id int64 225 5.32k | context stringlengths 2.88k 70.8k | question stringlengths 11 194 | answers dict | is_impossible bool 1
class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
943 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What is EGR1? | {
"answer_start": [
33378
],
"text": [
"a transcription factor"
]
} | false |
1,249 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is disease resilience? | {
"answer_start": [
738
],
"text": [
" the ability of a given host to tolerate an infection, and to return to a state of health"
]
} | false |
1,250 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What family of virus does SARS reside in? | {
"answer_start": [
972
],
"text": [
"coronavirus"
]
} | false |
1,251 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What family of virus does MERS reside in? | {
"answer_start": [
1018
],
"text": [
"coronavirus"
]
} | false |
1,252 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | When was SARS-CoV first identified? | {
"answer_start": [
1375
],
"text": [
"2003"
]
} | false |
1,253 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | How many people did SARS-CoV infect? | {
"answer_start": [
1686
],
"text": [
"8000"
]
} | false |
1,256 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What percentage of people infected with MERS-CoV died? | {
"answer_start": [
1876
],
"text": [
"35-50%"
]
} | false |
1,255 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What percentage of people infected with SARS-CoV died? | {
"answer_start": [
1743
],
"text": [
"10%"
]
} | false |
1,258 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What was the reservoir for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
1990
],
"text": [
"animal reservoirs"
]
} | false |
1,260 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What was the primary threatening clinical finding in patients infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
2395
],
"text": [
"severe lung pathology"
]
} | false |
1,262 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the relationship between SARS-CoV and acute lung injury (ALI)? | {
"answer_start": [
2418
],
"text": [
"Many infected patients have acute lung injury (ALI)"
]
} | false |
1,263 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the relationship between SARS-CoV and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? | {
"answer_start": [
2590
],
"text": [
" In some patients there is a progression to the more severe form of ALI, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)"
]
} | false |
1,265 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is required for a person to survive a serious SARS-CoV infection? | {
"answer_start": [
2762
],
"text": [
" a successful host must not only be able to clear the pathogen, but tolerate damage caused by the pathogen itself and also by the host's immune response"
]
} | false |
1,266 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | How does cell-entry differ between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
4487
],
"text": [
"SARS-CoV uses the ACE2 receptor to gain entry to cells, while MERS-CoV uses the ectopeptidase DPP4"
]
} | false |
1,267 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is a major difference in clinical progression between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
4608
],
"text": [
"Unlike SARS-CoV infection, which causes primarily a severe respiratory syndrome, MERS-CoV infection can also lead to kidney failure"
]
} | false |
1,268 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | How does transmission differ between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
4750
],
"text": [
" SARS-CoV also spreads more rapidly between hosts, while MERS-CoV has been more easily contained, but it is unclear if this is due to the affected patient populations and regions"
]
} | false |
1,269 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | How do SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV evade the immune system sensing it's genome? | {
"answer_start": [
5612
],
"text": [
"SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are contained in double membrane vesicles"
]
} | false |
1,270 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What role does initial viral titer play in the prognosis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
5976
],
"text": [
"In patients with high initial viral titers there is a poor prognosis"
]
} | false |
1,272 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the timeline of the type I interferon (IFN) response in SARS-CoV infection? | {
"answer_start": [
6297
],
"text": [
"In a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection, the type I IFN response is delayed"
]
} | false |
1,271 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | How do SARS-CoV viral proteins interact with the immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
5757
],
"text": [
"several viral proteins suppress the type I IFN response, and other aspects of innate antiviral immunity"
]
} | false |
1,273 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What was the role of corticosteroid use in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
10425
],
"text": [
"Retrospective analysis revealed that, when given at the correct time and to the appropriate patients, corticosteroid use could decrease mortality and also length of hospital stays"
]
} | false |
1,274 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the role of interferon's (IFNs) in the treatment of SARS-CoV? | {
"answer_start": [
10624
],
"text": [
" there is some evidence that simultaneous treatment with IFNs could increase the potential benefits"
]
} | false |
1,275 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What are some negative effects of decreasing immunopathology by immunomodulation? | {
"answer_start": [
11637
],
"text": [
"decreasing immunopathology by immunomodulation is problematic because it can lead to increased pathogen burden, and thus increase virus-induced pathology"
]
} | false |
1,276 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the role of topoisomerase I in improving host resilience in viral lung infections? | {
"answer_start": [
11081
],
"text": [
"A recent paper demonstrates that topoisomerase I can protect against inflammation-induced death from a variety of viral infections including IAV"
]
} | false |
1,277 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the role of complement 5a (C5a) in increasing host resilience to viral lung infection? | {
"answer_start": [
11233
],
"text": [
"Blockade of C5a complement signaling has also been suggested as a possible option in decreasing inflammation during IAV infection"
]
} | false |
1,278 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the role of statins in increasing host resilience to viral lung infections? | {
"answer_start": [
11508
],
"text": [
"They act to stabilize the activation of aspects of the innate immune response and prevent excessive inflammation"
]
} | false |
1,279 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | Which medical comorbidities most profoundly influenced MERS-CoV outcomes? | {
"answer_start": [
13213
],
"text": [
"if they were obese, immunocompromised, diabetic or had cardiac disease"
]
} | false |
1,280 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | Which immune factors were associated with increased SARS-CoV morbidity and mortality? | {
"answer_start": [
13463
],
"text": [
"a higher neutrophil count and low T-cell counts"
]
} | false |
1,281 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | What is the prognostic role of coinfection in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections? | {
"answer_start": [
13525
],
"text": [
"One factor that increased disease for patients infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV was infection with other viruses or bacteria"
]
} | false |
1,282 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | Can host resilience be predicted? | {
"answer_start": [
13735
],
"text": [
"A recent study looking at malaria infections in animal models and human patients demonstrated that resilient hosts can be predicted"
]
} | false |
1,283 | Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079962/
SHA: f7cfc37ea164f16393d7f4f3f2b32214dea1ded4
Authors: Jamieson, Amanda M
Date: 2016-07-01
DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0060
License: cc-by
Abstract: Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus an... | Can biomarkers be used to predict outcomes in acute respiratory distress (ARDS) patients? | {
"answer_start": [
13874
],
"text": [
"Clinical studies have started to correlate specific biomarkers with disease outcomes in ARDS patients"
]
} | false |
3,617 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What work has been carried out this study? | {
"answer_start": [
1035
],
"text": [
"A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Supplementary st... | false |
3,618 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How many confirmed cases were identified in February 2020? | {
"answer_start": [
2531
],
"text": [
" 25,000"
]
} | false |
3,619 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What was the case fatality rate? | {
"answer_start": [
2638
],
"text": [
" 2%"
]
} | false |
3,620 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Who are the majority of cases? | {
"answer_start": [
2775
],
"text": [
"males with a median age of 55 years and linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market "
]
} | false |
3,621 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are the symptoms at the onset? | {
"answer_start": [
2947
],
"text": [
"fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue."
]
} | false |
3,622 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What type of virus is 2019-nCOV? | {
"answer_start": [
3161
],
"text": [
"betacoronavirus"
]
} | false |
3,623 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What clade does it belong to? | {
"answer_start": [
3177
],
"text": [
" forms a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus of the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily "
]
} | false |
3,624 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What other betacoronaviruses are zoonotic in origin? | {
"answer_start": [
3267
],
"text": [
"The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)"
]
} | false |
3,625 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How does the pathogenicity of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
3552
],
"text": [
"Based on current evidence, pathogenicity for 2019-nCoV is about 3%, which is significantly lower than SARS-CoV (10%) and MERS-CoV (40%)"
]
} | false |
3,626 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How does the transmissibility of 2019-nCOV compare with other viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
3703
],
"text": [
"2019-nCoV has potentially higher transmissibility (R0: 1.4-5.5) than both SARS-CoV (R0: [2] [3] [4] [5] and MERS-CoV (R0: <1)"
]
} | false |
3,627 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Which electronic databases were used for this study? | {
"answer_start": [
4516
],
"text": [
"PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library"
]
} | false |
3,628 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What was the purpose of the search? | {
"answer_start": [
4552
],
"text": [
" to identify published studies examining the diagnosis, therapeutic drugs and vaccines for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items f... | false |
3,629 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What topics were searched for? | {
"answer_start": [
5573
],
"text": [
"randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and validation trials (for diagnostics test) published in English, that measured (a) the sensitivity and/or specificity of a rapid diagnostic test or a point-of-care testing kit, (b) the impact of drug therapy or (c) vaccine effica... | false |
3,630 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What studies were excluded? | {
"answer_start": [
6235
],
"text": [
" Studies that examined the mechanisms of diagnostic tests, drug therapy or vaccine efficacy against SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV"
]
} | false |
3,631 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What did the searches yield? | {
"answer_start": [
6375
],
"text": [
"A Google search for 2019-nCoV diagnostics (as of 6 February 2020; Table S2 ) yielded five webpage links from government and international bodies with official information and guidelines (WHO, Europe CDC, US CDC, US FDA), three webpage links on diagnostic protocols an... | false |
3,632 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the the primary means for diagnosing the new virus strain? | {
"answer_start": [
6978
],
"text": [
"real time RT-PCR"
]
} | false |
3,633 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are roles of the period and type of specimens? | {
"answer_start": [
7413
],
"text": [
"It was found that the respiratory specimens were positive for the virus while serum was negative in the early period. It has also suggested that in the early days of illness, patients have high levels of virus despite the mild symptoms."
]
} | false |
3,634 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are some of the other diagnostic methods? | {
"answer_start": [
7770
],
"text": [
"reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), RT-insulated isothermal PCR (RT-iiPCR) and a one-step rRT-PCR assay based on specific TaqMan probes."
]
} | false |
3,635 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How does RT-LAMP compare with other methods? | {
"answer_start": [
7942
],
"text": [
" RT-LAMP has similar sensitivity as real time RT-PCR. It is also highly specific and is used to detect MERS-CoV. It is comparable to the usual diagnostic tests and is rapid, simple and convenient."
]
} | false |
3,636 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How do RT-iiPCR and a one-step rRT-PCR compare with other methods? | {
"answer_start": [
8186
],
"text": [
" have also shown similar sensitivity and high specificity for MER-CoV."
]
} | false |
3,637 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Why is RT-PCR not the best method sometimes? | {
"answer_start": [
8432
],
"text": [
"high levels of PCR inhibition may hinder PCR sensitivity "
]
} | false |
3,638 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What did the comparison between the molecular test and serological test show? | {
"answer_start": [
8800
],
"text": [
" that the molecular test has better sensitivity and specificity. "
]
} | false |
3,639 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What enhancements to the molecular tests were looked at? | {
"answer_start": [
8956
],
"text": [
"Studies looked at using nested PCR to include a pre-amplification step or incorporating N gene as an additional sensitive molecular marker to improve on the sensitivity "
]
} | false |
3,640 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the threshold sensitivity of Real time PCR? | {
"answer_start": [
10010
],
"text": [
"10 genome equivalents per reaction"
]
} | false |
3,641 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How is the reproducibility of real time PCR? | {
"answer_start": [
10052
],
"text": [
"has a good reproducibility with the inter-assay coefficients of variation of 1.73 to 2.72%."
]
} | false |
3,642 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are potential vaccines based on? | {
"answer_start": [
10922
],
"text": [
"messenger RNA, DNA-based, nanoparticle, synthetic and modified virus-like particle)"
]
} | false |
3,643 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Which kit is currently used in China? | {
"answer_start": [
11200
],
"text": [
" kit developed by the BGI have passed emergency approval procedure of the National Medical Products Administration, and are currently used in clinical and surveillance centers of China"
]
} | false |
3,644 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Why were only four studies included? | {
"answer_start": [
11532
],
"text": [
"Most studies on SARS and MERS vaccines were excluded as they were performed in cell or animal models "
]
} | false |
3,645 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Which four studies were included? | {
"answer_start": [
11692
],
"text": [
" Phase I clinical trials on SARS or MERS vaccines"
]
} | false |
3,646 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is te safety of the vaccines?
| {
"answer_start": [
12005
],
"text": [
" All vaccine candidates for SARS and MERS were reported to be safe, "
]
} | false |
3,647 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What was the performance of the vaccine candidates? | {
"answer_start": [
12073
],
"text": [
"well-tolerated and able to trigger the relevant and appropriate immune responses in the participants"
]
} | false |
3,648 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How many clinical trials are registered? | {
"answer_start": [
12796
],
"text": [
"nine"
]
} | false |
3,649 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the status of the nine trials? | {
"answer_start": [
12966
],
"text": [
" five studies on hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir plus ritonavir and arbidol, mesenchymal stem cells, traditional Chinese medicine and glucocorticoid therapy usage have commenced recruitment. The remaining four studies encompass investigation of antivirals, interferon ... | false |
3,650 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are the results on seroconversion? | {
"answer_start": [
13335
],
"text": [
" Seroconversion measured by S1-ELISA occurred in 86% and 94% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively, and was maintained in 79% participants up to study end at week 60."
]
} | false |
3,651 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What were the results on antibodies? | {
"answer_start": [
13511
],
"text": [
"Neutralising antibodies were detected in 50% participants at one or more time points during the study, but only 3% maintained neutralisation activity to end of study."
]
} | false |
3,652 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What were the T-cell responses? | {
"answer_start": [
13699
],
"text": [
" detected in 71% and 76% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively."
]
} | false |
3,653 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What were the differences in immune responses? | {
"answer_start": [
13783
],
"text": [
"no differences in immune responses between dose groups after 6 weeks and vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses were respectively detected in 77% and 64% participants at week 60"
]
} | false |
3,654 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the observed benefit of the molecules? | {
"answer_start": [
13976
],
"text": [
"Molecules developed by the university scientists inhibit two coronavirus enzymes and prevent its replication. The discovered drug targets are said to be more than 95% similar to enzyme targets found on the SARS virus. "
]
} | false |
3,655 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the ongoing randomized trial investigating? | {
"answer_start": [
15743
],
"text": [
"It investigates the usage of Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Interferon Beta 1B."
]
} | false |
3,656 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are the many prospective and restrospective studies conducted on? | {
"answer_start": [
15917
],
"text": [
" usage of ribavirin with lopinavir/ritonavir/ribavirin, interferon, and convalescent plasma usage."
]
} | false |
3,657 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What was the result of the phase 1 trial of IgG immunoglobin? | {
"answer_start": [
16227
],
"text": [
"The trial conducted in the United States in 2017 demonstrated SAB-301 to be safe and well-tolerated at single doses. "
]
} | false |
3,658 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What role rapid diagnostics plays? | {
"answer_start": [
16735
],
"text": [
"enables prompt and accurate public health surveillance, prevention and control measures. Local transmission and clusters can be prevented or delayed by isolation of laboratory-confirmed cases and their close contacts quarantined and monitored at home"
]
} | false |
3,659 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What other measures rapid diagnostics facilitates? | {
"answer_start": [
17027
],
"text": [
"specific public health interventions such as closure of high-risk facilities and areas associated with the confirmed cases for prompt infection control and environmental decontamination "
]
} | false |
3,660 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are ways to perform laboratory diagnostics? | {
"answer_start": [
17267
],
"text": [
" (a) detecting the genetic material of the virus, (b) detecting the antibodies that neutralize the viral particles of interest, (c) detecting the viral epitopes of interest with antibodies (serological testing), or (d) culture and isolation of viable virus particles... | false |
3,661 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are key limtations of genetic detection? | {
"answer_start": [
17594
],
"text": [
"lack of knowledge of the presence of viable virus, the potential cross-reactivity with non-specific genetic regions and the short timeframe for accurate detection during the acute infection phase."
]
} | false |
3,662 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is a key limitation of serological testing? | {
"answer_start": [
17837
],
"text": [
"the need to collect paired serum samples (in the acute and convalescent phases) from cases under investigation for confirmation to eliminate potential cross-reactivity from non-specific antibodies from past exposure and/or infection by other coronaviruses."
]
} | false |
3,663 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the limitation in virus testing? | {
"answer_start": [
18142
],
"text": [
" the long duration and the highly specialized skills required of the technicians to process the samples. "
]
} | false |
3,664 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What was the result of the treatment? | {
"answer_start": [
18272
],
"text": [
"Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± 2.27 days) (p < 0.05) No significant difference in blood routine improvement, pulmonary chest shadow in chest film improvem... | false |
3,665 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What superiority did the treatment with integrative chinese and western medicine treatment have compared with using control treatment alone? | {
"answer_start": [
18611
],
"text": [
"in the respect of improving clinical symptoms, elevating quality of life, promoting immune function recovery, promoting absorption of pulmonary inflammation, reducing the dosage of cortisteroid and shortening the therapeutic course"
]
} | false |
3,666 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What was a characteristic of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, specimens collected from the lower respiratory tract such as sputum and tracheal aspirates? | {
"answer_start": [
19303
],
"text": [
"have higher and more prolonged levels of viral RNA because of the tropism of the virus. "
]
} | false |
3,667 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How do severe cases compare with mild cases? | {
"answer_start": [
19400
],
"text": [
"viral loads are also higher for severe cases and have longer viral shedding compared to mild cases"
]
} | false |
3,668 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens? | {
"answer_start": [
19603
],
"text": [
"hey have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases [102, 103] , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases.\n"
]
} | false |
3,669 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What are the existing practices in detecting genetic material of viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
19881
],
"text": [
"(a) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), (b) real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), (c) reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and (d) real-time RT-LAMP [104] . "
]
} | false |
3,670 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Why are Nucleic amplification tests (NAAT) usually preferred as in the case of MERS-CoV diagnosis? | {
"answer_start": [
20181
],
"text": [
"it has the highest sensitivity at the earliest time point in the acute phase of infection "
]
} | false |
3,671 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | Where was the first validated diagnostic test designed? | {
"answer_start": [
20755
],
"text": [
" in Germany"
]
} | false |
3,672 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How were the assays selected ? | {
"answer_start": [
21000
],
"text": [
"based on the match against 2019-nCoV upon inspection of the sequence alignment. "
]
} | false |
3,673 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | How were the assays used? | {
"answer_start": [
21080
],
"text": [
"Two assays were used for the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene and E gene where E gene assay acts as the first-line screening tool and RdRp gene assay as the confirmatory testing. "
]
} | false |
3,674 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What were the results? | {
"answer_start": [
21267
],
"text": [
"All assays were highly sensitive and specific in that they did not cross-react with other coronavirus and also human clinical samples that contained respiratory viruses "
]
} | false |
3,691 | Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623
SHA: 9b0c87f808b1b66f2937d7a7acb524a756b6113b
Authors: Pang, Junxiong; Wang, Min Xian; Ang, Ian Yi Han; Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan; Lewis, Ruth Frances; Chen, Jacinta I. Pei;... | What did the trial on SAB-301 demonstrate? | {
"answer_start": [
16296
],
"text": [
" to be safe and well-tolerated at single doses."
]
} | false |
5,175 | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742597/
SHA: ee0050c6fb81a4067d134010d0c80d21edb5df0b
Authors: Siemens, Nikolai; Oehmcke-Hecht, Sonja; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Valentin-Weigand, Peter; H... | What conditions are caused by Staphylococcus aureus? | {
"answer_start": [
10739
],
"text": [
"mild skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia"
]
} | false |
5,176 | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742597/
SHA: ee0050c6fb81a4067d134010d0c80d21edb5df0b
Authors: Siemens, Nikolai; Oehmcke-Hecht, Sonja; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Valentin-Weigand, Peter; H... | What percentage of healthy adults are asymptotically colonized by pneumococcus bacteria? | {
"answer_start": [
11515
],
"text": [
"8-30%"
]
} | false |
5,177 | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742597/
SHA: ee0050c6fb81a4067d134010d0c80d21edb5df0b
Authors: Siemens, Nikolai; Oehmcke-Hecht, Sonja; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Valentin-Weigand, Peter; H... | What types of cells follow epithelial cells in the immune response to infections in the lung? | {
"answer_start": [
18323
],
"text": [
"alveolar macrophages"
]
} | false |
5,178 | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742597/
SHA: ee0050c6fb81a4067d134010d0c80d21edb5df0b
Authors: Siemens, Nikolai; Oehmcke-Hecht, Sonja; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Valentin-Weigand, Peter; H... | What enhances the expression of type I interferon? | {
"answer_start": [
19589
],
"text": [
"The subsequent infection with Gram-positive bacteria"
]
} | false |
5,179 | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742597/
SHA: ee0050c6fb81a4067d134010d0c80d21edb5df0b
Authors: Siemens, Nikolai; Oehmcke-Hecht, Sonja; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Valentin-Weigand, Peter; H... | What reduces the antimicrobial activities of alveolar macrophages? | {
"answer_start": [
21220
],
"text": [
"Reduced TNFα production by NK cells"
]
} | false |
5,180 | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742597/
SHA: ee0050c6fb81a4067d134010d0c80d21edb5df0b
Authors: Siemens, Nikolai; Oehmcke-Hecht, Sonja; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Valentin-Weigand, Peter; H... | What is Pneumolysin? | {
"answer_start": [
24175
],
"text": [
"a pneumococcal pore-forming toxin"
]
} | false |
5,181 | Port d’Entrée for Respiratory Infections – Does the Influenza A Virus Pave the Way for Bacteria?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742597/
SHA: ee0050c6fb81a4067d134010d0c80d21edb5df0b
Authors: Siemens, Nikolai; Oehmcke-Hecht, Sonja; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Valentin-Weigand, Peter; H... | What factors make bacterial and viral co-infections so lethal? | {
"answer_start": [
51640
],
"text": [
"epithelial barrier damage, exaggerated innate immune response, and cytokine storm"
]
} | false |
325 | Architectural Insight into Inovirus-Associated Vectors (IAVs) and Development of IAV-Based Vaccines Inducing Humoral and Cellular Responses: Implications in HIV-1 Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4276942/
SHA: f6e6534cb423c1823ad38d7d5c0a98c303f2efdb
Authors: Hassapis, Kyriakos A.; Stylianou, Do... | What are inovirus-associated vectors? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"engineered, non-lytic, filamentous bacteriophages"
]
} | false |
326 | Architectural Insight into Inovirus-Associated Vectors (IAVs) and Development of IAV-Based Vaccines Inducing Humoral and Cellular Responses: Implications in HIV-1 Vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4276942/
SHA: f6e6534cb423c1823ad38d7d5c0a98c303f2efdb
Authors: Hassapis, Kyriakos A.; Stylianou, Do... | How can random peptide libraries be used in applications? | {
"answer_start": [
15729
],
"text": [
"the identification of peptide ligands by receptors, the mapping of substrate sites for enzymes, and the creation of antibody peptide libraries"
]
} | false |
5,182 | Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3979752/
SHA: efaa556b484fbcd9cc34832ffac53ef3e834e9c0
Authors: Chowdhury, Moha... | Which Lactobacililus casei strain does not have the cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) on the surface? | {
"answer_start": [
826
],
"text": [
"pgsA-sM2/L. casei"
]
} | false |
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