**FORM TWO**

**CHAPTER ONE: QURAN**

**Ulumul Quran**

In Book One, we defined Ulumul Quran as a scientific study dealing with various

fields related to Quran. Can you mention some of the components included in this

scientific study? From the various components, you have mentioned above, we shall

learn about Wahyi.

*Wahyi*is an Arabic terminology, which comes from the root word*Awha*, which

means inspiring, giving direction or guidance on an issue. Technically, it refers to the

methods or ways through which Allah (SWT) used to communicate to the prophets

and other creatures.

As you are aware, communication is an important tool for human beings.

Communication between human beings or creatures may take different forms. Can

you mention some of the ways through which this communication takes place? You

will realize that the modes of communication between the human beings are different

from those observed in the animals and other creatures. Likewise, Allah (SWT) has

His own ways of sending information to the creatures as He says in the Quran:

*It is not fitting for a man that Allah (SWT) should speak to him except by*

*inspiration, or from behind a veil, or by sending a messenger to reveal with Allah*

*(SWT)s permission what Allah (SWT) wills: For He is Most High, Most Wise.*[Q Nabi Suleiman. Read this from Quran 27:30-37. Can you identify more verses in

the Quran where Allah (SWT) sends messages to his creatures and prophets?

**Modes of Wahyi**

The examples we have seen above show that Allah (SWT) can communicate to His

creatures in various ways. The ways through which Allah (SWT) communicated to

His Prophets can be divided into two; Direct and Indirect modes.

***Direct Mode***

In this mode of Wahyi, Allah (SWT) speaks directly to the prophet without sending a

messenger (Angel). The prophets would hear Allah (SWT)s voice without seeing his

image. Can you give examples of Prophets to whom Allah (SWT) spoke to directly?

This form of Wahyi includes the following:

**1.** **As spoken words behind a veil**

A veil is a form of barrier which is intended to block the Prophet from seeing Allah

(SWT) during the process of revelation. For example, during the Night of Isra Wal

Miiraj the prophet spoke to Allah (SWT) at*Arsh*behind a veil of a cloud. In Sura A Find out more examples of revelation through inspiration to the following Prophets:

Prophet Musa (AS), Adam (AS), Yunus (AS), Nuh (AS) and Ibrahim (AS). We shall

learn more about some of these Prophets in Chapter three. guidance and glad tidings to those who have submitted (to Allah (SWT) as

Muslims) [Q16:102] You can also refer to Quran [Q 2:97]

**2.** A dream is a form of visualization of events while one is in a sleep. Human

**Through dream**

beings often have dreams during sleep. Events in these dreams might turn out to

be true but many a time they are not true. A true dream is guidance from Allah

(SWT) to a chosen person.

Several prophets used to get guidance in the form of dreams. Prophet Yusuf

(AS), for example, told his father*(Remember) When Yusuf (Joseph) said to his*

*father: O my father! Verily, I saw (in a dream) eleven stars and the sun and*

*the moon-I saw them prostrating themselves to me.*[Q 12:4] His father warned

him not to reveal the dream to his brothers because it was a sign and a

revelation from Allah (SWT) that he had been chosen by Allah (SWT) among

the family of Yaqub as a great leader, interpreter of dreams and a prophet. **Stage One**: From Lawhul Mafudh to Baitul Izzah

Before the Quran reached the hrophet, Allah (SWT) had preserved it in the heavens. Do you know the name of the tablet on which the Quran was Preserved? Allah (SWT) says in the Quran*"Nay! This is a Glorious Quran, inscribed in a Preserved Tablet"* [Q 85:21-22]

Here, Allah (SWT) sent Angel Jibril (AS) to bring the Quran from Lauhil Mahfudh, the well Preserved Tablet (in the Seventh Heaven) down to the First Heaven (sky) and placed it in Baitul Izza, 'Place of Power or Honor'.

The Quran mentions the Preserved Tablet and tells us that it was sent down during a specific night. Allah (SWT) says,*"Verily, We have sent it (this Quran) down in the* *Night of Al Qadr (Decree)."*[Q 97:1].

Allah (SWT) also says*, "By the Book that makes things clear; - We sent it down* *during a Blessed Night: for We (ever) wish to warn (against Evil). In the (Night) is* *made distinct every affair of wisdom."*[Quran 11:2-4] These two verses show that the Holy Quran was revealed in a single blessed night in the month of Ramadhan, the Night of hower. ran you find out more about the night of power in surah al Alaq [Q 97:2-5]? **Stage Two: From Baitul Izza to the Prophet**

Baitul Izza (the house of honour) is found in the lowest heavens. After the Quran had been lowered down from Lawhul Mahfudh, Allah (SWT) instructed Angel Jibril (AS) to send it down to the Prophet (SWT) over the twenty three year period of his Prophethood. The verses were revealed gradually from Baitul Izza in order to provide the required guidance to mankind.

The diagram below shows the stages of revelation of the Quran. **Figure 2: stages of revelation of the Quran**

It is important to note that the Quran was revealed in only one mode; that is through

Angel Jibril (AS). The Angel would come in various forms as we have earlier

mentioned at the beginning of this subtopic. Can you recall these forms? In many

case, Allah would send Angel Jibril when the Prophet was in difficult situations. **Recording and compilation of the Quran**

Keeping of records is very essential in the day to day life. As students we are

encouraged to keep records of his/her notes so that we can constantly refer to them.

Can you mention any other important information that is recorded within your school

set up? Why is it important for this information to be recorded? Likewise during the

revelation of the Quran, it was very important for the verses revealed to be recorded

by the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions. The prophet used to encourage his companions to memorize the verses and regularly

recite it. Abubakar would recite it in front of his house in Makkah while Abdallah ibn

Masoud was the first companion to publicly recite the Quran in Makkah. This made

majority of the companions to memorize the Quran. Like Abubakar Aswiddiq (RA),

Umar (RA) bin Khattab (RA), Ali bin Abi Talib (RA), AbdAllah (SWT) ibn Masuod

(RA), Abu Hurairah (RA), Sayyidatinah Hafswa (RAA), Sayyidattina Aisha (RA) and

Sayyiditina Ummu Salama (RAA) all from the Muhajirun. Among the Ansars were;

Ummu Waraq (RAA), Abu Zaid (RA), Qais (RA), Muadh bin Jabal (RA), Zaid bin

Thabit (RA) and Ubbay bin Kaab (RA). This comprises the oral forms of the

transmission of the Holy Quran. Other than the oral transmission, the Quran was also transmitted in written form even

though the art of writing was not very popular among the Arabs. The prophet

encouraged those who knew the skill of writing to record the verses on various

materials which included; sheets cut out of the branches of the beet tree, writing sheets

made of wood, animal hide, leather, broken pieces of pots, cloth, date fibers, flat stone

and bones. **Compilation of the Quran**

Meaning of compilation:

To compile means to bring different materials, items or articles together in an orderly

manner. Can you mention any instances where compilation is done either at home or

in school? The compilation of the Quran refers to the process of bringing together the

various verses and surahs of the Quran in the order guided by Angel Jibril to the

hrophet (hBUH). The hrophet had died leaving behind the entire Quran preserved in

the memories of the Swahabas or written down on different materials. There was no

compiled volume of the Quran because of the following reasons: Umar (RA) then suggested to the caliph that there was need to arrest the situation by

compiling the Quran into one volume. Abubakar (RA) was hesitant to do what the

Prophet had not done but when the Swahabas insisted, the caliph gave in and saw the

need for compiling the Quran. Zayd bin Thabit narrates:*Hazrat Abubakar sent for me*

*after the heavy casualties among the warriors of the Battle of Yamama. Hazrat Umar*

*(RA) was present with Abubakar who said, Umar (RA) has come to me and said, The*

*(huffaz: plural of hafiz) (one who knows the whole Quran by heart) suffered heavy*

*casualties on the day of Yamama, and I am afraid that there will be more casualties*

*among the huffaz at other battle-fields, whereby a large part of the Quran may be*

*lost. And I am of the opinion that you should collect the Quran." Abubakar added, "I* Caliph Abubakar gave Zayd bin Thabit the responsibility to be in charge of the group.

Why do you think Zayd bin Thabit was chosen to lead this group? Among other key

Swahabas who undertook this huge responsibility were; Abdullah bin Masoud (RA)

Ali bin Abi Talib (RA) Sayyidna Uthman bin Affan (RA), Ubay bin kaab (RA),

Abdallah bin Amr bin al As (RA), Salim (RA), Aisha (RAA), Hafsa (RAA), Umm

Salama (RAA), Abu Zayd among others. They began by collecting all the materials on which the Quran had been written on by

the hrophets scribes and other companions. This group then agreed on the following

conditions towards the task:

1.

The verses must have been written down by at least two other companions. The materials on which the verses were written on must be availed before the committee. There must be two pious Muslim witnesses to testify the verses were actually dictated by the Prophet.

2. Factors that facilitated the compilation of the Quran

The process of compilation was not an easy task for the companions; however the

following factors assisted them;

1.

All the chapters of the Quran were already written down by the time the prophet died. The prophet had already been guided by Angel Jibril (AS) on the order of the verses and surahs. The Muslims had memorized the Quran in the order taught by the Prophet. Some Swahabas like Ali (RA) had witnessed the final revelation to the Prophet.

2.

5. Muslims had continuously recited the Quran and thus mastered it. Results of the compilation of the Quran

The compilation of the Quran had several benefits to the Muslims. Among these

benefits are;

1. 2.

It was very instrumental towards the preservation of the Quran. It symbolized unity for the Muslim Ummah who could now uniformly recite the Quran. It made the handling of the Quran easier since it was in one volume. It made a clear distinction between Quran and other literature including Hadith. It made reading of the Quran easier especially to the new converts.

3. 4.

5. to you, is the greatest?' I (Abu Mundhir) replied: It is 'Allah (SWT) la ilaha illa

Huwal-Hayyul-Qayyum'. [Q 2:255].

Thereupon he (Prophet) patted me in the chest and said, ' Rejoice by your knowledge,

O Abu Mundhir! (i.e. may this knowledge be a source of respect, honour and benefit

to you)'."

[Muslim]

This verse is one of the four parts of Quran that are attached to Arsh (Allah (SWT)'s

Throne) find out other verses that are attached to the Arsh of Allah (SWT)from Surah

al Imran. [Q 3]

The Ayah and its meaning are given below. Can you recite it correctly? Al-Hayy: The One who lives forever and has always lived. Al-Qayyum: The One who survives by Himself, and looks after all by His Power. Al-'Aliy : The Most High Al-'Adheem : The Supreme, the Great, the Magnificent One. *Narrated by Muhammad bin Sirin: Abu Huraira (RA)said, "Allah (SWT)'s Apostle put* *me in charge of the Zakat of Ramadhan (i.e. Zakat-ul-Fitr). Someone came to me and* *started scooping some of the foodstuff of (Zakat) with both hands. I caught him and* *told him that I would take him to Allah (SWT)'s Apostle." Then Abu Huraira told the* *whole narration and added, "He (i.e. the thief) said, 'Whenever you go to your bed,* *recite the Verse of "Al-Kursi" (2.255) for then a guardian from Allah (SWT) will be* *guarding you, and Satan will not approach you till dawn.' " On that the Prophet said,* *"He told you the truth, though he is a liar, and he (the thief) himself was the Satan."* [Bukhari Volume 004, Book 054, Hadith Number 495.] In another narration, of the Prophet*, Ubayy ibn Kab said that the Prophet (PBUH)* *asked him "Which ayah in the Book of Allah was the greatest?". He said, Allah and* *His Messenger know best. He repeated it several times, and then he said, Aayat al-* *Kursiy. [Muslim]* According to the Hadith the following are the times when Ayatul Kursi should be recited: 1. After every Fardh Salaat. (Only thing that will keep us waiting from entering Paradise will be death) 2. Just before sleep. (Allah (SWT) will send Angels to guard us while we are asleep) 3. While leaving the house to go somewhere. 4. When we are in desperate situations. 5. Reciting it on our possessions will bring Barakah (blessing) to it. 6. It will protect our house and children from Shaitaan. *284. Lillahi ma fii a**l**ssamawati wama fi al-ardhi wa-in tubduu ma fii anfusikum aw* *tukhfuuhu yuhaasibkum bihi Llahi fayaghfiru liman yashau wayu adhibu man* *yashau wa**llah**u ala kulli shay-in qadiir*

**To God belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth. Whether** **Ye show what is in your minds Or conceal it, God calls you to account for it. He** **forgives whom He pleases, and punishes whom He pleases. For God hath power** **over all things.**

***285.**Amana a**l**rrasuulu bima unzila ilayhi min rabbihi walmuminuuna kullun amana* *bi**llah**i wamala-ikatihi wakutubihi warusulihi la nufarriqu bayna ahadin min rusulihi* *waqaalu sami ina waat ana ghufranaka rabbana wa-ilayka almaswiir**u***

**The Apostle believes in what has been revealed to him from his Lord, as do the** **men of faith. Each one (of them) believes in God, His angels, His books, and His** **apostles. "We make no distinction (they say) between one and another of His** **apostles." And they say: "We hear, and we obey: (We seek) Your forgiveness,** **Our Lord, and to You is the end of all journeys.**

*286. La yukallifu Llahu nafsan illa wusaha laha ma kasabat waalayha ma iktasabat* *rabbana la tu-akhidhna in nasiina aw akhtana rabbana wala tahmil alayna isran* *kama hamaltahu ala alladhiina min qablina rabbana wala tuhammilna ma la taqata*

**|**P a g e 172 *lana bihi wa****fu anna wa****ghfir lana warhamna anta mawlana fansurna ala alqawmil* *kafiriin*

**On no soul does God Place a burden greater than it can bear. It gets every good** **that it earns, and it suffers every ill that if earns. (Pray:) "Our Lord! Condemn** **us not If we forget or fall into error; our Lord! Lay not on us a burden Like that** **which You Did lay on those before us; Our Lord! Lay not on us a burden greater** **than we have strength to bear. Blot out our sins, and grant us forgiveness, Have** **mercy on us. You are our Protector; Help us against those who stand against** **Faith.** Teachings of the verses

The verse has several teachings. Among them are the following;

1. Muslims should believe in everything that was brought by Allah (SWT)

to the messenger without doubt. Believers should have strong faith in Allah (SWT), His Angels, His books and the messengers. No messenger of Allah (SWT) should be discriminated upon nor be placed beyond or below the levels bestowed to them by Allah (SWT). 4. Muslims should hear, obey and implement the word of Allah (SWT). 5. Allah (SWT) is the only divine source of mercy and kindness to every creation. Allah (SWT) cannot ask any soul beyond what it can bear. He rewards and punishes people on what they do with divine Justice.

2.

6. 7. 8. Muslims should pray for Allah (SWT)s forgiveness when they do

anything wrong They should pray for Allah (SWT)s mercy from the grievous punishments inflicted to the previous generations before Islam. 10. They should pray for support from Allah (SWT) in everything every

time. **Study Questions and Activities**

1. b) Explain the stages of revelation of the Quran. 2. (a) Mention the attributes of Allah (SWT) in Ayatul Kursiy. (b)Outline the teachings of the last three verses of Sura al Baqara.

a) Define the term Wahyi

3. State the factors that facilitated the process of compiling the Quran

during Abubakars reign. number of Hadith from either the prophet or his close companions and narrated them.

Among the renown Muhadithin are the following;

The four raliphs, Aisha (RAA), Abu Huraira (RA), Amr bin Al As (RA),

AbdulRahamn bin Awf (RA), Abdullah bin Masoud (RA), Anas bin Malik (RA),

Abdullah bin Abass (RA), Abdullah ibn Umar (RA) and Abu Dharr (RA)

Can you find out more examples of Muhadithin from books of Hadith and from other

sources of Islamic literature.

**|**P a g e 175 **Qualities of a muhadith**

Due to its importance, Hadith could not just be accepted from any person. Why do

you think it is so? Hadith were only accepted from Muslims who met certain qualities.

Some of these qualities are as follows;

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. They should be persons of sound mind (.i.e. mentally upright or sane). Should be exemplary in character and uphold good moral standards. Should be pious and righteous (God fearing). They must have good knowledge of the Quran and its related sciences. They should be conversant with hadith and its related sciences. Should be conversant with Arabic language. They must possess a good and retentive memory. Should be trustworthy, reliable and a have good leadership record. **Growth and development of Hadith literature**

Growth is the increase in size while development is the advancement in standards or

improvement in quality of something. Growth of hadith refers to the increase in the

number of users of Hadith as Islam expanded to other parts of the world. It became

very necessary for the Hadith to be studied and preserved. In this subtopic, we are

going to learn about the different stages through which hadith literature passed to

eventually come up with different classes of hadith based on their authenticity. He would ask his Swahaba to repeat the Hadith they had just learnt from him. The prophet himself would repeat severally the instructions until the Swahabas had learnt. The prophet used to receive delegations in his house and he would teach them his sunnah. The prophet would carry out certain actions then ask them to repeat after him. He taught his wives who in turn would teach the other women. Swahabas with weak memory were allowed to write down the Hadith. **The second period:**The era of the Swahabas

This is the period after the death of the Prophet which was characterized by collection

and preservation of Hadith. The prophet had just passed on and the Swahabas saw the

need to bring together all the teachings of the prophet. Since Islam had spread far and

wide and many people had embraced the religion, it was necessary for the new

converts to learn about the prophets teachings. These converts had not seen the It is during this period that different learning centers emerged. The caliphs facilitated

the process of teaching and learning and would send teachers to various places some

of these teachers were; Abdullah ibn Masoud (RA) and Abu Huraira (RA) **Third period:**The era of the Tabiun

This phase came immediately after the demise of all the Swahabas, the last one to die

being Anas ibn Malik. Writing of Hadith and compilation of the Quran took a center

stage. Students made the writing of hadith more vital and they included the name of

the transmitter alongside the Hadith. They developed the science of authenticity .i.e

Abdul Malik bin Abdul Aziz started his first work known as*Al- Firas.* Analysis of the transmitters of Hadith was thoroughly carried out with commentaries

of the Quran. Among the most notable compilers was Imam Malik who compiled his

book *al Muwatta*. Other compilers like Abu Hanifa, Shaffi, and Ahmad bin Hanbal

came up with schools of thought to teach Hadith. They taught Hadith as a science and

each had students who emerged as his followers. These scholars classified Hadith

according to their authenticity. However, it should be noted that hadith collected

during this phase were not complete and exhaustive since they were gathered from

different places or sources. This period saw a transition of hadith from oral means of

transmission to a more definite written form. **Fourth period**: The era of the Tabi tabiun

This period is considered as the golden age of hadith because there was the study of

the narrators of hadith and the inclusion of the chain of narrators. In addition, the The hadith were arranged according to the subject matter and the scholars wrote the

name of the swahaba on whose final authority the hadith laid. Imam Ahmad bin

Hanbal and Imam Abu Hanifa were among the teachers of the key scholars during this

phase. This period also witnessed the compilation of the six authentic collections of

hadith also known as sahihu sittah. The sahihu sittah include; sahih Bukhari, sahih

Muslim, sunan ibn Maja, sunan Abu aawoud, sunnan AN-Nasai and sunna

Attirmidhy. Hadith, also referred to as Sunnah, (the actions, sayings and silent permissions or disapprovals of the Prophet) is the second in rank after Quran words of Allah). It is as important as the Quran in the life of Muslims. Some of the significance of Hadith are as follows;

It is the second source of Islamic Shariah They supplements and clarify the teachings of the holy Quran and aid in explaining the hidden meaning of Quranic verses. Enhance the observance of fardh acts (obligatory duties) by giving guideline on their performance. Moulds the character of Muslims and govern all aspects of there lives as Muslims are obliged to follow the hrophets behavior in words and deeds. They guide Muslims in the comprehension and application of the teachings of the alorious Quran. Through the practice of Hadith, Muslims are able to preserve their rich Islamic culture since they exclusively cover all the aspects of life. They are a source of knowledge, wisdom and inspiration to the Muslim Ummah and assist in addressing the challenges of life. Hadith summarizes the hrophets way of life thus guiding the Muslim Ummah to emulate his character in the observance of Islamic teachings. A Muslim who observes and applies the teachings of Hadith receives Allah (SWT)s blessings and rewards.

 The statement *Whenever the Prophet was given an option between two things* represents the*matn*of the hadith. Can you refer to several hadith and point out the chain of narrators and the text. Isnad and Matn are two components that are interdependent. The compilers of hadith

came up with criteria of measuring the degree of their reliability through the study of

Isnad and Matn. As a result, they gave the qualifications, features or rather the

characteristics of a sound Isnad or matn of a Hadith. We shall learn more of this in

Book three. **Suggestion Study Questions and Activity**

1.

Define the term a) Muhadith b) Isnad

c) Matn

2. 3. Outline the factors that led to the growth and development of hadith. Discuss the significance of Hadith. **CHAPTER THREE: PILLARS OF IMAN**

**Need for Divine Guidance**

A need is a requirement, demand or a necessity. It is something that is important or

essential. Human being will always have needs that range from basic to tertiary. Such

needs would include; food, shelter, clothing, education and health care. Can you think

of other needs that are essential in human life? Among all these needs, there is one

that Allah (SWT) himself provides to His people. This is the divine guidance. The

term divine refers to sacred, holy or that which comes from Allah (SWT). Guidance is

the information, instruction, rules and regulations or laws meant to give direction to a

particular group of people. Therefore divine guidance refers to sacred or rather

commandments, laws, injunctions, rules and regulation given by Allah (SWT) to

humanity. Allah (SWT) created the universe and all that exists and then designed a set

of guidance for man to adhere. That is why Allah (SWT) sent the guidance to the

prophets who further directed their fellow mankind.

We may have different types of guidance in life but the guidance of Allah (SWT) is **Revealed scriptures**

What do you understand by the meaning of the term scripture? The term scripture

is derived from a Latin word *Scriptura*which means writing. Technically this

word refers to Holy books of a particular religion. Can you mention some of the

world religions that you know of? For the religions you have mentioned, which

scriptures does each use to derive its guidance and teachings? We may have many

scriptures used by various religions but not all of these scriptures were revealed.

Those that were revealed from Allah (SWT) have their characteristics which

distinguish them from other books. **Belief in Prophets**

In form one, we introduced the pillars of Iman and mentioned that they are six in

number. Can you mention them? We learnt in Chapter one of this book that it is not

fitting that Allah (SWT) speaks to human being directly but he sends a messenger. In

order for Allah (SWT) to communicate his divine guidance, he sent prophets and

messengers. Allah (SWT) sent prophets and messengers to specific generations

except Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) who was sent to all humankind. Allah gave him

this rank since he is the last prophet and was given the last book (The Holy Quran).

In this chapter, we shall look at the Prophets of Allah (SWT). Can you give the

meaning of the term Prophet? A Prophet is a human being who was assigned a special They were all loyal and truthful to Allah (SWT). All prophets always told the truth about the revelations they receive from Allah (SWT). The prophets were Maasumin [.i.e. free from all kinds of sins] All Prophets never went against the orders of Allah (SWT)**.** Prophets were reliable, trustworthy and dedicated in fulfilling Allah (SWT)s commands and duties that assigned to them. Prophets possessed high intelligence, strong memory, and clear and superior minds. All prophets were human in nature and were sent from among their people. They were supported with miracles by the will of Allah (SWT) in order to show proof of their prophet hood and to cope with the challenges and evil plots of their disbelievers. Yaqub (AS) [Jacob] Yussuf (AS)[Joseph] Shuab (AS)[Jethro] Ayub (AS)[Job] Dhulkifl (AS)[Ezekiel] Musa (AS)[Moses] Allah (SWT) says**,***And indeed We have sent messengers before you (O Muhammad)* *of some of them We have related to you their story and some We have not related to* *you their story*[Q 40:78] Let us look at the following table showing the chronological order of the prophets mentioned in the Quran. NAME OF PROPHET

NUMBER OF TIMES MENTIONED IN THE QURAN 25

NATIONS TO WHICH THEY WERE SENT

Banu Adam (The children of Adam) Egypt Banu Nuhu Banu Ad near eemen

Idris (AS)[Enock] Nuh (AS)[Noah] Hud (AS) Swaleh (AS)[Methusela] Banu 2 43 7 9 Thamud-Bedouin

Arab tribe People of Ibrahim The people of Sodom and Gomorrah The Arab tribe of Yemen and Amalikites Cananites living and Palestine ASSIGNMENT Egyptians (Copts) Madian people of Hijaz People of Ayub Sham and Damascus Banu and Egyptians The generations of Firaun, Karun in Egypt Banu Israil Dawud (AS)[David] Suleiman (AS) [Solomon] Banu Israil Iliyas (AS)[Elias] Alyasa (AS)[Elisha]

Ibrahim (AS)[Abraham] Lut (AS)[Lot]

People of Ilyas Banu Israil 2 2 **Ulul Azm (Messengers of strong will)**

It is understood that some prophets chosen among the messengers are called*Ulul-*

*Azm*due to their different qualities from the others. They are Ulul Azm because of

their determination, patience and steadfastness in their work despite facing many

challenges. All prophets mentioned in the Quran strove greatly to fulfill the holy duty

assigned to them by Allah (SWT). From this perspective, no prophet should be

discriminated because they were all sent as leaders to guide humankind. Prophet

Muhammad emphasized this in the following hadith: *I am the closest to Isa (Jesus),*

*the son of Mary, among all humans. Indeed prophets are half-brothers. Their*

*religions are the same.* This should be taken into consideration when assessing

prophecy and divine religions. Allah (SWT) mentions these prophets in the following verse*Therefore be patient (O*

*Muhammad) as did the messengers of strong will and be in haste about them*

*(disbeleivers)*[Q 46:35] It is after Nuhs prayer the almighty Allah (SWT) destroyed the unbelievers by means

of floods and cleansed the earth of their evil deeds. Since Allah (SWT) does not

disappoint the prophets and those who believe and embrace the laws of monotheism,

he saved Nuh (AS) and a small group of his followers. **Ibrahim (AS)**

Nabi Ibrahim (AS) was the son of Azar who was a prominent idol sculpture. He was

raised in an idolatrous society but Allah (SWT) guided him at a young age to shun

idol worship. By His sublime wisdom, the Almighty Allah (SWT) appointed Ibrahim

(AS) as a prophet and a Messenger. Prophet Ibrahim (AS) was given a divine book (Suhuf) and became steadfast in fulfilling Allah (SWT) s commandments despite undergoing several trials. He advocated for monotheism and was the first person to call the divine religion as *"Islam",*meaning total submission to the will of Allah (SWT). The followers of this decree thus referred to as*"Muslims".*Prophet Musa (AS), Issa (AS) and Muhammad (PBUH) were all descendants of Ibrahim, preached monotheism and followed the straight path of Islam.

The Quran repeatedly describes Prophet Ibrahim as a man who believed in Monotheism and was a model for mankind. Allah (SWT) says, **"Abraham was not a Jew nor yet a Christian; but he was true in Faith, and** **bowed his will to Allah (which is Islam), and he joined not gods with Allah"**[Q 3:67].

Prophet Ibrahim (AS) s piety and struggle against polytheism and idolatry earned him

praise and reward from Allah (SWT). **Musa**

Musa (AS) is the third of the Ulul 'Azm prophets' and had a divine book and divine

religious laws. He was a descendant of prophet Y'aqub (AS). Prophet Musa (AS) was

born at a time when the Israelites were living in Egypt and led by Fir'awn. Fir'awn was

the King who was a polytheist and cruel to his people. He subjected them to abject

poverty, slavery and hopelessness. Musa (AS) could not tolerate the suffering of his people in the hand of the Fir'awn.

Allah (SWT) commanded Musa to go to Fir'awn and preach to him Tawheed the

oneness of Allah. Allah (SWT) says,*Go you and your brother with My Ayat*

*(proofs, evidences, signs) and do not, you both, slacken and become weak in my*

*remembrance. Go both of you to Fir'awn verily he has transgressed (all bounds in*

*disbelief and behaved as an arrogant and as a tyrant). And speak to him mildly,*

*perhaps he may accept admonition or fear (Allah).*[Q 20:42-44] Although for many years Musa (AS) invited people to Tawheed, Fir'awn and his

people showed no reaction other than toughness and disinterest. Allah then bestowed

on prophet Musa miracles:

1. 2. A stick that would turn into a living serpent when throw down. The ability to make his hand shine when he removes it from his armpit. **Issa (AS)**

Prophet 'Isa (AS) is the fourth of the Ulul 'azm bestowed with a book and Shariah.

Almighty Allah (SWT), in the Holy Quran, confirms a divine book called the "Injil"

for 'Isa (AS), which was revealed to him. It is important to note that this divine Book

from Allah is different from the Gospels written after the ascension of Isa bin Maryam

on his life and mission. Allah (SWT) says,*I am a servant of Allah. He gave me the*

*kitab (Injil) and made me a Prophet.*[Q 19:30] The circumstances of his birth were

miraculous. His mother, Maryam, was pious virgin, who conceived through a miracle

as mentioned in the Quran [Q 19:16-32]. Ruhul Qudus (Jibril (AS)) descended from

heavens, gave her the good tidings of 'Isa's (AS) birth. Just like the other Ulul Azm, his mission was to preach Tawheed and establish monotheism. Prophet Issa prayed to Allah (SWT) to grant him miraculous powers in order to proof to the Banu Israil that he was a prophet sent down by Allah ((SWT). He was bestowed with several miracles which led to many people to trust him and follow the commandments of Allah (SWT). Despite the performance of these miracles, the disbelievers rejected him. He was met with resistance from his followers who wanted to kill him but Allah (SWT) saved him from the hands of the tyrants. The Glorious **Muhammad (PBUH)**

In Book One, we learnt about the life history of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Can

you recall his lineage and how he was given his prophet hood? Even before his Baath

(prophet hood), Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) refrained from idol worship and was not

interested in the worldly gains but would seek spiritual guidance in the cave of Hira.

When Allah (SWT) gave him prophet hood, he preached monotheism and Tawheed

just like the previous Ulul Azm.

**The finality of Prophet Muhammad**

Muhammad is the messenger of Allah (SWT) and is regarded as the last and final

Prophet send by Allah (SWT) to guide humankind. Allah (SWT) sealed the prophet

hood with him and completed the divine revelation meaning that there shall be no

other Prophet after him.

Allah (SWT) says,*Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the*

*messenger of Allah (SWT) and the last (end) of the Prophets. And Allah (SWT) is ever*

*all Knower of everything.*[Q 33:40] This can be proved from the various names he was referred to: for example, he was

called*Al-Aqib*meaning the one after whom there is no Prophet,*Al-Hashir*, and the

one at whose feet the people will be resurrected. The term*Khatam an-nabuwwah*is derived from the Quranic phrase*Khatamun*

*Nabiyyn*Seal of the prophets. hrophet Muhammad (hBUH) is referred to as the seal

of the prophets because of the following reasons: He was given the last book i.e. The Quran His Ummah is the last and there shall be no other after his. In the ladder of the prophets, he is the last one. The message he was sent with is universal. The Quran reminds us time and again that this universe has been created temporarily and at an appointed time it will surely be annihilated. Thi stime is only know to Allah (SWT) as He says in the Quran,*Verily Allah (SWT) Alone has the knowledge of the* *Hour.*[Q 22:7]. **Name** **Meaning** **Quranic reference**

eaumul Baath The Day of Resurrection Q 58:6

Yaumul deen The Day of Judgment Q 26:82

Yaumul Hasrat The Day of distress Q 19:39

Yaumul Jam-i The Day of Assembly Q 42:7

Yaumul Taghabun The Day of mutual loss Q 64:9

and gain

Yaumul Akheer The last day Q 5:69

Yaumul Qiyama The Day of Resurrection Q 75:6

Yaumul Fasl The Day of sorting out Q 78:17

eaumaul Saat The hour Q 22:7

Yawmul-Maw'ood Promised Day Q 85:2

Yawmul-Fath Day of Decision Q 32:29

Yawmul-Wa'eed Day of Warning Q 50:20 Have you witnessed any of the above events in the community? This is then a

clear sign that the day of reckoning is nearer.

Major signs of Qiyama

These are events of extra ordinary nature which Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

prophesized in his Hadith. Some of the signs include the following:

1. 2. 3.

Appearing of the*Mahdi*(the Promised). Appearing of*Masih Dajjal*(the Antichrist). Appearing of Issa bin Mariam who will bring justice and kill Masih Dajjal. Appearing of*Yajuj and Majuj*(Gog and Magog). Destroying of the Al kaaba. Rising of the sun from West to East. Emergence of the beast from the earth. Appearing of Smoke.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Wind will take souls of the believers. 10. Quran will be taken up to heaven. 11. Fire that will drive people to their last gathering. 12. Three sounds of the trumpet: 1. 2. 3. The first one will terrify everyone. The second will strike everyone dead. The third will resurrect everyone. **Stages of Qiyama**

How many of us would like to go to Paradise? Definitely, each one of us would wish

to enter the Paradise of Allah (SWT). We need to realize that no soul shall enter

paradise until it tastes death. Allah (SWT) says,*Every soul shall have a taste of*

*death: And only on the Day of Judgment shall you be paid your full recompense. Only*

*he who is saved far from the fire and admitted to the garden will have attained the* **1. Death**

At present, we are all living, carrying out our normal day-to-day activities with ease

oblivious of any calamity befalling us. One such calamity, which is inevitable, is

death. Everyone is scared of death. Why do you think this is so? This is due to the

uncertainty of what lies beyond death. What do you understand by the term death?

Allah says,*How can you disbelieve in Allah (SWT)? Seeing that you were dead and*

*He gave you life. Then He will give you death, then again will bring you life (on the*

*day of resurrection) and then unto him you will return.*[Q 2:28]

According to Islam, death is the return of the souls to Allah (SWT) since He is the one

who gives life and therefore He is the one with the right of taking it away. Allah

(SWT) created death [Q 67:2], which gives us a key to the next stage of life. It is

important for every Muslim to know that life continues in a spiritual form even after

the soul is separated from the body.

We believe in the direct relation between ones deeds on earth and the life hereafter. **2. Life after death**

After death, one goes through different stages from the time a person is lowered into

the grave to the time of the blowing of the trumpet to denote resurrection. Let us

briefly look at each of the stages in brief:

a) Barzakh Technically, it refers to the period between death and resurrection. The matter

of Barzakh is Ghaib (unseen and known to Allah alone). This is a stage kept by

Allah (SWT) between our world and the other world from the time of ones

death until the day of resurrection. Each and every individual shall enter the

state of Barzakh. People who are alive cannot enter into this state until they pass

through death.

Allah (SWT) says,*Until, when death comes to one of you (those who join*

*partners with Allah (SWT)) He says My Lord send me back, so that I may do*

*good in that which I have left behind! No! It is but a word that He speaks; And*

*behind them is Barzakh, a barrier until the day when they will be resurrected.*

[Q 23:99-100] **b) Resurrection**

Read Quran [Q 17:19-52]; [Q 99]; [Q 75]; [Q 79]

The dead will not have an everlasting life in the grave. After the stage of

Barzakh, they will be resurrected for preparation for the Day of Judgment. This

will be followed by the end of the universe where Allah (SWT) will command

Angel Israfil to blow the trumpet three times. The first trumpet will cause all the When these conditions become intolerable, people will appeal to the Prophets and the

messengers of Allah (SWT) to intercede with Allah (SWT) on their behalf so they can

be relieve from the pain and suffering. These scales shall indicate the good and the evils committed by everyone. Allah

(SWT) says:*Then shall anyone who has an atoms weight of good, see it. And*

*anyone who has done an atoms weight of evil, shall see it.*[Q 99:7-8]

Do you know that some people shall receive their books of account in their right

hands, while others will receive them from the back and in their left hands? Find out

the verses of the Quran from surah al Inshiqaaq [Q 81:6-10]

Everyone will have the work of their lives fastened on their necks then Allah (SWT)

will ask them to read from their books. Allah (SWT):*Every mans fate we have*

*fastened on his neck: On the Day of Judgment we shall bring out for him a scroll,*

*which he will see, spread open. (It will be said to him) Read your own record;*

*sufficient is your soul this day to make out an account against you.*[Q 17:13-14] **1.** **Prophets intercession**

Read Quran [Q 20:109] [Q 19:87]

In these verses, you will notice the mention of the word*shufa*, (intersession). What

does this word mean? Why do you think people will start going to the prophets and

messengers for intercession? It is because of distress and suffering in agony in a day

where Allah (SWT) shall not accept the intercession of any person except the one

whom He will have chosen. Can you guess who this noble person will be? One who

shall get the noble honour to intercede for the entire humankind? That person is none

other than the beloved hrophet of Allah (SWT) Muhammad (hBUH). Allah (SWT)s

servants who will be suffering from worries and troubles will not bear the

consequences of that day and will turn to Adam, then to Nuh, then to Ibrahim, then to

Moses, then to Issah and finally to the*Khalilullah(the friend of Allah)*; the holy

prophet Muhammad. The noble Prophet will go down to his knees and prostrate,

pleading with Allah (SWT) on behalf of humankind to declare judgment to his servants. We Muslims believe in the special great intercession of the Prophet (SWT),

the most noble of all the Prophets. During that day of distress, people will suffer from

the pangs of hunger and thirst. There will be only one pool of water under the control

of the prophet (PBUH). Its water will be whiter than milk, sweeter than honey and

better in fragrance. Only believers among the prophets followers will drink from it

and after which will never be thirsty.

2. **The*Siraat***(**The straight path**)

Have you ever heard about the Siraat? This is straight path which Allah (SWT) (SWT)

has set up above the hell fire for every person to pass over it according to their deeds.

The first of them will pass over it as fast as lightening, then as fast wind, then as fast

as birds and then as fast as a running man. During all this time, the Prophet will be

standing on the path praying, Allah (SWT) Save! Save! as other peoples deeds will

fall short. Other people will cross crawling. At both sides of the Siraat, are hooks d)**Paradise and hell**[Q 98:6-8]; [Q 78]

We have learnt in this chapter that intercession is exclusively limited to Prophet

Muhammad (PBUH). We have also learnt that the believers will pass over the Siraat

without any difficulty while the disbelievers will fall into hell. We Muslims believe in

paradise and hell. The pious and righteous will remain in paradise forever enjoying its

bliss, while the disbelievers and evil doers will forever be in hell. Let us now look at

the characteristics of both the paradise and hell: **Description of Paradise**

Read the following verses from the Quran describing paradise: [Q 17:11. Q 16:11-21:

Q 56:22-26]

The following are some of the characteristics of paradise from Quran and Hadith:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The dwellers of paradise will have everything that they may have ever

Paradise exists now and will never perish. Nobody has ever seen the paradise. Its ground and its soil are composed of musk and saffron. Its roof is the throne of Allah (SWT) the Most Merciful The rocks are pearls and Jewells. There are gardens for entertainment The dweller of the paradise will enjoy in joy. It will be amidst gardens and water springs. The buildings are made of gold and silver.

desired on earth.

11. There will be chaste women with beautiful eyes. **Description of Hell**

Read this verse concerning hell. [Q 18:29]

The following are some of the features of hell:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Hell exists now and will never perish. It has gates that have been assigned specific class of sinners. It has various levels for various sinful acts. [Q 6:132] There shall be vaults over them[Q 90:19-20] The fathomless pits will not be filled up and shall keep on asking for more. **Quranic concept of Adl (Divine Justice)**

*Adl*is an Arabic term which means Justice. Justice refers to the ability to exercise

rightful, fare treatment in ones dealings and be neutral in action. Just as Allah (SWT)

encourages human beings to emulate some of His attributes, such as being*patient*and

*forgiving*, He also requires mankind to follow the ways of justice. Technically, the

term*Adl*refers to Allah (SWT)s divine Justice. It elaborates the way in which Allah

(SWT) exercises his profound judgment to his creatures.

Justice is a concept that is usually related to equality in the eyes of the law; it means

that the law should treat equally people who adhere to its rules and norms, regardless

of their social, political or economic status. Have you learnt in History about the

justice system in Kenya which is headed by the chief Justice? If so, how do the courts

in Kenya work? When those people who are led are sure of receiving justice from

their leader, they always guard against breaking the law. At the same time, knowing

that there will be recognition and reward for loyalty, they are encouraged to be We have looked at how Allah (SWT) has enjoined on man to deal justly in all

dealings. The absolute justice of Allah (SWT) has been repeatedly declared in the

Holy Quran. Let us consider the following example:

*Verily, Allah (SWT) commands Adl (fairness, equity, justice) Ihsaan (excellence in* *servitude to Allah (SWT), benevolence towards people, graciousness in dealings) and* *giving to those close to you, while He forbids Fahshaa (lewdness, indecency,* *licentiousness, immorality), Munkar (bad actions, undesirable activities, generally* *unaccepted behaviour, not fulfilling ones obligations), and Baghy (rebellion,* *transgressing limits, exploiting or violating others rights, abuse of authority or* *freedom). He admonishes you so that you heed the advice.*[Q 16:90]

The prophet (PBUH) also emphasized on the importance of justice in the following Hadith:

*Abdullah Ibn Umar (RA) narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) said, The fair and just* *people who are equitable: in passing judgments, in dealing with their family members* *and in using the authority delegated to them, will be on the pulpits of Noor in the* *audience of Allah (SWT).*(Muslim) From the above Hadith and verse of the Quran, what do you learn about divine Justice? **Significance of Belief in Qiyama to the life of a Muslim**

As you have earlier learnt that justice is a main concern in Islam, it is important that

humankind get justice in this world and the hereafter. For example, in the school

situation, a student will receive good results after he or she has worked hard. One who

is lazy will definitely perform poorly because that is what is expected out of him. In

other words, there is accountability. The account of the deeds of everyone in this

      *Say: "Verily, the death from which you flee, will surely meet you,*

*Then you will be sent back to the Knower of the unseen and the seen, and He will* *inform you about what you used to do.''*[Q 62:8] Allah (SWT) says,*Know well that the life of this world is merely sport and diversion*

*and adornment and an object of your boasting with one another, and a rivalry in the*

*multiplication of riches and children. Its likeness is that of rain: when it produces*

*vegetation it delights the tillers. But then it withers and you see it turn yellow, and*

*then it crumbles away. In the Hereafter there is (either) grievous chastisement (or)*

*forgiveness from Allah (SWT) and (His) good pleasure. The life of this world is*

*nothing but delusion.*[Q 57:20]

Allah (SWT) is telling us in this verses that this life is just but a play. Why is it so

important for the Muslims to believe in this day? Let us consider the following

reasons:

1. 2.

It is the fifth pillar of Iman. It clearly spells out mans relation with his creator and reminds him that one day he will return to Allah (SWT). It awakens mans spirit of preparing for the grand day by doing acts of worship. It promotes equality of mankind before Allah (SWT). This is a day set

3.

**|**P a g e 216 The knowledge of paradise and hell motivates man to do good deeds and avoid evil. It gives man the courage to fight evil in order to avoid Allah (SWT)s punishment in the fire. Allah (SWT) has commanded man to believe in this day thus it shows obedience of humankind to the commandments of Allah (SWT). It regulates the relationship between man and his fellow man because it enhances peace and harmony. It develops ones taqwa .i.e. fear of Allah (SWT). It instills mental peace in man as he is able to be patient when waiting for the grand assembly knowing exactly what to expect on this great day. It awakens consciousness in one to be aware of the consequences of his action on the day assembly. It strengthens the belief in the prophets among the Muslims since they taught on the belief in the day of recompense.

6.

9. 10.

13. Man is able to develop confidence and recognize the special powers of

Allah (SWT). It fosters in humankind the spirit of asking for tawba from Allah (SWT).

14. Suggested Study Questions and Activity Answer the following questions in your I.R.E revision exercise book. 1.a) Explain the need for divine guidance Muhammad (PBUH). Which is this ummah referred to in these verses? Let us

consider the following:

1.

The Jews used to fast in the remembrance of the return of prophet Musa (AS) from mount Sinai where he had gone to talk to Allah (SWT) Prophets Musa and Issah used to fast four forty days and nights. Prophet Daud (AS) used to fast on alternating days throughout his life. The prophet (PBUH) commended that this was the best Saum amongst all in his Hadith*The best fasting before Allah (SWT) is the fasting of* *Nabi Daud. He used to fast for one day and eat for one day.*( Ahmad bin Hanbal)

2. 3.

4. When Prophet Muhammad migrated to Madina, he found the Jews engaging in fast on the 10th of Muharam to remember the day Allah (SWT) saved Prophet Nuh (AS) with his ummah from the floods using the*Safina*(Ark).

**Significance of Saum**

In this chapter, we have learnt that fasting (Saum) was prescribed to the ummah even

before hrophet Muhammads. Why do you think this was so? This indicates that there **Economic benefits of fasting**

7. It promotes good health because the excessive fat is burnt during fasting. 8. Improved eating habits. (Escape from unhealthy munching habits). 9. Promotes sound budgeting because it reduces the number of meals. 10. To empathize with less fortunate members of humanity who suffer from

hunger due to poverty. **Spiritual significance of fasting** 6. *Nadhir*is an Arabic word which means to vow. Islam has made it mandatory

Nadhir (vow)

for Muslims to fulfill the vows they make. These vows should be made on acts

that are lawful. Therefore if one vows to fast, then the fast must be observed.

This is referred to as Nadhir fast. For example a student can vow to fast for

some days if he or she performs well in the exams. 7. The term*Qadha*means to compensate or to pay up for a missed obligatory

Qadha

duty. In fasting, it refers to the compensation of the days one missed to fast

during the month of Ramadhan for acceptable reasons. We shall discuss these

reasons later on in this chapter.

8. Kafara The day of Idd ul Fitr is of breaking the fast, of Ramadan while on the 'idd ul Adha

Muslims should eat from what you sacrifice." This is related by Ahmad,an-Nasa'i,

atTirmizhi, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah.

2. The days of*Tashreeq*(three days following the 'Id al-Adha) It is not permissible to fast during the three days following the 'Idal-Azha. Abu

Hurairah reported that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) send 'Abdullah ibn Huzaqah

to announce at Mina:*"You are not fast these days. They are days of eating and*

*drinking and remembering Allah."*(Ahmad bin Hanbal)

3. To single out Friday as a day of fasting As-Sama' relates that the Prophet (PBUH) said:*"Do not fast on Saturdays unless it is*

*an obligatory fast. [You should not fast] even if you do not find anything [to eat] save*

*some grape peelings or a branch of a tree to chew on."*(Ahmad, an-Nasa'i, at-

Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah)

Umm Salamah narrated, 'The Messenger of Allah used to fast more often on

Saturdays and Sundays than on the other clays. He would say,*"They are the 'Idds of*

*the polytheists, and I love to act contrary to what they do.*" (An-Nasa'i)

5. Yaummul*Shakk*on the "day of doubt"

6. Fasting, every day of the year

It is forbidden to do so because there are certain days of the year on which one is not allowed to fast. The Messenger of Allah said:*"There is no [reward for] fasting for the* *one who perpetually fasts."*(Ahmad, al-Bukhari, and Muslim) 7. Fasting consecutive days without eating at all [al-wisal] Abu Hurairah reported that the Prophet (PBUH) said:*"Do not perform al-wisal." He* *said that three times and the people said to him: "But you perform al-wisal, O* *Messenger of Allah!" He said: "You are not like me in that matter. I spend the night in* *such a state that Allah feeds me and gives me to drink. Devote yourselves to the deeds* *which you can perform."*( al-Bukhari and Muslim.) **Desirable Acts in the Month of Ramadhan**

This refers to the acts that are pleasant, worthwhile and those that increase the rewards

of fasting. They include;

1. 2. 3. 4. Increasing the recitation of the Quran. Breaking of fast with odd number of dates. Sharing the food with other Muslims during the Iftar. Breaking the fast immediately after sunset without delays. Those entirely exempted from fasting include:

1.

People who are permanently insane and are unaccountable for their deeds should not fast just like the way they have been exempted from performing other obligatory acts of worship. They are not obliged to any form of compensation. Old and weak men and women who are cannot bear the hardship of fast. However, they should offer, one needy Muslim an average of one days meal or its value. This compensation indicates that whenever they can fast even for one day of the month, they should do so, and compensate for the rest. Persons with terminal illness and are on continuous medication and special care. These would include, people suffering from, severe cases of diabetes, HIV Aids, cancer among others ailments.

2. **Importance of the Month of Ramadhan**

Read [Q 2:185]; [Q 97]

Out of the twelve months in the Islamic calendar, there are certain months that Allah

(SWT) has blessed more than the others. Among these months is the Holy month of

Ramadhan. It has its own significance to Muslims as follows:

1.

This is the month in which the Quran was sent down from Lawhil Mahfudh to Baitul Izzah. It is the month in which Allah (SWT) has promised paradise for the performance of deeds. It is the month in which Allah (SWT) extends his blessings, forgiveness, mercy and those Muslims who follow his teachings are kept away from the fire. It is the month in which we find the Lailatul Qadr (the night of power) in which performance of Ibadah is better than 83 years. Allah also increases sustenance to those performing Ibadah during this night. In this month the Angels descent, among them Angel Jibril (AS) and they ask Allah (SWT)s forgiveness for the Muslim Ummah. It is the month in which Allah (SWT) has ordained the special prayer of *Taraweh*which earns Muslims rewards. auring this month, Satan is far removed and locked up, his face is darkened. This is to allow the believers to perform their Ibadah in peace.

2. sake of Allah (SWT). It is the act of paying a visit or homage to the Holy City of

Makkah together with its environs in order to perform numerous acts of worship. It is

performed during the month of Hajj and involves several activities and rituals which

we shall study later in this chapter. Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam. Allah (SWT) says

in the Quran*: And complete the Hajj and Umrah in the service of Allah (SWT).*[Q

2:196] 1.

It is a source of unity for all the Muslims from different parts of the world who meet and interact during the rites Hajj. Assuming the state of Ihram makes the pilgrimage to live by certain restrictions such as killing deliberately, uprooting vegetation thus promoting peace and harmony.

2.

3. Muslims perform the acts of Hajj with the same goal thus promoting

brotherhood. The wearing of Ihram ensures peace among the pilgrims as well as to other creatures. It helps in creating and supporting friendship among the different people. Hajj promotes equality among the Muslims in that everyone regardless of their nation, race, colour perform the same rites of Hajj thus promoting equality. For example, they must all stand on the plains of Arafat. The sense of identity and belonging is fostered among the Muslims in that it is done at specific time and month of the year. The performance of Hajj has been ordained for all able Muslims regardless of ones social class. This has discouraged social prejudices. There is a spirit of sharing among the pilgrims when they meet for the sake of Allah (SWT).

Spiritual significance of Hajj It is among the pillar of Islam and therefore must be observed by every mature and able Muslim. It is a command from Allah (SWT) that has been mentioned by several verses of the Quran alongside with Swalat. preparation is required. The journey for Hajj is very different from any of the journeys

you have mentioned or imagined. This is because it is a trip of a lifetime meant for

pleasing Allah (SWT). If one plans for a trip, tour or journey to please himself in this

world, what of a sacred journey that Allah (SWT) has commanded in the Holy

Quran? aefinitely, such a journey, meant to fulfill an act of worship requires proper

and adequate planning. Therefore, for Hajj to be performed sincerely and properly,

considerable investment of money, time, and physical effort is required. These

preparations will include, physical, spiritual and financial. The following guidelines

are intended to get the pilgrim started in the right direction:

**Financial preparations**

1. One should have enough money to prepare for the activities Hajj. **Social and spiritual preparations**

There are also some social preparations that one must undergo. These are as

follows:

1.

They should bid farewell to neighbours, friends, relatives and fellow Muslims. They should have it in mind that Hajj is obligatory. All sorts of haram events and activities during the preparations for Hajj should be avoided.

2. 3.

4. Women should get permission from their husbands. 5. Women who are not married should get permission from their close

relatives under whose guardianship they live. They should be accompanied by someone with whom they cannot marry (mahrim). They should be free from impurity. 7. Umrah

*Umra*is referred to as a lesser or minor Pilgrimage. Why is it called lesser

Pilgrimage? This is because the pilgrim performs all the rites of Hajj except the

standing at Arafat. It is usually performed at any time of the year, before the eighth of

Dhul Hijja or even after the performance of Hajj. differentiate the two since Hajj is of different types. The pilgrims knowledge of each

type of Hajj will enable him or her to make the right intention for that particular type

of Hajj. Let us now look at each of the three types namely; Ifrad bil Hajj, Al Qiran and

At-Tamattu. IFRAD BIL HAJJ

The word*Ifrad*in Arabic means single, one or only. In relation to Hajj, it is when the

pilgrim declares his intention to perform Hajj alone without Umra (lesser pilgrimage).

The pilgrim may have either performed Umra earlier or is intending to perform it on a

later period. The Mufrid (the pilgrim performing this Hajj) assumes the state of Ihram

at the Miqaat when they are to start rites of Hajj. An example is the people who leave

near Makkah or those who frequently visit it.

HAJJ AL QIRAN Qiran means to combine. It is where the Pilgrims perform both Hajj and Umrah in the

same Ihram. The major characteristic of Qiran is that the Muqrin (the pilgrim

performing this Hajj) does not enjoy a period of rest in between the Hajj and Umrah.

HAJJ AT-TAMATTU

In this performance the Mutamatti (the person who performs this Hajj), begins by

performing Umrah, and then removes the Ihram for Umrah before adorning it again

for the purpose of Hajj. After Ihram, the pilgrims are ready to commence the activities of Hajj. They recite the

*Talbiyya*as frequently as possible. The Talbiyya is a set of special invocations for the

remembrance of Allah (SWT) during Hajj. One chants;*Labbayka llahumma*

*labbayka laa shariika laka labbayka. innalhamda, wannamataka laka walmulka, laa*

*shriika lakka labbayka.*

Meaning*: Here I am O Allah (SWT)! Here I am! You have no partner with You!*

*Here I am! Surely all Praise, and favours belong to You and the dominion (also*

*belongs to You), You have no partner with You! Here I am!*

Tawaf

*Tawaf*refers to the act of going round the Kaaba seven times while keeping it on the

left i.e anticlockwise. Every round starts and ends facing the*Hajar al Aswad*(black

stone) at the corner of the Al Kaaba. The first three circles are made faster than the

last four. After each circle, one touches the Hajar al Aswad, kisses it or raises hands before it and says:

*Allahumma zid hadhal baita tashriifan watadhiiman wa mahabbat. allahumma*

*antas salaam waminkas salaam fahayyinaa rabbanaa bis salaam.*

*O Allah (SWT) increase on this House Glory, an Greatness and Love. O Allah (SWT)*

*You are Peace and from You is peace. So greet us O our Lord with peace.*

There are four types of Tawaf that a Muslim is permitted to go around the Al Kaaba:

1.

Tawaf ul Qudum which is performed at the arrival and symbolizes the beginning of performing Hajj. Tawaf ul Ifadha (Ziara) which is performed in the morning of the 10th of ahul Hijja. It is part of the rites of Hajj and its performed after the rites at Minna. Tawaf ul Wida is performed as the last step after all the steps of Hajj are over before removing the Ihram.

2. Tawaf ul Tatwawui is not part of Hajj and its performed any other time one enters the holy mosque of Makka. This Tawaf can be compared with the Tahiyyat ul Masjid prayer that is offered in other mosques. Saayi

It is the going between the two hillocks of*Swafa*and*Marwa*. It is done seven times

while keeping the hillocks on the left as one says:

*Allahumma hajjana mabruuran wadhambanaa maghfuuran wasyan mashkuura*

*O Allah (SWT) grant blessings on our Hajj, forgive our sins and make our Saayi a*

*grateful one.* The act of Saayi commemorates Allah (SWT)s command when He instructed

Prophet Ibrahim (AS) to take his new wife, Hajjar, and their only child, Ismail (AS),

to a desert in Makkah. With a goatskin vessel with water, he left them to visit his first

wife. When the water got finished and Hajjar had no milk in her for the child, she

started looking for water to quench their thirst, but the child was starving. She

wandered between Safa and Marwa and on the seventh round; she found a fountain

that had gushed out next to the child. This is the present well of Zamzam.

Both the Tawaf ul Qudum and the Saayi are performed on the eighth of ahul Hijja,

which is the first day of the pilgrimage. Arafat

It is a plain on the East of Makka. It is a very important step of Hajj on 9th of Dhul

Hijja because the Hajj is nullified for whoever misses it and will have to go for Hajj

again. Pilgrims perform Dhuhr and Asr prayers before a khutba (sermon) that is

delivered on the pulpit at Jabal Rahma (mountain of mercy). Pilgrims continue with

Talbiya, sunna prayers, meditation and dua (supplication). Muzdalifa

It is the next stop after Arafat. The other name for Muzdalifa is Mash aril Haram

(Sacred Monument).Here Maghrib and Isha prayers are combined and shortened.

They also collect stone pebbles here and leave after Fajr prayers and before sunrise to

Mina. Mina

Pilgrims reach Mina on the 10th day of Dhul Hijja in the morning, also referred to as

Yaumun Nahr (the day of sacrifice). After performing Idd prayers at Mina, the

pilgrims throw pebbles (i.e. ramyun) at the three Jamarat (pillars). They throw seven

pebbles on each of the pillars. This is followed by sacrificing a sheep, goat, cow or

camel. From there they go to perform Tawaf ul Ifadha at the Al Kaaba. Ram yul jimar

The act of throwing pebbles to the three pillars signifies a symbol of chasing Iblis

(satan), an act that was performed when Prophet Ibrahim wanted to sacrifice his son,

Ismail (AS). Each throw is accompanied with a Takbir (Allahu Akbar). The pillars are

Jamrat ul Aqaba (the Aqaba pillar) Jamrat ul Wustwa (the middle pillar near the

mosque of Mina) and Jamrat ul Sughra (the smallest pillar). Significance of the jamarat

The significance of the Jamarat dates back to the time when Prophet Ibrahim (A.S)

was commanded by Allah (SWT) to sacrifice his son Ismail (A.S.) He led his son to

three suitable places where he could do the sacrifice. Iblis tried to discourage him, but

Prophet Ibrahim (A.S) was steadfast and chased Iblis. The throwing of the pebbles

symbolizes the chasing of the devils from interfering with our faith. **When slaughtering is compulsory for a pilgrim.**

1. When one enjoyed a period of freedom between Umra and Hajj. 2. When one conjoined his Umra and Hajj. 3. When one failed to spend a night at Muzdalifa. 4. When a pilgrim failed to spend the nights of 11th, 12th and 13th at Mina. 5. When he failed to throw the pebbles at the Jamarat. 6. When a pilgrim failed to observe the restrictions of Hajj.  Making the Niyyat (Intention) for Hajj.  Clipping nails and shaving hair  Performing Ghusl (ritual bath) either at home or at the Miqaat  Reciting the Talbiya throughout the rites of Hajj.  Kissing, touching, or pointing the black stone during every cycle of the Tawaf.  While making tawaf, recite du'a' or Dhikr, then end each round at the black stone.  Praying two rak'at at the Maqam Ibrahim.  Drinking from the spring of Zamzam. Visiting Madina is not an essential obligation in making Hajj valid and complete. However, it is recommended that the Pilgrims visit Madina as a sign of respect to the prophet. When entering Madina, one recites a dua. One of the Duas is; Bis-millaahir- Rah-maa-nir-Ra-hiim. Allaa-hum-ma antas-salaam, wa-minkas-salaam, wa-ilay-ka yar-ju-us-salaam. Fa-Hay-yinaa bis-salaam, wa - ad-khil-naa daa-ras-salaam. Ta-baa- rak-ta rob-banaa wa-ta-aalay-ta yaa-dzal-ja-laa-li wal-ik-raam. Allah Most Gracious Most Merciful. O Allah! You are the Peace, and from You comes Peace and unto You returns Peace, Keep us, O our Lord, in a life of Peace and make us to enter the Abode of Peace. Blessed are You and exalted is Your Majesty. O eou possessor of alory and Honour. There are great merits for visiting the city of Madina, the tomb of the prophet and his mosque. The following are merits of the city of Madina: This is the place where the Prophet lived for the last ten years of his life. Islam got a peaceful foundation for spreading far and wide as well as being understood well from this sacred place. This is the place where the first Muslim martyrs lost their lives and were buried. The prophet prayed for the wellbeing of this city, its people and property. Places to be visited include the following.

1.

The Mosque of the Prophet (PBUH).This is the mosque he called after his own name. It is the mosque which the prophet himself actively participated in its construction and it is where he led most of the prayers. Prayers offered in this mosque

earn more thawab. The tomb of the prophet. Here, the visitors supplicate for the Prophet. All duas for the prophet supplicated at his tomb will make one to earn intercession of the prophet. The battle fields. The visitors visit the following battle fields: **Badr.**The plain of Badar is approximately 32 km to the south west of Madinah. This is where the first battle took place between the Muslims and the Quraish. **Jabal-e-Uhud.**It is about 6 km on the north of Madinah. The battle of Uhud was fought here. The hrophets uncle, Hamza and other companions are buried in this place. **Jabal-e-Salaa.**This is the site for the battle of Trench fought in 5 A.H. **Jannat al-Baqee.**This is the graveyard of Madinah, where a large number of Prophets companions including Caliph Uthman (RA), Abbas (RA), Hassan (RA), and wives and daughters of the Holy Prophet are buried. Holy mosques. These include the following 1.**Masjid Quba.**This is the first mosque in Islamic history whose foundation stone was laid down by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) after migration to Madinah.

2.**Masjid Qiblatain.**It earned this name (two Qiblas)

when the prophet, while in Swalat was ordered by Allah (SWT) to turn his face from Islams first qibla *(Bait-ul-Muqqadis)*to Kabah in Masjid al-Haram. 3.**Masjid Juma.**This is the mosque where Prophet

(hBUH) offered his first Juma prayer while in Madinah.

4.**Masjid Ghamama.**This mosque is near the hrophets

mosque. The Prophet (PBUH) used to offer his Idd prayers here. Prophet once led Swalatul*Istasqa*in it and suddenly the clouds appeared and it started raining, thus earning the name*ghamama*(clouds).

5.**Masid Abu Bakr, Masjid Umar Faruq and Masjid** **Ali.**These three mosques are near Masjid Ghamama. **AKHALAQ**

In book One, we introduced to you the two dimensions of Islamic Morality; *Maarufat*(Virtues) and*Munkaarat*(Vices). In this chapter ,we are going to discuss in details some selected virtues and vices with the purpose of encouraging the performance of virtuous deeds and highlighting the vices and their effects in the community. We shall begin with the*virtous deed*(Husnul - Khulq) followed by the*vices*(Su-ul Khulq). According to the above verse the following deeds have been categorized to be promoting piety and righteousness: 1.

To believe in Allah (SWT), the Last Day, Angels, His Books and Messengers. To spend ones wealth, subsistence in order to please Allah (SWT) by helping ones relatives, orphans, the needy, the wayfarer and those who ask for assistance and freeing of slaves. To observe your prayers and give charity regularly. To honor your promises. To exercise patience and firmness while suffering or when faced with any calamity

2.

3. 4. 5.

Other deeds not mentioned in this verse includes the following: Tranquility, contentment, patience, truthfulness and restraining from anger. Can you give examples of other deeds that may promote piety and righteousness? **Self control**

**Read Quran [Q 3:134]**

Life in this world is not easy. There are several challenges that one encounters,

whether a believer or a non-believer. Do you know the effects of such challenges to an

individual? These could result to stress, depression, anger, social conflicts among

other consequences. The Holy Quran and hrophets Hadith are the major source of

guidance for a Muslim who is faced with various challenges in the course of life.

Therefore a Muslim is encouraged to use the various ways within the Islamic code in

solving all problems facing him or her. One of these ways is self control. Benefits of Exercising Self Control

**1.**

Allah (SWT) rewards a person who exercises self control. Allah (SWT) says*But as for him who feared standing before his Lord and restrained* *himself from impure evil desires and lust. Verily, paradise will be his* *abode.***[**Q 79:40-41] It shields one from evil because mans*nafs*(soul) is the seat of all evils. Therefore if one is able to control his*nafs*from reacting to different circumstances, self control prevents the person from doing any evil deed. It promotes peace and unity in the community in that it discourages one from causing any damage or harm to those who have wronged him or her. It gives one peace of mind as it enables one to control his or her innermost desires or emotions and makes one soberly accept the situation at stake. Prevents unnecessary fights and quarrels since it instills wisdom on how to overcome them. It enhances the performance of other virtuous deeds such as patience, truthfulness, forgiveness, among other virtues. It develops Taqwa because it is a commandment from Allah (SWT). Promote good health by preventing disease such as hypertension and mental illnesses. It enables one to make worthwhile decisions when faced with problems. It enhances self discipline since it is inbuilt and operates within ones operational circles.

**9.** **10.** **Qanaa (Contentment)**

Read Quran 1:32

Prophets Hadith: Abu Hurairah (RA) reports in one hadith that the Prophet

(PBUH) said,

*Wealth is not (found) in vast riches but wealth is (found) in self contentment.*

(Bukhari and Muslim)

Who is the Bestower of Rizq (provisions) to all humankind and creatures of the

world? Undoubtedly, it is Allah (SWT). It is Allah (SWT) who sustains all that

exist, He provides to all His creatures and make a decision on their portion, size

of rizq, reason being known to Him alone. Therefore at all times, man has a

duty to exercise inner deep satisfaction or rather recognition or appreciation

towards which Allah (SWT) Has provided. of adapting to the prevailing calamities. In this case one is required to exercise

tranquility.

Tranquility refers to a state of observing calmness, innermost self control and

acceptance to the situation at hand when one is befallen with a calamity or

hardship. **Benefits of exercising Sakina**

1.

It regulates emotions, thus enabling one to make a worthwhile decision in finding a suitable solution. It enhances good relationship among people since it prevents unnecessary provocation, which may lead to misunderstanding. It prevents one from over reacting to exciting situations, a conduct which may worsen the problem. It encourages one to remember Allah (SWT) when faced with hardship or challenges. In addition, Allah (SWT) has declared rewards for all the believers who remember Him when in difficulty. It is a source of wisdom and inspiration because one who remains composed and peaceful usually finds an amicable solution. It prevents one from distress and other related illness such as hypertension, depression, anxiety that may damage one physical and mental being. It provides the right avenues to observe other virtuous deeds such as patience, self control, forgiveness, justice among other virtues.

2.

3. **Read Quran 103:2-3.**

Allah (SWT) is fully aware of what befalls humankind at present life and even

in the future. He exposes him to both pleasant and unpleasant situations.

Humankind has to come up with ways of dealing with all the various situations

in life. Although he may not be in a position to offer suitable solutions, he

would come up with a measure of preventing the worsening of the situation.

One way, which may assist him, is by exercising patience. Patience is the act of offering resistance, perseverance and endurance over an

event or condition, which may be good or bad. In patience one restrains his

soul, mind and body from panic, anger, revenge, complain or other form of

abuse. **Benefits of exercising Patience**

1. *2.*

Allah (SWT) loves and is with those who are patient. It draws one closer to Allah (SWT) enhancing development of*Taqwa* (God fearing) It curbs worries hence promoting peace of mind. Enhance cordial relationship among people through creating tolerance and understanding. It promotes other righteous deeds such as love, trust and self control It the Sunnah of the prophet. It assists in the establishment of peace in the community by preventing chaos. It instills leadership quality.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. Benefits of Exercising Trust

1. 2. 3.

It enhance good performance of ones duty and obligation It establishes trustworthiness amongst the people It promotes good relationship between humankind and his Creator and among the humankind themselves. Allah (SWT) rewards those who execute their duties diligently It enhances God fearing and that one strictly follows Allah (SWT) commandment when performing their duties. It curbs cheating, misappropriation, carelessness and other avenues that encourage corruption. It equips one with leadership qualities. It improves the socio-economic and political progress of a given community. It encourages one to uphold virtuous deeds in his or her life, such as patience, self control contentment among other virtues.

4. 5.

6. It is an essential component of righteousness, which is enshrined in thoughts, words

and actions.

Allah (SWT) says,*O you who believe! Be afraid of Allah (SWT), and be with those*

*who are true (in words and deeds)*[Q 9: 119]

This has also been emphasized by the Prophet (PBUH) in the following two hadith: Abdallah ibn Masood (RA) said:*The Prophet (PBUH) said: You must be truthful,*

*for truthfulness leads to righteousness and righteousness leads to Paradise. A man*

*will keep speaking the truth and striving to speak the truth until he will be recorded*

*with Allah (SWT) as a Siddeeq (speaker of the truth). Beware of telling lies, for lying*

*leads to immorality and immorality leads to Hellfire. A man will keep telling lies and*

*striving to tell lies until he is recorded with Allah (SWT) as a liar.*(Muslim)

*and gambling and al Ansaab and al Az lam (arrows for seeking lack or decision are*

*an abomination of Shaitans handiwork. So avoid (strictly all) that (abomination) in*

*order that you may successful. Shaytan wants only to excite enmity and hatred*

*between you with intoxicants and gambling and hinder you from the remembrance of*

*Allah (SWT) and from A ssalat. So will you not then abstain?*[Q 5:90-91]

These verses show us how Islam condemns the use of intoxicants and classifies them

as acts of the devil. Aisha (RA) narrates that the prophet (PBUH) was asked about an

intoxicant called*bita*, which was brewed from honey and was popular with the people

of Yemen. In response, he said;*All drinks that intoxicate are unlawful to take.*

*(Bukhari)*

This is the evidence that intoxication is prohibited in Islam.

Among the most common intoxicants is liquor (*khamr*). The development of

intoxication has undergone so advanced stages since the revelation of the Quranic *ayas*. The characteristics and impacts of all these intoxicants are similar. We shall

learn more about these intoxicants later in this chapter.

It is prohibited to take intoxicants and there should be no loopholes sought for taking

any of them. There are as many of them in the market under various brands as well as

traditional and improvised brews. Others like opium (*bang or Cannabis Sativa)*are for

smoking, while there are contemporary types e.g. heroin, mandrax, cocaine and

others. Whether licensed or unlicensed, they should not be taken. The consumption of **Effects of intoxicants**

When Allah (SWT) makes prohibitions, he does it for the good of humanity. All the

prohibited substances have adverse effects on the social, physical and spiritual

wellbeing. Let us look at the social and moral effects.

Social and morals effects

1. 2. 3.

Lowers ones dignity and respect in the community. Use of abusive language The state of intoxication affects the interpersonal relations and may lead to fights and quarrels.

4. May lead to divorce 5. May lead to other vices like prostitution and gambling Physical effects

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Brain damage Lowers the immune system Can lead to hemorrhage Nervous disorders which can lead to imbalance. Liver disorders like cirrhosis and failure in bladder control. Extreme uses may lead to dependence on the intoxicants. It leads to loss of weight. It slows down the process of cells formation in the body. Affect a persons memory. Gambling

It is a game in which people take chances and they either win or lose. During the time

of the prophet, people used to raffle with arrows so as to get the winners and losers. In

Surat ul Baqara, Allah (SWT) tells the prophet (PBUH):

*They ask you concerning wine and gambling. Say: In them is a great sin and some*

*profit for men. But the sin is greater than the profit*[Q 2:219]

Gambling is prohibited because those concerned get easy things without working for

them. Unless there is fraud, winning or losing depends on chance. There are those

who gamble with playing cards for money and those who play it in licensed

international centers called casinos. In the marketing scene, the promotion of several

commodities is accompanied with lotteries, raffles and other competitions where

people are promised to win vehicles, houses, and trips to various places, electronic

appliances and consolation prizes, to mention but some. The concerned companies

give such games so attractive promotional names that potential customers are moved,

they still remain to be forms of gambling that are sinful. Kibr (pride)

Kibr is a habit in which one feels too superior to others. Such people look down upon

others and mistreat them. They feel important because of the wealth, leadership

position or knowledge they possess. They forget that they are a trust that should be

observed well because Allah (SWT) may end it any time and sometimes in tragedies. Effects of kibr

1.

Allah (SWT) punishes all forms of Kibr because it is a minor shirk. One will not enter paradise. It weakens the faith of a Muslim It damages the relationship between men and women. It encourages vices such as hatred, suspicion and revenge. It may cause one being segregated by others and may lead to disunity. It interferes with the sound reasoning and one may make wrong decisions.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Drug Abuse

In this chapter, we learnt earlier about intoxicants. This sub topic shall specifically

deal with drug abuse. What we need to know here is that drug abuse is the use of

drugs for other motives apart from curative and preventive. You must have come

across some types of drugs. Can you mention any of them? How would you then

define the substances you have mentioned? From the examples you have given, we

shall note that most of the drugs have certain characteristics and effects to the human

body. We shall therefore deduce our definition and say that a drug is any chemical or

natural substance which when introduced into the body system of a living organism it

modifies one or more cells hence affecting the normal functioning of the body. Sexual perversions

Sexual perversion is a situation where one deviates from the norms of sexual behaviour and indulges in behaviours that are sexually offensive. The only way in which sexual relations become legitimate is through marriage between a man and a woman in a binding contract that Allah (SWT) recognizes. *Allah (SWT) has made for you your makes of your own nature and made for you, out* *of them, sons and daughters, and grandchildren and provided for you sustenance of* *the best.*[Q 16:72] The prophet says:*O young men, whoever is able to marry should marry, for it will* *help in lowering of gaze and guarding of modesty. (Bukhari)* Sexual perversion would include the following:

1. 2. 3. Zina Prostitution Homosexuality

*The woman and man guilty of adultery- flog each of them with a hundred stripes: Let*

*not compassion move you in their case, in a matter prescribed by Allah (SWT), if you*

*believe in Allah (SWT) and the last day; and let a party of the believers witness their*

*punishment. And let no man guilty of adultery or fornication, marry, but a woman*

*similarly guilty or an unbeliever: nor let any but such a man or an unbeliever marry*

*such a woman: Such is forbidden to the believers.*[Q 24:2-3]

In a hadith narrated by Abdullah bin Umar (RA) the prophet (PBUH) said,*O*

*Muhajirun  If fornication became widespread, you should realize that this has never*

*happened without new diseases befalling the people which heir forbearers never*

*suffered.*(Ibn Majah) Prostitution This is the act of provision of sexual services to a person in return for payment or

favours. Prostitution is indeed a concept of sexuality which Islam strongly prohibits.

The Holy Quran, the prophets hadith and the rulings of the Islamic religious leaders

talk about the concept of sexuality as involving strictly confined relationship between

a man and a woman. Islam encourages chastity and modesty. With regards to gender

lines and sex is strictly reserved for husband and wife. Islam strongly prohibits extra-

marital sexual relationships

Effects of prostitution As we have mentioned earlier in this book that any prohibitions by Allah (SWT) is for the good of humankind. Similarly, prostitution as a vice has adverse effects as stated below:

1.

It undermines the dignity of the woman who Allah (SWT) has placed three grades higher than the man. It promotes backwardness and lack of civilization when several people sleep with one woman. It is misappropriation of money when people go to prostitutes. It is a social evil which makes the community lose dignity It makes people compare with animals who mate in the open.

2.

3. 4. 5. It is a shameful act which is condemned by Allah (SWT). It is a health risk because sexually transmitted infections can easily be spread. It discourages women from giving birth so that they can go on with their business. This inhibits procreation and makes these women miss the divine prestige of being mothers **Homosexuality** *Homosexuality*is the practice of sexual relations between same sex or gender. It is divided into two;*gayism*for male and*lesbianism*for females. People who practice such relationships are cursed as the prophet says: Homosexuals will not enter paradise. The only sexual relations allowed in Islamic law should be between a male and a female after solemnizing marriage as prescribed by Allah (SWT) strongly cautions against same sex marriage. He says in the Quran: *There are my girls for marriage if you must do (so). [Q 15:7]* This verse compels males to seek sexual pleasures from females to whom they are legally married. Any attempt to contravene the*mithaq*(agreement with Allah (SWT)) will make man to be punished. In surat ul Aaraf, Allah (SWT) narrates the episode of the people of Nabii Lut (Qaumu Lut) as follow. *And Lut, when he said to his people: Do you commit such filth as no people (created)* *have ever committed before you? For you practice your lusts in men in preference to* *women: you are indeed people transgressing beyond bounds. And his people gave no* *answer except saying: Drive them out of your city; these are indeed men who want to* *be pure. But we saved him and his family except his wife; she was of those who* *lagged behind. And we rained down on them showers of brimstone. Then see what* *was end of those who indulged in sin and crime.*[Q7:80-84] From the above ayahs, we are taught how homosexuality is a sinful act, punishable by severe wrath and peril from Allah (SWT). It is sad that some are campaigning to sneak in these acts of infidelity and disbelief in the banner of exercising their rights and freedom. It is sad to note that there are some people campaigning to legalize these act of infidelity under the umbrella of exercising their democratic rights and freedom. This is unacceptable in any civilized society and remains a haram and forbidden practice. INCEST It is the sexual relation between close relatives. In Islam, the prohibited degrees of marriage are specified in Surat un Nisa: *You are forbidden in marriage, your mothers, your daughters, your sisters,* *your (paternal and maternal) aunts, the daughters of your brothers and sisters,* *and mothers who have given a suck to you, your suckling sisters, the mothers of* *your wives, your step daughters who are in your charge, children of your wives* *with whom you have lain, it is no offence for you to marry your step daughters* *if you have not consummated tour marriage with their mothers, and the wives of* *your begotten sons. Henceforth you are also forbidden to take in marriage two* *sisters at one and same time. Allah (SWT) is forgiving and merciful. [Q 4:22-* *23]* Although Islam allows the strengthening of relationship with close relatives as well as expanding of relationship far and wide, it should be done in an organized manner and as prescribed in the Quran. There are several reasons why incest is discouraged. Some of these reasons are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. It is a sinful and criminal act. It leads to deformities of children born. Those who practice it lose dignity. It is a practice for animals. Bestiality

It is sexual intercourse between a human being and an animal. Such behaviour is prohibited because it debases the person who practices it. The prophet (PBUH) cursed the person who performed sex with animals and in his hadith narrated by Why bestiality is forbidden. 1. 2. 3. 4. Women will have no husbands for security. 5. Women will indulge in sexual perversion. 6. Lack of procreation of human race. 7. It is an irresponsible act to the owners of the animals not to protect them.

It is a curse from Allah (SWT). It reduces the dignity of the individual involved. It is a merciless act to the animal. It is having sexual relations with someone without their consent. In such a situation, the victim has no blame and cannot be punished In a hadith narrated by Wail bin Hujr, he says that, In the days of the hrophet (PBUH), a woman came out with the intention of prayers. A man held her, threw a cloth on her, and satisfied his sexual urge. The woman cried and the man left her and walked away. A group of Muhajirun passed by the woman and she told them that so and so had forced her into the act. They caught the man and brought him to the messenger. The prophet (PBUH) said to the woman:*Go home. Allah* *(SWT) has forgiven you because you had not consented to the act. And the* *prophet (SAW) said about the man: Take him away and stone him to death. So* *the man was stoned to death. (Tirmidhi, Abu Daud)* We have learnt from this hadith that rape is an evil act prohibited in Islam. Those who commit the acts of rape shall have severe punishment in the hereafter. Muslims should therefore guard there modesty and refrain from such abhorred acts. occasion of his own desire or free will. Even though Talaq is legal, Islam strongly

condemns it. This is supported by the prophets hadith narrated by Ibn Umar (RA) that

the Prophet (PBUH) said,*There is no lawful matter which is more detested by Allah*

*(SWT) than divorce.*(Abu aawoud and Ibn Maja) The above hadith teaches

Muslims that issues related with divorce should be treated with caution. The decision

should neither be hastily made nor should it be based on hearsay. According to

Islamic law regarding marriage, there are certain conditions that should be met before

Talaq is pronounced. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The mechanism for conflict resolution should have been exhausted. The marriage should have been conducted under the Islamic laws. The Talaq must be pronounced either orally or by writing. The woman should be free from her menses. A person should pronounce it by his own free will and not under compulsion. The person pronouncing it should be mature and sane. It should not be pronounced under intoxication or in the influence of drugs. Implementation of Talaq will begin in normal period after the menstrual cycle. After the*iddat*period, woman is free to marry another person or re-marry her ex-husband. Nevertheless, marriage with her ex-husband should fulfill all conditions of nikah.

6. 7.

8.

**Machinery for Talaq** **Read [Q 4:34-35]**

From the verses you have read, you will learn that Muslim men and women have been

taught the procedure for resolving a conflict in a marriage. Divorce should not be the

starting point of the resolution but Allah (SWT) guides the married spouses be

committed to each other and live according to the Islamic teachings. It should

therefore be the last resort.

Married life should be filled with mercy, love, compassion and tranquility since it is a

great blessing. Each of the spouses in the marriage has certain rights and duties over

the other, which should be fulfilled for a harmonious relationship. However, when the

marriage is in danger, and any of the spouses is subjected to situations that cause

psychological torture, distress, pain or suffering divorce could provide a better

solution to make each of them separate peacefully and in a morally acceptable way.

However, it is encouraged that the spouses pursue all possible solutions to rebuild

their relationship. In the event that the problem persists and there is no remedy, then

the Shariah stipulates the following steps:

1.

Kind admonition using polite words. There should be dialogue and soul searching. Severing of conjugal relations. The husband should abstain from sharing their matrimonial bed for a known period of time. If the above two do not work, then the husband is allowed to give her a light beating. This should however not inflict pain especially on the face or leave any marks on her body. Ila (the vow of continuation). The husband then should vow to continue with severing the conjugal rights for a period of four months. Allah (SWT) says,*Those who take an oath not to have sexual relation with* *their wives must wait for four months, then if they return (change their* *idea in this period), verily, Allah (SWT) is Oft Forgiving, Most* *Merciful.*[Q 2:226]

2.

During this stage, arbitrators from both sides are chosen to bring reconciliation. In the event that the woman obeys and mends her ways, then the husband should

reconsider his decision of divorcing his wife and take her back on equitable terms.

If they do not reach an agreement, then they can ask for divorce but as a last resort.

Allah (SWT) say,*But if they disagree and must part, Allah (SWT) will provide*

*abundance for all from His all reaching bounty: for Allah (SWT) is He who cares for*

*all and is wise.* Reasons for divorce

1. If the husband is cruel to his wife, either physically or emotionally.

2. Muslim man or woman may seek divorce if the partner is unchaste or

proven for having committed Zina.

3.

If the husband is physically and mentally able to earn a living but is not a good provider for his wife (and any children they have).

4.

A woman can also leave her husband if she finds him not sufficiently religious, failing to follow the traditional rules and protocols of Islam.

5.

Desertion by either of the spouse provided a sufficient period has elapsed between the abandonment and the request for divorce.

6.

Failing to meet conjugal needs, if physically able by either of the spouses. **Types of divorce**

**Talaq by husband**

This is the divorce pronounced by the husband once or utmost twice. After pronouncement of divorce, the wife begins her eddah. Before the period of eddah expires, the husband may, if he desires take back his wife. This is called*Raja* (return). In the event that the wife completes her eddat without the husband showing any intention of taking her back after her third divorce, then the Talaq is considered as Bain (irrevocable)

There are conditions governing a situation when the husband would like to take the back his wife after the third divorce:

1. 2. 3.

The Talaq should have been pronounced at three different periods. The wife must have completed her waiting period. The wife must have been married to another different man, divorced and completed her waiting period (Iddat) **Khulu'** This is a divorce by redemption. It is requested by the wife and is granted by the husband upon the wife's paying him back his dowry. In Islam, a wife may seek Khulu when she is not comfortable in the marriage due to a variety reasons. These reasons may include the following:

1. 2. 3.

Insanity or madness of the husband. In the event that the man is impotent. If the husband is suffering from terminal or infectious diseases like leprosy, HIV/AIDS. In the event that the husband permanently changes his residence and the he refuses the wife to follow him. Cruelty or mistreatment of the husband. Prolonged disappearance of whereabouts is unknown.

4.

5. 6. the husband and his **Mubarat**

This is divorce by mutual agreement and is pronounced by both the husband and wife. In a situation whereby the spouse have explored all the possible means to keep the marriage intact but have failed to resolve their differences, they may both opt to seek divorce as an amicable solution. However this type of divorce must meet the following conditions -

1. 2. 3. Either of husband or wife can make the offer for the divorce. The other one must accept it. As soon as it is accepted, it becomes irrevocable. Dhihar (Injurious comparison)

Read [Q 58:1-4]

The verses you have read were revealed in response to the event that took place between Khawla bint Thalaba and her husband Aws ibn al Samit to show the rule of Dhihar.

This divorce is occurs immediately after the husband utterances show*injurious* comparison of his wife to his mother, sister or any other female relative who are his *mahram*(they are prohibited to marry), Shariah stipulates immediate cancellation of the marriage. The comparison should be intentional and with disrespect. If the husband makes a comparison to show respect to his wife, for example telling her that she prepares a good meal just like his mother, then expiation is not necessary. However, due to the consideration of the importance of marriage and the weakness of the human soul, Allah (SWT) has put three conditions to be fulfilled by the husband before taking his back.

It should be noted that, dhihar by itself does not terminate the marriage nor does it cause the wife to lose her right to maintenance even in case of default of penance. It causes the following; 1.

Iddah for a menstruating woman is three months or three menstrual cycle.[Q 2:228] Iddah for a non menstruating woman referring to an old woman or a girl who has not started her periods, she has to wait for three months [Q 65:4] The woman with irregular monthly cycles shall wait for a period of three months. The woman who is divorced before any sexual contact with her husband does not have any waiting period. [Q 3:49]

**Iddah for a widow**

5. 6.

She shall wait for four months and ten days. In case she is expecting a child, she shall wait till she gives birth.[Q 65:4] For a widow who has ceased menstruation, if the reason is unknown, then she will wait for one year. The nine month shall be for the Iddah for pregnancy and the three months for menstrual cycle. If it is due to suckling or illness, she will wait till she experiences her menstrual cycle then start her Iddah of four months and ten days.

**Iddah for a missing husband**

The wife shall wait for a period of four years, if the husband does not show up, then It gives the woman time to mourn for her deceased husband. The Prophet (PBUH) says in the hadith narrated by Ummu Atiya says,*It is not* *lawful for a woman who believes in Allah (SWT) and the hereafter to* *mourn for a dead person for more than three days except for her* *husband*(Bukhari and Muslim) To give the widow time to prepare for her new life socially, psychologically and economically. To ascertain that the woman is free of pregnancy so that the inheritance can be done easily. Iddah is a consolation for the widow and therefore it should not be taken as a punishment. For the divorcee, it allows room for reconciliation. If the wifes husband is missing, then it protects the rights of the marriage.

2.

**Observance of Iddah**

1.

The widow should stay in the home of the deceased husband where possible. In the event of a divorcee and the husband may be cruel, then she can find a safer place like her parents home. She should refrain from going out except when and where it is necessary. During Iddah period, the woman cannot marry another person or accept a marriage proposal until she completes her waiting period. A divorcee should be maintained by her husband She should refrain from adornment such as wearing jewelry, perfume or heena. Study Questions and Activities

2. 3.

4. 5. **KHULAFAUR- RASHIDIN**[the guided khalifas]

Abubakar [the first Caliph 572-634CE]

**Early life**

He was born in the 572 CE, two years after the birth of the Prophet. His real name was

Abdul Kaaba, meaning the slave of the Kaaba, which he was given by his parents

(during the Jahiliya). This name was given to him since he was the only child in his

family who had survived death and his parents therefore dedicated him to the Kaaba.

His famous name, Abubakar, was because of his love for camels. When he embraced

Islam, the prophet gave him the name Abdullah, meaning the servant of Allah (SWT).

He was given the title As  swidiq by the prophet meaning the testifier of truth after

Israa wal- miraaj because he accepted the narration of prophets journey without

hesitation and any question.

His father was Uthman bin Aamir but his nickname was Abu Quhafah. He was from

Banu Tamim and his family was among the nobles of Makkah. At first, he did not many others to become Muslims.

**Companionship with the Prophet**

We earlier mentioned that Abubakar was a very close friend to the prophet even

before his conversion to Islam. He was therefore willing to support the Prophet in the

spread of Islam. He financially assisted the spread of Islam during its early phase. His

occupation gave him an opportunity to meet many people; he therefore campaigned

for the prophet in his mission to persuade people to embrace Islam. He convinced

many Swahabas to embrace Islam; key among them is Uthman bin Affan. On the

onset of persecutions, Abubakar used his wealth to buy the freedom of slaves who

were being tortured by their masters. Can you mention any of the slaves who were

purchased by Abubakar (RA)? He is among the companions of the prophet who

endangered their lives to protect him. For example, when Aqba bin Muit was

strangling the prophet with a piece of cloth, he appeared and shielded him. In the

battle of Badr, he protected the prophet from the infidels. During the battle of Uhud,

he courageously shielded the prophet from the stones and arrows that were being Saqiifah. The main aim was to choose a leader who was Saad Ibn Ubaidah. When the

Muhajirin of Makkah heard this, they all came to an agreement to have a leader from

the Quraish. Abubakar suggested Umar bin Khatttab or Abu Ubaida bin Jarah. Umar

bin Khattab rose up and proposed Abubakars name with justification. The Ansaar and

Muhajirun had a lengthy discussion on the issue until they unanimously agreed that

Abubakar (RA) should be the caliph.

On the next day, after the prophets burial all the Muslims gathered in the mosque.

Abubakar took the mantle of leadership and climbed on the pulpit to deliver his

inauguration speech as follows: a man, he must give it. If he refuses, I will declare war against him." They

therefore had to accept the rules and pay Zakat.

3. Upon the death of the Prophet, some Arabs laid claim to the Prophecy and

The fight against the false prophets

became imposters and renegades. Tulaiha, Musailamah, Aswad Ansi and a

woman named Sajah claimed that they were prophets and caused a great deal of

confusion. Abubakr (RA) was quick to take action against these imposters.

Khalid bin Walid (RA) was sent to deal with Tulaiha who fled to Syria and later

became a Muslim. Ikramah (RA) and Surahbil (RA) were sent to take action

against Musailamah, but they were defeated. Therefore, Abubakr (RA) sent

Khalid bin Walid (RA) to continue with the mission against the notorious

Musailamah who had since married Sajah. In the fight that followed 4. Completing the planned war expedition to Syria

Before the death of the Prophet, he had sent Usama bin Zaid to conquer Syria. The

army had not gone far when the Prophet fell ill and died. So they had to cancel their

mission. When Abubakar (RA) became a caliph, the question was raised whether the

army should be sent again or should remain to defend Madina. Abubakar made a firm

decision and said, "I shall send Usama's army on its way as ordered by the Prophet,

even if I am left alone."

5. As a result of the death of a number of memorizers, caliph Abubakar was forced

rompilation and preservation of the Quran

to compile the Quran. This was a challenging task and he had to select the

correct panelist to compile the Quran. Zaid bin Thabit was given the

responsibility to chair the group.

6. Conquering the external enemies

The Persian and Romans were constantly attacking the Muslims. Abubakar had

therefore to take action against these groups. He started by sending Muthanna and

Kahlid been Walid to conquer this empire. After a successful battle, he send four armies led by Ubaida bin Jarah, Amr bn al As, Yazid bin Abi Sufiyan and Surahbil to

fight the Roman Empire. Khalid bin Walid was sent to reinforce the Muslim army.

The Romans were defeated during the battle of Yarmuk. **His illness and death**

He served for two years and three monthly. One day he took bath on a cold day and

got a fever. For fifteen days, the high fever did not drop and he grew weaker everyday

to an extent that he could not perform congregation prayers in the mosque. He

appointed Umar (RA) to lead the prayers. He was anxious to avoid trouble on the **His outstanding qualities**

1.

He was a man of simple habits and absolute devotion and leading a very simple life He sympathized with the poor and needy in the community He was humble, generous and moderate in position. He always sought solutions to problems based on the teachings given in the holy Quran and the prophets traditions (Hadith). He was the strongest supporter of the Prophet (PBUH). He sacrificed his wealth and possessions for the sake of Islam. He enforced the observation of the principles of Islam like Zakat, Saum, Swalat and Hajj.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

**His major achievement**

1. 2.

As the immediate successor of the prophet, he gave Islam a new face. He laid a foundation stone of the caliphate. His election as a caliph showed democracy in Islam. He supervised his officials keenly despite his soft heartedness; he was very strict and would take stern action on any official who would misuse his office. He managed to maintain the unity and integrity of Islam after the death of the prophet. He fought the impostors (false prophet) like Musailama al Kadhab. He fought against those who refused to pay Zakat. He improved the army through; 5. 6. 7.

 formation of battalions with each headed by a commander,  Addressing the challenges of the military.  Creating the post of the commander in chief as the head of the

army.

 Insisting on the moral values of the army.  Directing the commanders on the Islamic teachings on war.  Budgeting for war materials like weapons and amours.  Constantly inspecting the military camps to uphold discipline.

8. 9.

He made rules on the administration of justice and inheritance. He improved the Islamic revenue system by establishing an independent department where money was deposited.

10. He used to give aid to the women, the old and the needy. 11. He set into motion the process of compilation of the Quran 12. He fought for the rights of all the people including the minorities and

gave them protection in even the non-Islamic states around. He reduced the tax and asked only those who were able to pay. 13. He successfully fought against*Bida*(innovations). 14. He destroyed all the incorrect hadith that he had collected for fear of misleading the Muslims.

15. He established the departments of law, justice and Islamic Shariah to carry out research and find a critical approach to solutions in the community.

16. He expanded the Muslim empire through military conquests and

established eight provinces, which included, Taif, sanna, Madina, Najran, Bahrain, Damtul Jandal. He conquered Syria and Iraq **Birth and early life**

Umar (RA) was born in a respected Quraish family of the Adi clan in the year 583 CE,

thirteen years after the birth of Muhammad (PBUH). He was the son of Khattab bin

Nafeel, his father and Khatmah bint Hashim Bin Mughira, his mother. His family was

respected for its extensive knowledge of genealogy. When he grew up, Umar (RA)

was proficient in this branch of knowledge as well as, horse riding, swordsmanship,

wrestling and the art of speaking. He also learned to read and write while still a child,

a very rare thing in Makkah at that time. Umar (RA) earned his living as a merchant.

This made him to travel to many foreign lands where he met all kinds of people. This

experience gave him an insight into the affairs and problems of the community. Umar

(RA)'s personality was dynamic, self-assertive, frank and straightforward. He always

spoke whatever was in his mind even if it displeased others. These qualities made the

Quraish always ask him to be the mediator when resolving disputes. He is famous in Umar (RA) was twenty-seven when the Prophet (PBUH) proclaimed his mission. The

ideas that Muhammad was preaching annoyed him as much as they did the other

notables of Makkah. He was therefore very bitter at any one who accepted Islam.

When his slave-girl called Basina accepted Islam, he beat her until he himself was

exhausted and told her, "I have stopped because I am tired, not out of pity for you."

The story of his embracing Islam is an interesting one. One day, full of anger against Bruised and bleeding, she told her brother, "Umar (RA), you can do what you like, but

you cannot turn our hearts away from Islam." These words had a strange effect upon

Umar (RA) (RA). He wondered, Which was this faith that made even weak women

so strong of heart? He asked his sister to show him what she had been reading. They

were reciting the verses of sura a- Taha as follows: *Ta Ha*

*We have not sent the Quran to thee,*

*To be an occasion for thy distress,*

*But only as an admonition to those who fear God.*

*A revelation from Him,*

*Who created the earth and the heavens on high.*

*God most gracious,*

*Is firmly established on the throne of authority*[Q 20: 1-8] As Umar read the verses repeatedly, he felt as if these verses were addressing him in

person. He was at once touched by the words of the Quran and immediately grasped

their truth. He went straight to the house of Arqam, where the Prophet and the

Muslims were offering prayers and vowed allegiance to him. The soundness of Umar (RA)'s judgment, his devotion to the Prophet (peace be on

him), his outspokenness and uprightness won for him a trust and confidence from the

Prophet which was second only to that given to Abubakar. He made the following

contributions to the prophets mission: He openly declared his conversion to Islam, which gave hope to many Makkans who were still frightened to accept Islam. He gathered the Muslims and offered prayers openly at the Kaaba. This boldness and devotion of an influential citizen of Makkah raised the morale of the small community of Muslims. He was a close companion of the prophet and would advice him in times of need. The Prophet gave him the title 'Farooq', which means the 'Separator of Truth from False hood.' He was among those who migrated to Madina and assisted the Muhajiruns to settle. He publicly declared that he was proceeding to Madina and even challenged the Quraish to stop him but none attempted. AS A CALIPH

Umar (RA) was a very brave and straightforward person. He was tough and

uncompromising in Islamic principles. He was a great and talented ruler. During his

Caliphate, vast areas of the Roman and Persian empires and the whole of Egypt came

under Islamic rule. He was also a gifted orator. He was very concerned for the welfare

of the Muslims. He left an honorable legacy for Muslims after him. The Holy Quran

was given to him by Abubakar (RA) for safe-keeping. Umar (RA) was a strong disciplinarian. He noticed the tremendous popularity of

Khalid bin Walid and felt that people would lose trust in Almighty Allah (SWT) and

put all their trust in Khalid bin Walid. He feared that if this were to happen, it would

increase the self-esteem of Khalid bin Walid that would also breed arrogance, so he

removed Khalid and appointed Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah as the Commander in Chief of

the Muslim army. He introduced pension to the Muslims who participated in the battle of Badr. He introduced a fixed salary for the army men. Arms and ammunition were given priority for the defense of the state. The families of the soldiers were given financial support. He organized training for the army, for example they were expected to learn swimming, He established army centers, military camps and barracks where small army units were set up. Khalid bin Walid had left Muthanna in command of the Muslim forces on the Iraqi

front when he rushed to Yarmuk. Sayyiduna Muthanna was finding it difficult to

counter the enemy and went personally to Madina to ask Abubakar (RA) for re-

enforcements. Abubakar (RA) had, by that time passed away. Muthanna (RA)s absence from the Iraqi front made things worse there. The Iranians

regrouped under the command of Rustam and recaptured the lands taken by the

Muslims. Umar (RA) sent Abu Ubaidah as Commander, to deal with the situation.

Both the Persian columns were defeated, but Rustam sent an even larger army and

defeated the Muslims. Umar (RA) raised another army and defeated the Persians. However, the Persian court

sent yet another larger army, and forced Muthanna to withdraw. The report of the new

situation was sent to Umar (RA) and reinforcements under the command of Saad bin

Abi Waqqas were sent. The Persian and Muslim army met at Qadisiyah. After a long battle on several fronts,

the outnumbered Muslim army defeated the 120 000 Persian soldiers and recaptured

Hirah and its surroundings in 14 A.H. (636 C.E). After the long siege, Khalid bin

Walid took the Romans by surprise and entered the city. The Governor surrendered

and a peace treaty was signed. The next day, during the Fajr Swalat, he stabbed Caliph Umar (RA) six times in the

back, severely wounding the Caliph. Umar (RA) (RA) passed away three days later in

23 A.H. He was 63 years old. He ruled the Islamic State for 10 years, 6 months and 4

days. Achievements and reforms of Caliph Umar (RA)

In a short space of 10 years, Sayyiduna Umar (RA) had been well-known for his

outstanding achievements and reforms in Islam. Some of these include:- 1. The establishement of the "Baitul Maal" (People's treasury for the state and public).

2. harticipation in the battles fought during the hrophets and Abubakars time when

he accomplished the expeditions planned in Syria. 4. Establishment of an army headquarters for the defense of the country.

1. His suggestion to caliph Abubakar (RA) to compile the Quran and send

memorandum that the Quran must be recited correctly. 6. Construction of roads, canals and mosques in the state and the conquered areas.

7. Establishment of Madrassas and learning centers and facilitation of the salaries for

Imams, Mu'adhins and Ustaadhs. 9. Police Stations and prisons were built.

10. Introduction of the first Islamic Lunar calendar beginning from the Hijrah.

11. Introduction of Proper weights and measures in business.

12. Writing down of several hadith which he sent for compilation and publication.

13. Construction of orphanages and welfare homes for the elderly.

14. Establishment proper punishment system and banning slavery. Uthman ibn Affan (The Third Caliph of Islam)

Birth and early life

His full name is Uthman bin Affan bin Abu-Al- As. He was born in 576 CE in

Makkah, six years after the birth of the Prophet. He belonged to the Banu Ummayah, a

family that was highly respected from the Quraish tribe. He was also known as Abu

Abdullah or Abu Omar. He was the son of Affan and Arwa bint Khuraiza. He married

Ruqayyah (RAA), who was the daughter of the Prophet (PBUH) and after she passed

away, the prophet offered her another daughter, Ummu Kulthum (RAA). Because of

this, he earned the title*"Dhun Noorain"*meaning "Possessor of Two Lights." He is a

relative to the prophet through his grandmother Baiza, who was the daughter of Abdul

Mutalib. He learnt the skill of reading and writing when he was young and when he

grew up, he engaged in trade and was very prosperous because of his honesty,

truthfulness and sprit of hard work. He was a very rich cloth merchant and was known camels and 200 ounces of gold. During the treaty of Hudaibbiya, he was send as

an emissary to the Makkan Quraish.

Uthman would buy slaves for the purpose of setting them free and that although

he was wealthy he was often without servants because of this habit. He was

among the companions who accompanied the prophet during the farewell

pilgrimage. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ali bin Abu Talib Uthman bin Affan Talha bin Ubaidullah Zubeir ibn Awwam Abdul Rahman bin Awf Sad bin Abi Waqas

He asked them to finalize the nominations utmost three days after his death. Talha

bin Ubaidullah was not present in Madina at that time. Abdur-Rahman ibn Awf

offered to withdraw his own claim if others agreed to abide by his decision. Zubeir

and Sad bin Abi Waqas were in favour of Uthman, who proposed Alis name. The

third night had come yet they had not agreed. On the fourth day after consultation

with the other Muslims, Abdurrahman proposed Uthman and the Muslims

unanimously agreed with the decision. **Challenges faced by caliph Uthman**

Hostility from new, Muslims in newly Islamic lands. During his caliphate, some new converts started to accuse him of not following the example Prophet and the preceding caliphs in matters concerning governance. However, the Companions of the Prophet always defended him. These accusations never changed him. He remained persistent to be a merciful governor.

Conspiracy to remove him from the caliphate headed by Abdullah ibn Saba. His enemies raised allegations against him and even attacked him and laid a siege for forty days but he did not react to them. He did not even use the treasury funds to shield his house or himself. His opponents finally plotted against him, surrounded his house, and encouraged people to kill him.

The claims of Abdullah ibn Saba brought unrest in the Muslim state. For example, when he appointed Abdullah bin Amir as the new governor of Basra, his relatives. For example, he gave his daughters wealthiest man among the swahabas and used

precious jewellery from Baitul maal while his wealth for the sake of Islam. He bought a

Abdullah bin Khalid was given 300,000 well, expanded the prophets mosque and

dirhams. equipped the military. If he could spend, such

amounts for the sake of Allah (SWT), why

not on his relatives?

He exiled some great companions like Abdullah Caliph Uthman (RA) had some

bin Masoud and Ammar bin Yassir misunderstanding with these companions but

was only a difference of opinion.

He ordered for the stoppage of the allowances It is true that Uthman (RA) was in

of some companions like Abdullah ibn Masoud disagreement with them but after the death of

Abdullah ibn Masoud, Uthman displayed Outstanding qualities of the caliph

Uthman was a man known to be pious and his heart was filled with love for

Allah (SWT) and His messenger. He was generous, and modest in his actions,

A shy man, who spoke few words. He was known for his humbleness. Uthman

would often spend the nights in prayers. He was known to fast often, sometimes

on alternative days. In spite of his wealth, he lived simply and would often

sleep, wrapped in a blanket, on the sand of the mosque. Uthman gave freely

from his wealth to please God and His messenger Muhammad. He narrated many Hadith directly from the Prophet and was one of very few scribes who were able to write down Quran. He participated in all battles except the battle of Badr and in the battle of Uhud he, together with Ikrama bin Abu Jahal counter attacked the enemies. He made the army that was established by Umar (RA) more progressive by introducing subsistence allowance, separating the military from general administration, increased the military barracks and appointed permanent army officers. Uthman also participated in the migration to Madina and here he assisted Prophet Muhammad in establishing the Muslim nation. Prophet Muhammad even referred to him as his assistant. He constructed checkpoints, caravan inns and water fountains and improved the roads, leading to the capital to improve infrastructure built canals in Egypt to improve Agriculture. He sent prominent companions of Prophet Muhammad, as his personal deputies to the provinces to scrutinize the conduct of officials and the conditions of the people. He equipped the Muslim fighters during the expedition of Tabuk. He united Damascus, Jordan and Palestine into one Province under one governor for easier administration. 1.

He preached Islam during the early days especially to the prisoners of war and publicised Islam to the non Muslims.

2. More mosques were constructed in the empire during his time. 3.

He was one of the scribes of the prophet and wrote many letters and memoranda. Uthman also became a reference point for those trying to learn the rituals of worship. He understood and was able to instruct others in the rituals of ablution, prayer, and other Islamic obligations.

4. Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib was born on 13 Rajab/ 17th of March in the year 600 AD in

Makkah. hrophet Muhammad (hBUH) Ali meaning The exalted one He belonged to

the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe. He was given the title Haydar which

means lion and at the advent of Islam, he was referred to as Assadullah which means

the lion of Allah (SWT). This is because he was brave and ready to defend the religion

of Allah (SWT). Ali was a son to Fatima bint Asad and Abu Talib, the prophets

uncle; and therefore a first cousin of the Prophet (PBUH). When Ali was five or six

years old, a famine occurred in and around Makkah, affecting the economic conditions

of Ali's father, who had a large family to support. The Prophet then took Ali into his

home to raise him. The Prophet (PBUH) loved 'Ali dearly and called him by many fond names. Once the

Prophet found him sleeping in the dust, he brushed off 'Ali's clothes and said fondly,

"Wake up, Abu Turab (Father of aust)." Later on Ali married the hrophets youngest

daughter, Fatimah, and remained in close association with him for nearly thirty years. his face. He married Fatima, the daughter of the prophet, who bore him three sons

namely, Hassan, Hussein and Muhsin and two daughters, Zainab and Ummul

Kulthum. Ali (RA) also married other wives and had many other children. In the first three years, Muhammad (PBUH) invited people to Islam in secret, and then

he started preaching publicly. Allah (SWT) then commanded him to invite his closer

relatives come to Islam thus;*"And warn thy nearest relatives"*[Q 26:214]. He

gathered the Banu Hashim clan in a ceremony and announced at invitational events

that whoever assisted him in his invitation would become his brother, trustee and

successor. Ali, who was thirteen or fourteen years old is the only one who stepped

forward to help him. This invitation was repeated three times, but Ali was the only

person who answered to the hrophets call. Ali migrated to Madina shortly after the hrophets Hijra. Once there, the hrophet told

Ali that Allah (SWT) had ordered him to marry off his daughter. While in Madina, he

was among the key supporters of the Prophet and had the following contributions:

1. During the construction of the first mosque, he fully participated by fetching bricks, mud until the exercise was complete. Ali was extremely active in his service, leading parties of fighters in battles, and carrying messages and orders. Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Makkah and later in almost all the battles fought by the small Muslim community with great distinction, particularly in the expeditions of Khaybar. During the expedition of Tabuk, he was left behind to take care of the hrophets family. He was among the flag bearers of the Muslims, took part in the duel, and killed his opponent, Walid bin Utba, during the battle of Badr. In the Battle of 'Uhud he sustained more than sixteen wounds. In this battle, he also had the special role of protecting Muhammad when most of the Muslim army fled from the battle field and it was said "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar- referring to the sword owned by Ali." He was the flag bearer during the expedition of the Banu Nadhir, Banu Quraiz and Banu Sad He was commander of the Muslim army in the battle of Khaybar. Following this battle the Prophet (P.B.U.H) gave Ali the name*Asadullah*, which in Arabic means "Lion of Allah (SWT)". Ali also defended Muhammad in the Hunain in 630 CE. After 'Uthman's martyrdom, the office of the Caliphate remained vacant for about

three days which were marked by chaos which were led by Abdallah bin Saba, the

leader of the hypocrites. Many people including Abdallah bin Saba insisted that 'Ali

should take up the office, but he was disheartened by the fact that the people who

pressed him hardest were the rebels, and he therefore declined at first. He proposed

Taalha bin Ubaidullah and Zubeir bin Awwam. When the notable Companions of the

Prophet (PBUH) urged him, however, he finally agreed and was sworn in on 21st of

Dhul Hijja 35 AH. Majority of Muslims in Madina pledged their support for him. What do you think were the effects of such a murder? It is definite that any empire

which loses its leader through such means will be faced with rage, riot and calls for

revenge and punishment. The death of Uthman therefore paused the following

challenges to the new caliph, who was Ali (RA):

1. Establishing the Islamic state and providing a strong political leadership. He had to appoint Qaiys bin Sad as the governor of Egypt who then decided to support Muawiya, the rival of Ali (RA). Alis intervention led him to resign so Ali (RA) had to appoint the young and incompetent Muhammad bin Abubakar. This lead to the Egyptians rebellion and he lost his hold of Egypt. Avenging the death of Uthman. He was compelled to bring to book the killers of Uthman (RA). This was difficult since the only witness, Naila, Uthmans wife only saw Mohammad bin Abubakar who did not physically kill the Caliph. Refusal of some Ummayad governors like Muawiyya to step down. Some companions like Zubeir failed to pledge loyalty to him. Civil wars like the battles of camel and siffin, which came about when Aisha (RAA) and Muawwiya demanded that the murderers of Uthman should pay blood money. The trick played by Amr bin Al as during the battle of Siffin weakened his control of the caliphate even though he did not step down. The split of Alis army to form the Khawarij made the caliph to lose most of his supporters. Aisha (RA), the widow of the Prophet was on her way to Madina from performing

Hajj when the news of Uthmans murder reached her. She then decided to go back to

Makkah and call for support from the Makkans to avenge the murders of Uthman. He

received support from key leaders like Marwan ibn al Hakam, Talha bin Ubaidullah,

Zubeir bin Awwam,Yaala bin Mubaddah among others. Aisha (RA) then set out with a large army of about two thousand soldiers. On the

other hand, Ali moved to Basra with his army in defense. He tried to send groups to

peacefully negotiate and all was fine until Abdallah bin Saba incited his followers to

make secret attacks during the night to Aishas army. This sent a wrong signal of

betrayal on the side of Alis army. A fight finally broke out and Aisha was riding on

the back of a camel thus the battle is referred to as The battle of ramel. Alis army won the battle leaving close to ten thousand Muslims dead. Both Talha bin

Ubaidullah and Zubeir bin Awam were killed in this battle while Aisha was taken as a

captive and sent to Madina. She later realized her error of judgment and never forgave

herself for it. The situation in Hijaz, which included Makkah and Madina, became so troubled that

'Ali moved his capital to Iraq. Muawiyah now openly rebelled against 'Ali. Caliph Ali

then moved with his army towards Syria in order to bring it under his control.

Together with him was an army of fifty thousand men. This army camped at a place

called Siffin then Ali sent out three men to go and peacefully negotiate with the army The battle continued for eight days and the side of Ali was emerging victorious.

Muawiyya then asked for the opinion of Amr bin al Aas, one of his commanders.

Amr suggested to his army to attach copies of the Quran on their spears as they

shouted let the Quran decide. The fight was then stopped for some time. All this

while, almost seventy thousand people had died. Finally the two sides agreed to have

arbitration. Alis side at first appointed Abdallah ibn Abbas, but the Sabites claiming that he was

a relative of raliph Ali (RA) rejected him. They then proposed Abu Musa Al Ashari

who was accepted by all. Muawiyyas side chose the shrewd Amr bin Al Aas They were about twelve thousand people and they moved to Nahrawan and started

attacking small groups of Muslims and anyone who was supporting the Caliphate.

This further weakened Alis power and he started sending some companions to talk to

them but they did not heed. He then declared an amnesty on the group. This forced

three thousand of them to surrender. He then sent troops to fight the remaining rebels

until the group completely disintegrated and some ran to Bahrain. It was the fortieth year of Hijrah. The fanatical group called the Khawarij, claimed

that neither 'Ali, the Caliph, nor Muawiyah, the ruler of Syria, nor 'Amr ibn al-'As, the

ruler of Egypt, were worthy of rule. In fact, they went as far as saying that the true

Caliphate had ended with Umar (RA) and that Muslims should live without any ruler

over them except Allah (SWT). They vowed to kill all the three leaders, and

dispatched assassins in three directions. Achievements of Caliph Ali (RA)

1.

He was among the best scribes of the prophet and played a key role in the compilation and standardization of the Quran. He participated in the battles that took place during the prophets time in defense of Islam. He laid a foundation of intellectualism by being one of the most learned people at his time. He personally protected the Prophet during times of danger. He was devoted in the course of Allah (SWT) and on the forefront in the spread of Islam and very knowledgeable in both Quran and Hadith. He was a good administrator, used to send inspection teams to the provinces, and would take stern measures on those found misusing state funds. For example, he pressurized Masqala to repay the money he had loaned from the Baitul Maal. He introduced new forms of taxation on forestry and horses to increase the state revenue. He raised 400,000 dirhams from the forestry taxes; however, he was considerate and did not force the poor to pay taxes. He was highly experienced in war and came up with new strategies in the army like constructing border posts along the borders of Syria, a safe and strong fortress to protect women and children. He constructed a new bridge along river Euphrates.

9. 10. He was one of the members of the shura committee during the time of the first three Khalifas and helped in making key decisions in the empire and supported them in administration. Answer the following questions in your I.R.E revision exercise book.

1.

a) Outline the achievements of caliph Ali (RA) during his period as a caliph.

b) Discuss the challenges faced by caliph Ali (RA) 2. a) Outline the reforms brought by Umar (RA) to the Islamic administration.

b) What challenges did caliph Uthman face (RA) that are attributed to

assassination?

3. a) State the outstanding qualities of the four rightly guided caliphs. In groups, discuss the remedies to the civil strife that occurred during the caliphate

of Ali (RA)

Analyze the speeches of the first four caliphs when they ascended to caliphate and

draw lessons from them. **SPREAD OF ISLAM IN EAST AFRICA**

**Condition of East Africa before the advent of Islam**

The east coast of Africa lies between Sofala and Mogadishu which is a stretch of

3000km. It has inlets and deep harbor, with reefs where boats can easily anchor. There

are a number of islands such vas Zanzibar, Pemba, Lamu Mombasa, Pate etc. The East

Africa coast stretches from Pate to Kilwa islands. Its inhabitants were Bantus who had

migrated from Central Africa to a place called Shungwaya before they dispersed to

other areas of the coast. They had well organized economic, social and political

activities determined by the Coastal setting and Geographical features. They engaged

in farming, fishing, keeping domestic animals among other activities. They were the

followers of African Indigenous Religion with most of them having belief in their

ancestral gods. They performed rituals to appease their gods. Their social lives

combined holistic elements of a community enshrined in the rites of passage like

marriage, circumcision among others. Do you have any of these traditions among

members of your community? **Greeks:**They originated from the Mediterranean where they had gained maximum control of the trade in the Sea. They traded in oriental goods like weapons, cloths, in exchange for palm oil, rhinoceros horns, ivory, slaves, cinnamon, frankincense, Arabic gum, tortoise shells and live animals from the East African inhabitants. Sumerians: originated from the Persian Gulf where the first ship building industry started. They pioneered the sea route-trade and gained access to the Indian Ocean. Serbians: The Serbians had a large kingdom in Yemen and used the seasonal monsoon winds to travel regularly to and from the East Africa, especially Zanzibar. They took control of the passage from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean; around 1 BC they regulated the Indian Ocean from Sindh (now in Pakistan) and the Persian Gulf. It was the same time that the trade entered the flow in Zanzibar islands. Other early visitors to the East African coast were the Phoenicians, from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. They reached Zanzibar and Kilwa in about 1000 BC on their way to Sofala, in Mozambique for gold, silver and ivory. About 600 BC, a Phoenician fleet sailed the south part of Zanzibar and navigated Africa before returning to the Mediterranean, three years later. About 526 BC when the Persians conquered Egypt, they opened the access to the Red Sea. After the decline of Greek domination, Persia again became the strongest naval power on the Indian Ocean to Zanzibar. Despite the Arab settlement in the coast of East Africa, the Persians continued to trade through the upheaval. In the sixteenth century, the coast was open to Europeans when the Portuguese established a base in Mombasa as part of the sea route to India. They came mainly to conquer and spread Christianity. We shall study more about the Portuguese rule along the East African Coast later in this chapter. **Sources of historical information**

1. Through the chronicles kept in some Muslim states. These records give the name of some of the ruling dynasties for example the chronicles of Kilwa that gives the names of the Sultans who ruled the states and some of the events that took place there. Some writings of the Arab Geographers who visited the Coast like Al Masoud who wrote that there lived some people at the Coast who spoke Swahili and traded with the visitors in Ivory and other trade goods.

2.

3. Great Historians like Idris also left behind important writings giving an account of the lives of the people of Mombasa, Barawa, Zanzibar, and Mogadishu.

4. Other early dated monuments indicate the presence of the settlers at the coast. This is in the Great Mosque of Mogadishu built in 1238 and the mosque of Fakhr al-Din in 1269 both in Somalia, Kufic inscription in the Kizimkazi Mosque in Zanzibar dated to 1107 CE and the fort Jesus in Kenya 1593 CE.

5. There are also various early accounts by travelers. In 1531, Ibn Battuta visited the coast. He travelled as far south as Kilwa in southern Tanzania and described the people and buildings of the coast. For example, he said that the Sultan of Mogadishu was Abubakar bin Omar and that merchants inhabited the city. In the early fourteenth century, a Chinese embassy visited and described the coast. The Coastal traditions and legends also provide information about the leaders found at the coast. Archeological studies from the excavation of the ruins like the Gedi and most recent, Shanga in Kenya give information about the coast. We get evidence of the Islamic culture present at the coast through the of house surpluses for trading. The city-states spread along the shores of the Indian Ocean at

the East coast of Africa. They included Pate, Lamu, Kilwa, Sofala, Malindi,

Mombasa, Banadir, Barawa, Mogadishu, Comoro, Pemba and Zanzibar.

Apart from the groups we have mentioned, other settlers who came to the East African

coast were Muslims. Most of these groups migrated from Arabia to the East Coast of

Africa because of religious and political factors. Thirty years after the death of the

prophet, there broke a civil strife in Arabia and Iraq. Many Muslims fled their homes

seeking Shelter and` refuge. These people had known the sea routes to the East

African Coast before and travelled back and forth. Most of them therefore ended up in

the East African Coast. Let us now closely look at some of these groups: 1. The two brothers from Oman

These were SuleIman and said who refused to submit to the rule of the Umayyads at

the time of Abdul Malik bin Marwan in Damascus. They ran away from their homes

and sailed to the shores of the East African Coast together with their families and

supporters. They landed at Pate Island in Lamu and settled there. 2. The people of al-Hassa

These were Arabs from al Hassa region in Persia. They arrived in Banadir in the 10th

century. They were however pushed southwards by the Amu Zaid group. They ended

up forming the cities of Mogadishu and Barawa. 3. Amu Zaid group

They came from Iraq after the rebellion that took place during the time of Caliph of

Hisham in 724 C.E. They started the Zaid sect whose followers had already left in 710

C.E and settled in Banadir and Mogadishu. Muslims, welcomed visitors and this facilitated the spread of Islam. These city states

played the following roles:

1.

They provided clean water and adequate food supply for the visitors. These encouraged them to stay and attracted more Arabs to visit them. There natural harbors enabled their ships to dock as they came with the trade goods. They provided a safe and secure environment for the Arab to stay in. The local leaders ensured that the Arabs were not attacked nor their trade caravans robbed. The presence of such security provided a peaceful atmosphere for the spread of Islam. Being centrally placed close to the interior made it possible for the Arabs to get the trade commodities. The people from the interior would bring their valuable trade goods like ivory and gold in the city-states. They provided resting places for the Arabs as they came from their homes. The Arabs could spend some time in these places thus spreading Islam. They provided storage facilities for the Arab traders when they came with their goods or whenever they were going back to their homes.

2. The Swahili

We are all aware that Kiswahili is a language spoken and studied as a subject in the

Kenya curriculum. It is also a National and an official language in Kenya according to

the new Constitution, promulgated in 2010. Are you aware of the origin of this

language? In which parts of Kenya and East African Coast is this language spoken.

You will realize that many people along the coast of East Africa speak Kiswahili.

These groups of people came to settle along the coast from Shungwaya, which is to

the East of Somalia. Among these groups were the called Wangozi. They settled in

the Northern parts of Kenya but were displaced by tribes like Pokomo, Rendile and

Somalis and forced to move southwards. They are Wangozi; from the word Ngozi,

that means skin. This is because they used skin to make clothing, bedding,

containers and ropes and measured their pieces of land using it. addition, the language they spoke was*Kiswahili.*The interaction between the

Coastal natives and the Arabs and Persians further contributed to the cultural infusion

among the Waswahili and numerous loan words to Kiswahili language. The Portuguese in East Africa

The King of Portugal in the year 1492, Phillip (II) sent Vasco da Gama to find an

alternative sea rout to India. He had to go round the Cape of Good Hope since the

Portuguese were not in good terms with the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire. He

arrived in Mozambique in 1498 but was not welcomed and set out for Mombasa

where he arrived on fourth of April the same year. The people of Mombasa did not

welcome him and he therefore proceeded to Malindi where he was warmly welcomed

by the Sultan and shown the sea route to India. After discovering this sea route, the

Portuguese took control measures to safe guard it. Moreover, this allowed the

Portuguese to directly trade with the Far East through the sea. The presence of many **Reasons why the Portuguese came to the East African Coast**

After the exploration of Vasco Dagama to the East African Coast, the Portuguese put

their focus on the East African Coast. Among the early visitors from Portugal was

Alfonso De Albuquerque, send as a viceroy in Goa India, in 1501 and was to oversee

the trade activities along the East African Coast. Don Francisco De Almaida followed

in 1505 and conquered Kilwa, an Island in Southern Tanzania, later Mombasa and

Zanzibar. The following are among the reasons that led to the coming of the

Portuguese:

1.

For trade expansion, they wanted to trade with the Africans at because they had commodities like ivory, which the Portuguese did not have. Economic reasons, they had wanted to have a share in the profits from the trade that already existed. They wanted to control gold trade at Sofala, to obtain tribute and taxes and to get other goods like silk. Political reasons; they wanted to conquer the East African Coast and have their rule established there. They came to explore the unknown lands and navigate the untouched seas in East Africa. They were anxious to prevent the Egyptians and Turks from sending help to their fellow Muslims on the Coast. They wanted to make ports and calling stations along the coast where their ships would dock to obtain fresh food supplies. Establish Christianity and counter spread of Islam.

2.

7. **Methods taken by the Portuguese to establish their rule**

1. 2.

They made the inhabitants pay heavy taxes. They ruled by torture i.e. burnt down houses, looted the towns of Mombasa, Sofala. They killed many Muslims. They forced Muslims to convert to Christianity. They interfered with the Indian Ocean Trade. 3. 4. 5. **The results of the Portuguese rule**

The Muslims hated the Portuguese because of their harsh rule. These led to constant

wars in the city-states. The Muslims could not be able to match the Portuguese

fighting skills. They then sought assistance from the Oman Arabs to expel the

Portuguese. The sultan called lmam Seif bin Sultan agreed and sent a large expedition, **Contributions of Sayyid Said to the East African Coast**

Sayyid Said became the ruler of Oman but later left to settle in Zanzibar in 1832. He

later made it the capital of his East Africa dominions. His reign was a boom for the

islands and brought developments as follows.

1.

He increased the trade contact along the Coast and the merchants would travel into the interior to bring goods like skins, hides, ivory and slaves. Zanzibar grew to be a great commercial center with many buildings and shops. He encouraged farming by establishing clove plantations. He encouraged the Indian moneylenders to settle at the coast and this boasted the trade activities. The development of trade links with the interior led to good relations between the interior and the Coastal inhabitants like the Akamba and Mijikenda. There was expansion of trade links between the East African Coast and Arabia.

2. 1. The construction of Kenya Uganda railway. This facilitated movement of both Arabs and the people in the interior in search of trade goods. Due to such movements, the Arabs were able to settle interior areas like Kisumu and interacted with the local people thus spreading Islam. Some of the Asian workers constructing the railway line formed permanent settlement schemes after the construction of the railway line. These families were also instrumental in the spread of Islam as these areas attracted the more and more local people.

2. When the British arrived at the East African Coast they employed

Muslims as Jumbes, Aqidas, as messengers, guards, cooks, tax collectors, interpreters and guides for the colonial government. This employment made them meet many people whom they taught about Islam.

3. Every community and religion has its own practices and traditions. The Africans, for example, practiced Polygamy. They also had their rites of passage. Can you mention any of these practices? When the Arabs came to East Africa, many local tribes compared the Islamic practices to their own and they saw some resemblance and thus readily accepted Islam. 4. Islamic teachings like greetings, hospitality, and kindness among others also attracted the local people. This increased the number of converts among the people especially in the urban areas.

5. The main aim of the Arabs visit to East African roast was trade. This made them establish trade links with the local people who included among others the Akamba in Kenya. The Arabs also engaged in slave trade and had links with the Wanyamwezi in Tanzania and the Waswahili **Influence of Islam at the Coast**

The Arabs brought Islam along the East African Coast. We cannot therefore fail to

mention the Arabs when we discussing the influence of Islam as a religion. Let us now

discus the following influence:

1. Conversion to Islam

The inhabitants of the East African Coast were followers of African Traditional

Religions. The Mijikenda, for example believed in a god called Mulungu. However,

through the influence of the Muslim Arabs lead to most of them converting to Islam.

Several mosques were constructed to facilitate the prayers as prescribed by the Islamic

religion. 2. Material culture

Apart from the Arabs influencing the locals religiously, their material culture is

reflected among the Africans. This is evident in the use of Arabic architecture in the

construction of mosques and houses. Others include Islamic manners of dressing, for

example, attire like the kanzu and buibui for men and women respectively. 3. Education

The Islamic form of education is witnessed in most of the areas that were exposed to

the Arabs. This include the Madrassa system, integrated schools which offer both

Islamic Religious Studies and secular education, some schools offer their education

programs for half a day .i.e. morning to noon. 6. Language

Many people at the coast use Kiswahili as a mode of communication. The Arabic

language was also learnt in the*Madrassa*in order to facilitate communication with the

Arab traders. They encouraged the use of Kiswahili Language and did not replace it

with their Arabic language. 7. Trade

With the interaction of the Arabs and the coastal peoples, trading activities flourished.

The natives facilitated the trade by bringing the trade goods from the interior to the

coast. Sometimes they accompanied the Arabs into the interior to guide them access

the goods. They engaged in economic activities such as fishing, and maritime. 8. Growth of city states

Urban centers developed due to the increase in trade activities along the coast of East

Africa. Most of the people moved from the interior to these flourishing centers. These

states provided amenities like mosques, libraries and madrassas. Among these states

include Kilwa, Sofala, Zanzibar Suggested Study Questions and Activities

Answer the following questions in your I.R.E Revision Exercise Book:

1.

Identify the reasons that led to the coming of the settlers to the East African Coast. Give reasons as to why the Portuguese rule become unpopular along the East African Coast.

2.

**Activity**

In groups, identify and discuss the methods of Islamisation in your community. **CHAPTER EIGHT: MUSLIM SCHOLARS**

In each community, there are special people who are recognized for the significant

roles and contributions they play. Such great people earn praises and recognition from

their communities for their active participation in various significant activities. The

community members are indebted to them for their sacrifice in promoting their

communitys socio-economic, political, moral and the general well-being. These

people would include educationists, scholars, philosophers, psychologists among other

dignified persons. Can you identify such people who played significant roles in your

community? In this chapter, we shall study two great Muslim scholars from Egypt

whose influence cuts across the world.

Hassan al Banna **Birth and early life**

His full name is Hassan Ahmed Abdul Rahman Muhammed al Banna. He was born on

14th October 1906 in the village of Mahmoudiyah Alexandria, Egypt at a time when

the British were colonizing the country. His father was a watch repairer, a renowned

author of Islamic religious books and a local Imam of a masjid where Al Banna

received his first lesson in Islam. Al Banna was raised in an Islamic environment and

learnt religious teachings in the mosque at an early age before joining Western

education. His family, of a lower class moved to Cairo in 1924. At the age of 12, Al

Banna became involved in Sufi order. As a young adult, at the age of 13, he

participated in a demonstration against the British. By the age of 14 years, he had

memorized the whole Quran. Education Background

Al Banna received his first religious lessons (in Islam) at his fathers masjid where his

father was an Imam. He joined Primary school in his home village Mahmudiya at the

age of twelve. He then received his secular education at Dar-Al-Ulum school in Cairo

and graduated with a Diploma in Arabic and Islamic studies. While in secondary

school, he organized committees and societies stressing Islamic principles and morals.

Even as a student at Dar Al-Ulum (a Teacher College) in Cairo, he used to attend

lectures at the Al Azhar University where he was exposed to Sufism. Al Banna

completed his studies in 1927. His ideas on Sufism were because of the influence of

an Islamic reformist, Jamal al- Din al Afghan (1838-1897), a great personality of the

19th Century Islam. He was also influenced by the two adherent of Jamal al- Din al

Afghan, Muhammad Abdu (1847-1905) and Rashid Rida (1865-1935). **Views of Hassan al Banna on Islamic education`**

1.

Islamic education is all comprehensive all encompassing and holistic. It is all inclusive and does not leave out anything. The foundation of Islamic teaching covers all aspects of human life. Islamic education is for all people and nations. It is for all times and ages. It completes and addresses the detailed aspects of life. Enable an individual to stay within the limits set by Allah (SWT). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

**Social Achievements of Hassan al Banna** On February 12, 1949 in Cairo, Al-Banna was at the Jamiyyah al-Shubban al- Muslimeen headquarters with his brother in-law Abdul Karim Mansur to negotiate with Minister Zaki Ali Basha who represented the government side. Minister Zaki Ali Basha never arrived. By 5 p.m., Al-Banna and his brother-in-law decided to leave. As SAYYID QUTB

**His life background**

He was born in 1906 in Egypt at Musha village of Asyut Province along the Upper

Nile. He came from a family that had a deep religious foundation. He was a great

writer and thinker of the 20th Century by his great works and ideologies. His brother,

Muhammad Qutb was also one of the Muslim great writers in Islam who contributed a

lot by authoring several books. In 1919, he dropped out of school because of the

Egyptian revolution. **Education Back Ground**

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

He attended his Primary education from 1912 to 1918. In 1920, he travelled to Cairo to further education at the age of 14. He joined Abdul Aziz Teachers rollege in 1922 In 1925, he went back to secondary school. In 1929, he joined Dar ul Ulum College from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Literature degree in 1933. **Work and personal life**

In 1933, he was appointed a school teacher by the Ministry and taught at Daudiya

School in Cairo. 1n 1935, he was transferred to Dumiyat primary school but was

transferred to a school called Bani Suweif. In 1935 he was transferred to Hawan

primary school. He taught in several other schools before being appointed by the 15 years until 1964 when he was released on medical grounds. While in jail, he wrote

his commentary on the Quran called *Fi Dhilal al Quran*. In 1966, he was again

arrested and charged for an attempted coup against hresident Nassers government. He

was sentenced to death by Muhammad Fuad Addajawy together with two other

members of the Ikhwan al Muslimin. Appeals against his sentence were ignored and

he was executed on Monday, 29th of August 1966, at the age of 59 years and 10

months. Answer the following questions in your I.R.E exercise book

1. a) Give a brief Biography of Sheikh Hassan al Banna.

b) Explain the social reforms advocated for by Hassan al Banna.

2. a) Discuss the works of Sayyid Qutb

b) Outline the achievements of Sayyid Qutb in the spread of Islam.

Activity

In groups, compare the objectives of the Islamic society in your school to **Form three**

**Chapter One: Quran** **Preservation of the Quran...**

 The time of the hrophet..  raliphs time......  hresent time..

**Standardization of the Quran.**

 Circumstances that led to the standardization of the Quran during the reign of raliph

Uthman

 The process of standardization of the Quran...  aiacriticalization of the Quran. **Sura al Nur**  Meaning of the verses.  Teachings of the Surah...

**Chapter Two: Hadith** **Types of Hadith**  Hadith Nabawi....  Hadith Qudsi..  Differences between Hadith Qudsi and Hadith Nabawi

**Classification of Hadith...**  Test to determine the authenticity of Hadith  Simple classification of Hadith.

Sahih Hasan Dhaif **Sunni and Shia collection of Hadith**

 Sahihul-sitta...  Kutub Al Arba..  The three later books of the Shia...

**Study of some selected Hadith**

**Chapter Three: Pillars of Iman (Faith)**