially during the Cold War). When applied to history, it may refer to an apologetic stance towards European colonialism and other forms of imperialism. The term \"Eurocentrism\" itself dates back to the late 1970s and became prevalent during the 1990s, especially in the context of decolonization and development and humanitarian aid offered by industrialised countries (First World) to developing countries (Third World). The adjective \"Eurocentric\","]}
{"query": "The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?", "answer": "global", "gold_docs": ["global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries. Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries"]}
{"query": "Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?", "answer": "egalitarianism", "gold_docs": ["\"To each according to his contribution\" and \"From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs\". Although Marx's position is often confused or conflated with distributive egalitarianism in which only the goods and services resulting from production are distributed according to a notional equality, in reality Marx eschewed the entire concept of equality as abstract and bourgeois in nature, preferring to focus on more concrete principles such as opposition to exploitation on materialist grounds and economic logic. Egalitarianism Egalitarianism () \u2013 or equalitarianism \u2013 is a school of thought that prioritizes equality for all people. Egalitarian doctrines"]}
{"query": "In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to \"The Economist\""]}
{"query": "Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?", "answer": "The Economist", "gold_docs": ["can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to \"The Economist\""]}
{"query": "How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?", "answer": "182", "gold_docs": ["is the year for which the index was calculated. The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a"]}
{"query": "How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?", "answer": "169", "gold_docs": ["is the year for which the index was calculated. The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a"]}
{"query": "What is another term for southern Europe", "answer": "Mediterranean Europe", "gold_docs": ["Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent. Most definitions of Southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include Gibraltar, Spain, Italy, Malta, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Slovenia, the East Thrace of European Turkey and Cyprus. Portugal, Andorra, Vatican City, San Marino, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia are also often included despite not having a coast in the Mediterranean. Some definitions may also include mainland Southern France, Corsica and Monaco, which are otherwise considered parts of Western Europe. Different methods can be used to define Southern Europe, including its political, economic, and"]}
{"query": "What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?", "answer": "Iberian peninsula", "gold_docs": ["cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features \u2014 its geography, climate, and flora. Politically, seven of the Southern European states form the EU Med group. Geographically, Southern Europe is the southern half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, although largely based in history, culture, climate, and flora which is shared across the region. It includes southwestern Europe: the Iberian Peninsula (Andorra, Portugal and Spain), including the minor territory of Gibraltar. Then Italy and the micro-states of San Marino and the Vatican City. Southeastern Europe includes Greece, Kosovo, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and"]}
{"query": "What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "southern France", "gold_docs": ["Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent. Most definitions of Southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include Gibraltar, Spain, Italy, Malta, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Slovenia, the East Thrace of European Turkey and Cyprus. Portugal, Andorra, Vatican City, San Marino, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia are also often included despite not having a coast in the Mediterranean. Some definitions may also include mainland Southern France, Corsica and Monaco, which are otherwise considered parts of Western Europe. Different methods can be used to define Southern Europe, including its political, economic, and"]}
{"query": "What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?", "answer": "geography, climate, and flora", "gold_docs": ["cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features \u2014 its geography, climate, and flora. Politically, seven of the Southern European states form the EU Med group. Geographically, Southern Europe is the southern half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, although largely based in history, culture, climate, and flora which is shared across the region. It includes southwestern Europe: the Iberian Peninsula (Andorra, Portugal and Spain), including the minor territory of Gibraltar. Then Italy and the micro-states of San Marino and the Vatican City. Southeastern Europe includes Greece, Kosovo, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and"]}
{"query": "What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?", "answer": "The Mediterranean climate", "gold_docs": ["Herzegovina, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania and East Thrace (part of European Turkey). The Major islands in the region are Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, the Balearic islands and the Island countries of Cyprus and Malta. Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area, which is due to the large subtropical semi-permanent centre of high atmospheric pressure found, not in the Mediterranean itself, but in the Atlantic Ocean, the Azores High. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Monaco, Italy, coastal Croatia, Albania, Greece, as"]}
{"query": "What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?", "answer": "vegetations and landscapes", "gold_docs": ["well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern"]}
{"query": "Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?", "answer": "mountain ranges of Spain and Italy", "gold_docs": ["well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern"]}
{"query": "Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?", "answer": "north coast of Spain", "gold_docs": ["well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern"]}
{"query": "What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?", "answer": "Atlantic climate", "gold_docs": ["well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern"]}
{"query": "What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?", "answer": "phytochoria", "gold_docs": ["well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern"]}
{"query": "Who coined the term phytochoria?", "answer": "Armen Takhtajan", "gold_docs": ["well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern"]}
{"query": "What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?", "answer": "classical antiquity", "gold_docs": ["coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands. The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?", "answer": "city-states", "gold_docs": ["coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands. The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman"]}
{"query": "Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?", "answer": "Alexander the Great", "gold_docs": ["coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands. The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman"]}
{"query": "Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Rome", "gold_docs": ["coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands. The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman"]}
{"query": "Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?", "answer": "Constantinople", "gold_docs": ["Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously"]}
{"query": "Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Germanic", "gold_docs": ["Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously"]}
{"query": "What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?", "answer": "AD 476", "gold_docs": ["Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously"]}
{"query": "By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?", "answer": "300 AD", "gold_docs": ["coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands. The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman"]}
{"query": "What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?", "answer": "the Byzantine Empire", "gold_docs": ["Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously"]}
{"query": "Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Germanic peoples", "gold_docs": ["Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously"]}
{"query": "What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "kingdoms and empires of their own", "gold_docs": ["Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?", "answer": "the Crusades", "gold_docs": ["Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously"]}
{"query": "Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?", "answer": "Genoa and Venice", "gold_docs": ["motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related"]}
{"query": "What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?", "answer": "The Reconquista", "gold_docs": ["motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related"]}
{"query": "What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?", "answer": "the Byzantine Empire", "gold_docs": ["motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related"]}
{"query": "What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?", "answer": "The Late Middle Ages", "gold_docs": ["movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom. The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Beginning roughly in the 12th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development"]}
{"query": "What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Black Death", "gold_docs": ["movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom. The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Beginning roughly in the 12th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development"]}
{"query": "Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire", "gold_docs": ["movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom. The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Beginning roughly in the 12th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development"]}
{"query": "When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?", "answer": "1453", "gold_docs": ["movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom. The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Beginning roughly in the 12th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development"]}
{"query": "When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?", "answer": "14th century", "gold_docs": ["Renaissance technology Renaissance technology is the set of European artifacts and inventions which span the Renaissance period, roughly the 14th century through the 16th century. The era is marked by profound technical advancements such as the printing press, linear perspective in drawing, patent law, double shell domes and Bastion fortresses. Sketchbooks from artisans of the period (Taccola and Leonardo da Vinci, example) give a deep insight into the mechanical technology then known and applied. Renaissance science spawned the Scientific Revolution; science and technology began a cycle of mutual advancement. Some important Renaissance technologies, including both innovations and improvements on existing"]}
{"query": "In what city did the Renaissance begin?", "answer": "Florence", "gold_docs": ["movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom. The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Beginning roughly in the 12th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development"]}
{"query": "What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?", "answer": "science and theology", "gold_docs": ["of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?", "answer": "Greek and Roman", "gold_docs": ["of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "When did religious conflict end in Europe?", "answer": "1648", "gold_docs": ["of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of"]}
{"query": "Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?", "answer": "Spain and France", "gold_docs": ["the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. The period"]}
{"query": "What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?", "answer": "the rise of colonial empires", "gold_docs": ["the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. The period"]}
{"query": "What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?", "answer": "the Columbian Exchange", "gold_docs": ["the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. The period"]}
{"query": "What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?", "answer": "manufacturing", "gold_docs": ["the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. The period"]}
{"query": "Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?", "answer": "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain", "gold_docs": ["the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. The period"]}
{"query": "When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?", "answer": "between 1815 and 1871", "gold_docs": ["between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their"]}
{"query": "From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire", "gold_docs": ["between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their"]}
{"query": "In what year was Rome conquered?", "answer": "1870", "gold_docs": ["between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their"]}
{"query": "What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?", "answer": "The Age of Empire", "gold_docs": ["between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their"]}
{"query": "In what year did World War I begin?", "answer": "1914", "gold_docs": ["between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their"]}
{"query": "When did a victor emerge in World War I?", "answer": "1918", "gold_docs": ["between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their"]}
{"query": "At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?", "answer": "the Paris Peace Conference", "gold_docs": ["between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their"]}
{"query": "Which group took control in 1933?", "answer": "The Nazi regime", "gold_docs": ["terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the"]}
{"query": "Which country did Hitler align Germany with?", "answer": "Italy", "gold_docs": ["terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the"]}
{"query": "Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?", "answer": "Mussolini", "gold_docs": ["terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the"]}
{"query": "What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?", "answer": "the Warsaw Pact", "gold_docs": ["military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutral. Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised,"]}
{"query": "What does EU stand for?", "answer": "European Union", "gold_docs": ["military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutral. Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised,"]}
{"query": "What was the European Union tasked with managing?", "answer": "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism", "gold_docs": ["military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutral. Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised,"]}
{"query": "When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "1989", "gold_docs": ["military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutral. Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised,"]}
{"query": "When did the USSR dissolve?", "answer": "1991", "gold_docs": ["Russian a worldwide prestige, especially during the mid-20th century. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has"]}
{"query": "In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries \u2013 Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013). The following table shows the languages in Southern Europe that are spoken by at least five million people in the region: The most widely spoken family of languages in Southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. \"(See the Latin Arch.)\" By far the most common Romance languages in Southern Europe are Italian (spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, Malta,"]}
{"query": "What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "Romance languages", "gold_docs": ["and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries \u2013 Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013). The following table shows the languages in Southern Europe that are spoken by at least five million people in the region: The most widely spoken family of languages in Southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. \"(See the Latin Arch.)\" By far the most common Romance languages in Southern Europe are Italian (spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, Malta,"]}
{"query": "Where can people who speak Catalan be found?", "answer": "eastern Spain", "gold_docs": ["San Marino, and the Vatican) and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include Portuguese (spoken in Portugal and Andorra), Catalan (spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra and Alghero in Italy), Galician (spoken in northwestern Spain) and Occitan, which is spoken in the Val d'Aran in Catalonia, in the Occitan Valleys in Italy and in southern France. The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Republic of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries."]}
{"query": "What language is spoken in northwest Spain?", "answer": "Galician", "gold_docs": ["San Marino, and the Vatican) and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include Portuguese (spoken in Portugal and Andorra), Catalan (spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra and Alghero in Italy), Galician (spoken in northwestern Spain) and Occitan, which is spoken in the Val d'Aran in Catalonia, in the Occitan Valleys in Italy and in southern France. The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Republic of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries."]}
{"query": "How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?", "answer": "over 40 million", "gold_docs": ["San Marino, and the Vatican) and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include Portuguese (spoken in Portugal and Andorra), Catalan (spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra and Alghero in Italy), Galician (spoken in northwestern Spain) and Occitan, which is spoken in the Val d'Aran in Catalonia, in the Occitan Valleys in Italy and in southern France. The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Republic of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries."]}
{"query": "What is another term for Greek?", "answer": "Hellenic", "gold_docs": ["San Marino, and the Vatican) and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include Portuguese (spoken in Portugal and Andorra), Catalan (spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra and Alghero in Italy), Galician (spoken in northwestern Spain) and Occitan, which is spoken in the Val d'Aran in Catalonia, in the Occitan Valleys in Italy and in southern France. The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Republic of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries."]}
{"query": "Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?", "answer": "Cyprus", "gold_docs": ["San Marino, and the Vatican) and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include Portuguese (spoken in Portugal and Andorra), Catalan (spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra and Alghero in Italy), Galician (spoken in northwestern Spain) and Occitan, which is spoken in the Val d'Aran in Catalonia, in the Occitan Valleys in Italy and in southern France. The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Republic of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries."]}
{"query": "What do people speak in Bulgaria?", "answer": "Bulgarian", "gold_docs": ["English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus. There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, and parts of Italy (particularly by the Arb\u00ebresh\u00eb people in Southern Italy) and Greece, and Serbo-Croatian is spoken in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Montenegro. Slovenian is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and Croatia (in Istria), and Bulgarian is spoken in"]}
{"query": "Slovene is a major language in what country?", "answer": "Slovenia", "gold_docs": ["English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus. There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, and parts of Italy (particularly by the Arb\u00ebresh\u00eb people in Southern Italy) and Greece, and Serbo-Croatian is spoken in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Montenegro. Slovenian is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and Croatia (in Istria), and Bulgarian is spoken in"]}
{"query": "What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "English", "gold_docs": ["English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus. There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, and parts of Italy (particularly by the Arb\u00ebresh\u00eb people in Southern Italy) and Greece, and Serbo-Croatian is spoken in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Montenegro. Slovenian is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and Croatia (in Istria), and Bulgarian is spoken in"]}
{"query": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?", "answer": "Spanish", "gold_docs": ["English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus. There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, and parts of Italy (particularly by the Arb\u00ebresh\u00eb people in Southern Italy) and Greece, and Serbo-Croatian is spoken in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Montenegro. Slovenian is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and Croatia (in Istria), and Bulgarian is spoken in"]}
{"query": "What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?", "answer": "Albanian", "gold_docs": ["English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus. There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, and parts of Italy (particularly by the Arb\u00ebresh\u00eb people in Southern Italy) and Greece, and Serbo-Croatian is spoken in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Montenegro. Slovenian is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and Croatia (in Istria), and Bulgarian is spoken in"]}
{"query": "What type of language is Maltese?", "answer": "Semitic", "gold_docs": ["Bulgaria and Macedonia. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta, descended from Siculo-Arabic, but written in the Latin script with heavy Latin and Italian influences. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France. The following table shows the busiest airports in Southern Europe in 2016. The predominant religion in Southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the"]}
{"query": "Where is Basque Country located?", "answer": "northern Spain and southwestern France", "gold_docs": ["Bulgaria and Macedonia. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta, descended from Siculo-Arabic, but written in the Latin script with heavy Latin and Italian influences. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France. The following table shows the busiest airports in Southern Europe in 2016. The predominant religion in Southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the"]}
{"query": "What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?", "answer": "Christianity", "gold_docs": ["Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Eastern Orthodox. European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are: Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent."]}
{"query": "What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?", "answer": "Roman Catholic", "gold_docs": ["Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Eastern Orthodox. European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are: Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent."]}
{"query": "Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "Greek Orthodox", "gold_docs": ["most notably in the city of Homs. Christianity in Syria Christians in Syria make up about 10% of the population. The country's largest Christian denomination is the Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch (known as the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East), closely followed by the Melkite Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which has a common root with the Eastern Orthodox Church of Antioch, and then by an Oriental Orthodoxy churches like Syriac Orthodox Church and Armenian Apostolic Church. There are also a minority of Protestants and members of the Assyrian Church of the East"]}
{"query": "What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?", "answer": "regions", "gold_docs": ["well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees. Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern"]}
{"query": "Which group uses TDM as a metric?", "answer": "European Travel Commission", "gold_docs": ["Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Eastern Orthodox. European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are: Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent."]}
{"query": "What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?", "answer": "BBC", "gold_docs": ["BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBC's domestic television channels have no commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence. As a result of the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, the BBC Television division was split, with"]}
{"query": "Under what auspices does the BBC exist?", "answer": "Royal charter", "gold_docs": ["BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBC's domestic television channels have no commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence. As a result of the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, the BBC Television division was split, with"]}
{"query": "When did the BBC start creating its own programming?", "answer": "1932", "gold_docs": ["BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBC's domestic television channels have no commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence. As a result of the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, the BBC Television division was split, with"]}
{"query": "On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?", "answer": "2 November 1936", "gold_docs": ["BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBC's domestic television channels have no commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence. As a result of the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, the BBC Television division was split, with"]}
{"query": "In what country is the BBC headquartered?", "answer": "United Kingdom", "gold_docs": ["BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBC's domestic television channels have no commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence. As a result of the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, the BBC Television division was split, with"]}
{"query": "What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?", "answer": "30%", "gold_docs": ["BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. It produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBC's domestic television channels have no commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence. As a result of the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, the BBC Television division was split, with"]}
{"query": "As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?", "answer": "television production companies", "gold_docs": ["in-house television production being separated into a new division called BBC Studios and the remaining parts of television (channels and genre commissioning, BBC Sport, BBC Three and BBC iPlayer) being renamed as BBC Content. The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house and thereby ranks as one of the world's largest television production companies. John Logie Baird set up the"]}
{"query": "On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?", "answer": "30 September 1929", "gold_docs": ["Baird Television Development Company in 1926; on 30 September 1929 he made the first experimental television broadcast for the BBC from its studio in Long Acre in the Covent Garden area of London via the BBC's London transmitter. Baird used his electromechanical system with a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines, which is just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, thirty minutes of"]}
{"query": "How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["Baird Television Development Company in 1926; on 30 September 1929 he made the first experimental television broadcast for the BBC from its studio in Long Acre in the Covent Garden area of London via the BBC's London transmitter. Baird used his electromechanical system with a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines, which is just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, thirty minutes of"]}
{"query": "When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?", "answer": "June 1932", "gold_docs": ["morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Baird's broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932. The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts"]}
{"query": "When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?", "answer": "30 March 1930", "gold_docs": ["Baird Television Development Company in 1926; on 30 September 1929 he made the first experimental television broadcast for the BBC from its studio in Long Acre in the Covent Garden area of London via the BBC's London transmitter. Baird used his electromechanical system with a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines, which is just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, thirty minutes of"]}
{"query": "Where was the BBC's first studio located?", "answer": "Broadcasting House, London", "gold_docs": ["morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Baird's broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932. The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts"]}
{"query": "What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?", "answer": "telephone line", "gold_docs": ["morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Baird's broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932. The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts"]}
{"query": "What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?", "answer": "electromechanical", "gold_docs": ["morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Baird's broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932. The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts"]}
{"query": "When did the BBC first change studios?", "answer": "February 1934", "gold_docs": ["morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Baird's broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932. The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts"]}
{"query": "What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?", "answer": "VHF", "gold_docs": ["obsolete. After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August 1936, the BBC Television Service officially launched on 2 November 1936 from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London. \"Ally Pally\" housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, which then broadcast on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both formats made the BBC's service the world's first regular high-definition television service; it broadcast from Monday to Saturday"]}
{"query": "How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?", "answer": "405", "gold_docs": ["405-line television system The 405-line monochrome analogue television broadcasting system was the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting. It was introduced with the BBC Television Service in 1936, suspended for the duration of World War II, and remained in operation in the UK until 1985. It was also used between 1961 and 1982 in Ireland, as well as from 1957 to 1973 for the Rediffusion Television cable service in Hong Kong. Sometimes called the Marconi-EMI system, it was developed in 1934 by the EMI Research Team led by Sir Isaac Shoenberg. The figure of 405"]}
{"query": "On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?", "answer": "Monday to Saturday", "gold_docs": ["obsolete. After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August 1936, the BBC Television Service officially launched on 2 November 1936 from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London. \"Ally Pally\" housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, which then broadcast on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both formats made the BBC's service the world's first regular high-definition television service; it broadcast from Monday to Saturday"]}
{"query": "For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?", "answer": "six months", "gold_docs": ["between 15:00 and 16:00, and 21:00 and 22:00. The first programme broadcast \u2013 and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel \u2013 was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown"]}
{"query": "What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?", "answer": "Farnsworth image dissector", "gold_docs": ["between 15:00 and 16:00, and 21:00 and 22:00. The first programme broadcast \u2013 and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel \u2013 was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown"]}
{"query": "When was the Baird system officially abandoned?", "answer": "13 February 1937", "gold_docs": ["(at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off"]}
{"query": "How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?", "answer": "40 kilometres", "gold_docs": ["(at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off"]}
{"query": "In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?", "answer": "1938", "gold_docs": ["(at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off"]}
{"query": "What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?", "answer": "a British television set", "gold_docs": ["(at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off"]}
{"query": "Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?", "answer": "Brookmans Park", "gold_docs": ["Baird Television Development Company in 1926; on 30 September 1929 he made the first experimental television broadcast for the BBC from its studio in Long Acre in the Covent Garden area of London via the BBC's London transmitter. Baird used his electromechanical system with a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines, which is just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, thirty minutes of"]}
{"query": "What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?", "answer": "Opening of the BBC Television Service", "gold_docs": ["between 15:00 and 16:00, and 21:00 and 22:00. The first programme broadcast \u2013 and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel \u2013 was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown"]}
{"query": "Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?", "answer": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth", "gold_docs": ["between 15:00 and 16:00, and 21:00 and 22:00. The first programme broadcast \u2013 and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel \u2013 was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown"]}
{"query": "When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?", "answer": "September 1939", "gold_docs": ["(at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off"]}
{"query": "What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?", "answer": "VHF transmissions", "gold_docs": ["air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, \"Mickey's Gala Premier\" (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon. According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936"]}
{"query": "What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?", "answer": "the radar programme", "gold_docs": ["air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, \"Mickey's Gala Premier\" (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon. According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936"]}
{"query": "When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?", "answer": "before the end of the cartoon", "gold_docs": ["air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, \"Mickey's Gala Premier\" (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon. According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936"]}
{"query": "How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?", "answer": "18,999", "gold_docs": ["air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, \"Mickey's Gala Premier\" (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon. According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?", "answer": "Jasmine Bligh", "gold_docs": ["to September 1939, when production was halted by the war. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios. Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by"]}
{"query": "On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?", "answer": "7 June 1946", "gold_docs": ["to September 1939, when production was halted by the war. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios. Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by"]}
{"query": "In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?", "answer": "Lime Grove Studios", "gold_docs": ["to September 1939, when production was halted by the war. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios. Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by"]}
{"query": "What city received BBC signals starting in 1949?", "answer": "Birmingham", "gold_docs": ["to September 1939, when production was halted by the war. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios. Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by"]}
{"query": "What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid-'50s?", "answer": "405-line interlaced image", "gold_docs": ["the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF. When the ITV was launched in 1955, the BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including comedies, drama, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show \"Doctor Who\" on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes. BBC TV was"]}
{"query": "On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?", "answer": "VHF", "gold_docs": ["the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF. When the ITV was launched in 1955, the BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including comedies, drama, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show \"Doctor Who\" on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes. BBC TV was"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?", "answer": "BBC tv", "gold_docs": ["the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF. When the ITV was launched in 1955, the BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including comedies, drama, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show \"Doctor Who\" on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes. BBC TV was"]}
{"query": "What was the BBC's main competitor?", "answer": "ITV", "gold_docs": ["the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF. When the ITV was launched in 1955, the BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including comedies, drama, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show \"Doctor Who\" on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes. BBC TV was"]}
{"query": "What program debuted on November 23, 1963?", "answer": "Doctor Who", "gold_docs": ["the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF. When the ITV was launched in 1955, the BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including comedies, drama, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show \"Doctor Who\" on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes. BBC TV was"]}
{"query": "What was the first station launched after the original BBC?", "answer": "ITV", "gold_docs": ["renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first"]}
{"query": "What was the third network started in the UK?", "answer": "BBC2", "gold_docs": ["renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first"]}
{"query": "What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?", "answer": "massive power failure", "gold_docs": ["renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first"]}
{"query": "Where was the cause of the power outage?", "answer": "Battersea Power Station", "gold_docs": ["renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first"]}
{"query": "Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?", "answer": "Denis Tuohy", "gold_docs": ["renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first"]}
{"query": "What was the first station to show programs in color?", "answer": "BBC Two", "gold_docs": ["British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system. On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that was in use for decades until being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience"]}
{"query": "When did the other two major British stations start color programming?", "answer": "15 November 1969", "gold_docs": ["British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system. On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that was in use for decades until being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience"]}
{"query": "What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two?", "answer": "soap opera or standard news programming", "gold_docs": ["British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system. On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that was in use for decades until being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience"]}
{"query": "Who was the first controller of BBC2?", "answer": "Sir David Attenborough", "gold_docs": ["ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as \"Civilisation\", \"The Ascent of Man\" and \"Horizon\". David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as \"Life on Earth\", \"The Private Life of Plants\", \"The Blue Planet\", \"The Life of Mammals\", \"Planet Earth\" and"]}
{"query": "What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor?", "answer": "documentaries", "gold_docs": ["ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as \"Civilisation\", \"The Ascent of Man\" and \"Horizon\". David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as \"Life on Earth\", \"The Private Life of Plants\", \"The Blue Planet\", \"The Life of Mammals\", \"Planet Earth\" and"]}
{"query": "When was the first broadcast of Tom and Jerry on BBC One?", "answer": "1967", "gold_docs": ["British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system. On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that was in use for decades until being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience"]}
{"query": "How many episodes of Tom and Jerry were shown in the evenings?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["obsolete. After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August 1936, the BBC Television Service officially launched on 2 November 1936 from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London. \"Ally Pally\" housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, which then broadcast on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both formats made the BBC's service the world's first regular high-definition television service; it broadcast from Monday to Saturday"]}
{"query": "On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings?", "answer": "CBBC", "gold_docs": ["after the evening BBC News with around two shorts shown every evening and occasionally shown on children's network CBBC in the morning), \"Tom and Jerry\" served the BBC in another way. When faced with disruption to the schedules (such as those occurring when live broadcasts overrun), the BBC would invariably turn to \"Tom and Jerry\" to fill any gaps, confident that it would retain much of an audience that might otherwise channel hop. This proved particularly helpful in 1993, when \"Noel's House Party\" had to be cancelled due to an IRA bomb scare at BBC Television Centre\u2014\"Tom and Jerry\" was"]}
{"query": "Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?", "answer": "BBC Natural History Unit", "gold_docs": ["ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as \"Civilisation\", \"The Ascent of Man\" and \"Horizon\". David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as \"Life on Earth\", \"The Private Life of Plants\", \"The Blue Planet\", \"The Life of Mammals\", \"Planet Earth\" and"]}
{"query": "When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence?", "answer": "the 1950s", "gold_docs": ["ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as \"Civilisation\", \"The Ascent of Man\" and \"Horizon\". David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as \"Life on Earth\", \"The Private Life of Plants\", \"The Blue Planet\", \"The Life of Mammals\", \"Planet Earth\" and"]}
{"query": "How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting?", "answer": "fifteen", "gold_docs": ["\"Frozen Planet\". National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two"]}
{"query": "Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?", "answer": "Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland", "gold_docs": ["\"Frozen Planet\". National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two"]}
{"query": "Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England?", "answer": "local announcers", "gold_docs": ["\"Frozen Planet\". National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two"]}
{"query": "What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming?", "answer": "major local events", "gold_docs": ["\"Frozen Planet\". National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?", "answer": "Give My Head Peace", "gold_docs": ["schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England. Programmes, such as the politically fuelled \"Give My Head Peace\" (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera \"River City\" (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular \"E\u00f2rpa\" and \"D\u00e8 a-nis?\". BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?", "answer": "River City", "gold_docs": ["schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England. Programmes, such as the politically fuelled \"Give My Head Peace\" (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera \"River City\" (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular \"E\u00f2rpa\" and \"D\u00e8 a-nis?\". BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the"]}
{"query": "What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?", "answer": "Gaelic", "gold_docs": ["schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England. Programmes, such as the politically fuelled \"Give My Head Peace\" (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera \"River City\" (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular \"E\u00f2rpa\" and \"D\u00e8 a-nis?\". BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Patrick Kielty Almost Live", "gold_docs": ["soap opera \"Pobol y Cwm\" ('People of the Valley') briefly shown on BBC2 across the UK with subtitles in the 1990s. The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series \"Chewin' the Fat\", and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show \"Patrick Kielty Almost Live\". During the 1980s, the BBC came under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and following the Broadcasting Act 1990 it was legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the Act. This eventually led"]}
{"query": "How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers?", "answer": "25%", "gold_docs": ["soap opera \"Pobol y Cwm\" ('People of the Valley') briefly shown on BBC2 across the UK with subtitles in the 1990s. The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series \"Chewin' the Fat\", and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show \"Patrick Kielty Almost Live\". During the 1980s, the BBC came under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and following the Broadcasting Act 1990 it was legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the Act. This eventually led"]}
{"query": "What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC?", "answer": "The Simpsons", "gold_docs": ["to the creation of the \"WoCC\" (Window of Creative Competition) for independent production companies to pitch programmes to the BBC. Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable\u2014though no longer shown\u2014examples include \"The Simpsons\" from the United States and \"Neighbours\" from Australia. Programming from countries outside the English-speaking world consisted of feature films, shown in the original language with subtitles instead of being dubbed, with dubbing only used for cartoons and children's programmes. These included programmes from Eastern Europe, including \"The Singing Ringing Tree\" from East Germany, although voice-over translation was used instead of dubbing for budgetary reasons."]}
{"query": "What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC?", "answer": "Neighbours", "gold_docs": ["to the creation of the \"WoCC\" (Window of Creative Competition) for independent production companies to pitch programmes to the BBC. Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable\u2014though no longer shown\u2014examples include \"The Simpsons\" from the United States and \"Neighbours\" from Australia. Programming from countries outside the English-speaking world consisted of feature films, shown in the original language with subtitles instead of being dubbed, with dubbing only used for cartoons and children's programmes. These included programmes from Eastern Europe, including \"The Singing Ringing Tree\" from East Germany, although voice-over translation was used instead of dubbing for budgetary reasons."]}
{"query": "What kind of service was Ceefax?", "answer": "teletext", "gold_docs": ["Ceefax, the first teletext service, launched on 23 September 1974. This service allowed BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX did not make a full transition to digital television, instead being gradually replaced by the new interactive BBCi service before being fully closed down on 22 October 2012. In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This"]}
{"query": "When was Ceefax launched?", "answer": "1974", "gold_docs": ["Ceefax, the first teletext service, launched on 23 September 1974. This service allowed BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX did not make a full transition to digital television, instead being gradually replaced by the new interactive BBCi service before being fully closed down on 22 October 2012. In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This"]}
{"query": "What is the modern replacement for Ceefax?", "answer": "BBCi", "gold_docs": ["Ceefax, the first teletext service, launched on 23 September 1974. This service allowed BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX did not make a full transition to digital television, instead being gradually replaced by the new interactive BBCi service before being fully closed down on 22 October 2012. In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This"]}
{"query": "When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?", "answer": "May 2003", "gold_docs": ["Ceefax, the first teletext service, launched on 23 September 1974. This service allowed BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX did not make a full transition to digital television, instead being gradually replaced by the new interactive BBCi service before being fully closed down on 22 October 2012. In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?", "answer": "Astra 2D satellite", "gold_docs": ["Ceefax, the first teletext service, launched on 23 September 1974. This service allowed BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX did not make a full transition to digital television, instead being gradually replaced by the new interactive BBCi service before being fully closed down on 22 October 2012. In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This"]}
{"query": "Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?", "answer": "14 July", "gold_docs": ["Ceefax, the first teletext service, launched on 23 September 1974. This service allowed BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX did not make a full transition to digital television, instead being gradually replaced by the new interactive BBCi service before being fully closed down on 22 October 2012. In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This"]}
{"query": "How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?", "answer": "\u00a385 million", "gold_docs": ["move was estimated to save the BBC \u00a385 million over the next five years. While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish"]}
{"query": "With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?", "answer": "Western Europe", "gold_docs": ["move was estimated to save the BBC \u00a385 million over the next five years. While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish"]}
{"query": "What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?", "answer": "Hollywood studios and sporting organisations", "gold_docs": ["move was estimated to save the BBC \u00a385 million over the next five years. While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish"]}
{"query": "On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?", "answer": "Sky Digital", "gold_docs": ["move was estimated to save the BBC \u00a385 million over the next five years. While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish"]}
{"query": "When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts?", "answer": "5 July 2004", "gold_docs": ["the BBC News logo. The titles concluded with a red globe surrounded by a red stylised clamshell and BBC News ribbons forming above the BBC News logo. Bulletins on BBC One moved into a new set in January 2003 although retained the previous ivory Lambie-Nairn titles until February 2004. News 24 updated the title colours slightly to match those of BBC One bulletins in time for the 50th anniversary of BBC television news on 5 July 2004. An important part of the channel's presentation since launch has been the top of the hour countdown sequence, since there is no presentation"]}
{"query": "On what form of media was a retrospective of the BBC's news broadcasts released to commemorate its 50th anniversary?", "answer": "DVD", "gold_docs": ["One television and BBC Radio 3, and released a month later on audio CD (EMI/Virgin Records) and DVD (BBC/Opus Arte). The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh returned the favour by attending a special BBC Proms concert celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Her Majesty's Coronation on 30 July 2003. Sir Andrew Davis conducted the BBC Symphony Orchestra and five massed choirs, including the BBC Symphony Chorus. Sofi Jeannin, future Chief Conductor of the BBC Singers, happened to be a member of the BBC Symphony Chorus at that time. To commemorate the 40th anniversary of the original Monty Python television programme, the"]}
{"query": "What reality series was awarded a BAFTA in 2005?", "answer": "Little Angels", "gold_docs": ["\"The House of Tiny Tearaways\". Considered among the strongest of BBC Three's programmes by Stuart Murphy, then the channel's controller, it was praised for reflecting \"real day to day issues\" in a government-commissioned report on the channel. \"Little Angels\" was nominated for a Bafta award in 2005. It was in 2005 that its most famous parent, Welsh actress Jynine James took part in the series with her 6-year-old son Harrison. A book based on the series was published by the BBC in 2005, co-written by Tanya Byron and the show's executive producer, Sacha Baveystock. Little Angels (TV series) Little Angels"]}
{"query": "Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006?", "answer": "Jana Bennett", "gold_docs": ["Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved. The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology. In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online via BBC iPlayer. When"]}
{"query": "What did BBC Television get absorbed into?", "answer": "BBC Vision", "gold_docs": ["Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved. The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology. In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online via BBC iPlayer. When"]}
{"query": "What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit?", "answer": "the onset of new media outlets and technology", "gold_docs": ["Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved. The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology. In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online via BBC iPlayer. When"]}
{"query": "When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved. The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology. In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online via BBC iPlayer. When"]}
{"query": "When was full coverage of the BBC's standard programming launched in online stream format?", "answer": "November 2008", "gold_docs": ["Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved. The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology. In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online via BBC iPlayer. When"]}
{"query": "As of early 2016, what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times?", "answer": "Keeping Up Appearances", "gold_docs": ["Foot in the Grave\". (BBC Worldwide confirmed in February 2016 that \"Keeping Up Appearances\" is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1,000 times to overseas broadcasters.) Around the Millennium period and onward into the 2000s examples of the hyperreal approach pioneered by Galton and Simpson in some of their Hancock scripts appeared in sitcoms like \"The Royle Family\", \"The Office\", \"Early Doors\" and \"Gavin & Stacey\", as well as many British dramedies. The BBC has also begun using their digital channels BBC Three and BBC Four to build a following for off-beat series like \"The Thick of"]}
{"query": "Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show?", "answer": "BBC Worldwide", "gold_docs": ["Foot in the Grave\". (BBC Worldwide confirmed in February 2016 that \"Keeping Up Appearances\" is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1,000 times to overseas broadcasters.) Around the Millennium period and onward into the 2000s examples of the hyperreal approach pioneered by Galton and Simpson in some of their Hancock scripts appeared in sitcoms like \"The Royle Family\", \"The Office\", \"Early Doors\" and \"Gavin & Stacey\", as well as many British dramedies. The BBC has also begun using their digital channels BBC Three and BBC Four to build a following for off-beat series like \"The Thick of"]}
{"query": "How often are people required to remit the TV license fee?", "answer": "annually", "gold_docs": ["by Charlotte Moore. As a result, the BBC Television division is now known internally as BBC Content and \"BBC Television\" as an entity has ceased to exist. The BBC domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually. This includes viewers who watch real-time streams or catch up services of the BBC's channels online or via their mobile phone. The BBC's international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription. \"These channels are also available outside the UK in neighbouring countries e.g. Belgium, the Netherlands"]}
{"query": "How do the BBC's non-domestic channels generate revenue?", "answer": "advertisements and subscription", "gold_docs": ["by Charlotte Moore. As a result, the BBC Television division is now known internally as BBC Content and \"BBC Television\" as an entity has ceased to exist. The BBC domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually. This includes viewers who watch real-time streams or catch up services of the BBC's channels online or via their mobile phone. The BBC's international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription. \"These channels are also available outside the UK in neighbouring countries e.g. Belgium, the Netherlands"]}
{"query": "When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?", "answer": "2013", "gold_docs": ["Tony Hall became Director General in April 2013, he reverted the division to its original name of BBC Television. As Television it was responsible for the commissioning, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels and online, as well as producing content for broadcast. Following the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, BBC Television was split into two divisions, with in-house television production being separated into a new division called BBC Studios controlled by Mark Linsey and the remaining parts of television (channels and genre commissioning, BBC Sport, BBC Three and BBC iPlayer) being renamed as BBC Content, controlled"]}
{"query": "When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?", "answer": "December 2004", "gold_docs": ["and the Republic of Ireland.\" A high definition simulcast, BBC Three HD, launched on 10 December 2013. The BBC's wholly owned commercial subsidiary, BBC Studios, also operates several international television channels under BBC branding: The BBC also co-owns the following channels in joint ventures with other broadcasters: News channel that targets Persian-speaking countries including Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in the Persian/Dari/Tajiki language. BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded. BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has"]}
{"query": "When did BBC Japan shut down?", "answer": "April 2006", "gold_docs": ["and the Republic of Ireland.\" A high definition simulcast, BBC Three HD, launched on 10 December 2013. The BBC's wholly owned commercial subsidiary, BBC Studios, also operates several international television channels under BBC branding: The BBC also co-owns the following channels in joint ventures with other broadcasters: News channel that targets Persian-speaking countries including Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in the Persian/Dari/Tajiki language. BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded. BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has"]}
{"query": "What was the genre of BBC Japan?", "answer": "general entertainment", "gold_docs": ["and the Republic of Ireland.\" A high definition simulcast, BBC Three HD, launched on 10 December 2013. The BBC's wholly owned commercial subsidiary, BBC Studios, also operates several international television channels under BBC branding: The BBC also co-owns the following channels in joint ventures with other broadcasters: News channel that targets Persian-speaking countries including Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in the Persian/Dari/Tajiki language. BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded. BBC Television BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has"]}
{"query": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?", "answer": "July 30, 1947", "gold_docs": ["Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent"]}
{"query": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?", "answer": "Alois", "gold_docs": ["Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent"]}
{"query": "How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California's governor?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent"]}
{"query": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?", "answer": "15", "gold_docs": ["Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent"]}
{"query": "How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent"]}
{"query": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician, and former professional bodybuilder and powerlifter. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 to 2011. Schwarzenegger began lifting weights at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, remaining a prominent presence in bodybuilding and writing many books and articles on the sport. The Arnold Sports Festival, considered one of the best professional bodybuilding competitions in recent"]}
{"query": "What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?", "answer": "Arnie", "gold_docs": ["in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"Terminator\") during his political career. Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, a niece of the 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy and daughter of the 1972 Democratic vice presidential candidate and former Ambassador to France Sargent Shriver, in 1986. They separated in 2011 after he admitted to having fathered a child with another woman in 1997. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born on July 30, 1947, in Thal, Styria, to Aurelia (\"n\u00e9e\" Jadrny) and Gustav Schwarzenegger. His father was the local chief of police and had"]}
{"query": "What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["in a number of other successful films, such as \"Commando\" (1985), \"The Running Man\" (1987), \"Predator\" (1987), \"Twins\" (1988), \"Total Recall\" (1990), \"Kindergarten Cop\" (1990), and \"True Lies\" (1994). As a Republican, Schwarzenegger was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. He was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis' term. He was then re-elected in the 2006 California gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor. In 2011, he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting. Schwarzenegger was nicknamed \"the Austrian Oak\""]}
{"query": "What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?", "answer": "Gray Davis", "gold_docs": ["in a number of other successful films, such as \"Commando\" (1985), \"The Running Man\" (1987), \"Predator\" (1987), \"Twins\" (1988), \"Total Recall\" (1990), \"Kindergarten Cop\" (1990), and \"True Lies\" (1994). As a Republican, Schwarzenegger was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. He was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis' term. He was then re-elected in the 2006 California gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor. In 2011, he completed his second term as governor and returned to acting. Schwarzenegger was nicknamed \"the Austrian Oak\""]}
{"query": "What country was Schwarzenegger born in?", "answer": "Austria", "gold_docs": ["served in World War II as a \"Hauptfeldwebel\" after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, was wounded during the battle of Stalingrad, but was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Schwarzenegger's mother on October 20, 1945; he was 38 and she was 23. According to Schwarzenegger, his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world ... if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday. Gustav had a preference for his"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?", "answer": "Jadrny", "gold_docs": ["in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"Terminator\") during his political career. Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, a niece of the 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy and daughter of the 1972 Democratic vice presidential candidate and former Ambassador to France Sargent Shriver, in 1986. They separated in 2011 after he admitted to having fathered a child with another woman in 1997. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born on July 30, 1947, in Thal, Styria, to Aurelia (\"n\u00e9e\" Jadrny) and Gustav Schwarzenegger. His father was the local chief of police and had"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's father's first name?", "answer": "Gustav", "gold_docs": ["served in World War II as a \"Hauptfeldwebel\" after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, was wounded during the battle of Stalingrad, but was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Schwarzenegger's mother on October 20, 1945; he was 38 and she was 23. According to Schwarzenegger, his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world ... if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday. Gustav had a preference for his"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's dad's job in their town?", "answer": "chief of police", "gold_docs": ["in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"Terminator\") during his political career. Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, a niece of the 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy and daughter of the 1972 Democratic vice presidential candidate and former Ambassador to France Sargent Shriver, in 1986. They separated in 2011 after he admitted to having fathered a child with another woman in 1997. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born on July 30, 1947, in Thal, Styria, to Aurelia (\"n\u00e9e\" Jadrny) and Gustav Schwarzenegger. His father was the local chief of police and had"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?", "answer": "Meinhard", "gold_docs": ["elder son, Meinhard, over Schwarzenegger. His favoritism was \"strong and blatant,\" which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Schwarzenegger was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had \"no patience for listening or understanding your problems.\" He had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav being involved in atrocities, despite his membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Gustav's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California"]}
{"query": "What appliance did Schwarzenegger's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth?", "answer": "refrigerator", "gold_docs": ["recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was reportedly academically average, but stood out for his \"cheerful, good-humored, and exuberant\" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator. As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father. He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym. At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career. He later said, \"I actually started weight training when I was 15, but"]}
{"query": "What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?", "answer": "soccer", "gold_docs": ["I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting.\" However, his official website biography claims that \"at 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career.\" During a speech in 2001, he said, \"My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be"]}
{"query": "Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?", "answer": "John Wayne", "gold_docs": ["theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie.\" Schwarzenegger's brother, Meinhard, died in a car crash on May 20, 1971. He was driving drunk and died instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was engaged to Erika Knapp, and they had a three-year-old son named Patrick. Schwarzenegger paid for Patrick's education and helped him to move to the U.S. Gustav died on December 13, 1972, from a stroke. In \"Pumping Iron\", Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a"]}
{"query": "What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?", "answer": "police officer", "gold_docs": ["a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school.\" Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: \"As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve.\""]}
{"query": "Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?", "answer": "Steve Reeves", "gold_docs": ["a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school.\" Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: \"As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve.\""]}
{"query": "What is Meinhard's son named?", "answer": "Patrick", "gold_docs": ["theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie.\" Schwarzenegger's brother, Meinhard, died in a car crash on May 20, 1971. He was driving drunk and died instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was engaged to Erika Knapp, and they had a three-year-old son named Patrick. Schwarzenegger paid for Patrick's education and helped him to move to the U.S. Gustav died on December 13, 1972, from a stroke. In \"Pumping Iron\", Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a"]}
{"query": "Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about?", "answer": "Barbara Baker", "gold_docs": ["bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder to show the extremes some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image colder to create controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, recalled that he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral. In an interview with \"Fortune\" in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what \"would now be called child"]}
{"query": "What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?", "answer": "Fortune", "gold_docs": ["bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder to show the extremes some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image colder to create controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, recalled that he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral. In an interview with \"Fortune\" in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what \"would now be called child"]}
{"query": "Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his \"ticket to America\"?", "answer": "Mr. Universe", "gold_docs": ["Steirerhof Hotel (where he placed second). He was voted best-built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America\u2014the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton. Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money,"]}
{"query": "Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in?", "answer": "Junior Mr. Europe", "gold_docs": ["longer because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'\" Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at"]}
{"query": "When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever?", "answer": "1966", "gold_docs": ["Steirerhof Hotel (where he placed second). He was voted best-built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America\u2014the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton. Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money,"]}
{"query": "In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["Steirerhof Hotel (where he placed second). He was voted best-built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America\u2014the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton. Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money,"]}
{"query": "Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?", "answer": "Reg Park", "gold_docs": ["also for guidance. At the time, I wasn't really aware of that. But now, looking back, I see that the Bennett family fulfilled all those needs. Especially my need to be the best in the world. To be recognized and to feel unique and special. They saw that I needed that care and attention and love.\" Also in 1966, while at Bennett's home, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe"]}
{"query": "Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?", "answer": "legs", "gold_docs": ["Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Living with the Bennetts also changed him as a person: \"Being with them made me so much more sophisticated. When you're the age I was then, you're always looking for approval, for love, for attention and"]}
{"query": "How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["issued to \"The Times\". In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after she had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child. Baena is of Guatemalan origin. She was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple's four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997, and Shriver gave birth to Christopher a"]}
{"query": "Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?", "answer": "Rolf Putziger", "gold_docs": ["at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, where he attended a business school and worked in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym, where he worked and trained from 1966 to 1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\" Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the"]}
{"query": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he'd move to America?", "answer": "10", "gold_docs": ["at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, where he attended a business school and worked in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym, where he worked and trained from 1966 to 1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\" Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the"]}
{"query": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S.?", "answer": "21", "gold_docs": ["avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in October 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler Superstar Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a"]}
{"query": "In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "New York", "gold_docs": ["avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in October 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler Superstar Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a"]}
{"query": "What's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold's Gym?", "answer": "Ric Drasin", "gold_docs": ["avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in October 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler Superstar Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a"]}
{"query": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's 1977 book?", "answer": "Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder", "gold_docs": ["total of seven times. The immigration law firm Siskind & Susser has stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. \"LA Weekly\" would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\". In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography/weight-training guide \"Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder\" became a huge success. In 1977 he posed"]}
{"query": "At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree?", "answer": "Santa Monica College", "gold_docs": ["for the gay magazine \"After Dark\". After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a bachelor's degree by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin\u2013Superior, in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979. He got his American citizenship in 1983. Schwarzenegger said that during this time he encountered a friend who told him he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together"]}
{"query": "What does TM stand for?", "answer": "Transcendental Meditation", "gold_docs": ["for the gay magazine \"After Dark\". After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a bachelor's degree by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin\u2013Superior, in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979. He got his American citizenship in 1983. Schwarzenegger said that during this time he encountered a friend who told him he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together"]}
{"query": "What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?", "answer": "anxiety", "gold_docs": ["for the gay magazine \"After Dark\". After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a bachelor's degree by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin\u2013Superior, in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979. He got his American citizenship in 1983. Schwarzenegger said that during this time he encountered a friend who told him he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together"]}
{"query": "How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "answer": "monthly", "gold_docs": ["and see everything as one big problem.\" Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. He has remained a prominent face in bodybuilding long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows. For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines \"Muscle & Fitness\" and \"Flex\". Shortly after being elected governor, he was appointed the executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity."]}
{"query": "How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor?", "answer": "$250,000", "gold_docs": ["The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. When the deal, including the contract that gave Schwarzenegger at least $1 million a year, was made public in 2005, many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor's office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in California. Consequently, Schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005. American Media Inc., which owns \"Muscle & Fitness\" and \"Flex\", announced in March 2013 that Schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines. One of the first competitions he"]}
{"query": "What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "answer": "executive editor", "gold_docs": ["The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. When the deal, including the contract that gave Schwarzenegger at least $1 million a year, was made public in 2005, many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor's office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in California. Consequently, Schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005. American Media Inc., which owns \"Muscle & Fitness\" and \"Flex\", announced in March 2013 that Schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines. One of the first competitions he"]}
{"query": "What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?", "answer": "Junior Mr. Europe", "gold_docs": ["won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 \u2013 NABBA [England], 1 \u2013 IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991. Schwarzenegger continues to work out. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every"]}
{"query": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 \u2013 NABBA [England], 1 \u2013 IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991. Schwarzenegger continues to work out. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every"]}
{"query": "In 2011, how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights? ", "answer": "half an hour", "gold_docs": ["won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 \u2013 NABBA [England], 1 \u2013 IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991. Schwarzenegger continues to work out. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every"]}
{"query": "In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?", "answer": "Munich stone-lifting contest", "gold_docs": ["day. During Schwarzenegger's early years in bodybuilding, he also competed in several Olympic weightlifting and powerlifting contests. Schwarzenegger won two weightlifting contests in 1964 and 1965, as well as two powerlifting contests in 1966 and 1968. In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two footrests. Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in"]}
{"query": "What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "1969", "gold_docs": ["day. During Schwarzenegger's early years in bodybuilding, he also competed in several Olympic weightlifting and powerlifting contests. Schwarzenegger won two weightlifting contests in 1964 and 1965, as well as two powerlifting contests in 1966 and 1968. In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two footrests. Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in"]}
{"query": "Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?", "answer": "Sergio Oliva", "gold_docs": ["day. During Schwarzenegger's early years in bodybuilding, he also competed in several Olympic weightlifting and powerlifting contests. Schwarzenegger won two weightlifting contests in 1964 and 1965, as well as two powerlifting contests in 1966 and 1968. In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two footrests. Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in"]}
{"query": "At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?", "answer": "1970", "gold_docs": ["1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day. He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding. Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called \"Pumping Iron.\" Schwarzenegger had"]}
{"query": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?", "answer": "23", "gold_docs": ["1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day. He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding. Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called \"Pumping Iron.\" Schwarzenegger had"]}
{"query": "Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?", "answer": "Franco Columbu", "gold_docs": ["1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day. He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding. Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called \"Pumping Iron.\" Schwarzenegger had"]}
{"query": "What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?", "answer": "1975", "gold_docs": ["1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day. He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding. Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called \"Pumping Iron.\" Schwarzenegger had"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?", "answer": "Mr. Olympia", "gold_docs": ["1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day. He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding. Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called \"Pumping Iron.\" Schwarzenegger had"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in?", "answer": "Pumping Iron", "gold_docs": ["1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day. He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding. Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called \"Pumping Iron.\" Schwarzenegger had"]}
{"query": "How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?", "answer": "three months", "gold_docs": ["only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film \"Stay Hungry\" with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in \"Conan\", and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret in the event"]}
{"query": "Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry?", "answer": "Jeff Bridges", "gold_docs": ["only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film \"Stay Hungry\" with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in \"Conan\", and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret in the event"]}
{"query": "For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980?", "answer": "Conan", "gold_docs": ["only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film \"Stay Hungry\" with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in \"Conan\", and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret in the event"]}
{"query": "How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television when he announced at the eleventh hour that, while he was there, \"Why not compete?\" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. Having being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition. Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for"]}
{"query": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television when he announced at the eleventh hour that, while he was there, \"Why not compete?\" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. Having being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition. Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for"]}
{"query": "In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were \"helpful\"?", "answer": "1977", "gold_docs": ["that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television when he announced at the eleventh hour that, while he was there, \"Why not compete?\" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. Having being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition. Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for"]}
{"query": "What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "Dr. Willi Heepe", "gold_docs": ["a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up.\" He has called the drugs \"tissue building\". In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with \"Globe\", a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health. Schwarzenegger wanted"]}
{"query": "How much did the court award Schwarzenegger in the case against Heepe?", "answer": "$10,000", "gold_docs": ["as a budding entrepreneur with a series of lucrative business ventures and investments. In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail-order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes. Schwarzenegger transferred profits from the mail-order business and his bodybuilding-competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a"]}
{"query": "Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999?", "answer": "The Globe", "gold_docs": ["a third of \"Mad\"s, with the overall total generally rising or falling along with the bigger magazine's fortunes. But at its nadir in the 2000s, this sales figure plunged to around 25,000\u201335,000 per bi-monthly issue, or about one-eighth of \"Mad\"s monthly circulation, which had also plummeted from its mid-1970s peak of over 2 million per issue. In late 1999, \"Cracked\"s then-parent company, Globe Communications (publisher of the national tabloid \"The Globe\"), was sold to American Media Inc., the company that publishes the tabloids \"The National Enquirer\" and the \"Weekly World News\". American Media's primary interest in the deal was in"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?", "answer": "Hercules", "gold_docs": ["to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1969's \"Hercules in New York\". Credited under the stage name \"Arnold Strong\", his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf-mute mob hitman in \"The Long Goodbye\" (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film \"Stay Hungry\" (1976), for which he won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year \u2013 Actor. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in"]}
{"query": "What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?  ", "answer": "Strong", "gold_docs": ["to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1969's \"Hercules in New York\". Credited under the stage name \"Arnold Strong\", his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf-mute mob hitman in \"The Long Goodbye\" (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film \"Stay Hungry\" (1976), for which he won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year \u2013 Actor. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in"]}
{"query": "In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?", "answer": "Robert Altman", "gold_docs": ["The Long Goodbye (film) The Long Goodbye is a 1973 American thriller film directed by Robert Altman and based on Raymond Chandler's 1953 novel of the same title. The screenplay was written by Leigh Brackett, who cowrote the screenplay for \"The Big Sleep\" in 1946. The film stars Elliott Gould as Philip Marlowe and features Sterling Hayden, Nina Van Pallandt, Jim Bouton, and Mark Rydell. The story's period was moved from 1949\u201350 to 1970s Hollywood. \"The Long Goodbye\" has been described as \"a study of a moral and decent man cast adrift in a selfish, self-obsessed society where lives can"]}
{"query": "What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?", "answer": "weird", "gold_docs": ["developing his acting career: \"It was very difficult for me in the beginning \u2013 I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance.\" Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film \"Pumping Iron\" (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In"]}
{"query": "When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?", "answer": "1991", "gold_docs": ["developing his acting career: \"It was very difficult for me in the beginning \u2013 I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance.\" Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film \"Pumping Iron\" (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In"]}
{"query": "In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield's husband in a film?", "answer": "1980", "gold_docs": ["1977, he made guest appearances in single episodes of the ABC sitcom \"The San Pedro Beach Bums\" and the ABC police procedural \"The Streets of San Francisco\". Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of \"The Incredible Hulk\", but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy \"The Villain\". In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay. Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic \"Conan the"]}
{"query": "What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height?", "answer": "The Incredible Hulk", "gold_docs": ["1977, he made guest appearances in single episodes of the ABC sitcom \"The San Pedro Beach Bums\" and the ABC police procedural \"The Streets of San Francisco\". Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of \"The Incredible Hulk\", but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy \"The Villain\". In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay. Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic \"Conan the"]}
{"query": "What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, and Ann-Margret?", "answer": "The Villain", "gold_docs": ["1977, he made guest appearances in single episodes of the ABC sitcom \"The San Pedro Beach Bums\" and the ABC police procedural \"The Streets of San Francisco\". Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of \"The Incredible Hulk\", but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy \"The Villain\". In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay. Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic \"Conan the"]}
{"query": "What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian?", "answer": "Conan the Destroyer", "gold_docs": ["Barbarian\" in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, \"Conan the Destroyer\", in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, \"Carnival in Rio\". In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film \"The Terminator\". Following this, Schwarzenegger made \"Red Sonja\" in 1985. During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected"]}
{"query": "What year was the first Terminator movie released?", "answer": "1984", "gold_docs": ["Barbarian\" in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, \"Conan the Destroyer\", in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, \"Carnival in Rio\". In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film \"The Terminator\". Following this, Schwarzenegger made \"Red Sonja\" in 1985. During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected"]}
{"query": "Who directed The Terminator?", "answer": "James Cameron", "gold_docs": ["Barbarian\" in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, \"Conan the Destroyer\", in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, \"Carnival in Rio\". In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film \"The Terminator\". Following this, Schwarzenegger made \"Red Sonja\" in 1985. During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected"]}
{"query": "What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s?", "answer": "Sylvester Stallone", "gold_docs": ["Barbarian\" in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, \"Conan the Destroyer\", in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, \"Carnival in Rio\". In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film \"The Terminator\". Following this, Schwarzenegger made \"Red Sonja\" in 1985. During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected"]}
{"query": "What year was Schwarzenegger's film The Running Man released?", "answer": "1987", "gold_docs": ["his sense of humor, separating him from more serious action hero films. He made a number of successful action films in the 1980s, such as \"Commando\" (1985), \"Raw Deal\" (1986), \"The Running Man\" (1987), \"Predator\" (1987), and \"Red Heat\" (1988). \"Twins\" (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, also proved successful. \"Total Recall\" (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the film's gross. A science fiction script, the film was based on the Philip K. Dick short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". \"Kindergarten Cop\" (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in \"Twins\". Schwarzenegger"]}
{"query": "How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall, on top of 15% of gross?", "answer": "$10 million", "gold_docs": ["his sense of humor, separating him from more serious action hero films. He made a number of successful action films in the 1980s, such as \"Commando\" (1985), \"Raw Deal\" (1986), \"The Running Man\" (1987), \"Predator\" (1987), and \"Red Heat\" (1988). \"Twins\" (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, also proved successful. \"Total Recall\" (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the film's gross. A science fiction script, the film was based on the Philip K. Dick short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". \"Kindergarten Cop\" (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in \"Twins\". Schwarzenegger"]}
{"query": "An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger's directorial debut?", "answer": "Tales from the Crypt", "gold_docs": ["had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series \"Tales from the Crypt\", entitled \"The Switch\", and then with the 1992 telemovie \"Christmas in Connecticut\". He has not directed since. Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's \"\", which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the \"International Star of the Decade\". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof \"Last Action Hero\", was released opposite \"Jurassic Park\", and did not do well at the box office. His"]}
{"query": "What organization named Schwarzenegger the \"International Star of the Decade\" in 1993?", "answer": "the National Association of Theatre Owners", "gold_docs": ["had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series \"Tales from the Crypt\", entitled \"The Switch\", and then with the 1992 telemovie \"Christmas in Connecticut\". He has not directed since. Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's \"\", which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the \"International Star of the Decade\". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof \"Last Action Hero\", was released opposite \"Jurassic Park\", and did not do well at the box office. His"]}
{"query": "What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?", "answer": "True Lies", "gold_docs": ["next film, the comedy drama \"True Lies\" (1994), was a popular spy film and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron. That same year, the comedy \"Junior\" was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller \"Eraser\" (1996), the Christmas comedy \"Jingle All The Way\" (1996), and the comic book-based \"Batman & Robin\" (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?", "answer": "Junior", "gold_docs": ["next film, the comedy drama \"True Lies\" (1994), was a popular spy film and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron. That same year, the comedy \"Junior\" was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller \"Eraser\" (1996), the Christmas comedy \"Jingle All The Way\" (1996), and the comic book-based \"Batman & Robin\" (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film"]}
{"query": "How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?", "answer": "$150 million", "gold_docs": ["before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of \"Batman & Robin\", his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller \"End of Days\" (1999), later followed by the action films \"The 6th Day\" (2000) and \"Collateral Damage\" (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in \"\", which went on to earn over $150 million domestically. In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build"]}
{"query": "How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "82", "gold_docs": ["a 25-meter (82 ft) tall \"Terminator\" statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics. His film appearances after becoming Governor of California included a three-second cameo appearance in \"The Rundown\", and the 2004 remake of \"Around the World in 80 Days\". In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film \"The Kid & I\". He voiced Baron von Steuben in the \"Liberty's Kids\" episode \"Valley Forge\". He had been rumored to be appearing in \"Terminator Salvation\" as the original T-800;"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?", "answer": "Forum Stadtpark", "gold_docs": ["before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of \"Batman & Robin\", his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller \"End of Days\" (1999), later followed by the action films \"The 6th Day\" (2000) and \"Collateral Damage\" (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in \"\", which went on to earn over $150 million domestically. In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build"]}
{"query": "Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself?", "answer": "The Kid & I", "gold_docs": ["a 25-meter (82 ft) tall \"Terminator\" statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics. His film appearances after becoming Governor of California included a three-second cameo appearance in \"The Rundown\", and the 2004 remake of \"Around the World in 80 Days\". In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film \"The Kid & I\". He voiced Baron von Steuben in the \"Liberty's Kids\" episode \"Valley Forge\". He had been rumored to be appearing in \"Terminator Salvation\" as the original T-800;"]}
{"query": "What's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "the Governator", "gold_docs": ["was being considered for several films, including sequels to \"The Terminator\" and remakes of \"Predator\" and \"The Running Man\", and that he was \"packaging\" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator. On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to"]}
{"query": "What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator?", "answer": "Stan Lee", "gold_docs": ["was being considered for several films, including sequels to \"The Terminator\" and remakes of \"Predator\" and \"The Running Man\", and that he was \"packaging\" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator. On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to"]}
{"query": "Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story?", "answer": "With Wings as Eagles", "gold_docs": ["he denied his involvement, but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first \"Terminator\" movie. Schwarzenegger appeared in Sylvester Stallone's \"The Expendables\", where he made a cameo appearance. In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama \"With Wings as Eagles\", written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story. On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles?", "answer": "Randall Wallace", "gold_docs": ["he denied his involvement, but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first \"Terminator\" movie. Schwarzenegger appeared in Sylvester Stallone's \"The Expendables\", where he made a cameo appearance. In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama \"With Wings as Eagles\", written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story. On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he"]}
{"query": "On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?", "answer": "May 20", "gold_docs": ["was being considered for several films, including sequels to \"The Terminator\" and remakes of \"Predator\" and \"The Running Man\", and that he was \"packaging\" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator. On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to"]}
{"query": "2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?", "answer": "10 years", "gold_docs": ["commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in \"The Expendables 2\" (2012), and starred in \"The Last Stand\" (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and \"Escape Plan\" (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in \"Sabotage\", released in March 2014, and appeared in \"The Expendables 3\", released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie \"Terminator Genisys\" in 2015 and would reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in \"The Legend of Conan\","]}
{"query": "What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?", "answer": "Escape Plan", "gold_docs": ["commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in \"The Expendables 2\" (2012), and starred in \"The Last Stand\" (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and \"Escape Plan\" (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in \"Sabotage\", released in March 2014, and appeared in \"The Expendables 3\", released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie \"Terminator Genisys\" in 2015 and would reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in \"The Legend of Conan\","]}
{"query": "What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?", "answer": "Terminator Genisys", "gold_docs": ["commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in \"The Expendables 2\" (2012), and starred in \"The Last Stand\" (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and \"Escape Plan\" (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in \"Sabotage\", released in March 2014, and appeared in \"The Expendables 3\", released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie \"Terminator Genisys\" in 2015 and would reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in \"The Legend of Conan\","]}
{"query": "In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["Republican for many years. When he was an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained he was a Republican because the Democrats of the 1960s sounded too much like Austrian socialists. In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice"]}
{"query": "What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration's sponsorship?", "answer": "\"Stop the Madness\"", "gold_docs": ["Republican for many years. When he was an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained he was a Republican because the Democrats of the 1960s sounded too much like Austrian socialists. In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice"]}
{"query": "In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican?", "answer": "1988", "gold_docs": ["Republican for many years. When he was an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained he was a Republican because the Democrats of the 1960s sounded too much like Austrian socialists. In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice"]}
{"query": "Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally?", "answer": "George H.W. Bush", "gold_docs": ["supports taxpayer-funded embryonic stem cell research, and supports same-sex marriage). Schwarzenegger backed Republican President Ronald Reagan while Reagan was in office, and campaigned for George H.W. Bush in 1988. However, he chastised fellow Republicans during the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998. Sensing an opportunity to affect the outcome of the 2004 Presidential race, Schwarzenegger campaigned in Ohio for Republican George W. Bush in the closing days of the campaign. Schwarzenegger offered praise for the 2008 Republican presidential candidate, John McCain. He called McCain a \"great senator\" and \"very good friend\" who shared his views on critical issues. He officially"]}
{"query": "What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "Conan the Republican", "gold_docs": ["President George H. W. Bush at a campaign rally. Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him \"Conan the Republican\". He later served as chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson. Between 1993 and 1994, Schwarzenegger was a Red Cross ambassador (a ceremonial role fulfilled by celebrities), recording several television and radio public service announcements to donate blood. In an interview with \"Talk\" magazine in"]}
{"query": "What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?", "answer": "1999", "gold_docs": ["late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, \"I think about it many times. The possibility is there because I feel it inside.\" \"The Hollywood Reporter\" claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, \"I'm in show business \u2013 I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?\" Arnold Schwarzenegger is a moderate Republican. He says he is fiscally conservative and socially liberal. On the issue of abortion,"]}
{"query": "The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date?", "answer": "August 6, 2003", "gold_docs": ["he describes himself as pro-choice, but supports a ban on partial-birth abortion and parental notification for minors. He supported gay rights, such as domestic partnerships, and he performed a same-sex marriage as Governor. Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003, episode of \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing"]}
{"query": "How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election?", "answer": "one", "gold_docs": ["him the \"Governator\" (referring to \"The Terminator\" movies, see above) and \"The Running Man\" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election \"Total Recall\" (yet another movie starring Schwarzenegger). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003. On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the \"Yes\" vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall?", "answer": "55.4%", "gold_docs": ["him the \"Governator\" (referring to \"The Terminator\" movies, see above) and \"The Running Man\" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election \"Total Recall\" (yet another movie starring Schwarzenegger). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003. On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the \"Yes\" vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the"]}
{"query": "Who was Schwarzenegger's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003?", "answer": "Cruz Bustamante", "gold_docs": ["vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862. Schwarzenegger was entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from \"Saturday Night Live\" (which partly parodied his bodybuilding"]}
{"query": "By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California?", "answer": "1.3 million", "gold_docs": ["vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862. Schwarzenegger was entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from \"Saturday Night Live\" (which partly parodied his bodybuilding"]}
{"query": "What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?", "answer": "31%", "gold_docs": ["vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862. Schwarzenegger was entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from \"Saturday Night Live\" (which partly parodied his bodybuilding"]}
{"query": "Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?", "answer": "John G. Downey", "gold_docs": ["vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862. Schwarzenegger was entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from \"Saturday Night Live\" (which partly parodied his bodybuilding"]}
{"query": "What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians \"girlie men\"?", "answer": "Hans and Franz", "gold_docs": ["vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862. Schwarzenegger was entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from \"Saturday Night Live\" (which partly parodied his bodybuilding"]}
{"query": "In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?", "answer": "November", "gold_docs": ["career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians \"girlie men\". Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment"]}
{"query": "How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians \"girlie men\". Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment"]}
{"query": "Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?", "answer": "Susan Kennedy", "gold_docs": ["that \"no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you\". The U.S. Supreme Court later found the public employee unions' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in \"Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000\". Schwarzenegger, against the advice of fellow Republican strategists, appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. He gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election. Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State"]}
{"query": "In the 2006 gubernatorial election, who did Schwarzenegger run against?", "answer": "Phil Angelides", "gold_docs": ["that \"no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you\". The U.S. Supreme Court later found the public employee unions' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in \"Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000\". Schwarzenegger, against the advice of fellow Republican strategists, appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. He gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election. Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State"]}
{"query": "What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?", "answer": "United States Senate", "gold_docs": ["Some speculated that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. Such rumors turned out to be false. Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as the means to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, \"I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I"]}
{"query": "What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?", "answer": "Wendy Leigh", "gold_docs": ["Some speculated that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. Such rumors turned out to be false. Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as the means to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, \"I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I"]}
{"query": "What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?", "answer": "Sargent Shriver", "gold_docs": ["saw leaders use 100% of their potential \u2013 I was always fascinated by people in control of other people.\" Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, \"I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes.\" Eunice Kennedy Shriver was the sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. Schwarzenegger"]}
{"query": "Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?", "answer": "The Simpsons Movie", "gold_docs": ["Schwarzenegger, but one of the staff instead suggested an altered version of recurring character Rainer Wolfcastle as President. This idea was developed, with the design of Wolfcastle, himself also a caricature of Schwarzenegger, being given more wrinkles under his eyes and a different hairstyle. Every aspect of the film was constantly analyzed, with storylines, jokes, and characters regularly being rewritten. Although most animated films do not make extensive changes to the film during active production due to budget restrictions, \"The Simpsons Movie\" crew continued to edit their film into 2007, with some edits taking place as late as May, two"]}
{"query": "In what country besides the U.S. is Schwarzenegger a citizen?", "answer": "Austrian", "gold_docs": ["cannot run for president as he is not a natural-born citizen of the United States. Schwarzenegger is a dual Austrian/United States citizen. He has held Austrian citizenship since birth and U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU. Because of his personal wealth from his acting career, Schwarzenegger did not"]}
{"query": "Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary?", "answer": "John McCain", "gold_docs": ["accept his governor's salary of $175,000 per year. Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, \"It's Rudy's fault!\" (in reference to his friendships"]}
{"query": "Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008?", "answer": "Rudy Giuliani", "gold_docs": ["accept his governor's salary of $175,000 per year. Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, \"It's Rudy's fault!\" (in reference to his friendships"]}
{"query": "What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 \"worst governors\" in a 2010 report?", "answer": "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington", "gold_docs": ["with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy. In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 \"worst governors\" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor. Governor Schwarzenegger played a significant role in opposing Proposition 66, a proposed amendment of the Californian Three Strikes Law, in November 2004. This amendment would have required the third"]}
{"query": "What was Schwarzenegger's approval rating on the day his time in office ended?", "answer": "23%", "gold_docs": ["felony to be either violent or serious to mandate a 25-years-to-life sentence. In the last week before the ballot, Schwarzenegger launched an intensive campaign against Proposition 66. He stated that \"it would release 26,000 dangerous criminals and rapists\". Although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings (as high as 65% in May 2004), he left office with a record low 23%, only one percent higher than that of Gray Davis, when he was recalled in October 2003. In May 2010, Esteban N\u00fa\u00f1ez pleaded guilty to involuntary manslaughter and was sentenced to 16 years in prison for"]}
{"query": "What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?", "answer": "Gropegate", "gold_docs": ["notice for any commutations. N\u00fa\u00f1ez was released from prison after serving less than six years. During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed \"Gropegate\". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the \"Los Angeles Times\" recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories. Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off"]}
{"query": "How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["notice for any commutations. N\u00fa\u00f1ez was released from prison after serving less than six years. During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed \"Gropegate\". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the \"Los Angeles Times\" recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories. Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off"]}
{"query": "Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?", "answer": "Los Angeles Times", "gold_docs": ["notice for any commutations. N\u00fa\u00f1ez was released from prison after serving less than six years. During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed \"Gropegate\". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the \"Los Angeles Times\" recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories. Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off"]}
{"query": "One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing?", "answer": "bathing suit", "gold_docs": ["her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act. Schwarzenegger admitted that he has \"behaved badly sometimes\" and apologized, but also stated that \"a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true\". This came after an interview in adult magazine \"Oui\" from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film \"Pumping Iron.\" In an interview with \"GQ\" magazine in"]}
{"query": "What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a \"leaf\"?", "answer": "GQ", "gold_docs": ["her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act. Schwarzenegger admitted that he has \"behaved badly sometimes\" and apologized, but also stated that \"a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true\". This came after an interview in adult magazine \"Oui\" from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film \"Pumping Iron.\" In an interview with \"GQ\" magazine in"]}
{"query": "What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using?", "answer": "marijuana", "gold_docs": ["her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act. Schwarzenegger admitted that he has \"behaved badly sometimes\" and apologized, but also stated that \"a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true\". This came after an interview in adult magazine \"Oui\" from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film \"Pumping Iron.\" In an interview with \"GQ\" magazine in"]}
{"query": "Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?", "answer": "Anna Richardson", "gold_docs": ["October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, \"[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me.\" His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke. British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main. A joint statement read: \"The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled.\" Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press"]}
{"query": "What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?", "answer": "The 6th Day", "gold_docs": ["event for \"The 6th Day\" in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a \"Los Angeles Times\" article when they contended she encouraged his behavior. Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, unsuccessfully advocated for Parliament to revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to"]}
{"query": "What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?", "answer": "Los Angeles Times", "gold_docs": ["event for \"The 6th Day\" in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a \"Los Angeles Times\" article when they contended she encouraged his behavior. Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, unsuccessfully advocated for Parliament to revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to"]}
{"query": "What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty?", "answer": "1968", "gold_docs": ["his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams. Pilz argued that Schwarzenegger caused damage to Austria's reputation in the international community because Austria abolished the death penalty in 1968. Pilz based his argument on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act, which states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention"]}
{"query": "Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship?", "answer": "Peter Pilz", "gold_docs": ["event for \"The 6th Day\" in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a \"Los Angeles Times\" article when they contended she encouraged his behavior. Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, unsuccessfully advocated for Parliament to revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to"]}
{"query": "What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?", "answer": "September 27, 2006", "gold_docs": ["on Human Rights) had damaged Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by pointing out that his only duty as Governor of California with respect to the death penalty was to correct an error by the justice system by pardon or clemency if such an error had occurred. On September 27, 2006, Schwarzenegger signed the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries, and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that"]}
{"query": "The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?", "answer": "refineries", "gold_docs": ["on Human Rights) had damaged Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by pointing out that his only duty as Governor of California with respect to the death penalty was to correct an error by the justice system by pardon or clemency if such an error had occurred. On September 27, 2006, Schwarzenegger signed the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries, and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that"]}
{"query": "What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?", "answer": "2020", "gold_docs": ["prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006, allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each"]}
{"query": "What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?", "answer": "the Northeast", "gold_docs": ["prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006, allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each"]}
{"query": "What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint? ", "answer": "solar panels", "gold_docs": ["power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the number of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan took effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home. In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was"]}
{"query": "What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the number of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan took effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home. In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was"]}
{"query": "What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?", "answer": "carbon dioxide emissions", "gold_docs": ["prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006, allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each"]}
{"query": "In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009?", "answer": "Detroit", "gold_docs": ["invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009. In 2011, Schwarzenegger founded the R20 Regions of Climate Action to develop a sustainable, low carbon economy. The Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment in 2003 was widely accredited as the \"Amend for Arnold\" bill, which would have added an amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowing his run, as he was not a natural born citizen. In 2004, the \"Amend for Arnold\" campaign was launched, featuring a website and TV advertising promotion. In June 2007, Schwarzenegger was featured on the cover of \"TIME\" magazine with Michael Bloomberg,"]}
{"query": "What article, section, and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens?", "answer": "Article II, Section I, Clause V", "gold_docs": ["and subsequently, the two joked about a Presidential ticket together. In October 2013, the \"New York Post\" reported that Schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president. The former California governor would face a constitutional hurdle; Article II, Section I, Clause V nominally prevents individuals who are not natural-born citizens of the United States from assuming the office. He has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting,"]}
{"query": "Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school?", "answer": "Columbia University", "gold_docs": ["and subsequently, the two joked about a Presidential ticket together. In October 2013, the \"New York Post\" reported that Schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president. The former California governor would face a constitutional hurdle; Article II, Section I, Clause V nominally prevents individuals who are not natural-born citizens of the United States from assuming the office. He has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting,"]}
{"query": "Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals?", "answer": "index cards", "gold_docs": ["\"The law is very clear, but it's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process.\" Schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career. Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a \"prolific goal setter\" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car \u2013 and succeed in doing so. By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success"]}
{"query": "Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age?", "answer": "30", "gold_docs": ["\"The law is very clear, but it's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process.\" Schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career. Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a \"prolific goal setter\" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car \u2013 and succeed in doing so. By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success"]}
{"query": "What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger's business?", "answer": "San Fernando earthquake", "gold_docs": ["as a budding entrepreneur with a series of lucrative business ventures and investments. In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail-order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes. Schwarzenegger transferred profits from the mail-order business and his bodybuilding-competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a"]}
{"query": "How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?", "answer": "$10,000", "gold_docs": ["as a budding entrepreneur with a series of lucrative business ventures and investments. In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail-order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes. Schwarzenegger transferred profits from the mail-order business and his bodybuilding-competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a"]}
{"query": "What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?", "answer": "Planet Hollywood", "gold_docs": ["number of real estate holding companies. Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on \"new US global business ventures\" and his movie career. He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the"]}
{"query": "When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?", "answer": "2000", "gold_docs": ["number of real estate holding companies. Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on \"new US global business ventures\" and his movie career. He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the"]}
{"query": "What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?", "answer": "the Hard Rock Cafe", "gold_docs": ["number of real estate holding companies. Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on \"new US global business ventures\" and his movie career. He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the"]}
{"query": "What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?", "answer": "Dimensional Fund Advisors", "gold_docs": ["years in business: \"I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!\" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day"]}
{"query": "What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?", "answer": "Columbus, Ohio", "gold_docs": ["years in business: \"I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!\" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day"]}
{"query": "What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?", "answer": "Oak Productions, Inc.", "gold_docs": ["expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster. In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called \"Schatzi On Main\". \"Schatzi\" literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant. Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100 million\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax"]}
{"query": "What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?", "answer": "Schatzi On Main", "gold_docs": ["expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster. In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called \"Schatzi On Main\". \"Schatzi\" literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant. Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100 million\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax"]}
{"query": "Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located?", "answer": "Santa Monica", "gold_docs": ["expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster. In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called \"Schatzi On Main\". \"Schatzi\" literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant. Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100 million\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax"]}
{"query": "What is the literal translation of the word \"schatzi\"?", "answer": "little treasure", "gold_docs": ["expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster. In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called \"Schatzi On Main\". \"Schatzi\" literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant. Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100 million\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax"]}
{"query": "What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main?", "answer": "1998", "gold_docs": ["expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster. In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called \"Schatzi On Main\". \"Schatzi\" literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant. Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100 million\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax"]}
{"query": "In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster. In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called \"Schatzi On Main\". \"Schatzi\" literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant. Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100 million\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax"]}
{"query": "In what year did Schwarzenegger's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir?", "answer": "2006", "gold_docs": ["claims that towards the end of the relationship he became \"insufferable\u2014classically conceited\u2014the world revolved around him\". Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled \"Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak\". Although Baker painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover at times, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours. Baker claims that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life. Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ. The couple"]}
{"query": "What did Baker say Schwarzenegger didn't understand when she first met him?", "answer": "polite society", "gold_docs": ["first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S. Their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica, California, for three and a half years, and having little money, they would visit the beach all day or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met Schwarzenegger, he had \"little understanding of polite society\" and she found him a turn-off, she says, \"He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be\u2014he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his"]}
{"query": "What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date?", "answer": "the first Apollo Moon landing", "gold_docs": ["first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S. Their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica, California, for three and a half years, and having little money, they would visit the beach all day or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met Schwarzenegger, he had \"little understanding of polite society\" and she found him a turn-off, she says, \"He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be\u2014he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?", "answer": "Sue Moray", "gold_docs": ["brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive ... I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me.\" Schwarzenegger met his next lover, Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant Sue Moray, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: \"We were faithful when we were both in LA... but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted.\" Schwarzenegger met television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977. He went on"]}
{"query": "Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?", "answer": "the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament", "gold_docs": ["brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive ... I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me.\" Schwarzenegger met his next lover, Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant Sue Moray, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: \"We were faithful when we were both in LA... but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted.\" Schwarzenegger met television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977. He went on"]}
{"query": "What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?", "answer": "August 1978", "gold_docs": ["to have a relationship with both Moray and Shriver until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum. On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married Shriver in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991), Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993), and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997). All of their children were born in Los Angeles. The family lived in a home in"]}
{"query": "What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy", "answer": "niece", "gold_docs": ["in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"Terminator\") during his political career. Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, a niece of the 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy and daughter of the 1972 Democratic vice presidential candidate and former Ambassador to France Sargent Shriver, in 1986. They separated in 2011 after he admitted to having fathered a child with another woman in 1997. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born on July 30, 1947, in Thal, Styria, to Aurelia (\"n\u00e9e\" Jadrny) and Gustav Schwarzenegger. His father was the local chief of police and had"]}
{"query": "What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "Hyannis", "gold_docs": ["to have a relationship with both Moray and Shriver until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum. On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married Shriver in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991), Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993), and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997). All of their children were born in Los Angeles. The family lived in a home in"]}
{"query": "How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["to have a relationship with both Moray and Shriver until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum. On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married Shriver in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989), Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991), Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993), and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997). All of their children were born in Los Angeles. The family lived in a home in"]}
{"query": "Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?", "answer": "Heather Milligan", "gold_docs": ["Schwarzenegger replied, \"I'm least proud of the mistakes I made that caused my family pain and split us up.\" , Schwarzenegger was dating physical therapist Heather Milligan, 27 years his junior. Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). He opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only"]}
{"query": "How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?", "answer": "25 years", "gold_docs": ["the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, with vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho, and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church. On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the \"Los Angeles Times\" revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than 14 years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia \"Patty\" Baena. \"After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago,\" Schwarzenegger said in a statement"]}
{"query": "Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["issued to \"The Times\". In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after she had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child. Baena is of Guatemalan origin. She was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple's four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997, and Shriver gave birth to Christopher a"]}
{"query": "What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?", "answer": "Joseph", "gold_docs": ["few days before on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It was not until the boy \"started looking like [him] ... that [he] put things together\". Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child \"from the start and continued to provide support\". KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house with a pool for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, California. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, a few months after Joseph's birth. She filed for divorce"]}
{"query": "Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?", "answer": "2010", "gold_docs": ["few days before on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It was not until the boy \"started looking like [him] ... that [he] put things together\". Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child \"from the start and continued to provide support\". KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house with a pool for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, California. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, a few months after Joseph's birth. She filed for divorce"]}
{"query": "Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?", "answer": "spousal support", "gold_docs": ["in 2008. Rogelio says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California. Pursuant to the divorce judgment, Schwarzenegger kept the Brentwood home, while Shriver purchased a new home nearby so that the children could travel between their parents' homes. They shared custody of the two youngest children. Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees. However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents"]}
{"query": "What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?", "answer": "Brigitte Nielsen", "gold_docs": ["without having properly read them. He filed amended divorce papers remedying this. Schwarzenegger and Shriver finalized their divorce in 2017, six years after separating. After the scandal, Danish-Italian actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, \"Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is deadly serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on.\" When asked in January 2014, \"Of all the things you are famous for ... which are you least proud of?\""]}
{"query": "What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?", "answer": "bicuspid", "gold_docs": ["Schwarzenegger replied, \"I'm least proud of the mistakes I made that caused my family pain and split us up.\" , Schwarzenegger was dating physical therapist Heather Milligan, 27 years his junior. Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). He opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only"]}
{"query": "Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?", "answer": "Patrick", "gold_docs": ["crash in Los Angeles. Schwarzenegger saved a drowning man's life in 2004 while on vacation in Hawaii by swimming out and bringing him back to shore. On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, Schwarzenegger sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. \"No citations were issued,\" said Officer Jason Lee,"]}
{"query": "What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?", "answer": "right femur", "gold_docs": ["a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006. Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006. Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit,"]}
{"query": "Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?", "answer": "Sun Valley, Idaho", "gold_docs": ["a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006. Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006. Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit,"]}
{"query": "At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?", "answer": "Van Nuys Airport", "gold_docs": ["a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006. Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006. Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit,"]}
{"query": "How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?", "answer": "6'2\"", "gold_docs": ["according to a statement released by his press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident. Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2\" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5\" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the \"Daily Mail\" and \"Time Out\" magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. Prior to running for governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the \"Chicago Reader\". As governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb"]}
{"query": "How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?", "answer": "5'10\"", "gold_docs": ["Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, \"settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is\" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words \"Need a lift?\" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10\" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, \"Men's Health\" magazine stated his height was 5'10\". Schwarzenegger's autobiography, \"Total Recall\", was released"]}
{"query": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?", "answer": "Total Recall", "gold_docs": ["Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, \"settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is\" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words \"Need a lift?\" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10\" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, \"Men's Health\" magazine stated his height was 5'10\". Schwarzenegger's autobiography, \"Total Recall\", was released"]}
{"query": "What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?", "answer": "\"The Secret\"", "gold_docs": ["in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called \"The Secret\" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California. Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummer H1s they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger. In 2010, he had one regular and three running on non-fossil power sources; one for hydrogen,"]}
{"query": "When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?", "answer": "October 2012", "gold_docs": ["in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called \"The Secret\" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California. Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummer H1s they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger. In 2010, he had one regular and three running on non-fossil power sources; one for hydrogen,"]}
{"query": "In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?", "answer": "1992", "gold_docs": ["in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called \"The Secret\" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California. Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummer H1s they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger. In 2010, he had one regular and three running on non-fossil power sources; one for hydrogen,"]}
{"query": "In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?", "answer": "Hummers", "gold_docs": ["he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about $21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004. Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special"]}
{"query": "What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?", "answer": "silver", "gold_docs": ["one for vegetable oil, and one for biodiesel. Schwarzenegger was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 in his car, painted silver with bright aluminium forged wheels. His Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather. In 2017, Schwarzenegger acquired a Mercedes G-Class modified for all-electric drive. The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought in 1992 are so large\u2014each weighs and is wide\u2014that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign, he announced that"]}
{"query": "How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?", "answer": "$21,000", "gold_docs": ["he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about $21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004. Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special"]}
{"query": "What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?", "answer": "California Hydrogen Highway Network", "gold_docs": ["he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about $21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004. Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special"]}
{"query": "What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?", "answer": "U.S. Department of Energy", "gold_docs": ["he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about $21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004. Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special"]}
{"query": "What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?", "answer": "the Inner City Games Foundation", "gold_docs": ["Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition. On February 12,"]}
{"query": "Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?", "answer": "Shanghai", "gold_docs": ["Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition. On February 12,"]}
{"query": "About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?", "answer": "400", "gold_docs": ["Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition. On February 12,"]}
{"query": "What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?", "answer": "the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy", "gold_docs": ["among other similar events. Schwarzenegger supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Schwarzenegger also expressed support for the 2011 military intervention in Libya. In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to \"[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve\" and to \"seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?", "answer": "2012", "gold_docs": ["among other similar events. Schwarzenegger supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Schwarzenegger also expressed support for the 2011 military intervention in Libya. In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to \"[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve\" and to \"seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the"]}
{"query": "What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?", "answer": "chairman", "gold_docs": ["serious challenges we face\". Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute. At a 2015 security conference, Arnold Schwarzenegger called climate change the issue of our time. For the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Schwarzenegger endorsed fellow Republican John Kasich. However, he announced in October that he would not vote for the Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in that year's United States presidential election, with this being the first time he did not vote for the Republican candidate since becoming a citizen in 1983. Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (; ; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman,"]}
{"query": "In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?", "answer": "60", "gold_docs": ["and local performers to raise money for local and military charities. A number of other smaller cultural events taken place annually, including Plymouth Art Weekender, Plymouth Fringe Festival and Illuminate Festival. The city's main theatre is Theatre Royal Plymouth, presenting large-scale West End shows and smaller works as well as an extensive education and outreach programme. The main building is locatedin the city centre and contains three performance spaces - The Lyric (1,315 capacity), Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and The Lab (60 capacity) - and they also run their own specialised production and creative learning centre called TR2, based in"]}
{"query": "What river borders Plymouth on the west?", "answer": "Tamar", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter and west-south-west of London. Enclosing the city are the mouths of the river Plym and river Tamar, which are naturally incorporated into Plymouth Sound to form a boundary with Cornwall. Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed"]}
{"query": "In what county is Plymouth located?", "answer": "Devon", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter and west-south-west of London. Enclosing the city are the mouths of the river Plym and river Tamar, which are naturally incorporated into Plymouth Sound to form a boundary with Cornwall. Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed"]}
{"query": "What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?", "answer": "Mount Batten", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter and west-south-west of London. Enclosing the city are the mouths of the river Plym and river Tamar, which are naturally incorporated into Plymouth Sound to form a boundary with Cornwall. Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed"]}
{"query": "What was Plymouth's original name?", "answer": "Sutton", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter and west-south-west of London. Enclosing the city are the mouths of the river Plym and river Tamar, which are naturally incorporated into Plymouth Sound to form a boundary with Cornwall. Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton founded in the ninth century, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?", "answer": "Plymouth Colony", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony, the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War, the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646. Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic). The neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of"]}
{"query": "What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?", "answer": "Devonport", "gold_docs": ["Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its being targeted by the German military and partially destroyed by bombing during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967. The city is home to () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up"]}
{"query": "In what year did Plymouth become a city?", "answer": "1928", "gold_docs": ["Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its being targeted by the German military and partially destroyed by bombing during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967. The city is home to () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up"]}
{"query": "What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?", "answer": "Plymouth Blitz", "gold_docs": ["Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its being targeted by the German military and partially destroyed by bombing during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967. The city is home to () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up"]}
{"query": "In what year was Plymstock incorporated?", "answer": "1967", "gold_docs": ["Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its being targeted by the German military and partially destroyed by bombing during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967. The city is home to () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up"]}
{"query": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?", "answer": "East Stonehouse", "gold_docs": ["Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its being targeted by the German military and partially destroyed by bombing during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967. The city is home to () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up"]}
{"query": "Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?", "answer": "30th", "gold_docs": ["Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its being targeted by the German military and partially destroyed by bombing during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967. The city is home to () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up"]}
{"query": "How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the South West, after Bristol. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport, and is home to the University of Plymouth. Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the"]}
{"query": "In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?", "answer": "Santander", "gold_docs": ["area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the South West, after Bristol. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport, and is home to the University of Plymouth. Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the"]}
{"query": "What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth University", "gold_docs": ["was formed in part from components of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?", "answer": "TAMARI OSTIA", "gold_docs": ["Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten, showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named \"TAMARI OSTIA\" (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's \"Geographia\" and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city. An ancient promontory fort was located at Rame Head at the mouth of Plymouth Sound with ancient hillforts located at Lyneham Warren to the east , Boringdon Camp and Maristow Camp to the north . The settlement of Plympton, further up the River"]}
{"query": "Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?", "answer": "Mount Batten", "gold_docs": ["Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten, showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named \"TAMARI OSTIA\" (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's \"Geographia\" and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city. An ancient promontory fort was located at Rame Head at the mouth of Plymouth Sound with ancient hillforts located at Lyneham Warren to the east , Boringdon Camp and Maristow Camp to the north . The settlement of Plympton, further up the River"]}
{"query": "What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?", "answer": "mouth/estuaries of the Tamar", "gold_docs": ["Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten, showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named \"TAMARI OSTIA\" (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's \"Geographia\" and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city. An ancient promontory fort was located at Rame Head at the mouth of Plymouth Sound with ancient hillforts located at Lyneham Warren to the east , Boringdon Camp and Maristow Camp to the north . The settlement of Plympton, further up the River"]}
{"query": "In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?", "answer": "11th", "gold_docs": ["Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port. As the river silted up in the early 11th century, mariners and merchants were forced to settle downriver at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning \"south town\" in Old English. The name \"Plym Mouth\", meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name \"Plymouth\" first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name \"Plym\". During the Hundred Years'"]}
{"query": "What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?", "answer": "south town", "gold_docs": ["Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port. As the river silted up in the early 11th century, mariners and merchants were forced to settle downriver at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning \"south town\" in Old English. The name \"Plym Mouth\", meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name \"Plymouth\" first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name \"Plym\". During the Hundred Years'"]}
{"query": "In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?", "answer": "1211", "gold_docs": ["Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port. As the river silted up in the early 11th century, mariners and merchants were forced to settle downriver at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning \"south town\" in Old English. The name \"Plym Mouth\", meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name \"Plymouth\" first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name \"Plym\". During the Hundred Years'"]}
{"query": "During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?", "answer": "King Henry VI", "gold_docs": ["Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port. As the river silted up in the early 11th century, mariners and merchants were forced to settle downriver at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning \"south town\" in Old English. The name \"Plym Mouth\", meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name \"Plymouth\" first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name \"Plym\". During the Hundred Years'"]}
{"query": "In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?", "answer": "1340", "gold_docs": ["War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. On 12 November 1439, the English Parliament made Plymouth the first town incorporated. In the late fifteenth century, Plymouth Castle, a \"castle quadrate\", was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment"]}
{"query": "Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?", "answer": "Breton raiders", "gold_docs": ["War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. On 12 November 1439, the English Parliament made Plymouth the first town incorporated. In the late fifteenth century, Plymouth Castle, a \"castle quadrate\", was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment"]}
{"query": "Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?", "answer": "Sutton Pool", "gold_docs": ["of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth. A series of fortifications were built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596; it was the site of the Citadel, established in the"]}
{"query": "In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?", "answer": "1512", "gold_docs": ["of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth. A series of fortifications were built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596; it was the site of the Citadel, established in the"]}
{"query": "What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?", "answer": "Sir John Hawkins", "gold_docs": ["1660s (see below). During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United"]}
{"query": "Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?", "answer": "Sir Francis Drake", "gold_docs": ["1660s (see below). During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United"]}
{"query": "In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?", "answer": "1588", "gold_docs": ["1660s (see below). During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United"]}
{"query": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?", "answer": "1620", "gold_docs": ["1660s (see below). During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?", "answer": "Plymouth Colony", "gold_docs": ["1660s (see below). During the 16th century, locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United"]}
{"query": "For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["States of America. During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to"]}
{"query": "Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?", "answer": "Freedom Fields Park", "gold_docs": ["States of America. During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to"]}
{"query": "In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?", "answer": "1660", "gold_docs": ["States of America. During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to"]}
{"query": "What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?", "answer": "Drake's Island", "gold_docs": ["States of America. During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalists was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to"]}
{"query": "During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?", "answer": "18th", "gold_docs": ["trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small. In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people. Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main"]}
{"query": "In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?", "answer": "17th", "gold_docs": ["sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time. Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century, commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth, and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, major products from the colonies. Local sailors turning to piracy such as Henry Every became infamous, celebrated in the London play The Successful Pyrate. It played a part in the Atlantic slave"]}
{"query": "In what year was HMNB Davenport established?", "answer": "1690", "gold_docs": ["trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small. In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people. Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main"]}
{"query": "What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?", "answer": "River Tamar", "gold_docs": ["trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small. In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people. Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main"]}
{"query": "How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?", "answer": "318", "gold_docs": ["trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small. In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people. Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main"]}
{"query": "What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?", "answer": "3,000", "gold_docs": ["trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small. In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people. Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main"]}
{"query": "In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?", "answer": "Stoke Damerel", "gold_docs": ["trade during the early 18th century, although it was relatively small. In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 the population had grown to 3,000 people. Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main"]}
{"query": "What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?", "answer": "Devonport", "gold_docs": ["imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The \"Three Towns\" conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of"]}
{"query": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?", "answer": "Stonehouse", "gold_docs": ["imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The \"Three Towns\" conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of"]}
{"query": "Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?", "answer": "William Cookworthy", "gold_docs": ["Union Street. Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse. The Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts"]}
{"query": "In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?", "answer": "1768", "gold_docs": ["Union Street. Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse. The Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts"]}
{"query": "What was William Cookworthy's profession?", "answer": "chemist", "gold_docs": ["Union Street. Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse. The Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?", "answer": "John Smeaton", "gold_docs": ["Union Street. Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse. The Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts"]}
{"query": "In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film \"The Right Stuff\", and fictional President Bennett in \"Clear and Present Danger\", was born in Plymouth. Cambridge spy Guy Burgess was born at 2 Albemarle Villas, Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer. Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter"]}
{"query": "In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "answer": "1841", "gold_docs": ["Union Street. Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse. The Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts"]}
{"query": "When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "answer": "1812", "gold_docs": ["Union Street. Local chemist William Cookworthy established his short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the deposits of china clay that he had discovered in Cornwall. He was acquainted with engineer John Smeaton, the builder of the third Eddystone Lighthouse. The Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts"]}
{"query": "What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?", "answer": "guano", "gold_docs": ["of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction. Some of the most significant imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate. Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways, and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century. During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the"]}
{"query": "In what settlement were the dockyards located?", "answer": "Devonport", "gold_docs": ["of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction. Some of the most significant imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate. Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways, and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century. During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the"]}
{"query": "What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?", "answer": "Scapa Flow", "gold_docs": ["Empire. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten. During the Second World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941, and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although"]}
{"query": "What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?", "answer": "escort vessels", "gold_docs": ["Empire. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten. During the Second World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941, and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although"]}
{"query": "What location provided a base for flying boats?", "answer": "Mount Batten", "gold_docs": ["Empire. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten. During the Second World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941, and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although"]}
{"query": "What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?", "answer": "Royal Australian Air Force", "gold_docs": ["Empire. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten. During the Second World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941, and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although"]}
{"query": "What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?", "answer": "Western Approaches Command", "gold_docs": ["Empire. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten. During the Second World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941, and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although"]}
{"query": "How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?", "answer": "59", "gold_docs": ["Empire. It was developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten. During the Second World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941, and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although"]}
{"query": "How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?", "answer": "more than 1,000", "gold_docs": ["the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port. Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished. It has been designated as an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II. The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 \"Plan for Plymouth\" whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for"]}
{"query": "How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?", "answer": "over 3,700", "gold_docs": ["the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port. Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished. It has been designated as an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II. The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 \"Plan for Plymouth\" whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for"]}
{"query": "In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?", "answer": "over 1000", "gold_docs": ["London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year, mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types/ By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid-twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece. The Plymouth City Council allowed"]}
{"query": "In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?", "answer": "over 20,000", "gold_docs": ["London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year, mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types/ By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid-twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece. The Plymouth City Council allowed"]}
{"query": "When was the Civic Centre built?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year, mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types/ By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid-twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece. The Plymouth City Council allowed"]}
{"query": "What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?", "answer": "grade II", "gold_docs": ["it to fall into disrepair but it was grade II listed in 2010 by English Heritage to prevent its demolition. Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the and, later, nuclear submarines. New light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector, attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, after barracks were pulled down in the 1960s. But the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines. The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday"]}
{"query": "What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?", "answer": "Ark Royal", "gold_docs": ["them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Despite all this building, in 1971 over ten percent of the houses in Plymouth were still occupied by more than one family. After the war, the Admiralty required more space in the city and by 1950, after much discussion, were allocated. Devonport Dockyard was kept busy for many years refitting aircraft carriers such as the \"Ark Royal\". By the time this work ended in the late 1970s the nuclear submarine base was operational. In the 1950s a new Royal Navy Engineering College was built at Manadon, and HMS Raleigh, the"]}
{"query": "By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?", "answer": "1971", "gold_docs": ["it to fall into disrepair but it was grade II listed in 2010 by English Heritage to prevent its demolition. Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the and, later, nuclear submarines. New light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector, attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, after barracks were pulled down in the 1960s. But the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines. The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday"]}
{"query": "In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?", "answer": "Domesday Book", "gold_docs": ["Leigham, Plymouth Leigham is the name of an area of the city of Plymouth in the English county of Devon. Originally a hamlet and manor separate from the city, urban expansion of the 20th century has meant that the area has become widely built up. The area is located to the north east of Plymouth itself. The place name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'an open space in a wood'. In the \"Domesday Book\" of 1086 it was referred to as \"Leaham\" and was recorded as consisting of the manor and two farms. Unfortunately the ancient manor house"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?", "answer": "1086", "gold_docs": ["Book in 1086 as \"Sudtone\", Saxon for south farm, located at the present-day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\". In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?", "answer": "Sudtone", "gold_docs": ["Book in 1086 as \"Sudtone\", Saxon for south farm, located at the present-day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\". In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female"]}
{"query": "In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?", "answer": "1254", "gold_docs": ["Book in 1086 as \"Sudtone\", Saxon for south farm, located at the present-day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\". In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female"]}
{"query": "In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?", "answer": "1439", "gold_docs": ["Book in 1086 as \"Sudtone\", Saxon for south farm, located at the present-day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\". In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female"]}
{"query": "Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?", "answer": "Nancy Astor", "gold_docs": ["Book in 1086 as \"Sudtone\", Saxon for south farm, located at the present-day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\". In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female"]}
{"query": "For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?", "answer": "Plymouth Sutton", "gold_docs": ["member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible"]}
{"query": "On what date did Plymouth become a city?", "answer": "18 October 1928", "gold_docs": ["member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible"]}
{"query": "In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?", "answer": "1935", "gold_docs": ["member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible"]}
{"query": "What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?", "answer": "Plymouth Devonport", "gold_docs": ["member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible"]}
{"query": "What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?", "answer": "Secretary of State for Education", "gold_docs": ["member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible"]}
{"query": "What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?", "answer": "1974 Health and Safety at Work Act", "gold_docs": ["for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become leader of the Labour party (1980-1983). The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services,"]}
{"query": "What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?", "answer": "Labour", "gold_docs": ["member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible"]}
{"query": "In what town was Michael Foot born?", "answer": "Plymouth", "gold_docs": ["member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents. Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock. In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible"]}
{"query": "What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?", "answer": "1971 Local Government White Paper", "gold_docs": ["for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become leader of the Labour party (1980-1983). The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services,"]}
{"query": "What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?", "answer": "Tamarside", "gold_docs": ["for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become leader of the Labour party (1980-1983). The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services,"]}
{"query": "On what date did Plymouth's county status end?", "answer": "1 April 1974", "gold_docs": ["for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become leader of the Labour party (1980-1983). The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services,"]}
{"query": "What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?", "answer": "the Banham Commission", "gold_docs": ["highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission. In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Sutton and Devonport), Gary Streeter (for South West Devon) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View. The City of Plymouth is divided"]}
{"query": "What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?", "answer": "South West England", "gold_docs": ["highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission. In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Sutton and Devonport), Gary Streeter (for South West Devon) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View. The City of Plymouth is divided"]}
{"query": "Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?", "answer": "Gary Streeter", "gold_docs": ["highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission. In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Sutton and Devonport), Gary Streeter (for South West Devon) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View. The City of Plymouth is divided"]}
{"query": "As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?", "answer": "Conservative", "gold_docs": ["highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission. In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Sutton and Devonport), Gary Streeter (for South West Devon) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View. The City of Plymouth is divided"]}
{"query": "What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?", "answer": "Moor View", "gold_docs": ["highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission. In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Sutton and Devonport), Gary Streeter (for South West Devon) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View. The City of Plymouth is divided"]}
{"query": "How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years \u2013 there are no elections on the following \"fourth\" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Conservative UKIP coalition administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with:"]}
{"query": "How many members are on the Plymouth council?", "answer": "57", "gold_docs": ["into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years \u2013 there are no elections on the following \"fourth\" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Conservative UKIP coalition administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with:"]}
{"query": "What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?", "answer": "a third", "gold_docs": ["into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years \u2013 there are no elections on the following \"fourth\" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Conservative UKIP coalition administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with:"]}
{"query": "In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?", "answer": "2001", "gold_docs": ["Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001). Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316. The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home"]}
{"query": "What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?", "answer": "King George V", "gold_docs": ["Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001). Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316. The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home"]}
{"query": "How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001). Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316. The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home"]}
{"query": "Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?", "answer": "Dr John Mahony", "gold_docs": ["Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001). Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316. The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home"]}
{"query": "At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?", "answer": "3 Elliot Terrace", "gold_docs": ["Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001). Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316. The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home"]}
{"query": "Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?", "answer": "Lady Astor", "gold_docs": ["of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in"]}
{"query": "On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?", "answer": "Armada Way", "gold_docs": ["of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in"]}
{"query": "In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?", "answer": "June 2007", "gold_docs": ["of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in"]}
{"query": "What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?", "answer": "\u00a340m", "gold_docs": ["of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in"]}
{"query": "What river is to the west of Plymouth?", "answer": "River Tamar", "gold_docs": ["possible job losses. Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard. The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater."]}
{"query": "To the east of Plymouth lies which river?", "answer": "River Plym", "gold_docs": ["possible job losses. Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard. The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater."]}
{"query": "The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?", "answer": "Cornwall", "gold_docs": ["possible job losses. Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard. The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater."]}
{"query": "In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?", "answer": "Plymouth Sound", "gold_docs": ["possible job losses. Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard. The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater."]}
{"query": "When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?", "answer": "1967", "gold_docs": ["possible job losses. Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard. The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater."]}
{"query": "What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?", "answer": "Cattewater", "gold_docs": ["possible job losses. Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard. The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater."]}
{"query": "When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?", "answer": "1814", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is . The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about above Ordnance Datum (AOD). Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian"]}
{"query": "What island is present in Plymouth Sound?", "answer": "Drake's Island", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is . The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about above Ordnance Datum (AOD). Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian"]}
{"query": "In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?", "answer": "155", "gold_docs": ["logging road that appears on maps to the north is in fact often not passable, even with off-road vehicles. The mountains are medium in height, with the highest point being Mt. Cloud at 1,854 meters above sea level, and the lowest point in the river valley of 155 meters. There are 56 peaks over 1,000 meters in height. On the upper Ussuri/Milogradovka is a large peatland measuring 4\u20136 km by 1.5\u20132 km (Yaklanov, p. 10), Primorye's highest bog. The climate of Zov Tigra is Humid Continental (Koppen classification Dwb). This climate is characterized by large daily and annual swings in"]}
{"query": "What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?", "answer": "Site of Special Scientific Interest", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is . The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about above Ordnance Datum (AOD). Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian"]}
{"query": "What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?", "answer": "Lower Devonian slates", "gold_docs": ["slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea. A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that"]}
{"query": "Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?", "answer": "granite", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is . The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about above Ordnance Datum (AOD). Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian"]}
{"query": "Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?", "answer": "Cremyll", "gold_docs": ["slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea. A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that"]}
{"query": "What location north of the city possesses granite?", "answer": "Dartmoor", "gold_docs": ["slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea. A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that"]}
{"query": "What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?", "answer": "Tamar", "gold_docs": ["slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea. A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that"]}
{"query": "Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?", "answer": "Cattedown", "gold_docs": ["the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford. On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's \"Plan for Plymouth\" to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east\u2013west linked by a north\u2013south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west"]}
{"query": "What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?", "answer": "limestone", "gold_docs": ["slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea. A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that"]}
{"query": "On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?", "answer": "27 April 1944", "gold_docs": ["the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford. On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's \"Plan for Plymouth\" to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east\u2013west linked by a north\u2013south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?", "answer": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie", "gold_docs": ["the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford. On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's \"Plan for Plymouth\" to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east\u2013west linked by a north\u2013south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west"]}
{"query": "Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?", "answer": "David MacKay", "gold_docs": ["determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951\u201357 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500"]}
{"query": "How many parks exist in Plymouth?", "answer": "28", "gold_docs": ["of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of . Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe. Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen \"Cfb\") which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown. The annual mean temperature is approximately . Due to the modifying effect of the sea"]}
{"query": "What K\u00f6ppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?", "answer": "temperate oceanic", "gold_docs": ["of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of . Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe. Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen \"Cfb\") which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown. The annual mean temperature is approximately . Due to the modifying effect of the sea"]}
{"query": "What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?", "answer": "February", "gold_docs": ["and the southwesterly location, the climate is among the mildest of British cities and the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK. As a result of this summer highs are lower than points further north in the UK; however, the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between . Snow is rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, but there have been exclusions, namely the European winter storms of 2009-10 which, in early January, covered Plymouth in at least of snow; more on higher ground. Another period of"]}
{"query": "Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?", "answer": "20", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?", "answer": "July", "gold_docs": ["notable snow occurred from 17\u201319 December 2010 when up to of snow fell through the period \u2013 though only would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961\u20131990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over . South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more"]}
{"query": "Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?", "answer": "Atlantic depressions", "gold_docs": ["notable snow occurred from 17\u201319 December 2010 when up to of snow fell through the period \u2013 though only would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961\u20131990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over . South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more"]}
{"query": "Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?", "answer": "autumn", "gold_docs": ["vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of , although in June 1976 the temperature reached , the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of or above. During the winter half of the year,"]}
{"query": "About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?", "answer": "39", "gold_docs": ["from 2007-2011. During his tenure, Heflin was the only Democrat from either West Texas or the Panhandle serving in the legislature. He was unseated in the 2010 general election by the Republican Jim Landtroop of Plainview in Hale County. In 2006, Heflin had defeated Landtroop by fewer than 225 votes. The city is served by the Crosbyton Consolidated Independent School District. Crosbyton gets about 23 inches of rain each year. As a comparison, the US average is 39 inches. Snowfall averages 7 inches compared to the US city average of 26 inches of snow. The city receives some measurable precipitation"]}
{"query": "Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?", "answer": "November", "gold_docs": ["vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of , although in June 1976 the temperature reached , the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of or above. During the winter half of the year,"]}
{"query": "From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?", "answer": "south-west", "gold_docs": ["vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of , although in June 1976 the temperature reached , the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of or above. During the winter half of the year,"]}
{"query": "How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?", "answer": "over 1,600", "gold_docs": ["notable snow occurred from 17\u201319 December 2010 when up to of snow fell through the period \u2013 though only would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961\u20131990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over . South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more"]}
{"query": "What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?", "answer": "South West England", "gold_docs": ["notable snow occurred from 17\u201319 December 2010 when up to of snow fell through the period \u2013 though only would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961\u20131990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over . South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more"]}
{"query": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?", "answer": "89", "gold_docs": ["between 84 and 89 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the year. In April, May, and June sometimes temperatures cross the limit of thirty five degree Celsius. In December January, and February the temperatures remain under twenty five degrees. Sometimes the temperature may drop under twenty degree Celsius. Most of the time weather remains dry but July, August, and September may receive rain up to 10mm. The average wind speed is between twelve and nineteen km/hour. The below chart shows the maximum and minimum temperature. Hurricane Willa passed through the Islas Marias on October 23, 2018. The National Hurricane Center reported at 9"]}
{"query": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "answer": "June 1976", "gold_docs": ["vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of , although in June 1976 the temperature reached , the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of or above. During the winter half of the year,"]}
{"query": "About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 \u00b0F?", "answer": "4.25", "gold_docs": ["vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of , although in June 1976 the temperature reached , the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of or above. During the winter half of the year,"]}
{"query": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "answer": "January 1979", "gold_docs": ["the coldest night will typically fall to although in January 1979 the temperature fell to . Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost. The University of Plymouth enrolls total students as of (largest in the UK out of ). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around \u00a3160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has a wide range of courses including those in marine focused business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf"]}
{"query": "How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?", "answer": "3,000", "gold_docs": ["the coldest night will typically fall to although in January 1979 the temperature fell to . Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost. The University of Plymouth enrolls total students as of (largest in the UK out of ). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around \u00a3160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has a wide range of courses including those in marine focused business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf"]}
{"query": "In what year was the University of Plymouth established?", "answer": "1992", "gold_docs": ["the coldest night will typically fall to although in January 1979 the temperature fell to . Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost. The University of Plymouth enrolls total students as of (largest in the UK out of ). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around \u00a3160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has a wide range of courses including those in marine focused business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf"]}
{"query": "What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?", "answer": "The University of St Mark & St John", "gold_docs": ["science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West. The University of St Mark & St John (known as \"Marjon\" or \"Marjons\") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad. The city is also home to"]}
{"query": "What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?", "answer": "teacher training", "gold_docs": ["science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West. The University of St Mark & St John (known as \"Marjon\" or \"Marjons\") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad. The city is also home to"]}
{"query": "Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?", "answer": "Plymouth College of Art", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?", "answer": "26,000", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?", "answer": "153", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "four", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?", "answer": "71", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?", "answer": "13", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth College", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?", "answer": "Devonport High School for Girls", "gold_docs": ["two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK. Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College. The city"]}
{"query": "What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?", "answer": "the Royal Naval Engineering College", "gold_docs": ["was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed \"Dockyard Technical College\" in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton. Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML; founded 1988)"]}
{"query": "When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?", "answer": "1910", "gold_docs": ["was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed \"Dockyard Technical College\" in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton. Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML; founded 1988)"]}
{"query": "What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?", "answer": "Dockyard Technical College", "gold_docs": ["was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed \"Dockyard Technical College\" in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton. Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML; founded 1988)"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?", "answer": "1994", "gold_docs": ["was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed \"Dockyard Technical College\" in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton. Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML; founded 1988)"]}
{"query": "After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?", "answer": "University of Southampton", "gold_docs": ["was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed \"Dockyard Technical College\" in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton. Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML; founded 1988)"]}
{"query": "What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?", "answer": "Marine Biological Association", "gold_docs": ["was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed \"Dockyard Technical College\" in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton. Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA; founded 1884) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML; founded 1988)"]}
{"query": "What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?", "answer": "Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences", "gold_docs": ["was formed in part from components of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It"]}
{"query": "What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?", "answer": "Marine Institute", "gold_docs": ["was formed in part from components of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It"]}
{"query": "What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?", "answer": "Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership", "gold_docs": ["was formed in part from components of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?", "answer": "National Marine Aquarium", "gold_docs": ["was formed in part from components of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It"]}
{"query": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?", "answer": "256,384", "gold_docs": ["works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun. A scheme is in operation over summer 2018 to provide meals during the summer holidays for children with parents on low income, the parents cannot afford to provide their children with healthy meals. From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of"]}
{"query": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?", "answer": "240,720", "gold_docs": ["240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the \"Other Asian\" and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two"]}
{"query": "How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?", "answer": "15,664", "gold_docs": ["works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun. A scheme is in operation over summer 2018 to provide meals during the summer holidays for children with parents on low income, the parents cannot afford to provide their children with healthy meals. From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of"]}
{"query": "What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?", "answer": "2.3", "gold_docs": ["240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the \"Other Asian\" and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?", "answer": "0.5", "gold_docs": ["240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the \"Other Asian\" and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?", "answer": "25%", "gold_docs": ["new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951. Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was \u00a319,943 and compared to the national average of \u00a323,755, was \u00a33,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the"]}
{"query": "What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?", "answer": "5,169", "gold_docs": ["new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951. Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was \u00a319,943 and compared to the national average of \u00a323,755, was \u00a33,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the"]}
{"query": "What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?", "answer": "\u00a319,943", "gold_docs": ["new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951. Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was \u00a319,943 and compared to the national average of \u00a323,755, was \u00a33,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the"]}
{"query": "What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?", "answer": "\u00a323,755", "gold_docs": ["new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951. Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was \u00a319,943 and compared to the national average of \u00a323,755, was \u00a33,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?", "answer": "26.2%", "gold_docs": ["average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland). A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England. Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been , in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which"]}
{"query": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?", "answer": "82.1", "gold_docs": ["average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland). A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England. Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been , in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which"]}
{"query": "How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?", "answer": "12,000", "gold_docs": ["average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland). A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England. Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been , in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which"]}
{"query": "When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?", "answer": "1793", "gold_docs": ["average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland). A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England. Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been , in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which"]}
{"query": "During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?", "answer": "the 1930s", "gold_docs": ["was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering. Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial"]}
{"query": "About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?", "answer": "10%", "gold_docs": ["was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering. Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial"]}
{"query": "How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?", "answer": "270", "gold_docs": ["was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering. Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial"]}
{"query": "How many people work in Tamar Science Park?", "answer": "500", "gold_docs": ["employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, the national retail chain The Range at their Estover headquarters, as well as the Plymouth Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 \u2013 \"pannier\" meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one"]}
{"query": "What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?", "answer": "Pannier Market", "gold_docs": ["employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, the national retail chain The Range at their Estover headquarters, as well as the Plymouth Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 \u2013 \"pannier\" meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one"]}
{"query": "In what year was Pannier Market finished?", "answer": "1959", "gold_docs": ["employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, the national retail chain The Range at their Estover headquarters, as well as the Plymouth Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 \u2013 \"pannier\" meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one"]}
{"query": "What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?", "answer": "29th", "gold_docs": ["employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, the national retail chain The Range at their Estover headquarters, as well as the Plymouth Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 \u2013 \"pannier\" meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one"]}
{"query": "What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?", "answer": "Tinside Pool", "gold_docs": ["of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million. Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and"]}
{"query": "What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?", "answer": "\u00a33.4 million", "gold_docs": ["of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million. Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and"]}
{"query": "What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?", "answer": "\"Vision for Plymouth\"", "gold_docs": ["of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million. Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and"]}
{"query": "Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "answer": "the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce", "gold_docs": ["of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million. Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and"]}
{"query": "What is the population goal of the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "answer": "300,000", "gold_docs": ["of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million. Since 2003, Plymouth Council has been undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and"]}
{"query": "How many residences does the \"Vision for Plymouth\" seek to build?", "answer": "33,000", "gold_docs": ["build 33,000 dwellings. In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003. There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of"]}
{"query": "When was the Charles Cross car park removed?", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["build 33,000 dwellings. In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003. There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of"]}
{"query": "In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "answer": "October 2006", "gold_docs": ["build 33,000 dwellings. In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003. There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of"]}
{"query": "Where was TR2 built?", "answer": "Cattedown", "gold_docs": ["build 33,000 dwellings. In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003. There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of"]}
{"query": "What prize did TR2 almost win?", "answer": "the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003", "gold_docs": ["build 33,000 dwellings. In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003. There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of"]}
{"query": "Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "answer": "David Mackay", "gold_docs": ["build 33,000 dwellings. In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003. There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of"]}
{"query": "What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?", "answer": "the Bretonside bus station", "gold_docs": ["the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port. The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban"]}
{"query": "To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?", "answer": "the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena", "gold_docs": ["the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port. The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban"]}
{"query": "What city region is located near a ferry terminal?", "answer": "Millbay", "gold_docs": ["the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port. The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban"]}
{"query": "What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?", "answer": "The Parkway", "gold_docs": ["the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port. The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban"]}
{"query": "In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?", "answer": "40", "gold_docs": ["of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in"]}
{"query": "What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?", "answer": "Tamar Bridge", "gold_docs": ["parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, Stagecoach South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by Stagecoach South West. A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on"]}
{"query": "What park and ride service is located at George Junction?", "answer": "Plymouth City Airport", "gold_docs": ["parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, Stagecoach South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by Stagecoach South West. A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on"]}
{"query": "Who operates the ferry to Spain?", "answer": "Brittany Ferries", "gold_docs": ["parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, Stagecoach South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by Stagecoach South West. A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on"]}
{"query": "Where does the ferry to France terminate?", "answer": "Roscoff", "gold_docs": ["parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, Stagecoach South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by Stagecoach South West. A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on"]}
{"query": "Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?", "answer": "MV Armorique", "gold_docs": ["the three ferries, \"MV Armorique\", \"MV Bretagne\" and \"MV Pont-Aven\". The Cremyll Ferry is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar. The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about north of the city centre. The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland. In June"]}
{"query": "When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?", "answer": "1204", "gold_docs": ["the three ferries, \"MV Armorique\", \"MV Bretagne\" and \"MV Pont-Aven\". The Cremyll Ferry is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar. The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about north of the city centre. The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland. In June"]}
{"query": "What local airport closed in 2011?", "answer": "Plymouth City Airport", "gold_docs": ["2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. FlyPlymouth put forward plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, providing daily services to various destinations including London. Plymouth railway"]}
{"query": "In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?", "answer": "6", "gold_docs": ["measuring 4,400 by 60 feet (1,341 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2009, the airport had 5,830 aircraft operations, an average of 15 per day: 80% general aviation and 20% air taxi. At that time there were 16 aircraft based at this airport: 94% single-engine and 6% jet. Plymouth Municipal Airport (Indiana) Plymouth Municipal Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) north of the central business district of Plymouth, a city in Marshall County, Indiana, United States. It is owned by the Plymouth Board of Aviation of Commissioners. This airport is"]}
{"query": "By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?", "answer": "2018", "gold_docs": ["2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. FlyPlymouth put forward plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, providing daily services to various destinations including London. Plymouth railway"]}
{"query": "Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?", "answer": "FlyPlymouth", "gold_docs": ["2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. FlyPlymouth put forward plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, providing daily services to various destinations including London. Plymouth railway"]}
{"query": "When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?", "answer": "1877", "gold_docs": ["station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy. There is a proposal to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the"]}
{"query": "Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?", "answer": "Great Western Railway", "gold_docs": ["station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy. There is a proposal to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the"]}
{"query": "Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?", "answer": "Cornish Main Line", "gold_docs": ["station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy. There is a proposal to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the"]}
{"query": "How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?", "answer": "three", "gold_docs": ["station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy. There is a proposal to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the"]}
{"query": "Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?", "answer": "CrossCountry", "gold_docs": ["station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy. There is a proposal to reopen the Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR which would connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the"]}
{"query": "On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?", "answer": "4 February 2014", "gold_docs": ["rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal"]}
{"query": "After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?", "answer": "4 April 2014", "gold_docs": ["rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal"]}
{"query": "In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?", "answer": "February 2014", "gold_docs": ["rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal"]}
{"query": "In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?", "answer": "1858", "gold_docs": ["storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route. Plymouth is at the southern end of the long Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route (National Cycle Route 27). The route runs mostly traffic free on off-road sections between Ilfracombe and Plymouth. The route uses former railway lines, though there are some stretches on public roads. Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is Plymouth Minster, also known as St Andrew's Church, (Anglican)"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?", "answer": "St Andrew's", "gold_docs": ["storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route. Plymouth is at the southern end of the long Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route (National Cycle Route 27). The route runs mostly traffic free on off-road sections between Ilfracombe and Plymouth. The route uses former railway lines, though there are some stretches on public roads. Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is Plymouth Minster, also known as St Andrew's Church, (Anglican)"]}
{"query": "What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?", "answer": "Anglican", "gold_docs": ["storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route. Plymouth is at the southern end of the long Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route (National Cycle Route 27). The route runs mostly traffic free on off-road sections between Ilfracombe and Plymouth. The route uses former railway lines, though there are some stretches on public roads. Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is Plymouth Minster, also known as St Andrew's Church, (Anglican)"]}
{"query": "How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?", "answer": "over twenty", "gold_docs": ["located at the top of Royal Parade\u2014it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800. The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches. In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally. Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned"]}
{"query": "What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?", "answer": "Ashkenazi", "gold_docs": ["\"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism. 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?", "answer": "58.1%", "gold_docs": ["\"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism. 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?", "answer": "0.8%", "gold_docs": ["\"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism. 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since"]}
{"query": "What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?", "answer": "32.9%", "gold_docs": ["\"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism. 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since"]}
{"query": "What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?", "answer": "24.7%", "gold_docs": ["\"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism. 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since"]}
{"query": "What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?", "answer": "7%", "gold_docs": ["people lived in the town in 2014. In 2011, 14.4% of Rotherham's population were non-white British compared with 8.1% for the surrounding borough. Rotherham town has over double the percentage of Asian people compared with the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham and a slightly larger percentage of black people. Rotherham is about as ethnically diverse as Middlesbrough and Doncaster and in 2001, 93.0% of Rotherham's residents were White British, so the town's non-White British population has gone from 7% to 14% since then. Rotherham Minster or All Saints' Church in All Saints Square built largely of neat-cut pieces of sandstone and"]}
{"query": "In what year was Union Street constructed?", "answer": "1815", "gold_docs": ["the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number. Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as \"the servicemen's playground\", as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble"]}
{"query": "Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?", "answer": "Charlie Chaplin", "gold_docs": ["the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number. Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as \"the servicemen's playground\", as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble"]}
{"query": "What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?", "answer": "sailors from the Royal Navy", "gold_docs": ["the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number. Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as \"the servicemen's playground\", as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble"]}
{"query": "What notable event occurs each August?", "answer": "British Firework Championships", "gold_docs": ["at closing hours. Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe, hosting big-name acts such as The 1975, Little Mix, Tinie Tempah and Busted. Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment"]}
{"query": "In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?", "answer": "August 2006", "gold_docs": ["at closing hours. Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe, hosting big-name acts such as The 1975, Little Mix, Tinie Tempah and Busted. Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment"]}
{"query": "Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?", "answer": "Roy Lowry", "gold_docs": ["at closing hours. Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe, hosting big-name acts such as The 1975, Little Mix, Tinie Tempah and Busted. Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment"]}
{"query": "What institution did Roy Lowry work for?", "answer": "University of Plymouth", "gold_docs": ["at closing hours. Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe, hosting big-name acts such as The 1975, Little Mix, Tinie Tempah and Busted. Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment"]}
{"query": "In what year did the Music of the Night begin?", "answer": "1992", "gold_docs": ["at closing hours. Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. From 2014 MTV Crashes Plymouth has taken place every July on Plymouth Hoe, hosting big-name acts such as The 1975, Little Mix, Tinie Tempah and Busted. Between 1992 and 2012 the Music of the Night celebration was performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment"]}
{"query": "How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?", "answer": "1,315", "gold_docs": ["and local performers to raise money for local and military charities. A number of other smaller cultural events taken place annually, including Plymouth Art Weekender, Plymouth Fringe Festival and Illuminate Festival. The city's main theatre is Theatre Royal Plymouth, presenting large-scale West End shows and smaller works as well as an extensive education and outreach programme. The main building is locatedin the city centre and contains three performance spaces - The Lyric (1,315 capacity), Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and The Lab (60 capacity) - and they also run their own specialised production and creative learning centre called TR2, based in"]}
{"query": "What is the capacity of Drum Theatre?", "answer": "200", "gold_docs": ["and local performers to raise money for local and military charities. A number of other smaller cultural events taken place annually, including Plymouth Art Weekender, Plymouth Fringe Festival and Illuminate Festival. The city's main theatre is Theatre Royal Plymouth, presenting large-scale West End shows and smaller works as well as an extensive education and outreach programme. The main building is locatedin the city centre and contains three performance spaces - The Lyric (1,315 capacity), Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and The Lab (60 capacity) - and they also run their own specialised production and creative learning centre called TR2, based in"]}
{"query": "What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "answer": "free", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "answer": "six", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?", "answer": "BBC South West", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?", "answer": "ITV West Country", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?", "answer": "16 February 2009", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?", "answer": "ITV West", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?", "answer": "BBC Radio Devon", "gold_docs": ["local newspapers serving Plymouth are \"The Herald\" and \"Western Morning News\" with Radio Plymouth, BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West, and Pirate FM being the local radio stations with the most listeners. Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the third tier of English football league known as Football League One. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has three Non-League football clubs; Plymouth"]}
{"query": "What football league team is located in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth Argyle F.C.", "gold_docs": ["local newspapers serving Plymouth are \"The Herald\" and \"Western Morning News\" with Radio Plymouth, BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West, and Pirate FM being the local radio stations with the most listeners. Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the third tier of English football league known as Football League One. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has three Non-League football clubs; Plymouth"]}
{"query": "What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?", "answer": "Football League Two", "gold_docs": ["2011\u201312 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season The 2011\u201312 season was Plymouth Argyle's 100th as a professional football club, their 87th as a member of the Football League and their sixth in Football League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system. The season marked Argyle's 125th anniversary since founding in 1886. The 2010\u201311 season was the club's 39th in the third tier of the English football league system, having been relegated from the Football League Championship the previous season. It was their first campaign at that level for six years and Peter Reid's first season in charge since becoming"]}
{"query": "What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?", "answer": "The Pilgrims", "gold_docs": ["local newspapers serving Plymouth are \"The Herald\" and \"Western Morning News\" with Radio Plymouth, BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West, and Pirate FM being the local radio stations with the most listeners. Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the third tier of English football league known as Football League One. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has three Non-League football clubs; Plymouth"]}
{"query": "What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?", "answer": "Vospers Oak Villa F.C.", "gold_docs": ["Bolitho Park, and Elburton Villa F.C., a Non-League football club who play at Haye Road. Vospers Oak Villa F.C., who play in the South West Peninsula League, are based at Weston Mill. Plymouth Albion play professional Rugby Union currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby the National League 1. They play their home games at The Brickfields. Other semi-professional and amateur clubs include armed forces team Devonport Services who play in the Tribute Western Counties West (tier 7), Plymstock Albion Oaks and Plymouth Argaum, both of whom play in Tribute Cornwall/Devon (tier 8). Additionally there are also"]}
{"query": "What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth Albion R.F.C.", "gold_docs": ["Parkway who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa who play at Haye Road and Plymstock United who play at Dean Cross. Plymouth Parkway were recently promoted to the Western League from the South West Peninsula League, whilst Elburton Villa and Plymstock United continue to compete in the South West Peninsula League. Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby. They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in"]}
{"query": "When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?", "answer": "1875", "gold_docs": ["Parkway who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa who play at Haye Road and Plymstock United who play at Dean Cross. Plymouth Parkway were recently promoted to the Western League from the South West Peninsula League, whilst Elburton Villa and Plymstock United continue to compete in the South West Peninsula League. Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby. They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in"]}
{"query": "Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?", "answer": "Plymouth Pavilions", "gold_docs": ["the British Basketball League \u2013 the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British National League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season. Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of"]}
{"query": "When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?", "answer": "1983", "gold_docs": ["the British Basketball League \u2013 the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British National League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season. Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of"]}
{"query": "When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?", "answer": "1823", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days. Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The"]}
{"query": "In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?", "answer": "September 2011", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days. Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The"]}
{"query": "For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?", "answer": "nine", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days. Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The"]}
{"query": "Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?", "answer": "Plymouth County Borough Corporation", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days. Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The"]}
{"query": "When did Drake's Leat open?", "answer": "24 April 1591", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days. Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The"]}
{"query": "From where did Drake's Leat draw water?", "answer": "River Meavy", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days. Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The"]}
{"query": "When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?", "answer": "1801", "gold_docs": ["Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever-growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928. Plymouth City Council"]}
{"query": "What body handles waste management in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth City Council", "gold_docs": ["is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. In 2017 its auditorium (340 capacity) returned to use as a theatre, having been out of service since 2009. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main"]}
{"query": "Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?", "answer": "South West Water", "gold_docs": ["is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009. Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill"]}
{"query": "Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?", "answer": "Western Power Distribution", "gold_docs": ["is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009. Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill"]}
{"query": "In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?", "answer": "2009", "gold_docs": ["is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009. Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill"]}
{"query": "What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?", "answer": "Plympton", "gold_docs": ["is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009. Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill"]}
{"query": "When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?", "answer": "1836", "gold_docs": ["is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009. Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill"]}
{"query": "Where is the police divisional headquarters located?", "answer": "Crownhill", "gold_docs": ["(the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks. Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South"]}
{"query": "How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?", "answer": "five", "gold_docs": ["(the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks. Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South"]}
{"query": "Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?", "answer": "Millbay Docks", "gold_docs": ["(the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks. Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South"]}
{"query": "What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?", "answer": "Devon and Cornwall Constabulary", "gold_docs": ["is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009. Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill"]}
{"query": "What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?", "answer": "Derriford Hospital", "gold_docs": ["(the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks. Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South"]}
{"query": "In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?", "answer": "6", "gold_docs": ["this, Plymouth City Council financially supported the upkeep of these routes. Target also ran a summer-only service to Bovisand and a P&R service between Derriford Hospital and the George Junction Park and ride, as well as 'shopper' bus routes to the Tesco extras at Roborough and Lee Mill, and school buses to Tor Bridge High, Notre Dame Catholic School, Eggbuckland Community College and Coombe Dean School. On 6 September 2018, it was reported that Target Travel had lost its operating license, which led to many Plymouth-based services being transferred over to Stagecoach South West, with one Park and ride service"]}
{"query": "What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?", "answer": "Royal Eye Infirmary", "gold_docs": ["(the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks. Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South"]}
{"query": "Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?", "answer": "Exeter", "gold_docs": ["Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter. The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground. After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was"]}
{"query": "When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?", "answer": "2007", "gold_docs": ["Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter. The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground. After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was"]}
{"query": "Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?", "answer": "Weston Mill", "gold_docs": ["Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter. The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground. After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?", "answer": "Drake Memorial Park", "gold_docs": ["Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter. The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground. After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was"]}
{"query": "In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?", "answer": "a brass plaque", "gold_docs": ["Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter. The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground. After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was"]}
{"query": "When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?", "answer": "mid-19th century", "gold_docs": ["Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter. The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground. After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was"]}
{"query": "In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?", "answer": "1666", "gold_docs": ["erected in 1666 towards the eastern section of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Currently, guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which is a standard lighthouse that was constructed in 1759. Furthermore, Smeaton\u2019s Tower was dismantled in 1877 and the top two thirds were reassembled on Plymouth Hoe. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe"]}
{"query": "When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?", "answer": "1759", "gold_docs": ["erected in 1666 towards the eastern section of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Currently, guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which is a standard lighthouse that was constructed in 1759. Furthermore, Smeaton\u2019s Tower was dismantled in 1877 and the top two thirds were reassembled on Plymouth Hoe. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe"]}
{"query": "In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?", "answer": "23", "gold_docs": ["2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. FlyPlymouth put forward plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, providing daily services to various destinations including London. Plymouth railway"]}
{"query": "What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?", "answer": "Armada Memorial", "gold_docs": ["including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank. On the northern outskirts"]}
{"query": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?", "answer": "1620", "gold_docs": ["including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank. On the northern outskirts"]}
{"query": "What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?", "answer": "Mayflower Steps", "gold_docs": ["including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank. On the northern outskirts"]}
{"query": "How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?", "answer": "400", "gold_docs": ["including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank. On the northern outskirts"]}
{"query": "How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?", "answer": "100", "gold_docs": ["including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank. On the northern outskirts"]}
{"query": "What structure was referred to as a \"Palmerston's Folly\"?", "answer": "Crownhill Fort", "gold_docs": ["of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public. To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the \"Devonport Heritage Trail\" has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular. The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of"]}
{"query": "In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?", "answer": "north", "gold_docs": ["the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford. On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's \"Plan for Plymouth\" to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east\u2013west linked by a north\u2013south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west"]}
{"query": "Who runs Crownhill Fort?", "answer": "the Landmark Trust", "gold_docs": ["of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public. To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the \"Devonport Heritage Trail\" has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular. The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of"]}
{"query": "In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?", "answer": "west", "gold_docs": ["of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public. To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the \"Devonport Heritage Trail\" has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular. The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of"]}
{"query": "How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?", "answer": "over 70", "gold_docs": ["of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public. To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the \"Devonport Heritage Trail\" has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular. The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of"]}
{"query": "Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?", "answer": "south-east Cornwall", "gold_docs": ["of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public. To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the \"Devonport Heritage Trail\" has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular. The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of"]}
{"query": "Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?", "answer": "Kingsand", "gold_docs": ["of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public. To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the \"Devonport Heritage Trail\" has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular. The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of"]}
{"query": "Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?", "answer": "Tamar Valley", "gold_docs": ["of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public. To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the \"Devonport Heritage Trail\" has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route. Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular. The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of"]}
{"query": "Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?", "answer": "Henning Larsen", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "When did the Roland Levinsky building open?", "answer": "2008", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?", "answer": "University of Plymouth", "gold_docs": ["area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the South West, after Bristol. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport, and is home to the University of Plymouth. Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the"]}
{"query": "What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?", "answer": "Arts", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?", "answer": "the city's central quarter", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "What are Plymouth residents commonly called?", "answer": "Plymothians", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?", "answer": "Janners", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "After what figure are Janners named?", "answer": "Cousin Jan", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?", "answer": "John", "gold_docs": ["Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings. Beckley Point, at 78m / 20 floors, is Plymouth's tallest building and was completed on 8 February 2018. It was designed by Boyes Rees Architects and built by contractors Kier. People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but"]}
{"query": "What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?", "answer": "Tavistock", "gold_docs": ["more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area. The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as \"El Draco\" meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man."]}
{"query": "What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?", "answer": "El Draco", "gold_docs": ["more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area. The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as \"El Draco\" meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man."]}
{"query": "In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?", "answer": "1596", "gold_docs": ["more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area. The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as \"El Draco\" meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man."]}
{"query": "What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?", "answer": "dysentery", "gold_docs": ["more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area. The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as \"El Draco\" meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man."]}
{"query": "What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?", "answer": "Sir Joshua Reynolds", "gold_docs": ["Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791. Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott"]}
{"query": "What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?", "answer": "Robert Lenkiewicz", "gold_docs": ["and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe"]}
{"query": "Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?", "answer": "Plymouth College of Art", "gold_docs": ["and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe"]}
{"query": "What genre of music does John Surman play?", "answer": "Jazz", "gold_docs": ["and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe"]}
{"query": "What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?", "answer": "Keith Rowe", "gold_docs": ["and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe"]}
{"query": "Where do the family of Michael Foot live?", "answer": "Trematon Castle", "gold_docs": ["was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle. Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents"]}
{"query": "What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?", "answer": "footballer", "gold_docs": ["was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle. Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents"]}
{"query": "What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson", "gold_docs": ["include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film \"The Right Stuff\", and fictional President Bennett in \"Clear and Present Danger\", was born in Plymouth. Cambridge spy Guy Burgess was born at 2 Albemarle Villas, Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer. Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter"]}
{"query": "In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?", "answer": "Clear and Present Danger", "gold_docs": ["include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film \"The Right Stuff\", and fictional President Bennett in \"Clear and Present Danger\", was born in Plymouth. Cambridge spy Guy Burgess was born at 2 Albemarle Villas, Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer. Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter"]}
{"query": "What is Dawn French's job?", "answer": "comedian", "gold_docs": ["include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film \"The Right Stuff\", and fictional President Bennett in \"Clear and Present Danger\", was born in Plymouth. Cambridge spy Guy Burgess was born at 2 Albemarle Villas, Stoke whilst his father was a serving Royal Navy officer. Plymouth Plymouth () is a city situated on the south coast of Devon, England, approximately south-west of Exeter"]}
{"query": "What is heresy mainly at odds with?", "answer": "established beliefs or customs", "gold_docs": ["person in propounding these views. Heresy Heresy () is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things. The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted"]}
{"query": "What is a person called is practicing heresy?", "answer": "A heretic", "gold_docs": ["person in propounding these views. Heresy Heresy () is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things. The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted"]}
{"query": "What language does the term heresy find its roots in?", "answer": "Greek", "gold_docs": ["particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even the death penalty. The term \"heresy\", from Greek , originally meant \"choice\" or \"thing chosen\", but it came to mean the \"party or school of a man's choice\" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word \"heresy\" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context,"]}
{"query": "What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?", "answer": "slightly different", "gold_docs": ["and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy. According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned twice before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up the faith, but because it protects it against the corrupting influence of"]}
{"query": "What is the head person of a heretical movement called?", "answer": "heresiarch", "gold_docs": ["and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy. According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned twice before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up the faith, but because it protects it against the corrupting influence of"]}
{"query": "What is the study of heresy?", "answer": "Heresiology", "gold_docs": ["and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy. According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned twice before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up the faith, but because it protects it against the corrupting influence of"]}
{"query": "What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?", "answer": "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\"", "gold_docs": ["particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even the death penalty. The term \"heresy\", from Greek , originally meant \"choice\" or \"thing chosen\", but it came to mean the \"party or school of a man's choice\" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word \"heresy\" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context,"]}
{"query": "What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?", "answer": "divisive person", "gold_docs": ["and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy. According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned twice before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up the faith, but because it protects it against the corrupting influence of"]}
{"query": "What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?", "answer": "sound", "gold_docs": ["and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy. According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned twice before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up the faith, but because it protects it against the corrupting influence of"]}
{"query": "What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?", "answer": "Jews and Judaism", "gold_docs": ["false teachers. The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract \"Contra Haereses\" (\"Against Heresies\") to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community. He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from"]}
{"query": "What religion were these Fathers of the Church?", "answer": "Orthodox Christianity", "gold_docs": ["false teachers. The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract \"Contra Haereses\" (\"Against Heresies\") to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community. He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from"]}
{"query": "Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?", "answer": "Tertullian", "gold_docs": ["false teachers. The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract \"Contra Haereses\" (\"Against Heresies\") to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community. He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from"]}
{"query": "Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?", "answer": "Irenaeus", "gold_docs": ["false teachers. The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract \"Contra Haereses\" (\"Against Heresies\") to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community. He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from"]}
{"query": "What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?", "answer": "orthodox", "gold_docs": ["false teachers. The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract \"Contra Haereses\" (\"Against Heresies\") to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community. He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from"]}
{"query": "What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?", "answer": "apostolic succession", "gold_docs": [", \"orthos\" \"straight\" + , \"doxa\" \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical. He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments. Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (\"Collegium Pontificum)\" of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine"]}
{"query": "Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?", "answer": "Constantine the Great", "gold_docs": [", \"orthos\" \"straight\" + , \"doxa\" \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical. He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments. Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (\"Collegium Pontificum)\" of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine"]}
{"query": "What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?", "answer": "Edict of Milan", "gold_docs": [", \"orthos\" \"straight\" + , \"doxa\" \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical. He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments. Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (\"Collegium Pontificum)\" of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine"]}
{"query": "What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?", "answer": "Pontifex Maximus", "gold_docs": [", \"orthos\" \"straight\" + , \"doxa\" \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical. He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments. Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (\"Collegium Pontificum)\" of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine"]}
{"query": "What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?", "answer": "the ecumenical councils", "gold_docs": ["called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority. The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church"]}
{"query": "In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?", "answer": "AD 380", "gold_docs": ["called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority. The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church"]}
{"query": "Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?", "answer": "Thessalonica of Theodosius I", "gold_docs": ["called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority. The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church"]}
{"query": "What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?", "answer": "state-sponsored support", "gold_docs": ["called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority. The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church"]}
{"query": "What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?", "answer": "state powers of legal enforcement", "gold_docs": ["and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical. Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to"]}
{"query": "What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?", "answer": "death sentence", "gold_docs": ["and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical. Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to"]}
{"query": "Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?", "answer": "Priscillian", "gold_docs": ["and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical. Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to"]}
{"query": "What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?", "answer": "excommunicated", "gold_docs": ["and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical. Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to"]}
{"query": "What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?", "answer": "Catholics", "gold_docs": ["be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". The edict of Theodosius II (435) provided severe punishments for those who had or spread writings of Nestorius. Those who possessed writings of Arius were sentenced to death. For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\" is not known. In the Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy"]}
{"query": "Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "Cayetano Ripoll", "gold_docs": ["be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". The edict of Theodosius II (435) provided severe punishments for those who had or spread writings of Nestorius. Those who possessed writings of Arius were sentenced to death. For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\" is not known. In the Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy"]}
{"query": "What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?", "answer": "obstinate and willful manifest heresy", "gold_docs": ["be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". The edict of Theodosius II (435) provided severe punishments for those who had or spread writings of Nestorius. Those who possessed writings of Arius were sentenced to death. For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\" is not known. In the Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy"]}
{"query": "What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?", "answer": "Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism", "gold_docs": ["is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The \"Codex Justinianus\" (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre on individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one"]}
{"query": "What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?", "answer": "Paulicians", "gold_docs": ["is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The \"Codex Justinianus\" (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre on individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one"]}
{"query": "In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["was that of Bogomils in modern-day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders. In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (\"Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis\", Inquiry on Heretical Perversity)"]}
{"query": "What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?", "answer": "The Cathar Crusade", "gold_docs": ["was that of Bogomils in modern-day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders. In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (\"Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis\", Inquiry on Heretical Perversity)"]}
{"query": "What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?", "answer": "Heresy", "gold_docs": ["was that of Bogomils in modern-day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders. In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (\"Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis\", Inquiry on Heretical Perversity)"]}
{"query": "Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?", "answer": "Galileo Galilei", "gold_docs": ["and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation. Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to \"abjure, curse"]}
{"query": "What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?", "answer": "the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe", "gold_docs": ["and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation. Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to \"abjure, curse"]}
{"query": "What were the Jews described as enemies of?", "answer": "Christ", "gold_docs": ["and detest\" those opinions. Pope Gregory I stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish people in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils. Since the Great Schism and the"]}
{"query": "According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?", "answer": "Jewish", "gold_docs": ["and detest\" those opinions. Pope Gregory I stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish people in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils. Since the Great Schism and the"]}
{"query": "What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?", "answer": "Eastern Christianity", "gold_docs": ["the first seven ecumenical councils, and it was then the emperor's duty to impose it on his subjects. An imperial decree of 388, which was later incorporated into the \"Codex Justinianus\", orders the population of the Empire \"to assume the name of Catholic Christians\", and regards all those who will not abide by the law as \"mad and foolish persons\"; as followers of \"heretical dogmas\". Despite imperial decrees and the stringent stance of the state church itself, which came to be known as the Eastern Orthodox Church or Eastern Christianity, the latter never represented all Christians in Byzantium. Mango believes"]}
{"query": "What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?", "answer": "Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm", "gold_docs": ["Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm. In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the \"logos\" swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish prayer as being \"blasphemous\" and"]}
{"query": "What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?", "answer": "\"On the Jews and Their Lies\"", "gold_docs": ["Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm. In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the \"logos\" swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish prayer as being \"blasphemous\" and"]}
{"query": "What is said to be a special spiritual problem?", "answer": "Jewish circumcision", "gold_docs": ["a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision. In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's"]}
{"query": "What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?", "answer": "European Reformation", "gold_docs": ["a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision. In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's"]}
{"query": "During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?", "answer": "Henry VIII", "gold_docs": ["a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision. In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's"]}
{"query": "What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?", "answer": "Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher", "gold_docs": ["a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision. In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's"]}
{"query": "Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?", "answer": "Edward VI", "gold_docs": ["supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and"]}
{"query": "In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?", "answer": "1612", "gold_docs": ["eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of \"...a subversive fifth column.\" The last execution of a \"heretic\" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of \"blasphemy\" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity. Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston"]}
{"query": "During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?", "answer": "1659, 1660, and 1661", "gold_docs": ["martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony . As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\". It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox"]}
{"query": "Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?", "answer": "Anglican Puritans", "gold_docs": ["martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony . As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\". It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox"]}
{"query": "What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?", "answer": "purer absolute theocracy", "gold_docs": ["martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony . As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\". It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox"]}
{"query": "What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?", "answer": "Quaker sect", "gold_docs": ["martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony . As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\". It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox"]}
{"query": "What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?", "answer": "1826", "gold_docs": ["and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical. The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Spanish Inquisition. Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\""]}
{"query": "Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?", "answer": "Cayetano Ripoll", "gold_docs": ["and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical. The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Spanish Inquisition. Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\""]}
{"query": "Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?", "answer": "Christian", "gold_docs": ["and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical. The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Spanish Inquisition. Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\""]}
{"query": "Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?", "answer": "Protestant", "gold_docs": ["and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical. The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Spanish Inquisition. Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\""]}
{"query": "What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?", "answer": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith", "gold_docs": ["and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical. The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Spanish Inquisition. Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\""]}
{"query": "What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?", "answer": "Spanish inquisition", "gold_docs": ["without using the word \"heresy\". Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term \"heretic\", such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story \"The Theologians\" within the compilation \"Labyrinths\". On 11 July 2007, Pope Benedict XVI stated that all non-Catholic churches are \"ecclesial communities.\" The members of these churches accuse the Vatican of effectively calling them heretics. The Baha'i Faith is considered an Islamic heresy"]}
{"query": "Who was the author of the short story \"The Theologians\"?", "answer": "Jorge Luis Borges", "gold_docs": ["without using the word \"heresy\". Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term \"heretic\", such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story \"The Theologians\" within the compilation \"Labyrinths\". On 11 July 2007, Pope Benedict XVI stated that all non-Catholic churches are \"ecclesial communities.\" The members of these churches accuse the Vatican of effectively calling them heretics. The Baha'i Faith is considered an Islamic heresy"]}
{"query": "What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?", "answer": "Christian heresy", "gold_docs": ["without using the word \"heresy\". Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term \"heretic\", such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story \"The Theologians\" within the compilation \"Labyrinths\". On 11 July 2007, Pope Benedict XVI stated that all non-Catholic churches are \"ecclesial communities.\" The members of these churches accuse the Vatican of effectively calling them heretics. The Baha'i Faith is considered an Islamic heresy"]}
{"query": "What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?", "answer": "Shia Qizilbash", "gold_docs": ["in Iran. To Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, Sikhs were heretics. Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\" Shia, in general, have often been accused by Sunnis of being heretics. Starting in medieval times, Muslims began to refer to heretics and those who antagonized Islam as \"zindiqs\", the charge being punishable by death. In some modern day nations and regions, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a"]}
{"query": "What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["in Iran. To Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, Sikhs were heretics. Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\" Shia, in general, have often been accused by Sunnis of being heretics. Starting in medieval times, Muslims began to refer to heretics and those who antagonized Islam as \"zindiqs\", the charge being punishable by death. In some modern day nations and regions, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a"]}
{"query": "What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?", "answer": "Sharia law", "gold_docs": ["Capital punishment in Sudan Capital punishment in Sudan is legal under Article 27 of the Sudanese Criminal Act 1991. The Act is based on Sharia law which prescribes both the death penalty and corporal punishment, such as amputation. Sudan has moderate execution rates, ranking 8th overall in 2014 when compared to other countries that still continue the practice, after at least 29 executions were reported (although it is expected that over 100 occurred). Even though Sudan's legal systems have been drawn from various other jurisdictions, capital punishment has always existed in the country. During the last 100 years there have"]}
{"query": "What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?", "answer": "Salman Rushdie", "gold_docs": ["substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical. Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right"]}
{"query": "What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?", "answer": "heretical", "gold_docs": ["substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical. Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right"]}
{"query": "What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?", "answer": "right-wing groups", "gold_docs": ["substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical. Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right"]}
{"query": "Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?", "answer": "The liberal wing", "gold_docs": ["substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical. Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right"]}
{"query": "What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?", "answer": "squirreling", "gold_docs": ["wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups. The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by L. Ron Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be \"high treason\". The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization. Although Zoroastrianism has had an historical tolerance for other religions, it also held sects like Zurvanism and Mazdakism heretical to its main dogma and has violently persecuted them, such as burying Mazdakians with their feet"]}
{"query": "What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?", "answer": "The Religious Technology Center", "gold_docs": ["wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups. The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by L. Ron Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be \"high treason\". The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization. Although Zoroastrianism has had an historical tolerance for other religions, it also held sects like Zurvanism and Mazdakism heretical to its main dogma and has violently persecuted them, such as burying Mazdakians with their feet"]}
{"query": "What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?", "answer": "innovation", "gold_docs": ["upright as \"human gardens\". In later periods Zoroastrians cooperated with Muslims to kill other Zoroastrians deemed as heretical. Neo-Confucian heresy has been described. In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the \"status quo\" in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed"]}
{"query": "What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?", "answer": "an abstraction", "gold_docs": ["upright as \"human gardens\". In later periods Zoroastrians cooperated with Muslims to kill other Zoroastrians deemed as heretical. Neo-Confucian heresy has been described. In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the \"status quo\" in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed"]}
{"query": "Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?", "answer": "endoheretics", "gold_docs": ["upright as \"human gardens\". In later periods Zoroastrians cooperated with Muslims to kill other Zoroastrians deemed as heretical. Neo-Confucian heresy has been described. In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the \"status quo\" in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed"]}
{"query": "What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?", "answer": "orthodoxy", "gold_docs": ["to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy. The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as \"The Dinosaur Heresies\", treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.\" page 27 \"Most taxonomists, however, have viewed"]}
{"query": "What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?", "answer": "The Dinosaur Heresies", "gold_docs": ["to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy. The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as \"The Dinosaur Heresies\", treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.\" page 27 \"Most taxonomists, however, have viewed"]}
{"query": "What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?", "answer": "the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough", "gold_docs": ["to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy. The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as \"The Dinosaur Heresies\", treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.\" page 27 \"Most taxonomists, however, have viewed"]}
{"query": "What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?", "answer": "Jurassic Park", "gold_docs": ["in episode 28 of the Williams Street original \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\". Bakker and his 1986 book are mentioned in the original Jurassic Park. The bearded paleontologist Dr. Robert Burke, who is eaten by a \"Tyrannosaurus rex\" in Steven Spielberg's film \"\", is an affectionate caricature of Bakker. In real life, Bakker has argued for a predatory \"T. rex\", while Bakker's rival paleontologist Jack Horner views it as primarily a scavenger. According to Horner, Spielberg wrote the character of Burke and had him killed by the \"T. rex\" as a favor for Horner. After the film came out, Bakker"]}
{"query": "What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?", "answer": "active poses", "gold_docs": ["such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades. The term \"heresy\" is used not only with"]}
{"query": "What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?", "answer": "endoheretic", "gold_docs": ["such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades. The term \"heresy\" is used not only with"]}
{"query": "What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?", "answer": "scientific journals", "gold_docs": ["such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades. The term \"heresy\" is used not only with"]}
{"query": "What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?", "answer": "extinction event and punctuated equilibrium", "gold_docs": ["such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic. Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades. The term \"heresy\" is used not only with"]}
{"query": "By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?", "answer": "an established orthodoxy", "gold_docs": ["regard to religion but also in the context of political theory. The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a \"Republican heresy,\" are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a"]}
{"query": "What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?", "answer": "metaphors", "gold_docs": ["regard to religion but also in the context of political theory. The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a \"Republican heresy,\" are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a"]}
{"query": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?", "answer": "1955", "gold_docs": ["Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but"]}
{"query": "Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "Soviet Union", "gold_docs": ["Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but"]}
{"query": "Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?", "answer": "the Cold War", "gold_docs": ["Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but"]}
{"query": "How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "seven", "gold_docs": ["Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but"]}
{"query": "Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "NATO", "gold_docs": ["it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO; there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis and in proxy wars. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. Its largest military engagement was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 (with the participation of all Pact nations except Albania, Romania"]}
{"query": "Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? ", "answer": "Czechoslovakia", "gold_docs": ["it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO; there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis and in proxy wars. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. Its largest military engagement was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 (with the participation of all Pact nations except Albania, Romania"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?", "answer": "Solidarity", "gold_docs": ["and East Germany), which, in part, resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than a month later. The Pact began to unravel in its entirety with the spread of the Revolutions of 1989 through the Eastern Bloc, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its electoral success in June 1989. East Germany withdrew from the Pact following reunification with West Germany in 1990. On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from the six remaining member states in Hungary. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991,"]}
{"query": "Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? ", "answer": "Czechoslovakia", "gold_docs": ["it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO; there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis and in proxy wars. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. Its largest military engagement was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 (with the participation of all Pact nations except Albania, Romania"]}
{"query": "In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? ", "answer": "1989", "gold_docs": ["and East Germany), which, in part, resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than a month later. The Pact began to unravel in its entirety with the spread of the Revolutions of 1989 through the Eastern Bloc, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its electoral success in June 1989. East Germany withdrew from the Pact following reunification with West Germany in 1990. On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from the six remaining member states in Hungary. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991,"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "Solidarity", "gold_docs": ["and East Germany), which, in part, resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than a month later. The Pact began to unravel in its entirety with the spread of the Revolutions of 1989 through the Eastern Bloc, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its electoral success in June 1989. East Germany withdrew from the Pact following reunification with West Germany in 1990. On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from the six remaining member states in Hungary. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991,"]}
{"query": "In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?", "answer": "Hungary", "gold_docs": ["and East Germany), which, in part, resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than a month later. The Pact began to unravel in its entirety with the spread of the Revolutions of 1989 through the Eastern Bloc, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its electoral success in June 1989. East Germany withdrew from the Pact following reunification with West Germany in 1990. On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from the six remaining member states in Hungary. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991,"]}
{"query": "Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? ", "answer": "V\u00e1clav Havel", "gold_docs": ["V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996, which was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) after Uzbekistan's addition in 2001."]}
{"query": "Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?", "answer": "the USSR", "gold_docs": ["Treaty is known as: The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commanded and controlled all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the"]}
{"query": "Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "the USSR", "gold_docs": ["Treaty is known as: The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commanded and controlled all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the"]}
{"query": "Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?", "answer": "socialism and communism", "gold_docs": ["Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces. The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. The Soviets wanted to keep their part of Europe and not let the Americans take it from them. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was"]}
{"query": "Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?", "answer": "Brezhnev", "gold_docs": ["the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union with the desire to create a buffer zone to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers. Before the creation of the Warsaw Pact, Czechoslovak leadership, fearful of a rearmed Germany, sought to create a security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against the re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming"]}
{"query": "The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?", "answer": "West Germany", "gold_docs": ["of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, like many European countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain, feared Germany being once again a military power and a direct threat. The terrible consequences of German militarism remained a fresh memory among the Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As the Soviet Union already had bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German militarism in West"]}
{"query": "Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?", "answer": "the USSR", "gold_docs": ["of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, like many European countries on both sides of the Iron Curtain, feared Germany being once again a military power and a direct threat. The terrible consequences of German militarism remained a fresh memory among the Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As the Soviet Union already had bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German militarism in West"]}
{"query": "Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?", "answer": "Molotov", "gold_docs": ["Germany, requested admission to NATO. The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January\u2013February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers' armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the so-called 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France and the United"]}
{"query": "When was reunification first proposed as an idea?", "answer": "1952", "gold_docs": ["Germany, requested admission to NATO. The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January\u2013February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers' armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the so-called 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France and the United"]}
{"query": "The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?", "answer": "the USA", "gold_docs": ["the proposal. One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by Western opponents of the European Defence Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as \"unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe\". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it"]}
{"query": "To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?", "answer": "burglar", "gold_docs": ["Ismay, a fierce supporter of NATO expansion. He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\". In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO. Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August"]}
{"query": "In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?", "answer": "1954", "gold_docs": ["Ismay, a fierce supporter of NATO expansion. He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\". In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO. Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August"]}
{"query": "Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?", "answer": "France", "gold_docs": ["Ismay, a fierce supporter of NATO expansion. He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\". In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO. Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August"]}
{"query": "In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?", "answer": "1954", "gold_docs": ["to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success. On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European"]}
{"query": "Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?", "answer": "Norway", "gold_docs": ["to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success. On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European"]}
{"query": "In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?", "answer": "May", "gold_docs": ["to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success. On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European"]}
{"query": "Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "East Germany", "gold_docs": ["collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems\" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: \"a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security\". One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the East German armed forces?", "answer": "the National People's Army", "gold_docs": ["Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany and vice versa. The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defence of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union. The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the following"]}
{"query": "How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?", "answer": "eight", "gold_docs": ["Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany and vice versa. The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defence of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union. The founding signatories to the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance consisted of the following"]}
{"query": "In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "1963", "gold_docs": ["Harriman that he would be willing to make concessions on the Berlin question. On 2 July 1963, Khrushchev proposed a partial ban on tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater, which would avoid the contentious issue of detecting underground tests. Notably, Khrushchev did not link this proposal to a moratorium on underground tests (as had been proposed earlier), but said it should be followed by a non-aggression pact between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. \"A test ban agreement combined with the signing of a non-aggression pact between the two groups of state will create a fresh international climate more"]}
{"query": "What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?", "answer": "containment", "gold_docs": ["communist governments: For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. These included the Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs invasion, Dirty War, Cambodian\u2013Vietnamese War and the others. In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed"]}
{"query": "Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?", "answer": "Europe", "gold_docs": ["communist governments: For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. These included the Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs invasion, Dirty War, Cambodian\u2013Vietnamese War and the others. In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed"]}
{"query": "In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "1956", "gold_docs": ["communist governments: For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. These included the Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs invasion, Dirty War, Cambodian\u2013Vietnamese War and the others. In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed"]}
{"query": "Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?", "answer": "Imre Nagy", "gold_docs": ["communist governments: For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. These included the Korean War, Vietnam War, Bay of Pigs invasion, Dirty War, Cambodian\u2013Vietnamese War and the others. In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed"]}
{"query": "Which country did the Pact conquer?", "answer": "Czechoslovakia", "gold_docs": ["the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens. The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania, participated in the invasion. The German Democratic Republic provided only minimal support, however. Beginning at the Cold War's conclusion, in late 1989, popular civil and political public discontent forced the Communist governments of the Warsaw Treaty countries from power, while independent national politics made feasible with"]}
{"query": "In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?", "answer": "Hungary", "gold_docs": ["V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996, which was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) after Uzbekistan's addition in 2001."]}
{"query": "In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?", "answer": "1989", "gold_docs": ["the \"perestroika\" and \"glasnost\" induced institutional collapse of Communist government in the USSR. Between 1989 and 1991, Communist governments were overthrown in Albania, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. As the last acts of the Cold War were playing out, several Warsaw Pact states (Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary) participated in the U.S.-led coalition effort to liberate Kuwait in the Gulf War. On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President"]}
{"query": "For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?", "answer": "36", "gold_docs": ["V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996, which was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) after Uzbekistan's addition in 2001."]}
{"query": "Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?", "answer": "Albania", "gold_docs": ["V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996, which was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) after Uzbekistan's addition in 2001."]}
{"query": "In which year did Poland join NATO?", "answer": "1999", "gold_docs": ["V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996, which was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) after Uzbekistan's addition in 2001."]}
{"query": "In which year did Slovakia join NATO? ", "answer": "2004", "gold_docs": ["V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. Russia and some other post-USSR states joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in 1992, or the Shanghai Five in 1996, which was renamed the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) after Uzbekistan's addition in 2001."]}
{"query": "In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?", "answer": "2005", "gold_docs": ["In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, which published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, \"Seven Days to the River Rhine\" \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defence, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a"]}
{"query": "How many documents remain classified?", "answer": "70", "gold_docs": ["In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, which published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, \"Seven Days to the River Rhine\" \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defence, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?", "answer": "Seven Days to the River Rhine", "gold_docs": ["In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, which published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, \"Seven Days to the River Rhine\" \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defence, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a"]}
{"query": "In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?", "answer": "1979", "gold_docs": ["1979 field training exercise war game and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the Polish People's Republic was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets, though these numbers may differ. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, \"Seven Days to the River Rhine\" gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory. Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven"]}
{"query": "What is materialism?", "answer": "a form of philosophical monism", "gold_docs": ["definitions for what constitutes matter, leaving the term \"materialism\" without any definite meaning. Chomsky also states that since the concept of matter may be affected by new scientific discoveries, as has happened in the past, scientific materialists are being dogmatic in assuming the opposite. a. Indeed, it has been noted it is difficult if not impossible to define one category without contrasting it with the other. Materialism Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are results of material interactions. In Idealism,"]}
{"query": "In nature, this is an essential substance?", "answer": "matter", "gold_docs": ["definitions for what constitutes matter, leaving the term \"materialism\" without any definite meaning. Chomsky also states that since the concept of matter may be affected by new scientific discoveries, as has happened in the past, scientific materialists are being dogmatic in assuming the opposite. a. Indeed, it has been noted it is difficult if not impossible to define one category without contrasting it with the other. Materialism Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental aspects and consciousness, are results of material interactions. In Idealism,"]}
{"query": "What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?", "answer": "spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter", "gold_docs": ["matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous. Philosophies contradictory to materialism or physicalism include idealism, pluralism, dualism, and other forms of monism. Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all"]}
{"query": "Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?", "answer": "Materialism", "gold_docs": ["matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous. Philosophies contradictory to materialism or physicalism include idealism, pluralism, dualism, and other forms of monism. Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all"]}
{"query": "What class does materialism belong to?", "answer": "monist ontology", "gold_docs": ["matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous. Philosophies contradictory to materialism or physicalism include idealism, pluralism, dualism, and other forms of monism. Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all"]}
{"query": "What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "answer": "\"what does reality consist of?\"", "gold_docs": ["philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: idealism and materialism. The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. The materialist view is perhaps"]}
{"query": "What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "answer": "\"how does it originate?\"", "gold_docs": ["philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: idealism and materialism. The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. The materialist view is perhaps"]}
{"query": "An idealist considers what as the most important?", "answer": "spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)", "gold_docs": ["philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: idealism and materialism. The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. The materialist view is perhaps"]}
{"query": "A materialist considers what as the most important?", "answer": "matter", "gold_docs": ["philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: idealism and materialism. The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. The materialist view is perhaps"]}
{"query": "Materialism does not define what?", "answer": "how material substance should be characterized.", "gold_docs": ["best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by Ren\u00e9 Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another. Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description\u2014typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material"]}
{"query": "What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?", "answer": "dialectical materialism", "gold_docs": ["of \"matter\" is elusive and poorly defined. Materialism typically contrasts with dualism, phenomenalism, idealism, vitalism, and dual-aspect monism. Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of determinism, as espoused by Enlightenment thinkers. During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a \"materialist conception of history\" centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists, such as Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky developed the notion of dialectical materialism which"]}
{"query": "Who coined the Axial Age?", "answer": "Karl Jaspers", "gold_docs": ["characterized later Marxist philosophy and method. Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age ( 800\u2013200 BC). In ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school ( 600 BC \u2013 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism"]}
{"query": "In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?", "answer": "Eurasia", "gold_docs": ["characterized later Marxist philosophy and method. Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age ( 800\u2013200 BC). In ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school ( 600 BC \u2013 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism"]}
{"query": "Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?", "answer": "600 BC", "gold_docs": ["characterized later Marxist philosophy and method. Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age ( 800\u2013200 BC). In ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school ( 600 BC \u2013 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism"]}
{"query": "At that time, who helped develop materialism?", "answer": "Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy", "gold_docs": ["characterized later Marxist philosophy and method. Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age ( 800\u2013200 BC). In ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school ( 600 BC \u2013 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism"]}
{"query": "What school advanced atomism?", "answer": "Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school", "gold_docs": ["characterized later Marxist philosophy and method. Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age ( 800\u2013200 BC). In ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school ( 600 BC \u2013 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism"]}
{"query": "Materialism is linked to what?", "answer": "reductionism", "gold_docs": ["best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by Ren\u00e9 Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another. Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description\u2014typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material"]}
{"query": "De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?", "answer": "Lucretius", "gold_docs": ["and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition. Ancient Greek atomists like Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem \"De Rerum Natura\" by Lucretius (99 BC \u2013 c. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called \"atoms\" (literally: \"indivisibles\"). \"De Rerum Natura\" provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like \"nothing can touch body but body\" first appeared in the works of Lucretius."]}
{"query": "What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?", "answer": "mechanistic explanations", "gold_docs": ["and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition. Ancient Greek atomists like Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem \"De Rerum Natura\" by Lucretius (99 BC \u2013 c. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called \"atoms\" (literally: \"indivisibles\"). \"De Rerum Natura\" provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like \"nothing can touch body but body\" first appeared in the works of Lucretius."]}
{"query": "Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?", "answer": "materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy", "gold_docs": ["Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being \"another kind\" of being, indicating that the definition of \"materialism\" is wider than given scope for in this article. Wang Chong (27 \u2013 c. 100 AD) was a Chinese thinker of the early Common Era said to be a materialist. Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work \"Tattvopaplavasimha\" (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When"]}
{"query": "What is Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "answer": "a digest of all philosophies", "gold_docs": ["Madhavacharya compiled \"Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha\" (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no C\u0101rv\u0101ka/Lok\u0101yata text to quote from, or even refer to. In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, \"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan\" (\"Philosophus Autodidactus\"), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism. Thomas Hobbes (1588\u20131679) and Pierre Gassendi (1592\u20131665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596\u20131650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist \"abb\u00e9\" Jean Meslier (1664\u20131729) and the works of the French"]}
{"query": "Who wrote the Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "answer": "Madhavacharya", "gold_docs": ["Madhavacharya compiled \"Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha\" (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no C\u0101rv\u0101ka/Lok\u0101yata text to quote from, or even refer to. In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, \"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan\" (\"Philosophus Autodidactus\"), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism. Thomas Hobbes (1588\u20131679) and Pierre Gassendi (1592\u20131665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596\u20131650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist \"abb\u00e9\" Jean Meslier (1664\u20131729) and the works of the French"]}
{"query": "Who wrote \"The Essence of Christianity\"?", "answer": "Ludwig Feuerbach", "gold_docs": ["materialists: Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Baron d'Holbach (1723\u20131789), Denis Diderot (1713\u20131784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers. In England John \"Walking\" Stewart (1747\u20131822) insisted in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770\u20131850). In late modern philosophy, German dialectical materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, \"The Essence of Christianity\" (1841), which presented a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Another notable school of naturalist thought that developed in the middle"]}
{"query": "In what year was \"The Essence of Christianity\" written?", "answer": "1841", "gold_docs": ["materialists: Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Baron d'Holbach (1723\u20131789), Denis Diderot (1713\u20131784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers. In England John \"Walking\" Stewart (1747\u20131822) insisted in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770\u20131850). In late modern philosophy, German dialectical materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, \"The Essence of Christianity\" (1841), which presented a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Another notable school of naturalist thought that developed in the middle"]}
{"query": "What did the author of \"The Essence of Christianity\" consider religion to be?", "answer": "the outward projection of man's inward nature", "gold_docs": ["materialists: Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Baron d'Holbach (1723\u20131789), Denis Diderot (1713\u20131784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers. In England John \"Walking\" Stewart (1747\u20131822) insisted in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770\u20131850). In late modern philosophy, German dialectical materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, \"The Essence of Christianity\" (1841), which presented a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Another notable school of naturalist thought that developed in the middle"]}
{"query": "The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?", "answer": "Karl Marx", "gold_docs": ["of the 19th century was German materialism: members included Ludwig B\u00fcchner, Jacob Moleschott, and Karl Vogt. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx, who in the late 19th century elaborated the concept of historical materialism, which is the basis for what Marx and Engels outlined as scientific socialism: Later, Vladimir Lenin outlined philosophical materialism in his book \"Materialism and Empirio-criticism\", which connected the political conceptions put forth by his opponents to their anti-materialist philosophies. Therein, Lenin attempted to answer questions concerning matter, experience, sensations, space and time, causality, and freedom. Contemporary Continental philosopher Gilles Deleuze has attempted to rework"]}
{"query": "In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?", "answer": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory", "gold_docs": ["Zakiyyah Iman Jackson, however, have critiqued this body of new materialist literature for its neglect in considering the materiality of race and gender in particular. Other scholars such as H\u00e9lene Vosters have questioned whether there is anything particularly \"new\" about this so-called \"new materialism\", as Indigenous and other animist ontologies have attested to what might be called the \"vibrancy of matter\" for centuries. Contemporary analytic philosophers\u2014e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor\u2014operate within a broadly physicalist or scientific materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory,"]}
{"query": "What is hyle?", "answer": "matter", "gold_docs": ["Reductive materialism being at one end of a continuum (our theories will \"reduce\" to facts) and eliminative materialism on the other (certain theories will need to be \"eliminated\" in light of new facts), Revisionary materialism is somewhere in the middle. The nature and definition of matter\u2014like other key concepts in science and philosophy\u2014have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is"]}
{"query": "Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?", "answer": "matter and energy", "gold_docs": ["it lacking them (prima materia)? One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. According to"]}
{"query": "Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?", "answer": "energy", "gold_docs": ["it lacking them (prima materia)? One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. According to"]}
{"query": "Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?", "answer": "fields", "gold_docs": ["it lacking them (prima materia)? One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. According to"]}
{"query": "Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?", "answer": "Lambda-CDM model", "gold_docs": ["the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy\u2014with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of. With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said \"The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct"]}
{"query": "What type of matter does the model consider it to be?", "answer": "dark matter", "gold_docs": ["the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy\u2014with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of. With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said \"The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct"]}
{"query": "Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?", "answer": "things", "gold_docs": ["'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things.\" Likewise, some philosophers feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms \"materialism\" and \"physicalism\" interchangeably. The concept of matter has changed in response to new scientific discoveries. Thus materialism has no definite content independent of the particular theory of matter on which it is based. According to Noam Chomsky, any property can be considered material, if one defines matter such that it has that property. George Stack distinguishes between materialism and"]}
{"query": "What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?", "answer": "The Matter Myth", "gold_docs": ["John Gribbin\u2014have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book \"The Matter Myth\", the first chapter of which, \"The Death of Materialism\", contained the following passage: Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Famous physicist and proponent of digital physics John Archibald Wheeler wrote \"all matter and all things physical are information-theoretic in origin and this is a participatory universe.\" Their objections were also shared by some founders"]}
{"query": "Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?", "answer": "information", "gold_docs": ["John Gribbin\u2014have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book \"The Matter Myth\", the first chapter of which, \"The Death of Materialism\", contained the following passage: Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Famous physicist and proponent of digital physics John Archibald Wheeler wrote \"all matter and all things physical are information-theoretic in origin and this is a participatory universe.\" Their objections were also shared by some founders"]}
{"query": "Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?", "answer": "Christians", "gold_docs": ["other man. He strongly influenced Early Medieval Christian Philosophy. Perhaps the key subject in this was Logos. Some early Christians, influenced by neoplatonism, identified the Neoplatonic One, or God, with Yahweh. The most influential of these would be Origen, the pupil of Ammonius Saccas; and the fifth-century author known as Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, whose works were translated by John Scotus in the ninth century for the West. Both authors had a lasting influence on Eastern Orthodox and Western Christianity, and the development of contemplative and mystical practices and theology. Neoplatonism also had links with Gnosticism, which Plotinus rebuked in his"]}
{"query": "If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?", "answer": "materialism", "gold_docs": ["co-eternal with God. Kant argued against all three forms of materialism, subjective idealism (which he contrasts with his \"transcendental idealism\") and mind\u2013body dualism. However, Kant also argues that change and time require an enduring substrate, and does so in connection with his refutation of idealism. Postmodern/poststructuralist thinkers also express a skepticism about any all-encompassing metaphysical scheme. Philosopher Mary Midgley, among others, argues that materialism is a self-refuting idea, at least in its eliminative form. An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is \"ipso facto\" an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as"]}
{"query": "Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?", "answer": "dual-aspect monism", "gold_docs": ["process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely. Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls \"promissory materialism\"\u2014claims that materialistic science \"will\" eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers \"dual-aspect monism\" to materialism. Some scientific materialists have been criticized, for example by Noam Chomsky, for failing to provide clear"]}
{"query": "On what date did the Space Race begin?", "answer": "August 2, 1955", "gold_docs": ["human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The Space Race began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to the first successful launch, with the October 4, 1957, orbiting of \"Sputnik 1\", and later beat the US to have the first human in earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The \"race\" peaked with the July 20, 1969,"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person in space?", "answer": "Yuri Gagarin", "gold_docs": ["human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The Space Race began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to the first successful launch, with the October 4, 1957, orbiting of \"Sputnik 1\", and later beat the US to have the first human in earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The \"race\" peaked with the July 20, 1969,"]}
{"query": "What was the date that the first human reached space?", "answer": "April 12, 1961", "gold_docs": ["human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The Space Race began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to the first successful launch, with the October 4, 1957, orbiting of \"Sputnik 1\", and later beat the US to have the first human in earth orbit, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The \"race\" peaked with the July 20, 1969,"]}
{"query": "Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?", "answer": "Germany", "gold_docs": ["flourished. The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites, and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station. It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development, which led to beneficial spin-off technologies. The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal"]}
{"query": "What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?", "answer": "liquid-fueled rockets", "gold_docs": ["flourished. The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites, and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station. It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development, which led to beneficial spin-off technologies. The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal"]}
{"query": "What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program?", "answer": "Wernher von Braun", "gold_docs": ["that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space"]}
{"query": "Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?", "answer": "World War II", "gold_docs": ["flourished. The Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites, and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station. It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development, which led to beneficial spin-off technologies. The origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles capable of sub-orbital spaceflight. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal"]}
{"query": "A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?", "answer": "1932", "gold_docs": ["that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space"]}
{"query": "What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II?", "answer": "technical director of the ballistic missile program", "gold_docs": ["with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenem\u00fcnde army rocket center, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They led the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space?", "answer": "the Aggregate-4", "gold_docs": ["with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenem\u00fcnde army rocket center, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They led the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile"]}
{"query": "During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?", "answer": "General Dornberger", "gold_docs": ["with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenem\u00fcnde army rocket center, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They led the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile"]}
{"query": "When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?", "answer": "1942 and 1943", "gold_docs": ["with rockets and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenem\u00fcnde army rocket center, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They led the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile"]}
{"query": "After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture?", "answer": "Germany's rocket engineers", "gold_docs": ["with a range carrying a warhead at . Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the"]}
{"query": "What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?", "answer": "Operation Paperclip", "gold_docs": ["German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. The German rocket center in Peenem\u00fcnde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He"]}
{"query": "The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?", "answer": "V2 rockets", "gold_docs": ["German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. The German rocket center in Peenem\u00fcnde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He"]}
{"query": "Who led the Soviet rocket engineers", "answer": "Sergei Korolev", "gold_docs": ["German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. The German rocket center in Peenem\u00fcnde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He"]}
{"query": "Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?", "answer": "Siberia", "gold_docs": ["east of Siberia, where he spent several months in a gold mine in the Kolyma area before word reached him of his retrial. Work camp conditions of inadequate food, shelter, and clothing killed thousands of prisoners each month. Korolev sustained injuries and lost most of his teeth from scurvy before being returned to Moscow in late 1939. When he reached Moscow, Korolev's sentence was reduced to eight years to be served in a \"sharashka\" penitentiary for intellectuals and the educated. These were effectively slave-labor camps where scientists and engineers worked on projects assigned by the Communist party leadership. The \"Central"]}
{"query": "What was his \"secret\" title after World War II?", "answer": "the Chief Designer", "gold_docs": ["had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. After almost a year in the area around Peenem\u00fcnde, Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and"]}
{"query": "Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?", "answer": "Sergei Korolev", "gold_docs": ["German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. The German rocket center in Peenem\u00fcnde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He"]}
{"query": "What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?", "answer": "1938", "gold_docs": ["had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. After almost a year in the area around Peenem\u00fcnde, Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and"]}
{"query": "Sergei Korolev died in what year?", "answer": "1966", "gold_docs": ["had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. After almost a year in the area around Peenem\u00fcnde, Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and"]}
{"query": "After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?", "answer": "USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer", "gold_docs": ["had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Gulag. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. After almost a year in the area around Peenem\u00fcnde, Soviet officials conducted Operation Osoaviakhim and"]}
{"query": "What year was the R1 rocket born?", "answer": "1948", "gold_docs": ["A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Gr\u00f6ttrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951\u201353. The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921, yet he had not been taken seriously by the public."]}
{"query": "Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?", "answer": "1921", "gold_docs": ["A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Gr\u00f6ttrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951\u201353. The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921, yet he had not been taken seriously by the public."]}
{"query": "The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?", "answer": "New Mexico", "gold_docs": ["Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team developed the Army's first operational"]}
{"query": "Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?", "answer": "1945", "gold_docs": ["Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team developed the Army's first operational"]}
{"query": "The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?", "answer": "1949", "gold_docs": ["Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team developed the Army's first operational"]}
{"query": "The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?", "answer": "Huntsville, Alabama", "gold_docs": ["Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team developed the Army's first operational"]}
{"query": "What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?", "answer": "1950", "gold_docs": ["Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team developed the Army's first operational"]}
{"query": "What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?", "answer": "1949", "gold_docs": ["the United States. The primary participants' military forces never clashed directly, but expressed this conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, a nuclear arms race, and economic and technological competitions, such as the Space Race. In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb,"]}
{"query": "What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?", "answer": "the hydrogen bomb", "gold_docs": ["with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and"]}
{"query": "ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?", "answer": "intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles", "gold_docs": ["with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and"]}
{"query": "The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?", "answer": "Strategic Air Command", "gold_docs": ["political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads. For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its"]}
{"query": "During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?", "answer": "1950s", "gold_docs": ["with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and"]}
{"query": "How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?", "answer": "27 million", "gold_docs": ["political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads. For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its"]}
{"query": "The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?", "answer": "1941", "gold_docs": ["political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads. For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its"]}
{"query": "Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?", "answer": "1949", "gold_docs": ["former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste to its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat. In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7"]}
{"query": "In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?", "answer": "1947", "gold_docs": ["former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste to its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat. In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7"]}
{"query": "What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?", "answer": "air force", "gold_docs": ["former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste to its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat. In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7"]}
{"query": "Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?", "answer": "Korolev", "gold_docs": ["former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste to its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat. In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7"]}
{"query": " R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?", "answer": "German G-4", "gold_docs": ["Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957, and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It was later used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives launched all piloted Soviet spacecraft. The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own"]}
{"query": "When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?", "answer": "August 21, 1957", "gold_docs": ["Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957, and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It was later used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives launched all piloted Soviet spacecraft. The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own"]}
{"query": "The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?", "answer": "1945", "gold_docs": ["ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, later served as a nuclear ICBM and"]}
{"query": "What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?", "answer": "MX-774", "gold_docs": ["ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, later served as a nuclear ICBM and"]}
{"query": "The MX-774 was tested in what year?", "answer": "1947", "gold_docs": ["ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, later served as a nuclear ICBM and"]}
{"query": "The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?", "answer": "Cape Canaveral", "gold_docs": ["ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, later served as a nuclear ICBM and"]}
{"query": "The Atlas-A first launched on what date?", "answer": "June 11, 1957", "gold_docs": ["ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, later served as a nuclear ICBM and"]}
{"query": "Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?", "answer": "James C. Hagerty", "gold_docs": ["\"starting line\" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch \"small Earth circling satellites\" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced"]}
{"query": "The starting date for the Space Race was which date?", "answer": "August 30, 1955", "gold_docs": ["his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the \"near future\". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the \"de facto\" start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret. Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over , might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was"]}
{"query": "A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?", "answer": "September 20, 1956", "gold_docs": ["von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology. Korolev received word about von Braun's 1956 Jupiter-C test, but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed, he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit. Since his R-7 was substantially more powerful than any"]}
{"query": "The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?", "answer": "Vanguard", "gold_docs": ["project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Soviet delegate offered the US representative aid \"under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations.\" Only in the wake of this"]}
{"query": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?", "answer": "Florida", "gold_docs": ["project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Soviet delegate offered the US representative aid \"under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations.\" Only in the wake of this"]}
{"query": "in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?", "answer": "Jupiter-C rocket", "gold_docs": ["very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the US's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring. On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of \"Sputnik 1\", von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite \"Explorer"]}
{"query": "Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson", "gold_docs": ["ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments. On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed"]}
{"query": "The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?", "answer": "1958", "gold_docs": ["ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments. On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed"]}
{"query": "What was NASA called before it became NASA?", "answer": "National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics", "gold_docs": ["into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs. On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms"]}
{"query": "The first US satellite was launched on what date?", "answer": "April 2, 1958", "gold_docs": ["ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments. On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed"]}
{"query": "The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?", "answer": "July 1, 1960", "gold_docs": ["into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs. On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms"]}
{"query": "Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?", "answer": "von Braun", "gold_docs": ["into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs. On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms"]}
{"query": "How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?", "answer": "4", "gold_docs": ["on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the"]}
{"query": "The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?", "answer": "1959", "gold_docs": ["of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA. In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959. The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking"]}
{"query": "The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?", "answer": "NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "gold_docs": ["on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the"]}
{"query": "The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?", "answer": "Ranger 4", "gold_docs": ["on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the"]}
{"query": "The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?", "answer": "July 31, 1964", "gold_docs": ["Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964. By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his capsule in an"]}
{"query": "What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?", "answer": "Luna", "gold_docs": ["of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA. In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959. The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking"]}
{"query": "Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?", "answer": "the USSR", "gold_docs": ["Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964. By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his capsule in an"]}
{"query": "The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?", "answer": "Vostok 1", "gold_docs": ["emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at , and landing by parachute. The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) credited Gagarin with the world's first human space flight, although their qualifying rules for"]}
{"query": "How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?", "answer": "108 minutes", "gold_docs": ["emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at , and landing by parachute. The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) credited Gagarin with the world's first human space flight, although their qualifying rules for"]}
{"query": "April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?", "answer": "Cosmonautics Day", "gold_docs": ["Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official \"Commemorative Dates of Russia.\" In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations. The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch: Gagarin's informal \"poyekhali!\" became"]}
{"query": "What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?", "answer": "2011", "gold_docs": ["Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official \"Commemorative Dates of Russia.\" In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations. The radio communication between the launch control room and Gagarin included the following dialogue at the moment of rocket launch: Gagarin's informal \"poyekhali!\" became"]}
{"query": "Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?", "answer": "US Air Force", "gold_docs": ["a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc, used to refer to the beginning of the human space flight era. The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek"]}
{"query": "Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?", "answer": "Project Mercury", "gold_docs": ["a historical phrase in the Eastern Bloc, used to refer to the beginning of the human space flight era. The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek"]}
{"query": "The first American to travel into space was whom?", "answer": "Alan Shepard", "gold_docs": ["for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start uncrewed, then carry a non-human primate, then finally humans. On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named \"Freedom 7\". Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the"]}
{"query": "The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?", "answer": "Freedom 7", "gold_docs": ["for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start uncrewed, then carry a non-human primate, then finally humans. On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named \"Freedom 7\". Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the"]}
{"query": "The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?", "answer": "Alan Shepard", "gold_docs": ["for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start uncrewed, then carry a non-human primate, then finally humans. On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named \"Freedom 7\". Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the"]}
{"query": "Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "gold_docs": ["first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy. Before Gagarin's flight, US President John F. Kennedy's support for America's crewed space program was lukewarm. Jerome Wiesner of MIT, who served as a science advisor to presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, and himself an opponent of crewed space exploration, remarked, \"If Kennedy could have opted out of a big space program without hurting the"]}
{"query": "President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?", "answer": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson", "gold_docs": ["during it, was an embarrassment to his administration due to the colossal failure of the American forces. Looking for something to save political face, he sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. The two major options at the time seemed to be, either establishment of an Earth orbital space station, or a crewed landing on the Moon. Johnson, in turn, consulted with von Braun, who answered Kennedy's questions based on his"]}
{"query": "The speech by Kennedy, \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\" was delivered on what date?", "answer": "May 25", "gold_docs": ["estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability. Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first. Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\". He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus"]}
{"query": "The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?", "answer": "John Glenn", "gold_docs": ["on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the \"Friendship 7\" spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962,"]}
{"query": "When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?", "answer": "February 20, 1962", "gold_docs": ["on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the \"Friendship 7\" spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962,"]}
{"query": "John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?", "answer": "Friendship 7", "gold_docs": ["on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the \"Friendship 7\" spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962,"]}
{"query": "How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?", "answer": "3", "gold_docs": ["President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal. The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: \"Aurora 7\" on May 24, 1962, duplicated Glenn's three orbits; \"Sigma 7\" on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and \"Faith 7\" on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing"]}
{"query": "What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?", "answer": "Gherman Titov", "gold_docs": ["Project Gemini. Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight"]}
{"query": "Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?", "answer": "August 6, 1961", "gold_docs": ["Project Gemini. Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight"]}
{"query": "Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?", "answer": "Vostok 3 and Vostok 4", "gold_docs": ["Project Gemini. Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight"]}
{"query": "The first woman that went into space was whom?", "answer": "Valentina Tereshkova", "gold_docs": ["variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as , then as far apart as . There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart. The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps"]}
{"query": "What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?", "answer": "Vostok 6", "gold_docs": ["variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as , then as far apart as . There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart. The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps"]}
{"query": "The first woman to go into space was from which country?", "answer": "The USSR", "gold_docs": ["of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women. The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The \"Vostok spaceship\" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place."]}
{"query": "At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?", "answer": "July 1961 Tushino air show", "gold_docs": ["of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women. The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The \"Vostok spaceship\" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place."]}
{"query": "When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?", "answer": "September 20, 1963", "gold_docs": ["A tail section with eight fins was also added, in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary. On September 20, 1963, in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in an effort to reach the Moon. Kennedy thus changed his mind regarding the desirability of the space race, preferring instead to ease tensions with the Soviet Union by cooperating on projects such as a joint lunar landing. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected"]}
{"query": "President Kennedy was killed when?", "answer": "November 22, 1963", "gold_docs": ["Kennedy's proposal. However, on October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson. As President, Johnson"]}
{"query": "How did US President Kennedy die?", "answer": "assassination", "gold_docs": ["Kennedy's proposal. However, on October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson. As President, Johnson"]}
{"query": "Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?", "answer": "Gemini and Apollo", "gold_docs": ["steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy. Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft. Meanwhile,"]}
{"query": "What year was the Gemini project confirmed?", "answer": "1962", "gold_docs": ["steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy. Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft. Meanwhile,"]}
{"query": "How many people could the Gemini project carry?", "answer": "2", "gold_docs": ["There was a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed. On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics would not overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A"]}
{"query": "On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?", "answer": "October 12, 1964", "gold_docs": ["of missions. The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA \"spacewalk\" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew. The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to"]}
{"query": "The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?", "answer": "Voskhod 1", "gold_docs": ["of missions. The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA \"spacewalk\" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew. The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to"]}
{"query": "The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?", "answer": "1968", "gold_docs": ["safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization. This feat was not repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt-sleeve environment while in space. Between October 14\u201316, 1964, Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod"]}
{"query": "Korolev died on what date?", "answer": "January 14, 1966", "gold_docs": ["1 landed, in what was called the \"Wednesday conspiracy\". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on the race to the Moon. Voskhod 2 ended up being Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it became the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked \"the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since.\""]}
{"query": "The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date?", "answer": "March 18, 1965", "gold_docs": ["There was a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed. On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics would not overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A"]}
{"query": "Who was the first person to take a spacewalk?", "answer": "Alexey Leonov", "gold_docs": ["There was a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed. On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics would not overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A"]}
{"query": "Which of two Voskhod 2's occupants was almost killed?", "answer": "Alexey Leonov", "gold_docs": ["There was a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed. On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics would not overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A"]}
{"query": "Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?", "answer": "Apollo", "gold_docs": ["instrument compartment's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry. Though delayed a year to reach its first flight, Gemini was able to take advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet lead in piloted spaceflight. Gemini achieved several significant firsts during the course of ten piloted missions: Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts for the Apollo lunar missions."]}
{"query": "Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?", "answer": "Vladimir Chelomey", "gold_docs": ["Korolev's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight (March 1962 and May 1963), the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design. Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655-268 officially established two secret, competing crewed programs for circumlunar flights and lunar landings, on August 3, 1964. The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967, and the landings to start in 1968. The circumlunar program (Zond), created by Vladimir Chelomey's design bureau OKB-52, was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1, launched by Chelomey's Proton UR-500 rocket. The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for"]}
{"query": "Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?", "answer": "Soyuz 7K-L1", "gold_docs": ["Korolev's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight (March 1962 and May 1963), the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design. Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655-268 officially established two secret, competing crewed programs for circumlunar flights and lunar landings, on August 3, 1964. The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967, and the landings to start in 1968. The circumlunar program (Zond), created by Vladimir Chelomey's design bureau OKB-52, was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1, launched by Chelomey's Proton UR-500 rocket. The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for"]}
{"query": "The \"Lunniy Korabl\" or \"LK\" would carry how many people?", "answer": "N1", "gold_docs": ["equipment, by omitting the Soyuz orbital module. Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family. Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1/L3, for its N1 super rocket and a more advanced Soyuz 7K-L3 spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module (\"\"Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl\"\", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander (\"\"Lunniy Korabl\"\", LK), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface. The N1/L3 launch vehicle had three stages to Earth orbit, a fourth stage for Earth departure, and a fifth stage for lunar landing assist. The combined space vehicle was roughly the"]}
{"query": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?", "answer": "1959", "gold_docs": ["same height and takeoff mass as the three-stage US Apollo/ Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28%, but had only roughly half the translunar injection payload capability. Following Khruschev's ouster from power, Chelomey's Zond program was merged into the N1/L3 program. The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that"]}
{"query": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?", "answer": "United Nations", "gold_docs": ["same height and takeoff mass as the three-stage US Apollo/ Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28%, but had only roughly half the translunar injection payload capability. Following Khruschev's ouster from power, Chelomey's Zond program was merged into the N1/L3 program. The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that"]}
{"query": "A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?", "answer": "Political Committee of the UN General Assembly", "gold_docs": ["the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to \"extend the rules of international law to outer space,\" but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American/Soviet space program. The UN ultimately created a \"Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies\", which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the"]}
{"query": "The cooperative space program was passed on what date?", "answer": "December 1962", "gold_docs": ["the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to \"extend the rules of international law to outer space,\" but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American/Soviet space program. The UN ultimately created a \"Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies\", which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the"]}
{"query": "The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?", "answer": "January 27, 1967", "gold_docs": ["United Kingdom on January 27, 1967, and went into force the following October 10. This treaty: The treaty remains in force, signed by 107 member states. \u2013 In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews. On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission, Command Pilot"]}
{"query": "Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?", "answer": "Apollo and Soyuz", "gold_docs": ["United Kingdom on January 27, 1967, and went into force the following October 10. This treaty: The treaty remains in force, signed by 107 member states. \u2013 In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews. On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission, Command Pilot"]}
{"query": "The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?", "answer": "January 27, 1967", "gold_docs": ["United Kingdom on January 27, 1967, and went into force the following October 10. This treaty: The treaty remains in force, signed by 107 member states. \u2013 In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews. On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission, Command Pilot"]}
{"query": "What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?", "answer": "electrical spark", "gold_docs": ["Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Ed White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark, and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's pure oxygen atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater-than-atmospheric internal pressure. The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the"]}
{"query": "Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?", "answer": "Vladimir Komarov", "gold_docs": ["hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing. On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with"]}
{"query": "When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?", "answer": "April 24, 1967", "gold_docs": ["hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing. On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with"]}
{"query": "Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?", "answer": "October 11, 1968", "gold_docs": ["vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule. The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3"]}
{"query": "Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?", "answer": "Walter Schirra", "gold_docs": ["vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule. The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3"]}
{"query": "The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?", "answer": "October 26, 1968", "gold_docs": ["was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within of each other, then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control. He got within of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz"]}
{"query": "When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?", "answer": "January 1969", "gold_docs": ["was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within of each other, then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control. He got within of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz"]}
{"query": "Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?", "answer": "Gulf of Guinea", "gold_docs": ["9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge over the Gulf of Guinea. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR. During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending"]}
{"query": "The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?", "answer": "1968", "gold_docs": ["Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the"]}
{"query": "What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?", "answer": "tortoises", "gold_docs": ["Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the"]}
{"query": "The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?", "answer": "March 1969", "gold_docs": ["9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge over the Gulf of Guinea. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR. During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending"]}
{"query": "Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?", "answer": "Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders", "gold_docs": ["Moon. On November 10, 1968, another automated test flight, Zond 6, was launched. It encountered difficulties in Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds. On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space, on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go"]}
{"query": "What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?", "answer": "December 21, 1968", "gold_docs": ["Moon. On November 10, 1968, another automated test flight, Zond 6, was launched. It encountered difficulties in Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds. On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space, on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go"]}
{"query": "During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?", "answer": "Christmas Eve", "gold_docs": ["to another celestial body, entering lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, which concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery. The American Lunar Module was finally ready for"]}
{"query": "Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?", "answer": "Pacific", "gold_docs": ["to another celestial body, entering lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, which concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery. The American Lunar Module was finally ready for"]}
{"query": "The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?", "answer": "July 3, 1969", "gold_docs": ["The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969, was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely. Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. They trained for the"]}
{"query": "Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?", "answer": "Sea of Tranquility", "gold_docs": ["The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969, was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely. Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. They trained for the"]}
{"query": "When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?", "answer": "July 16, 1969", "gold_docs": ["mission until just before the launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida. The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named \"Eagle\", and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module \"Columbia\", began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at"]}
{"query": "What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?", "answer": "Florida", "gold_docs": ["mission until just before the launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida. The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named \"Eagle\", and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module \"Columbia\", began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at"]}
{"query": "When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?", "answer": "January 1969", "gold_docs": ["The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969, was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely. Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. They trained for the"]}
{"query": "How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?", "answer": "three days", "gold_docs": ["mission until just before the launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida. The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named \"Eagle\", and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module \"Columbia\", began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at"]}
{"query": "The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?", "answer": "Eagle", "gold_docs": ["mission until just before the launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida. The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named \"Eagle\", and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module \"Columbia\", began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at"]}
{"query": "Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?", "answer": "Armstrong", "gold_docs": ["mission until just before the launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida. The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named \"Eagle\", and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module \"Columbia\", began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at"]}
{"query": "At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?", "answer": "9:56 pm CDT July 20", "gold_docs": ["about , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin"]}
{"query": "How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?", "answer": "723 million", "gold_docs": ["about , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin"]}
{"query": "When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "answer": "July 24, 1969", "gold_docs": ["joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with \"Columbia\". Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the"]}
{"query": "Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean", "gold_docs": ["joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with \"Columbia\". Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the"]}
{"query": "When was the second landing on the Moon successful?", "answer": "November 1969", "gold_docs": ["safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon. NASA had ambitious follow-on human spaceflight plans as it reached its lunar goal, but soon discovered it had expended most of its political capital to do so. The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned"]}
{"query": "Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?", "answer": "July 1971", "gold_docs": ["in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972). In February 1969, President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program, headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew. Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA's follow-on plans, and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a"]}
{"query": "On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?", "answer": "April 1972", "gold_docs": ["in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972). In February 1969, President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program, headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew. Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA's follow-on plans, and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a"]}
{"query": "Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?", "answer": "December 1972", "gold_docs": ["in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972). In February 1969, President Richard M. Nixon convened a Space Task Group to set recommendations for the future US civilian space program, headed by his Vice President Spiro T. Agnew. Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA's follow-on plans, and the STG recommended plans to develop a reusable Space Transportation System including a"]}
{"query": "Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?", "answer": "1976", "gold_docs": ["with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future. The USSR continued trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972. Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to"]}
{"query": "The USSR launched their first space station on what date?", "answer": "April 19, 1971", "gold_docs": ["with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future. The USSR continued trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972. Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to"]}
{"query": "Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?", "answer": "Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev", "gold_docs": ["achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred. Salyut 1's orbit was"]}
{"query": "The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?", "answer": "October 11", "gold_docs": ["increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations up to 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so"]}
{"query": "How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?", "answer": "175 days", "gold_docs": ["increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations up to 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so"]}
{"query": "Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?", "answer": "rocket failure", "gold_docs": ["increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations up to 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so"]}
{"query": "The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?", "answer": "May 14, 1973", "gold_docs": ["that it would not hold pressure. All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, but some of them were covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations. The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed , was long by in diameter, with a habitable volume of . Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in"]}
{"query": "When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?", "answer": "July 11, 1979", "gold_docs": ["orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979. In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary \"thaw\" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing \"race\" began to subside. The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with"]}
{"query": "When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?", "answer": "May 1972", "gold_docs": ["orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979. In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary \"thaw\" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing \"race\" began to subside. The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with"]}
{"query": "Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?", "answer": "16", "gold_docs": ["a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP. The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975, at 12:20 UTC, and the"]}
{"query": "Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?", "answer": "July 15, 1975", "gold_docs": ["a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP. The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975, at 12:20 UTC, and the"]}
{"query": "What year did the USSR disband?", "answer": "1991", "gold_docs": ["Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. The USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program mainly passed to Russia. The United States and Russia worked together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station. The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the Space Race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the"]}
{"query": "Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?", "answer": "R-7 rocket", "gold_docs": ["Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. The USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program mainly passed to Russia. The United States and Russia worked together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station. The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the Space Race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the"]}
{"query": "The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?", "answer": "1958", "gold_docs": ["same height and takeoff mass as the three-stage US Apollo/ Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28%, but had only roughly half the translunar injection payload capability. Following Khruschev's ouster from power, Chelomey's Zond program was merged into the N1/L3 program. The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959. On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that"]}
{"query": "In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?", "answer": "the pub", "gold_docs": ["Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\". Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In"]}
{"query": "What is the term 'pub' short for?", "answer": "public house", "gold_docs": ["Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\". Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In"]}
{"query": "What continental European country has pubs?", "answer": "Denmark", "gold_docs": ["Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera \"The Archers\" is an important meeting point. Although \"British\" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of \"true\" pubs may be found around the world. In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs have opened which eschew \"theming\", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer."]}
{"query": "Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?", "answer": "Canada", "gold_docs": ["term \"bar\" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was \"public house\" as in England. A fake \"English looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. On 16 March"]}
{"query": "Who said that pubs are the heart of England?", "answer": "Samuel Pepys", "gold_docs": ["Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\". Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In"]}
{"query": "What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? ", "answer": "alehouse", "gold_docs": ["Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\". Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In"]}
{"query": "What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?", "answer": "taverns", "gold_docs": ["Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\". Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In"]}
{"query": "What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?", "answer": "alehouse", "gold_docs": ["Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\". Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In"]}
{"query": "In what century did the tied house system develop?", "answer": "19th century", "gold_docs": ["Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\". Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In"]}
{"query": "Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?", "answer": "snacks", "gold_docs": ["1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters, who would assess the quality of ale sold. Most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals and snacks. The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) is known as the pub landlord or landlady, or publican. Referred to as their \"local\" by regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer or ale or a"]}
{"query": "What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?", "answer": "pub landlord", "gold_docs": ["1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters, who would assess the quality of ale sold. Most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals and snacks. The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) is known as the pub landlord or landlady, or publican. Referred to as their \"local\" by regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer or ale or a"]}
{"query": "What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?", "answer": "publican", "gold_docs": ["1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters, who would assess the quality of ale sold. Most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals and snacks. The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) is known as the pub landlord or landlady, or publican. Referred to as their \"local\" by regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer or ale or a"]}
{"query": "Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?", "answer": "for their proximity to home or work", "gold_docs": ["1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters, who would assess the quality of ale sold. Most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals and snacks. The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) is known as the pub landlord or landlady, or publican. Referred to as their \"local\" by regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer or ale or a"]}
{"query": "What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?", "answer": "pub landlord", "gold_docs": ["1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters, who would assess the quality of ale sold. Most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals and snacks. The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) is known as the pub landlord or landlady, or publican. Referred to as their \"local\" by regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer or ale or a"]}
{"query": "What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?", "answer": "publican", "gold_docs": ["1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters, who would assess the quality of ale sold. Most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals and snacks. The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) is known as the pub landlord or landlady, or publican. Referred to as their \"local\" by regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer or ale or a"]}
{"query": "What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?", "answer": "locals", "gold_docs": ["the opening of shops on Sunday. Harris has a largely Presbyterian population that still practises sabbatarianism. Most retail outlets are shut on Sunday. Those that conduct business on Sundays are known to be regularly visited by locals attempting to convince shop owners to shut down. With the exception of the local pubs. This area has been described as the last bastion of conservative Calvinism in Britain, and there was controversy in 2006 when Calmac started a Sunday ferry service between Berneray and Harris and in 2010 between Stornoway and the mainland. Religion in the Outer Hebrides The Outer Hebrides are"]}
{"query": "Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?", "answer": "darts", "gold_docs": ["good selection, good food, a social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire on its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment, began to appear. After the"]}
{"query": "What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?", "answer": "pool or snooker", "gold_docs": ["good selection, good food, a social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire on its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment, began to appear. After the"]}
{"query": "In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?", "answer": "1970s", "gold_docs": ["modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of \"The Troubles\" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs. The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was \"tavern\", until the 1970s when the"]}
{"query": "Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?", "answer": "supermarkets", "gold_docs": ["up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants. The Lost Pubs Project listed 31,301 closed English pubs on 19 July 2016, with photographs of over 16,000. In the fifteen years to 2017 a quarter of"]}
{"query": "When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?", "answer": "the Bronze Age", "gold_docs": ["good selection, good food, a social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire on its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment, began to appear. After the"]}
{"query": "With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?", "answer": "tabernae", "gold_docs": ["good selection, good food, a social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire on its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment, began to appear. After the"]}
{"query": "How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready?", "answer": "the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole", "gold_docs": ["departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings. The Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that"]}
{"query": "What did King Edgar decree in 965?", "answer": "there should be no more than one alehouse per village", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?", "answer": "the Bronze Age", "gold_docs": ["good selection, good food, a social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire on its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment, began to appear. After the"]}
{"query": "In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?", "answer": "the 1st Century", "gold_docs": ["good selection, good food, a social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire on its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment, began to appear. After the"]}
{"query": "What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?", "answer": "tabernae", "gold_docs": ["good selection, good food, a social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s. The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire on its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment, began to appear. After the"]}
{"query": "In what century did the Romans leave Britain?", "answer": "5th Century", "gold_docs": ["departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings. The Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that"]}
{"query": "What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?", "answer": "green", "gold_docs": ["departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings. The Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that"]}
{"query": "In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?", "answer": "in monasteries", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?", "answer": "1446", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?", "answer": "Worshipful Company of Innholders", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?", "answer": "1446", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?", "answer": "1514", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?", "answer": "monasteries", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?", "answer": "pilgrimages", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "Where is an inn typically located?", "answer": "in the country or along a highway", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?", "answer": "community gathering places", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "How old are some of the inns in Europe?", "answer": "several centuries", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?", "answer": "food and drink", "gold_docs": ["there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people. Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink."]}
{"query": "What road is an inn often located near?", "answer": "highway", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?", "answer": "two", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?", "answer": "several centuries", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?", "answer": "community gathering places", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?", "answer": "accommodation", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "In what nation's pubs is food often served?", "answer": "the UK", "gold_docs": ["They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically"]}
{"query": "Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?", "answer": "The George", "gold_docs": ["they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in \"The Welcome Inn\", the name of many pubs in"]}
{"query": "In what country is \"The Welcome Inn\" frequently used as a name for pubs?", "answer": "Scotland", "gold_docs": ["Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do"]}
{"query": "Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?", "answer": "horses", "gold_docs": ["they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in \"The Welcome Inn\", the name of many pubs in"]}
{"query": "What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?", "answer": "lodging", "gold_docs": ["Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do"]}
{"query": "What is the main provision that pubs offer?", "answer": "alcohol", "gold_docs": ["Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do"]}
{"query": "What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?", "answer": "Holiday Inn", "gold_docs": ["Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do"]}
{"query": "In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?", "answer": "innkeepers", "gold_docs": ["Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do"]}
{"query": "Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?", "answer": "Inns of Court", "gold_docs": ["Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do"]}
{"query": "In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["Scotland. The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do"]}
{"query": "Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?", "answer": "Wales", "gold_docs": ["business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, gin became very popular after the government created a market for \"cuckoo grain\" or \"cuckoo malt\" (grain that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling) by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by"]}
{"query": "What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?", "answer": "the Netherlands", "gold_docs": ["barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\" \"Their Majesties\" referred to were William and Mary, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs. A further engine was invented in the late"]}
{"query": "In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?", "answer": "15th", "gold_docs": ["names like \"The Crown\", \"The Red Lion\", \"The Royal Oak\" etc. and, if they did not simply name their place \"Smith's Beer House\", they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times. There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, \"against vagabonds and beggers\" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, \"to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take"]}
{"query": "In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?", "answer": "17th", "gold_docs": ["2012, Malcolm McDowell (with fellow English actor Gary Oldman in attendance to pay tribute) received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, aptly outside the Pig n\u2019 Whistle British pub on Hollywood Boulevard. Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel"]}
{"query": "What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?", "answer": "commercial breweries", "gold_docs": ["in ensuring adequate quality and strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually men became involved in brewing and organized themselves into guilds such as the Brewers Guild in London of 1342 and the Edinburgh Society of Brewers in 1598. As brewing became more organized and reliable many inns and taverns ceased brewing for themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries. An ale-conner, sometimes \"aleconner\", was an officer appointed yearly at the court-leet of ancient English communities to ensure the goodness and wholesomeness of bread, ale, and beer. There were many different names for this position, which varied"]}
{"query": "After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?", "answer": "the Glorious Revolution", "gold_docs": ["business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, gin became very popular after the government created a market for \"cuckoo grain\" or \"cuckoo malt\" (grain that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling) by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by"]}
{"query": "What people introduced gin to England?", "answer": "the Dutch", "gold_docs": ["business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales. The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, gin became very popular after the government created a market for \"cuckoo grain\" or \"cuckoo malt\" (grain that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling) by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by"]}
{"query": "How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?", "answer": "six times", "gold_docs": ["increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and, because of its cheapness, it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to the ruination and degradation of the working classes. The different effects of beer and gin were illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings \"Beer Street\" and \"Gin Lane\". The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to"]}
{"query": "In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?", "answer": "half", "gold_docs": ["increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and, because of its cheapness, it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to the ruination and degradation of the working classes. The different effects of beer and gin were illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings \"Beer Street\" and \"Gin Lane\". The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to"]}
{"query": "What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?", "answer": "William Hogarth", "gold_docs": ["increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and, because of its cheapness, it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to the ruination and degradation of the working classes. The different effects of beer and gin were illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings \"Beer Street\" and \"Gin Lane\". The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to"]}
{"query": "What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?", "answer": "The Gin Act 1736", "gold_docs": ["increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and, because of its cheapness, it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops. The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to the ruination and degradation of the working classes. The different effects of beer and gin were illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings \"Beer Street\" and \"Gin Lane\". The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to"]}
{"query": "When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? ", "answer": "1742", "gold_docs": ["riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly"]}
{"query": "What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?", "answer": "Sketches by Boz", "gold_docs": ["riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly"]}
{"query": "Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?", "answer": "1835\u20131836", "gold_docs": ["riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly"]}
{"query": "What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?", "answer": "\"Gin Palaces\"", "gold_docs": ["riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly"]}
{"query": "In what British city did gin houses first appear?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly"]}
{"query": "What law allowed the existence of beer houses?", "answer": "Beer Act of 1830", "gold_docs": ["came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. Under a banner of \"reducing public drunkenness\" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced \"beer houses\", a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol. At the time, beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer"]}
{"query": "In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?", "answer": "low alcohol content", "gold_docs": ["came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. Under a banner of \"reducing public drunkenness\" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced \"beer houses\", a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol. At the time, beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer"]}
{"query": "What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?", "answer": "gin", "gold_docs": ["very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went. Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to \u00a3 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items"]}
{"query": "What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?", "answer": "reducing public drunkenness", "gold_docs": ["came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes. Under a banner of \"reducing public drunkenness\" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced \"beer houses\", a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol. At the time, beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer"]}
{"query": "What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?", "answer": "beer or cider", "gold_docs": ["very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went. Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to \u00a3 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items"]}
{"query": "On what day were beer houses closed?", "answer": "Sundays", "gold_docs": ["was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and"]}
{"query": "Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?", "answer": "jugs", "gold_docs": ["was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and"]}
{"query": "What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?", "answer": "spirits and fortified wines", "gold_docs": ["very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went. Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to \u00a3 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items"]}
{"query": "How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?", "answer": "46,000", "gold_docs": ["was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers. In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and"]}
{"query": "In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?", "answer": "1869", "gold_docs": ["hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses continued to rise; in some towns nearly every other house in a street might be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control. New licensing laws were introduced making harder to get a licence, and the regime which operates today was established. Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did"]}
{"query": "By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?", "answer": "19th", "gold_docs": ["not close until near the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of beer houses applied for the new licences and became pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or at road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home-based beer house brewers under the 1830 Act. The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub"]}
{"query": "What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?", "answer": "real ale micro-brewers", "gold_docs": ["not close until near the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of beer houses applied for the new licences and became pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or at road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home-based beer house brewers under the 1830 Act. The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub"]}
{"query": "Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?", "answer": "The Red Lion", "gold_docs": ["names like \"The Crown\", \"The Red Lion\", \"The Royal Oak\" etc. and, if they did not simply name their place \"Smith's Beer House\", they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times. There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, \"against vagabonds and beggers\" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, \"to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a name for a beer house?", "answer": "Smith's Beer House", "gold_docs": ["names like \"The Crown\", \"The Red Lion\", \"The Royal Oak\" etc. and, if they did not simply name their place \"Smith's Beer House\", they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times. There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, \"against vagabonds and beggers\" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, \"to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take"]}
{"query": "In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?", "answer": "ale", "gold_docs": ["suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions.\" More legislation was introduced in the following centuries, together with licence fees, which became in income stream for the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits. From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very"]}
{"query": "In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?", "answer": "17th", "gold_docs": ["2012, Malcolm McDowell (with fellow English actor Gary Oldman in attendance to pay tribute) received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, aptly outside the Pig n\u2019 Whistle British pub on Hollywood Boulevard. Pub A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and Australian cultures. In many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel"]}
{"query": "What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?", "answer": "the crown", "gold_docs": ["suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions.\" More legislation was introduced in the following centuries, together with licence fees, which became in income stream for the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits. From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very"]}
{"query": "In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?", "answer": "19th", "gold_docs": ["riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751, however, was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates. By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his \"Sketches by Boz\" (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly"]}
{"query": "In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?", "answer": "1960s", "gold_docs": ["suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions.\" More legislation was introduced in the following centuries, together with licence fees, which became in income stream for the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits. From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very"]}
{"query": "What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?", "answer": "Local Authorities", "gold_docs": ["rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005. The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub"]}
{"query": "At what locations were public house licenses granted?", "answer": "special Licensing Sessions courts", "gold_docs": ["rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005. The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub"]}
{"query": "Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?", "answer": "ex-servicemen or ex-policemen", "gold_docs": ["rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005. The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub"]}
{"query": "What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?", "answer": "Occasional Licences", "gold_docs": ["was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even \"Occasional Licences\" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as f\u00eates would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made"]}
{"query": "Where can historical licensing records be examined?", "answer": "London Metropolitan Archives centre", "gold_docs": ["by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours. The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 required the closure of all public houses in Wales on Sundays, and was not repealed until 1961. Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre. A favourite goal of the Temperance movement led by Protestant"]}
{"query": "Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?", "answer": "owner", "gold_docs": ["by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours. The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 required the closure of all public houses in Wales on Sundays, and was not repealed until 1961. Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre. A favourite goal of the Temperance movement led by Protestant"]}
{"query": "What law further restricted public houses?", "answer": "the Defence of the Realm Act", "gold_docs": ["part because there were many new leisure opportunities. The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme"]}
{"query": "In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?", "answer": "August 1914", "gold_docs": ["part because there were many new leisure opportunities. The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme"]}
{"query": "Along with the period 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "answer": "12 noon\u20132:30 pm", "gold_docs": ["part because there were many new leisure opportunities. The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?", "answer": "Pembrokeshire", "gold_docs": ["part because there were many new leisure opportunities. The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme"]}
{"query": "What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "answer": "the police", "gold_docs": ["part because there were many new leisure opportunities. The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire. There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme"]}
{"query": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?", "answer": "11 pm", "gold_docs": ["where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door"]}
{"query": "What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?", "answer": "Carlisle", "gold_docs": ["where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door"]}
{"query": "In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?", "answer": "1973", "gold_docs": ["where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door"]}
{"query": "On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?", "answer": "Sundays", "gold_docs": ["where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door"]}
{"query": "Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?", "answer": "11 pm", "gold_docs": ["of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted"]}
{"query": "What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?", "answer": "10:30 pm", "gold_docs": ["of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted"]}
{"query": "How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?", "answer": "24", "gold_docs": ["late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976. The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the"]}
{"query": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?", "answer": "12 noon", "gold_docs": ["of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted"]}
{"query": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?", "answer": "11 am", "gold_docs": ["of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins. However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted"]}
{"query": "What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?", "answer": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's", "gold_docs": ["late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976. The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the"]}
{"query": "When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?", "answer": "24 November 2005", "gold_docs": ["late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets. Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976. The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the"]}
{"query": "After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?", "answer": "the local council", "gold_docs": ["many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for"]}
{"query": "Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?", "answer": "11.30 pm", "gold_docs": ["many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for"]}
{"query": "How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?", "answer": "207,800", "gold_docs": ["many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for"]}
{"query": "What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?", "answer": "\"lock-in\"", "gold_docs": ["a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am. A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the"]}
{"query": "What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?", "answer": "Licensing Act 2003", "gold_docs": ["British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the"]}
{"query": "A law of what year prompted the existence of the \"lock-in\"?", "answer": "1915", "gold_docs": ["British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the"]}
{"query": "What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?", "answer": "allowing smoking", "gold_docs": ["remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence. Ireland banned smoking in early 2004 in pubs and clubs. In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while"]}
{"query": "When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?", "answer": "April 2007", "gold_docs": ["remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence. Ireland banned smoking in early 2004 in pubs and clubs. In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while"]}
{"query": "What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?", "answer": "July 2007", "gold_docs": ["remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence. Ireland banned smoking in early 2004 in pubs and clubs. In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while"]}
{"query": "What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?", "answer": "Carlsberg and Heineken", "gold_docs": ["others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas. By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named"]}
{"query": "What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?", "answer": "Wetherspoon", "gold_docs": ["others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas. By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named"]}
{"query": "What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?", "answer": "Balls Pond Road", "gold_docs": ["others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas. By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named"]}
{"query": "What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?", "answer": "weasel", "gold_docs": ["The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: \"Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel.\" This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his \"weasel\" to get some more. The meaning of the \"weasel\" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (\"weasel and stoat\"). A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama,"]}
{"query": "In what century did saloons become established?", "answer": "18th", "gold_docs": ["others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas. By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named"]}
{"query": "Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?", "answer": "stand-up comedy", "gold_docs": ["stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however, juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing. The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower quality beers and liquors. Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars (some"]}
{"query": "What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?", "answer": "middle-class", "gold_docs": ["pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s). This style was in marked contrast to the adjacent saloon or lounge bar, that by the early 20th century, was where male or accompanied female middle-class drinkers would drink. It had carpeted floors, upholstered seats, and a wider selection of better quality drinks that cost a penny or two more than those served in the public bar. By the mid 20th century, the standard of the public bar had generally improved. Pub patrons only had to choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age: a jukebox or dartboard). By the"]}
{"query": "What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?", "answer": "working class", "gold_docs": ["stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however, juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing. The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower quality beers and liquors. Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars (some"]}
{"query": "In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?", "answer": "4", "gold_docs": ["Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera \"The Archers\" is an important meeting point. Although \"British\" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of \"true\" pubs may be found around the world. In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs have opened which eschew \"theming\", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer."]}
{"query": "What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?", "answer": "spit and sawdust", "gold_docs": ["stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however, juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing. The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower quality beers and liquors. Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars (some"]}
{"query": "What is another name for the lounge bar?", "answer": "saloon", "gold_docs": ["pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s). This style was in marked contrast to the adjacent saloon or lounge bar, that by the early 20th century, was where male or accompanied female middle-class drinkers would drink. It had carpeted floors, upholstered seats, and a wider selection of better quality drinks that cost a penny or two more than those served in the public bar. By the mid 20th century, the standard of the public bar had generally improved. Pub patrons only had to choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age: a jukebox or dartboard). By the"]}
{"query": "What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?", "answer": "removal of the dividing wall or partition", "gold_docs": ["1970s, divisions between saloons and public bars were being phased out, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition. While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises. Most present day pubs now comprise one large room, although with the advent of gastropubs, some establishments have returned to maintaining distinct rooms or areas. The \"snug\" was a small private room or area which typically had access to the bar and a frosted glass window,"]}
{"query": "What is another name for the smoke room?", "answer": "snug", "gold_docs": ["set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous. Campaign for"]}
{"query": "Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?", "answer": "the parish priest", "gold_docs": ["set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous. Campaign for"]}
{"query": "What were the windows in the snug made out of?", "answer": "frosted glass", "gold_docs": ["1970s, divisions between saloons and public bars were being phased out, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition. While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises. Most present day pubs now comprise one large room, although with the advent of gastropubs, some establishments have returned to maintaining distinct rooms or areas. The \"snug\" was a small private room or area which typically had access to the bar and a frosted glass window,"]}
{"query": "How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?", "answer": "50,000", "gold_docs": ["Real Ale (CAMRA) have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved. Until the early 19th century, beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in beer gardens and some other drinking establishments in Germany. Beer would be tapped directly from a barrel sat on a table, or kept in a separate taproom and brought out in jugs. Gin houses of this time had developed"]}
{"query": "In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?", "answer": "bring the beer out to the table", "gold_docs": ["Real Ale (CAMRA) have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved. Until the early 19th century, beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in beer gardens and some other drinking establishments in Germany. Beer would be tapped directly from a barrel sat on a table, or kept in a separate taproom and brought out in jugs. Gin houses of this time had developed"]}
{"query": "What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?", "answer": "gin houses", "gold_docs": ["from gin shops and the serving counter had stayed, as part of that evolution. The feature was adopted by public houses and began to appear in them from the 1820s. The main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. Other, more private, rooms had no serving bar and had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in central or northern England which still retain this set up but these"]}
{"query": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?", "answer": "Brierley Hill", "gold_docs": ["days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the \"vault\", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming. Isambard Kingdom"]}
{"query": "What do the locals call The Vine?", "answer": "The Bull and Bladder", "gold_docs": ["days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the \"vault\", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming. Isambard Kingdom"]}
{"query": "What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?", "answer": "engineer and railway builder", "gold_docs": ["Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar. A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar. The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d."]}
{"query": "What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?", "answer": "British", "gold_docs": ["Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar. A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar. The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d."]}
{"query": "What is the function of a \"beer engine\"?", "answer": "to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar", "gold_docs": ["Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar. A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar. The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d."]}
{"query": "Who invented the beer pump in England?", "answer": "John Lofting", "gold_docs": ["Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: \"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30"]}
{"query": "In what city was the beer pump invented?", "answer": "London", "gold_docs": ["Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: \"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30"]}
{"query": "In what country was John Lofting born?", "answer": "Netherlands", "gold_docs": ["Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar. A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar. The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d."]}
{"query": "What was the death year of John Lofting?", "answer": "1742", "gold_docs": ["Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: \"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30"]}
{"query": "When was John Lofting born?", "answer": "1659", "gold_docs": ["over 2 million thimbles per year. John Lofting John Lofting (1659 \u2013 15 June 1742, London), originally Jan Loftingh, was an engineer and entrepreneur from the Netherlands. His parents were Herman and Johanna. He moved to London, England, before 1686. He patented two inventions: the \"sucking worm engine\" (a fire engine) and a horse-powered thimble knurling machine. His mill was set up in Islington, where Lofting Road is named after him. However, in or about 1700, he moved his main operation to Great Marlow in Buckinghamshire to take advantage of the River Thames' ability to turn a water wheel which"]}
{"query": "In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?", "answer": "London Gazette", "gold_docs": ["Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: \"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30"]}
{"query": "On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?", "answer": "17 March 1691", "gold_docs": ["Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: \"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30"]}
{"query": "How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?", "answer": "20 to 30", "gold_docs": ["Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London. The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: \"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30"]}
{"query": "What location did John Lofting live near?", "answer": "St Thomas Apostle London", "gold_docs": ["barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\" \"Their Majesties\" referred to were William and Mary, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs. A further engine was invented in the late"]}
{"query": "In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?", "answer": "Islington", "gold_docs": ["barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\" \"Their Majesties\" referred to were William and Mary, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs. A further engine was invented in the late"]}
{"query": "What was William Tillcar's profession?", "answer": "Turner", "gold_docs": ["barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\" \"Their Majesties\" referred to were William and Mary, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs. A further engine was invented in the late"]}
{"query": "What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?", "answer": "Sun Tavern", "gold_docs": ["barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\" \"Their Majesties\" referred to were William and Mary, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs. A further engine was invented in the late"]}
{"query": "What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?", "answer": "handpump", "gold_docs": ["eighteenth century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748\u20131814). Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle. After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a"]}
{"query": "Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?", "answer": "gas", "gold_docs": ["eighteenth century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748\u20131814). Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle. After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a"]}
{"query": "What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?", "answer": "a Free house", "gold_docs": ["eighteenth century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748\u20131814). Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle. After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a"]}
{"query": "In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?", "answer": "18th", "gold_docs": ["eighteenth century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748\u20131814). Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle. After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a"]}
{"query": "What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?", "answer": "landlord", "gold_docs": ["tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie. A trend in the late"]}
{"query": "What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?", "answer": "Shepherd Neame", "gold_docs": ["20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery\u2014in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house\u2014or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade"]}
{"query": "What London breweries each own many pubs?", "answer": "Young's and Fuller's", "gold_docs": ["20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery\u2014in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house\u2014or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?", "answer": "Greene King", "gold_docs": ["20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery\u2014in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house\u2014or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade"]}
{"query": "What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?", "answer": "The Beer Orders", "gold_docs": ["tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in"]}
{"query": "In what year were the Beer Orders passed?", "answer": "1989", "gold_docs": ["tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in"]}
{"query": "Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?", "answer": "O'Neill's", "gold_docs": ["tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in"]}
{"query": "What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?", "answer": "PubCo", "gold_docs": ["tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in"]}
{"query": "Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?", "answer": "PubCo", "gold_docs": ["tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in"]}
{"query": "In what country was Punch Taverns established?", "answer": "the UK", "gold_docs": ["tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers. Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in"]}
{"query": "When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?", "answer": "renamed", "gold_docs": ["renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time. In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies. A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises. A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the"]}
{"query": "What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?", "answer": "closed down", "gold_docs": ["the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery. Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often"]}
{"query": "What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?", "answer": "A brewery tap", "gold_docs": ["renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time. In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies. A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises. A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the"]}
{"query": "If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?", "answer": "the nearest pub", "gold_docs": ["renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time. In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies. A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises. A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the"]}
{"query": "What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?", "answer": "brewpub", "gold_docs": ["renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time. In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies. A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises. A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the"]}
{"query": "What is another name for a rural public house?", "answer": "country pub", "gold_docs": ["renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time. In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies. A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises. A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the"]}
{"query": "What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?", "answer": "serving travellers as coaching inns", "gold_docs": ["distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others\u2014especially those away from village centres\u2014existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns. In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a"]}
{"query": "What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?", "answer": "providing seating facilities for the consumption of food", "gold_docs": ["distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others\u2014especially those away from village centres\u2014existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns. In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a"]}
{"query": "Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?", "answer": "drinking", "gold_docs": ["venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking. The term \"roadhouse\" was originally applied to a coaching inn, but with the advent of popular travel by motor car in the 1920s and 1930s in the United Kingdom, a new type of roadhouse emerged, often located on the newly constructed arterial roads and bypasses. They were large establishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by charabanc. The largest roadhouses boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their popularity ended with the outbreak of the Second World War when recreational road travel"]}
{"query": "What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?", "answer": "theme pubs", "gold_docs": ["became impossible, and the advent of post-war drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery. Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets. Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs. The micropub movement in Britain was started by Martyn Hiller. Micropubs are small community pubs with limited opening hours, and focus strongly on local cask ale. It became easier to start"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?", "answer": "Irish pubs", "gold_docs": ["became impossible, and the advent of post-war drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery. Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets. Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs. The micropub movement in Britain was started by Martyn Hiller. Micropubs are small community pubs with limited opening hours, and focus strongly on local cask ale. It became easier to start"]}
{"query": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?", "answer": "rock pubs", "gold_docs": ["became impossible, and the advent of post-war drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery. Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets. Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs. The micropub movement in Britain was started by Martyn Hiller. Micropubs are small community pubs with limited opening hours, and focus strongly on local cask ale. It became easier to start"]}
{"query": "What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?", "answer": "strip pubs", "gold_docs": ["became impossible, and the advent of post-war drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery. Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets. Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs. The micropub movement in Britain was started by Martyn Hiller. Micropubs are small community pubs with limited opening hours, and focus strongly on local cask ale. It became easier to start"]}
{"query": "In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?", "answer": "karaoke bars", "gold_docs": ["became impossible, and the advent of post-war drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery. Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets. Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs. The micropub movement in Britain was started by Martyn Hiller. Micropubs are small community pubs with limited opening hours, and focus strongly on local cask ale. It became easier to start"]}
{"query": "Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?", "answer": "Richard II", "gold_docs": ["a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005. In 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector. Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a"]}
{"query": "In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?", "answer": "1393", "gold_docs": ["a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005. In 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector. Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a"]}
{"query": "What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?", "answer": "John", "gold_docs": ["a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005. In 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector. Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a"]}
{"query": "What was John Shakespeare's profession?", "answer": "inspectors", "gold_docs": ["a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005. In 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector. Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a"]}
{"query": "If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?", "answer": "forfeit his ale", "gold_docs": ["a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005. In 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector. Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a"]}
{"query": "From where did pubs without written names derive their names?", "answer": "the illustration on the pub's sign", "gold_docs": ["large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign. The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In"]}
{"query": "Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?", "answer": "Latin", "gold_docs": ["some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions. Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are"]}
{"query": "Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?", "answer": "The Cross", "gold_docs": ["some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions. Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are"]}
{"query": "What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?", "answer": "the coat of arms", "gold_docs": ["some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions. Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are"]}
{"query": "What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?", "answer": "hops", "gold_docs": ["large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign. The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In"]}
{"query": "Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?", "answer": "farming", "gold_docs": ["some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions. Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are"]}
{"query": "What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?", "answer": "Trafalgar", "gold_docs": ["some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions. Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are"]}
{"query": "What town is The Crow and Gate located in?", "answer": "Crowborough", "gold_docs": ["in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called \"The Crow and Gate\" had for some years an image of a crow with gates as wings. A \"British Pathe News\" film of 1956 shows artist Michael Farrar-Bell at work producing inn signs. Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have"]}